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AN 


AtJTHENTIC  HISTORY 


OF 


LANCASTER  COUNTY, 


STATE  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 


/ 

J.  I.  MOMBERT,  D.  D. 

MEMBER   OF   THE   HISTORICAL   SOCIETY   OF   PENNSYLVANIA. 


LANCASTER,    PA.: 

J.  E.  BARK  &  CO 

1869. 


// 


Entered  according  to  Act  of  Congress,  in  the  year  lSi,9. 
By  EI.IAS  BAltl!, 
In  tlie  Clerk's  Office  of  the  District  Court  of  the  Uniieil  .Sliilc 
for  the  Eastern  District  of  Pennsylvania. 


IT 


PEEFACE. 


The  historical  part  of  this  work  really  terminates  with  the  Revolution,  the  events 
subsequent  to  that  period  being  embodied  in  the  later  Divisions. 

The  most  diligent  search  has  failed  to  bring  to  light  the  Military  Record  of  the  County 
during  the  wars  with  Great  Britain  in  1812-1814,  and  with  Mexico.  In  this  connection 
it  is  also  proper  to  state  that  in  the  absence  of  complete  and  (mthentic  lists  of  the  sons  of 
Lancaster  County  in  the  Regular  Service  of  the  United  States^  it  has  been  thovtght  ex- 
pedient to  leave  that  part  of  the  Military  Record  unnoticed.  For  want  of  authentic 
information  several  of  the  lists  of  public  officers  begin  at  a  comparatively  late  date.  Tli*^ 
hope  h  indulged  that  after  the  lapse  of  several  years,  when  a  new  edition  of  this  work 
shall  l)ie  called  for,  these  and  other  deficencies  may  be  supplied.  Much  valuable  material, 
now  scattered  and  inaccessible,  might  be  procured  and  rendered  permanently  available 
by  the  formation  of  local  historical  societies  in  every  section  of  the  County  affiliated  to  a 
General  Historical  Society  at  Lancaster. 

By  far  the  larger  portion  of  the  material  is  new ;  it  might  easily  have  been  doubled, 
but  restricted  to  prescribed  limits,  I  have  been  guided  by  the  princiiile  to  select  docu- 
ments of  the  greatest  interest  to  the  largest  number  of  people. 

As  the  volume  has  been  greatly  enriched  and  my  labors  much  lightened  by  valuable 
contributions  from  numerous  quarters,  for  which  due  credit  has  been  attempted  to  be 
given  in  every  instance,  I  beg  here  thankfully  to  acknowledge  all  the  favors  and  facilities 
extended  to  me  by  individual  friends  named  at  the  proper  places,  also  by  the  officers  of 
the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  the  Hon.  Isaac  B.  Gara,  late  Assistant  Secre- 
tary of  the  Commonwealth,  and  Professor  S.  S.  Haldeman,  who  has  read  the  proofs  of 
those  sections  relating  to  the  Natural  History  of  the  County,  enibraced  within  pages 
528  to  544,  and  pages  580  to  G04. 

The  labors  of  Mr.  I.  D.  Rupp  have  been  of  great  use  to  me,  and  I  have  tried,  wherever 
extracts  from  his  work  have  been  made,  to  give  due  credit. 

I  shall  deem  it  a  favor  to  receive  from  any  quarter  well  authenticated  statements 
relating  to  the  numerous  topics  of  interest  ti;cated  in  this  work  which,  with  becoming- 
diffidence,  is  now  submitted  to  the  public  in  the  hope  that  it  may  be  kindly  received  as 
a  humble  contribution  to  the  local  iiistory  of  this  Great  Commonwealth. 

.1,  I.  MOMBERT. 

Lancaster,  Pa.,  May  27,  1809. 


TABLE  OF   CONTEKTS. 


Page. 

PREFACE iii 

LIST  OF  ILLUSTRATIONS viii 

DIVISION  I.     Historical 1 

Chapter  1.     The  Aborigines 1 

"         2.     From  the  Earliest  Settlement  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  arrival  of 

William  Peim 38 

"         3.     From  the  arrival  of  William  Pennto  the  erection  of  Lancaster 

County 48 

"         4.     From  the  organization  of  Lancaster  County  to  the  termination 

ut'the  Colonial  Goverimnjut Ill) 

"         5.     The  State  Govenmient 3G0 

Military  Record  of  Lancaster  County 312 

During  the  Revolution 312 

During  the  Rebellion 321 

Patriot  Daughters 345 

DIVISION  II.     TopoGRAPnicAL 346 

Indian  Localities 38G 

DIVISION  IIL     Biographical,  etc 387 

Early  Settlers 413 

DIVISION  IV.     Political 427 

The  Coiut  House 427 

List  of  Judges 429 

"      Attorneys 429 

Members  of  Assembly 434 

State  Legislature,., 435 

Gubernatorial  Elections 438 

Presidential  "        4j8 

List  of  Commissioners 439 

"       Sheriffs 440 

"       Coroners 440 

"      of  Mayors  and  Recorders  of  Lancaster  City 441 

City  Water  Works '. 442 

Poor  House  and  Hospital 443 

f'ounty  Prison 444 

I'opulation  of  Lancaster  County 4/'* 

Vote  at  General  Election,  1868 ^iC 

Vote  at  Presidential  Election,  1868 -448 

List  of  Post  Offices •■••449 

Fire  Department 449 

DIVISION  V.     Religious 450 

Statistics 450 


vi  -  TABLE   OF  CONTENTS. 

rage. 

Baptists 450 

"      Mennonites  Old 45O 

"  •    "  Reformed 450 

"    ■  "  Ornish 451 

"       Seventh  Day 45I 

"      Tunkers 45I 

"      Winebrennariaiis 451 

Episcopalians 45I 

Evangelical  Association 453 

Friends 453 

German  Reformed , 453 

Jews 455 

Lutherans 455 

Methodists 45G 

Moravians 457 

Presbyterians 458 

Roman  Catholics 450 

New  Jerusalem  Church 400 

United  Brethren 4G1 

DIVISION  VI.    Educational  AND  Literary 4G2 

Tabular  Statement ....466 

Litiz  Schools 468 

Franklin  ;iud  MinsluiU  College 469 

State  Normal  School •. 473 

Private  Schools 474 

Libraries 474 

Linnsean  Society 47r, 

Horticultural  Society = 477 

Newspapers  in  Lancaster  County 477 

DIVISION  VII.     Agricultural  and  Industrial 485 

Statistics  of  Agriculture .485 

Valuation  of  Real  Estate 486 

Statistics  of  Manufacture 486 

Internal  Revenue 487 

Manufacture  of  Iron 401 

Iron  Ores 403 

Paper  Mills 40;l 

Cotton  Mills 404 

Banks  and  Insurance.     Appendix 160 

DIVISION  VIII.     Philanthropic 405 

Orphan  Asylum 405 

Bishop  Bowman  Clmrch  Home 405 

Home  for  Friendless  Children 405 

Masons,  Free  and  Accepted ,406 

Odd-Fellows,  Independent  Order  of ..497 

Red  Men,  Improved  Order  of ......498 

United  American  Mechanics,  Order  of 408 

\  "  "  "  Junior 408 

\Good  Templars,  Independent  Order  of 498 

\oman  Catholic  Beneficiary  Societies 400 

GWi  Fellows,  Ancient  Order  of 400 

Druiils,  Independent  Order  of... 490 

Seven  Wisie  Men,  Independent  Order  of. 409 


TABLE   OF   CONTENTS.  vU 

Page. 

Knights  of  Pythias 499 

Sons  of  Malta,  Independent  Order  of 499 

Female  Societies 499 

DIVISION  IX.    Physical 500 

Mammalia 500 

Ornithology 5O3 

Conchology 5I7 

Arachnida 5I9 

Crustacea 520 

Entomology 521 

Coleoptera 523 

Orthoptera 54(; 

Hemiptera 548 

Ncuroptera 553 

Hymenoptcra 555 

Lepidoptcra 5gl 

Diptera 568 

Aphaniptera 573 

Myriapoda 573 

Ilerpetology 574 

Ichthyology 576 

Botany 539 

Geology 605 

Mineralogy.. 606 

Archaeology 610 

List  of  abbreviations  in  Physical  Division 615 

DIVISION  X.     DocuMENTAKY.     Appendix 1 

I.  Charter  of  Charles  II 1 

3.    Conditions  or  Concessions 13 

3.  First  Frame  of  Government 16 

4.  Second        "  "  30 

5.  Third  "  "  38 

.  6.  Charter  of  Privileges 46 

7.  Indian  Treaty  at  Lancaster 51 

8.  Constitution  of  177G 90 

0.  ''  "  1700 109 

10.    Present  Constitution 123 

II.  Charter  of  Borough  of  Lancaster 141 

13.    Charter  of  City  of  Lancastc]- 147 

13.  Supplement  to  the  same 166 

14.  Insurance 169 

15.  Banking 17q 


LIST  OF  ILLUSTEATIOlsrS. 


Map  of  the  County to  face  the  Title  Page. 

Old  Map  of  the  Country  round  Lancaster,  m  1730 to  face  page  119 

Origmal  Plan  designed  for  the  town  of  Lancaster "         "      3G9 

The  Court  House "         "      437 

Poor  House  and  Hospital "         "      443 

County  Prison "  "      444 

Geological  Map  of  Lancaster  County "         ''      605 

Hieroglyphics  on  Rocks  at  Safe  Harbor "         "      61? 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


CHAPTER  I. 
THE    ABORIGINES. 


1.  The  question  "HowAvas  America  peopled?"  has  engaged  the  atten- 
tion of  many  distinguished  writers  and  engendered  a  veritable  wilderness 
of  theories.  Before  stating  these,  a  few  observations  on  the  discovery  of 
the  New  World  may  not  be  out  of  place,  as  different  nations  claim  the 
honor  of  having  visited  this  continent  prior  to  the  arrival  of  Christopher 
Columbus. 

From  a  })assage  in  Biodorus  Siculus,  [B.  C.  100]  stating  that  some 
"  Phoenicians  were  cast  upon  a  most  fertile  island  opposite  to  Africa — 
after  having  passed  the  islands  which  lie  beyond  the  straits  of  Hercules, 
we  will  speak  of  those  which  lie  much  farther  into  the  ocean.  Towards 
Africa,  and  to  the  West  of  it,  is  an  immense  island  in  the  broad  sea, 
many  days'  sail  from  Lybia.  Its  soil  is  very  fertile,  and  its  surface  varie- 
gated with  mountains  and  valleys.  Its  coasts  are  indented  with  many 
navigable  rivers,  and  its  fields  are  well  cultivated;  delicious  gardens  and 
various  kinds  of  plants  and  trees."  This  is  supposed  to  refer  to  America. 
But  this  is  by  no  means  the  oldest  tradition;  for  Ilanno,  flourishing 
about  B.  C.  800,  at  the  height  of  Carthaginian  greatness,  is  said  to  have 
explored  the  coast  of  Africa  and  starting  from  the  straits  of  Hercules  to 
have  sailed  Westward  oO  days.  Hence  it  has  been  inferred  that  Hanno 
visited  America. 

The  account  of  Plato  [B.  C.  400]  is  generall}^  regarded  entitled  to 
respect.  Speaking  of  the  first  discovery  of  the  Atlantic,  he  says:  "In 
those  first  times,  the  Atlantic  was  a  most  broad  island,  and  there  were 
extant  most  powerful  kings  in  it,  who,  with  joint  forces,  appointed  to 
occupy  Asia  and  Europe:  and  so  a  most  grievous  war  was  carried  on,  in 
which  the  Athenians,  with  the  common  consent  of  the  Greeks,  opposed 
themselves,  and  they  became  the  conquerors.  But  that  Atlantic  island, 
by  a  flood  and  earthquake,  was  indeed  suddenly  destroyed,  and  so  that 
warlike  people  Avere  swallowed  up."     And  elsewhere:  "An  island  in  the 


2  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

mouth  of  the  sea,  in  the  passage  to  those  straits,  called  the  pillars  ot 
Hercules,  did  exist;  and  that  island  was  greater  and  larger  than  Lybia 
and  Asia ;  from  which  there  was  an  easy  passage  over  to  other  islands, 
and  from  those  islands  to  that  continent,  which  is  situated  out  of  that 
region."  "Neptune  settled  in  this  island,  from  whose  son,  Atlas,  its 
name  was  derived,  and  divided  it  among  his  ten  sons.  To  the  youngest 
fell  the  extremity  of  the  island,  called  Gadir^  which,  in  the  language  of 
the  country,  signifies  fertile  or  abounding  in  sheep.  The  descendants  of 
Neptune  reigned  here,  from  father  to  son,  for  a  great  number  of  genera- 
tions in  the  order  of  primogeniture,  during  the  space  of  9,000  years. 
They  also  possessed  several  other  islands ;  and  passing  into  Europe  and 
Africa,  subdued  all  Lybia  as  far  as  Egypt,  and  all  Europe  to  Asia  Minor. 
At  length  the  island  sunk  under  water ;  and  for  a  long  time  afterwards 
the  sea  thereabouts  was  full  of  rocks  and  shelves."  In  a  work  ascribed 
to  Aristotle,  [B.  C.  38-i]  the  Carthaginians  are  said  to  have  discovered  a 
great  island  beyond  the  Pillars  of  Hercules,  very  fertile,  but  uninhabited, 
full  of  forests,  navigable  rivers  and  abounding  in  fruit.  Seneca  is  sup- 
posed [about  A.  D.  1]  to  have  uttered  a  prophecy  concerning  America : 

"  Vanient  aiiuis 


Haecula  seris,  quibus  oceanus 

Vincula  reruni  lavet,  et  ingcns 
Pateat  tcllus,  TypMsque  vomn 
Detegat  orbes;  nee  sit  terris 

Ultima  Thule.''^ 

Medea,  III,  875. 

In  English — "The  time  will  come  when  the  sea  will  loosen  the 
chains  of  nature  and  a  mighty  continent  shall  stand  forth;  Typhis 
shall  discover  new  worlds;  nor  shall  Thule  be  any  longer  the  extremity 
of  the  known  world." 

Leaving  these  ancient  and  legendary  notices,  we  pass  to  more  recent 
claims.  "The  Scandinavians,  after  having  colonized  Iceland  in  A.  D. 
875  and  Greenland  in  983,  had  by  the  year  1000  discovered  America  as 
tar  down  as  41°  30'  N.  L.,  a  point  near  New  Bedford  in  Massachusetts, 
and  if  the  account  of  a  missing  sailor,  Avho,  after  some  absence,  returned 
in  a  state  of  vinous  excitement  and  flourishing  bunches  of  grape,  can  be 
believed,  they  must  have  come  much  further  South.  The  chronicler 
says  that  owing  to  this  circumstance  the  captain  of  the  ship  called  that 
country  Vinland.  The  next  claimants  to  the  discovery  of  America  are 
the  "Welsh.  In  Cardoc's  history  of  Cambria  it  is  stated  that  Madoc,  son 
of  Owen  Gwynnedd,  Prince  of  Wales,  set  sail  westward  in  A.  D.  1170. 
with  a  small  fleet,  and  after  a  voyage  of  several  weeks,  landed  in  a  region 
totally  dififerent,  both  in  its  inhabitants  and  productions,  from  Europe. 
He  is  supposed  to  have  reached  the  coast  of  Virginia.     Neither  this. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  6 

however,  nor  tlie  earlier  Scandinavian  expeditions,  can  be  said  even  to 
liave  formed  a  connecting  link  between  the  America  of  the  red  man  and 
the  America  of  his  white  brother."  ^ 

The  Chinese  are  actually  reported  to  have  visited  America  in  A.  D. 
1270,  when  China  being  overrun  by  the  Tartars,  a  body  of  one  hundred 
thousand  men,  refusing  obedience  to  the  invaders,  are  supposed  to  have 
set  sail  in  a  thousand  ships  to  find  a  new  country  or  perish  in  the  enter- 
prise, and  to  have  ultimately  settled  in  Mexico.^ 

The  Normans  and  the  Germans  also  have  claimed  the  discovery  of 
America  long  before  the  voyages  of  Columbus,  but  it  is  needless  to  dis- 
cuss claims  which  cannot  be  verified,  and  it  is  sufficient  for  our  purpose 
to  state  that  no  authentic  account  of  actual  discovery  has  been  estab- 
lished prior  to  the  landing  of  Columbus  at  Guanahani,  or  Cat  Island,  in 
the  Bahamas  on  the  11th  of  October,  1-192. 

2.  Eesuming  the  question,  "How  was  America  peopled?"  Ave  enter 
a  field  in  which  speculation  and  theory  have  run  riot.  A  brief  survey 
of  it,  without  discussion,  is  all  we  propose  to  furnish. 

Thomas  Morton,  author  of  "New  Canaan,"  a  book  published  in  1657, 
argues  for  the  Latin  origin  of  the  Indians,  and  the  value  of  his  reasoning- 
may  be  inferred  from  the  circumstance  that  because  he  fancied  he  heard 
the  Indians  make  use  of  the  word  Pasco-pan  he  concluded  that  their 
ancestors  were  acquainted  with  the  god  Pan. 

Williamson^  says:  "It  can  hardly  be  questioned  that  the  Indians  of 
North  America  are  descended  from  a  class  of  the  Hindoos,  in  the  south- 
ern parts  of  Asia."  He  holds  that  they  could  not  have  come  from  the 
North  because  the  South  American  Indians  are  unlike  those  of  the 
North.  The  correctness  of  this  conclusion  may  be  determined  by  the 
ibllowing  testimony  of  Humboldt  who  states  that  "the  Indians  of  New 
Spain  bear  a  general  resemblance  to  those  who  inhabit  Canada,  Florida, 
Peru  and  Brazil.  Over  a  million  and  a  half  of  square  leagues,  from  Caj^e 
Horn  to  the  river  St.  Lawrence  and  Behring's  Strait,  we  are  struck  at 
the  first  glance  with  the  general  resemblance  in  the  features.  We  think 
we  perceive  them  all  descended  from  the  same  stock,  notwithstanding 
the  prodigious  diversity  of  their  languages.  In  the  portrait  drawn  by 
Volney  of  the  Canadian  Indians  we  recognize  the  tribes  scattered  over 
the  savannahs  of  the  Apure  and  the  Carony.  The  same  style  of  fea- 
tures exists  in  both  Americas." 

Thorowgood  [1652],  Adair  [1775]  and  Boudinot  [1816],  claim  for  the 
Indians  Hebrew  descent  and  identify  them  with  the  lost  tribes. 

Cotton  Mather  gravely  accounts  for  the  origin  of  the  Indians  by  the 
craft  and  subtlety  of  the  devil,  "  who  decoyed  those  miserable  savages 

1  Chambers'  Cycl.  S.  V.  America.  2  Hist,  of  China  and  Univ.  Hist.,  Vol.  XX. 

3  Hist,  of  N.  Carolina,  I,  216. 


4  AUTHEN'TIC    HISTORY 

hither,  in  hopes  that  the  Gospel  of  the  Lord  Jesus  Christ  would  never 
come  here  to  destroy  or  disturb  his  absolute  empire  over  them." 

Swinton,!  in  a  dissertation  upon  the  peopling  of  America,  after  stating 
the  different  opinions  of  various  authors  who  have  advocated  in  favor 
of  the  "dispersed  people,"  the  Phoenicians  and  other  Eastern  nations, 
observes,  "that,  therefore,  the  Americans  in  general  were  descended  from 
some  people  who  inhabited  a  country  not  so  far  distant  from  them  as 
Egypt  and  Phoenicia,  our  readers  will,  as  we  apprehend,  readily  admit. 
Now,  no  country  can  be  pitched  upon  so  proper  and  convenient  for  this 
purpose,  as  the  north-eastern  part  of  Asia,  particularly  Great  Tartary, 
tSiberia,  and  more  especially  the  peninsula  of  Kamtschatka.  That 
probably  was  the  tract  through  which  many  Tartar  colonies  passed  into 
America,  and  peopled  the  most  considerable  part  of  the  new  world."^ 

liobertson"^  sums  up  an  excellent  sketch  of  this  difficult  question  in 
these  words:  "Though  it  be  possible  that  America  may  have  re- 
ceived its  first  inhabitants  from  our  continent,  either  by  the  north-west 
of  Europe  or  the  north-east  of  Asia,  there  seem  to  be  good  reasons  for 
supposing  that  the  progenitors  of  all  the  American  nations,  from  Cape 
Horn  to  the  southern  confines  of  Labrador,  migrated  from  the  latter 
rather  than  the  former.  The  Esquimaux  are  the  onl}^  people  in  Ameri- 
ca who,  in  their  aspect  or  character,  bear  any  resemblance  to  the  north- 
ern Europeans.  They  are  manifestly  a  race  of  men,  distinct  from  all  the 
nations  of  the  American  continent,  in  language,  in  disposition,  and  in 
habits  of  life.  Their  original,  then,  may  warrantably  be  traced  up  to 
that  source  which  I  have  pointed  out.  But,  among  all  the  other  inhab- 
itants of  America,  there  is  such  a  striking  similitude  in  the  form  of  their 
bodies  and  the  qualities  of  their  minds,  notwithstanding  the  diversities 
occasioned  by  the  influence  of  climate,  or  unequal  progress  in  improve- 
ment, we  must  pronounce  them  to  be  descended  from  one  source.  There 
may  be  a  variety  in  the  shades,  but  we  can  everywhere  trace  the  same 
original  color.  Each  tribe  has  something  peculiar  which  distinguishes 
it,  but  in  all  of  them  we  discern  certain  features  common  to  the  whole 
race.  It  is  remarkable  that  in  every  peculiarity,  whether  in  their  persons 
or  dispositions,  which  characterize  the  Americans,  they  have  some  re- 
semblance to  the  rude  tribes  scattered  over  the  north-east  of  Asia,  but 
almost  none  to  the  nations  settled  in  the  northern  extremities  of  Europe. 
We  may,  therefore,  refer  them  to  the  former  origin,  and  conclude  that 
their  Asiatic  progenitors,  having  settled  in  those  parts  of  America  where 
the  Russians  have  discovered  the  proximity  of  the  two  continents, 
spread  gradually  over  its  various  regions.  This  account  of  the  progress 
of  population  in  America,  coincides  with  the  traditions  of  the  Mexicans 

iDied  1774.  2  Univ.  Hist..  XX.     Drake. 

3  Hist,  of  America,  I,  261.     Published  in  1788. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  5 

concerning  their  own  origin,  which,  imperfect  as  they  are,  were  preserved 
with  more  accuracy,  and  merit  greater  credit  than  those  of  any  peo- 
ple in  the  new  world.  According  to  them,  their  ancestors  came  from  a 
remote  country,  situated  to  the  north-west  of  Mexico.  The  Mexicans 
point  out  their  various  stations,  as  they  advanced  from  this,  into  the  in- 
terior provinces,  and  it  is  precisely  the  same  route  which  they  must  have 
held,  if  they  had  been  emigrants  from  Asia.  The  Mexicans,  in  describ- 
ing the  appearance  of  their  progenitors,  their  manners  and  habits  of  life, 
at  that  period,  exactly  delineate  those  of  the  rude  Tartars,  from  whom  I 
suppose  them  to  have  sprung." 

Barton^  bestowed  much  labor  on  the  comparison  of  all  known  Indian 
dialects  Avith  those  of  different  Asiatic  and  North  European  nations  on 
the  plan  of  selecting  English  words,  such  as  God,  Father,  Mother,  Son, 
Daughter,  etc.,  and  then  giving  the  equivalents  in  the  various  Indian, 
European  and  Asiatic  dialects.  Without  expressing  an  opinion  on  the 
soundness  of  his  reasoning,  I  give  his  conclusion,  which  is  "that  the 
Americans  and  many  Asiatic  and  European  nations  are  the  same  people." 
In  this  connection  mention  may  be  made  of  Jefierson's  view"  that  the 
nations  of  America  are  of  greater  antiquity  than  those  of  Asia,  and  that 
Asia  was  peopled  from  America,  not  America  from  Asia. 

Schoolcraft,-  whose  whole  life  has  been  devoted  to  Indian  affairs  and 
whose  volumes,  published  by  authority  of  Congress,  contain  by  far  the 
most  authentic  data  of  information  on  this  interesting  subject,  reaches 
the  conclusion  that  the  summary  of  traits  of  Indian  manners,  customs 
and  character  appears  to  connect  their  origin  with  the  oriental  world. 

Bancroft^  concludes  a  masterly  sketch  on  the  Aborigines  with  the 
following  reflections:  "'The  American  and  the  Mongolian  races  of  men, 
on  the  two  sides  of  the  Pacific,  have  a  near  resemblance.  Both  are  alike 
strongly  and  definitely  marked  by  the  more  capacious  palatine  fossa,  of 
which  the  dimensions  are  so  much  larger,  that  a  careful  observer  could, 
out  of  a  heap  of  skulls,  readily  separate  the  Mongolian  and  American 
from  the  Caucasian,  but  could  not  distinguish  them  from  each  other. 
Both  have  the  orbit  of  the  eye  quadrangular,  rather  than  oval ;  both, 
especially  the  American,  have  comparatively  a  narrowness  of  the  fore- 
head ;  the  facial  angle  in  both,  but  especially  in  the  American,  is  com- 
paratively small ;  in  both,  the  bones  of  the  nose  are  flatter  and  broader 
than  in  the  Caucasian,  and  in  so  equal  a  degree,  and  with  apertures  so 
similar,  that,  on  indiscriminate  selections  of  specimens  of  the  two,  an 
observer  could  not,  from  this  feature,  discriminate  which  of  them  be- 

1  New  Views  of  the  Origin  of  the  Tribes  and  Nations  of  America,  by  Benjamin  Smith 
Barton,  M.  D.,  Philadelphia,  1797. 

2  Archives  of  Aboriginal  Knowledge,  Vol.  V,  Philad.,  1805. 

3  History  of  the  United  States,  Vol.  Ill,  p.  317. 


6  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

longed  to  the  old  contiueut;  both,  but  especially  the  Americans,  are 
characterized  by  a  prominence  of  the  jaws;  the  elongated  occiput  is 
common  to  the  American  and  the  Asiatic ;  and  there  is  to  each  the  same 
obliquity  of  the  face.  Between  the  Mongolian  of  Southern  Asia  and 
Northern  Asia  there  is  a  greater  difference  than  between  the  Mongolian 
Tatar  and  the  North  American.  The  Iroquois  is  more  unlike  the 
Peruvian  than  he  is  unlike  the  wanderer  on  the  steppes  of  Siberia. 
Physiology  has  not  succeeded  in  defining  the  qualities  which  belong  to 
every  well-formed  Mongolian,  and  which  never  belong  to  an  indigenous 
American ;  still  less  can  geographical  science  draw  a  boundary  line  be- 
tween the  races.  The  Athapascas  cannot  be  distinguished  from  Algon- 
quin Knisteneaux,  on  the  one  side,  or  from  Mongolian  Esquimaux,  on 
the  other.  The  dwellers  on  the  Aleutian  Isles  melt  into  resemblances 
with  the  inhabitants  of  each  continent,  and  at  points  of  remotest  distance, 
the  difference  is  still  so  inconsiderable,  that  the  daring  Ledyard,  whose 
ardent  curiosity  filled  him  wdth  the  passion  to  circumnavigate  the  globe 
and  cross  its  continents,  as  he  stood  in  Siberia  with  men  of  the  Mongolian 
race  before  him,  and  compared  them  with  the  Indians  who  had  been  his 
old  play-fellows  and  school-mates  at  Dartmouth,  writes  deliberately,  that 
'universally  and  circumstantially,  they  resemble  the  Aborigines  of 
America.'     On  the  Connecticut  and  the  Oby,  he  saw  but  one  race. 

''He  that  describes  the  Tungusians  of  Asia  seems  also  to  describe  the 
North  American.  That  the  Tschukchi  of  Northeastern  Asia  and  the 
Esquimaux  of  America  are  of  the  same  origin,  is  proved  by  the  affinity 
of  their  languages — thus  establishing  a  connection  between  the  continents 
previous  to  the  discovery  of  America  by  Europeans.  The  indigenous 
population  of  America  offers  no  new  obstacle  to  faith  in  the  unity  of 
the  human  race." 

Having  thus  far  attended  exclusively  to  theories  and  opinions  origi- 
nating with  scholars  and  writers  of  Caucasian  extraction,  a  brief  sum- 
mary of  Aborirjinal  tradition  on  the  subject  under  notice  may  prove 
interesting  and  instructive,  although  the  reader  will  soon  perceive  that 
not  much  light  need  be  expected  from  that  quarter. 

Schoolcraft  ^  states  that  what  may  be  regarded  in  the  traditions  of  the 
Indians,  respecting  the  world,  their  origin  and  their  opinions  of  man,  as 
entitled  to  attention,  is  that  they  believe  in  a  Great  Merciful  Spirit,  by 
whom  the  earth,  the  animals  and  man  were  created,  and  in  a  great  evil 
spirit,  able  to  disturb  the  benevolent  purposes  of  the  Great  Good  Spirit. 
They  state,  generally,  that  there  was  a  deluge  at  an  ancient  epoch,  which 
covered  the  earth  and  drowned  mankind,  except  a  limited  nuinbe]'.  They 
speak  most  emphatically  of  a  future  state,  and  appear  to  have  some  con- 
fused idea  of  rewards  and  punishments,  w^hich  are  allegorically  repre- 

iVol.  I.  17—59. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  7 

sented.  They  regard  the  earth  as  their  cosmogonic  mother,  and  declare 
their  origin  to  have  been  in  caves,  or  in  some  other  manner  within  its 
depths.  They  consider  themselves,  generally,  as  aborigines.  By  one 
authority  they  climbed  up  the  roots  of  a  large  vine  from  the  interior  to 
the  surface  of  the  earth ;  b)-  another,  they  casually  saw  light,  while 
imder  ground,  from  the  top  of  a  cavern  in  the  earth.  Most  of  the  tribes 
plant  themselves  on  traditions  of  local  origin.  Seeing  many  quadrupeds, 
Avhich  burrow  in  the  earth,  they  acknowledge  a  similar  and  mysterious 
relatioij.  Tecumseh  affirmed,  in  accordance  Avith  this  notion,  that  the 
earth  A\'as  his  mother;  and  Michabon  held  that  the  birds  and  beasts  were 
his  brothers.  A  few  of  the  tribes,  North  and  South,  have  something  of 
a  traditional  value  to  add  to  these  notions,  expressive  of  an  opinion  of 
foreign  origin. 

Sir  Alexander  Mackenzie  in  his  voj-^ages  among  the  Arctic  tribes  relates 
of  the  Chepeweyans,  that  "thej^  have  a  tradition  that  they  originally 
came  from  another  country,  inhabited  by  very  wicked  people,  and  had 
traversed  a  great  lake,  which  was  narrow  and  shallow,  and  full  of  islands, 
where  the}''  had  suffered  great  miser}-,  it  being  always  winter,  with  ice  and 
deep  snow."'  "  Their  progress  (the  great  Athapasca  family)  is  easterly,  and 
according  to  their  own  tradition,  they  came  from  Siberia ;  agreeing  in 
dress  and  manners  with  the  people  now  found  upon  the  coasts  of  Asia.'' 

John  Johnston,  for  many  years  agent  of  the  Shawanoes,  an  Algonquin 
tribe,  says:  "The  people  of  this  nation  have  a  tradition  that  their  ances- 
tors crossed  the  sea.  They  are  the  only  tribe  Avitli  which  I  am  acquainted, 
who  admit  a  foreign  origin.  Until  lately  they  kept  3'early  sacrifices  for 
their  safe  arrival  in  this  country.  From  where  they  came,  or  at  what 
period  they  arrived  in  America,  they  do  not  know.  It  is  a  prevailing 
opinion  among  them  that  Florida  had  been  inhabited  by  white  people, 
who  had  the  use  of  iron  tools.  Blackhoof  (a  celebrated  chief)  affirms 
tljat  he  has  often  heard  it  spoken  of  by  old  people,  that  stumps  of  trees, 
covered  with  earth,  were  frequently  found,  which  had  been  cut  down  by 
edged  tools."  "It  is  somewhat  doubtful,"  says  Johnston  at  a  subsequent 
])ag"e,  "  whether  the  deliverance  which  they  celebrate  has  any  other  refe- 
ence,  than  to  the  crossing  of  some  great  river,  or  an  arm  of  the  sea." 

Montezuma^  told  Cortez  of  a  foreign  connection  between  the  Aztec 
race  and  the  nations  of  the  Old  World.  His  speech  is  as  follows :  "I 
would  have  you  to  understand  before  you  begin  your  discourse,  that  we 
are  not  ignorant,  or  stand  in  need  of  3^our  persuasions,  to  believe  that  the 
great  prince  you  obey,  is  descended  from  our  ancient  Quetzalcoatl,  Lord 
of  the  Seven  Caves  of  the  Navatlaques,  and  lawful  king  of  those  seven 
nations  which  gave  beginning  to  our  Mexican  empire.  By  one  of  his 
prophecies,  which  we  receive  as  an  infallible  truth,  and  by  a  tradition  of 
1  History  of  the  Conquest  of  Mexico.     Book  ITT. — p.  01. 


8  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

many  ages,  preserved  in  our  annals,  we  know  that  he  departed  from  these 
countries,  to  conquer  new  regions  in  the  East,  leaving  a  promise,  that  in 
the  process  of  time,  his  descendants  should  return,  to  model  our  laws, 
and  mend  our  government." 

On  this  subject  Mr.  Schoolcraft^  writes  thus:  "The  tradition  of  the 
origin  of  the  empire  in  bands  of  adventurers  from  the  Seven  Caves,  rests 
upon  the  best  authority  we  have  of  the  Toltec  race,  supported  by  the 
oral  opinion  of  the  Aztecs  in  1579.  An  examination  of  it  by  the  lights 
of  modern  geography,  in  connection  with  the  nautical  theory  of  oceanic 
currents  and  the  fixed  courses  of  the  winds  in  the  Pacific,  gives  strong 
testimony  in  favor  of  an  early  expressed  opinion  in  support  of  a  migra- 
tion in  high  latitudes.  It  is  now  considered  probable  that  those  caves 
were  seated  in  the  Aleutian  Chain.  This  chain  of  islands  connects  the 
continents  of  Asia  and  America  at  the  most  practicable  points;  and  it 
begins  precisely  opposite  to  the  Asiatic  coast  north-east  of  the  Chinese 
empire,  and  quite  above  the  Japanese  group,  where  we  should  expect  the 
Mongolic  and  Tata  hordes  to  have  been  precipitated  upon  those  shores.  On 
the  American  side  of  the  trajet,  extending  south  of  the  peninsula  of  Ona- 
laska,  there  is  evidence,  in  the  existing  dialects  of  the  tribes,  of  their 
being  of  the  same  generic  group  with  the  Toltec  stock." 

"Thus  we  have  traditionary  gleams  of  a  foreign  origin  of  the  race  of 
the  North  American  Indians,  from  several  stocks  of  nations,  extending 
at  intervals  from  the  Arctic  circle  to  the  valley  of  Mexico.  Dim  as  these 
traditions  are,  they  shed  some  light  on  the  thick  historical  darkness  which 
shrouds  that  period.  They  point  decidedly  to  a  foreign — to  an  Oriental, 
if  not  a  Shemitic,  origin.  Such  an  origin  had  from  the  first  been  inferred. 
At  whatever  point  the  investigation  has  been  made,  the  Eastern  hemis- 
phere has  been  found  to  contain  the  physical  and  mental  prototypes  of 
the  race.  Language,  mythology,  religious  dogmas — the  very  style  of 
architecture,  and  their  calendar,  as  far  as  it  is  developed,  point  to  that 
fruitful  and  central  source  of  human  dispersion  and  nationality."^ 

3.  Passing  from  this  general  consideration  of  the  origin  of  the  North 
American  Indians  to  the  Indians  of  Pennsylvania,  who  will  be  repeat- 
edly referred  to  in  the  course  of  this  history,  it  seems  proper  that  a  sketch 
of  them  should  be  inserted  at  this  place,  in  order  that  the  reader  may  be 
placed  in  a  position  to  form  an  independent  judgment  on  questions 
relating  to  that  ill-fated  race.  The  subjoined  account  is  taken  from 
Gordon's  History  of  Pennsylvania,  who  has  drawn  his  information  from 
the  writings  of  Heckewelder  and  other  Moravian  missionaries. 

"Although  divided  into  many  tribes,  the  Indians  inhabiting  the  vast 
expanse  between  Canada  and  Virginia,  traced  their  origin  to  two  sources, 
the  Lenni  Lenape  and  Mengive.  The  former,  known  among  their  deriva- 
1  Vol.  I.— p.  22.  2  Vol.  3— p.  26. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  d 

tive  nations  also  by  the  name  of  the  Wajmnachki,  corrupted  by  the 
Europeans  into  Openahi^  02ienagi^  Abenaquis^  and  Apenakis,  and  among 
the  whites,  by  the  name  of  Delawares,  held  their  principal  seats  upon 
the  Delaware  river,  and  were  acknowledged  by  nearly  forty  tribes  as 
their  'grandfathers,'  or  parent  stock.  They  relate,  that  many  centuries 
past,  their  ancestors  dwelt  far  in  the  western  wilds  of  the  American  con- 
tinent, but  emigrating  east^ardly,  arrived  after  many  years  on  the  iVa- 
rasesi  Sipu  (the  Mississippi),  or  river  of  fish,  where  they  fell  in  with  the 
Mengwe,  who  had  also  emigrated  from  a  distant  country,  and  approached 
this  river  somewhat  nearer  its  source.  The  spies  of  the  Lenape  reported 
the  country  on  the  east  of  the  Mississippi  to  be  inhabited  by  a  powerful 
nation,  dwelling  in  large  towns,  erected  upon  their  principal  rivers. 

"  This  people,  tall  and  stout,  some  of  whom,  as  tradition  reports,  were 
of  gigantic  mould,  bore  the  name  of  AlUgewi^  and  from  them  were  de- 
rived the  names  of  the  Allegheny  river  and  mountains.  Their  towns  were 
defended  by  regular  fortifications  or  intrenchments  of  earth,  vestiges  of 
which  are  yet  shown  in  greater  or  less  preservation.  The  Lenape  re- 
(|uested  permission  to  establish  themselves  in  their  vicinity.  This  was 
refused,  but  leave  was  given  them  to  pass  the  river,  and  seek  a  country 
farther  to  the  eastward.  But,  Avhilst  the  Lenape  were  crossing  the  river, 
the  Alligewi,  becoming  alarmed  at  their  number,  assailed  and  destroyed 
many  of  those  who  had  reached  the  eastern  shore,  and  threatened  a  like 
fate  to  the  others  should  they  attempt  the  stream.  Fired  at  the  loss  they 
had  sustained,  the  Lenape  eagerly  accepted  a  proposition  from  the  Meng- 
we, who  had  hitherto  been  spectators  only  of  their  enterprise,  to  conquer 
and  divide  the  country.  A  war  of  many  years  duration  was  waged  by 
the  united  nations,  marked  by  great  havoc  on  both  sides,  which  eventu- 
ated in  the  conquest  and  expulsion  of  the  Alligewi,  who  fled  by  the  way 
of  the  Mississippi,  never  to  return.  Their  devastated  country  was  ap- 
portioned among  the  conquerors;  the  Mengwe  choosing  their  residence 
in  the  neighboi'hood  of  the  great  lakes,  and  the  Lenape  possessing  them- 
selves of  the  lands  to  the  south. 

"  After  many  ages,  during  which  the  conquerors  lived  together  in  great 
harmony,  the  enterprising  hunters  of  the  Lenape  crossed  the  Alleghany 
mountains,  and  discovered  the  great  rivers  Susquehannah  and  Delaware, 
and  their  respective  bays.  Exploring  the  Sheyichhi  country,  (New  Jer- 
sey,) they  arrived  on  the  Hudson,  to  which  they  subsequently  gave  the 
name  of  the  Mohicannittuck  river.  Keturning  to  their  nation,  after  a 
long  absence,  they  reported  their  discoveries;  describing  the  country 
they  had  visited  as  abounding  in  game  and  fruits,  fish  and  fowl,  and  des- 
titute of  inhabitants.  Concluding  this  to  be  the  country  destined  for 
them  by  the  Great  Spirit,  the  Lenape  proceeded  to  establish  themselvCvS 
upon  the  four  great  rivers,  the  Hudson,  Delaware,  Susquehannah  and  Po- 


10  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

tomac,  making  the  Delaware,  to  wliich  they  gave  the  name  of  Lenaiv- 
■loihitiucJc,  (the  river  or  stream  of  the  Lenape,)^the  centre  of  their  posses- 
sions.^ 

"  Thev  say,  however,  that  all  of  their  nation  who  crossed  the  Mississippi 
did  not  reach  this  country;  a  part  remaining  behind  to  assist  that  portion 
of  their  people  who,  frightened  by  the  reception  which  the  Alligewi  had 
o-iven  to  their  countrymen,  fled  far  to  the  west  of  the  Namaesi  Sipv. 
They  were  finally  divided  into  three  great  bodies ;  the  larger,  one-half 
of  the  whole,  settled  on  the  Atlantic ;  the  other  half  was  separated  into 
two  parts,  the  stronger  continued  l)eyond  the  Mississippi,  the  other 
remained  on  its  eastern  bank. 

"Those  on  the  Atlantic  were  subdivided  into  three  tribes;  the  Turtle 
or  Unamls^  the  Turkey  or  Uualachtgo,  and  the  Wolf  or  Mmsi.  The  two 
lormer  hdiabited  the  coast  from  the  Hudson  to  the  Potomac,  settling  in 
small  bodies  in  towns  and  villages  upon  the  larger  streams,  under  chiefs 
subordinate  to  the  great  council  of  the  nation.  The  Minsi,  called  by  the 
English,  Moncej's,  the  most  warlike  of  the  three  tribes,  dwelt  in  the  in- 
terior, forming  a  barrier  between  their  nation  and  the  Mengwe.  They 
extended  themselves  from  the  Minisink,  on  the  Delaware,  where  they 
held  their  council  seat,  to  the  Hudson  on  the  east,  to  the  Susquehannah 
on  the  southwest,  to  the  head  waters  of  the  Delaware  and  Susquehannah 
rivers  on  the  north,  and  to  that  range  of  hills  now  known  in  New  Jersey 
by  the  name  of  the  Muskenecun,  and  by  those  of  Lehigh  and  Coghne- 
wago  in  Pennsylvania. 

"  Man}-  subordinate  tribes  proceeded  from  these,  who  received  names 
from  their  places  of  residence,  or  from  some  accidental  circumstance,  at 
the  time  of  its  occurrence  remarkable,  but  now  forgotten.  Such  were  the 
Shawanese,  the  Nanticokes,  the  Susquehannas,  the  Shackamaxons,  the 
Neshamines,  the  Mantas,  and  other  tribes,  resident  in  or  near  the  pro- 
vince of  Pennsylvania  at  the  time  of  its  settlement. 

"The  Mengwe  hovered  for  some  time  on  the  borders  of  the  lakes,  with 
their  canoes  in  readiness  to  fl\^  should  the  Alligewi  return.  Having 
grown  bolder,  and  their  numbers  increasing,  they  stretched  themselves 
along  the  St.  Lawrence,  and  became,  on  the  north,  near  neighbors  to  the 
I-»enape  tribes. 

"The  Mengwe  and  the  Lenape,  in  the  progress  of  time,  became  enemies. 
The  latter  represent  the  former  as  treacherous  and  cruel,  pursuing  per- 
tinaciously an  insidious  and  destructive  policy  towards  their  more  gen- 
erous neighbors.  Dreading  the  power  of  the  Lenape,  the  Mengwe 
resolved,  by  involving  them  in  war  with  their  distant  tribes,  to  reduce 
their  strength.  They  committed  murders  upon  the  members  of  one  tribe, 
and  induced  the  injured  party  to  believe  they  were  perpetrated  by 
1  Hecke welder's  account  of  the  Indians. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  11 

another.  They  stole  into  the  country  of  the  Delawares,  surprised  them 
i]i  their  hunting  parties,  slaughtered  the  hunters,  and  escaped  with  the 
plundei". 

"Each  nation  or  tribe  had  a  })articular  mark  upon  its  war  clubs,  which, 
left  beside  a  murdered  person,  denoted  the  aggressor.  The  Mengwe 
perpetrated  a  murder  in  the  Cherokee  country,  and  left  with  the  dead 
body  a  war  club  bearing  the  insignia  of  the  Lenape.  The  Cherokees,  in 
revenge,  fell  suddenly  upon  the  latter,  and  commenced  a  long  and  bloody 
war.  The  treachery  of  the  Mengwe  was  at  length  discovered,  and  the 
Delawares  turned  upon  them  with  the  determination  utterly  to  extirpate 
them.  They  were  the  more  strongly  induced  to  take  this  resolution,  as 
the  cannibal  propensities  of  the  Mengwe  had  reduced  them,  in  the  esti- 
mation of  the  Delawares,  below  the  rank  of  human  beings.^ 

"Hitherto  each  tribe  of  the  Mengwe  had  acted  under  the  direction  of 
its  particular  chiefs;  and,  although  the  nation  could  not  control  the 
conduct  of  its  members,  it  was  made  responsible  for  their  outrages. 
Pressed  by  the  Lenape,  they  resolved  to  form  a  confederation  which 
might  enable  them  better  to  concentrate  their  force  in  war,  and  to  regu- 
late their  affairs  in  peace.  Thannawage,  an  aged  Mohawk,  was  the 
projector  of  this  alliance.  Under  his  auspices,  five  nations,  the  Mohawks, 
Oneidas,  Onondagoes,  Cayugas,  and  Senecas,  formed  a  species  of  republic, 
governed  by  the  united  counsels  of  their  aged  and  experienced  chiefs. 
To  these  a  sixth  nation,  the  Tuscaroras,  was  added  in  1712.  This  last 
originall}^  dwelt  in  the  western  parts  of  North  Carolina,  but  having 
formed  a  deep  and  general  conspiracy  to  exterminate  the  whites,  were 
driven  from  their  countr}^,  and  adopted  by  the  Iroquois  confederacy.^ 
The  beneficial  effects  of  this  system  early  displayed  themselves.  The 
Lenape  were  checked,  and  the  Mengwe,  Avhose  warlike  disposition  soon 
familiarized  them  with  fire  arms  procured  from  the  Dutch,  were  enabled, 
at  the  same  time,  to  contend  with  them  and  to  resist  the  French,  who  now 
attempted  the  settlement  of  Canada,  and  to  extend  their  conquests  over 
a  large  portion  of  the  country  between  the  Atlantic  and  the  Mississippi. 

"But,  being  pressed  hard  by  their  new,  they  became  desirous  of  recon- 
ciliation with  their  old  enemies ;  and,  for  this  purpose,  if  the  tradition  of 
the  Delawares  be  credited,  they  effected  one  of  the  most  extraordinary 
strokes  of  policy  which  history  has  recorded. 

"  The  mediators  between  the  Indian  nations  at  war  are  the  women.  The 
men,  liowever  weary  of  the  contest,  hold  it  cowardly  and  disgraceful  to 
seek  reconciliation.  They  deem  it  inconsistent  in  a  warrior  to  speak  of 
peace  with  bloody  weai)ons  in  his  hands.     He  must  maintain  a  deter- 

1  The  Iroquois  or  Mengwe  sometimes  ate  the  bodies  of  their  prisoners.     Ileckowelder, 
2  N.  Y.  Hist.  Col.  55. 

-Smith's  New  York.     Doiial.  Summ. 


12  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

mined  courage,  and  appear  at  all  times  as  ready  and  willing  to  fight  as 
at  the  commencement  of  hostilities.  With  such  dispositions,  Indian 
wars  would  be  interminable,  if  the  women  did  not  interfere  and  persuade 
the  combatants  to  bury'  the  hatchet  and  make  peace  with  each  other. 
On  these  occasions,  the  women  pleaded  their  cause  with  much  eloquence. 
'Not  a  warrior,'  they  would  say,  'but  laments  the  loss  of  a  son,  a 
brother,  or  a  friend.  And  mothers,  who  have  l)orne  with  cheerfulness 
the  pangs  of  child-birth,  and  the  anxieties  that  Avait  upon  the  infancy  and 
adolescence  of  their  sons,  behold  their  promised  blessings  crushed  in  the 
field  of  battle,  or  perishing  at  the  stake  in  unutterable  torments.  In  the 
depth  of  their  grief,  they  curse  their  wretched  existence,  and  shudder  at 
the  idea  of  bearing  children.'  They  conjured  the  warriors,  therefore,  by 
their  sujQfering  wives,  their  helpless  children,  their  homes,  and  their 
friends,  to  interchange  forgiveness,  to  cast  away  their  arms,  and,  smoking 
together  the  pipe  of  amity  and  peace,  to  eml^race  as  friends  those  Avhom 
they  had  learned  to  esteem  as  enemies. 

"  Prayers  thus  urged  seldom  failed  of  their  desired  effect.  'I'Ikj  function 
of  the  peace-maker  was  honorable  and  dignified,  and  its  assumption  by 
a  courageous  and  powerful  nation  could  not  be  inglorious,  l^his  station 
the  Mengwe  urged  upon  the  Lenape.  'They  had  reflected,'  they  said, 
'upon  the  state  of  the  Indian  race,  and  were  convinced  that  no  means 
remained  to  preserve  it  unless  some  magnanimous  nation  -would  assume 
the  character  of  the  tvoman.  It  could  not  be  given  to  a  weak  and  con- 
temptible tribe;  such  would  not  be  listened  to:  but  the  Lenape  and  their 
allies  would  at  once  possess  influence  and  command  respect.' 

"The  facts  upon  which  these  arguments  were  founded,  were  known  to 
the  Delawares,  and,  in  a  moment  of  blind  confidence  in  the  sincerity  of 
the  Iroquois,  they  acceded  to  the  proposition,  and  assumed  the  petticoat. 
The  ceremony  of  the  metamorphosis  was  performed  with  great  rejoicings 
at  Albany,  in  1617,  in  the  })resence  of  the  Dutch,  whom  the  Lenape 
charge  with  having  conspired  with  the  Mengwe  for  their  destruction. 

"Having  thus  disarmed  the  Delawares,  the  Iroquois  assumed  over  them 
the  rights  of  protection  and  command.  But  still  dreading  their  strength, 
they  artfully  involved  them  again  in  Avar  Avith  the  Cherokees,  promised 
to  fight  their  battles,  led  them  into  an  ambush  of  their  foes,  and  deserted 
■  them.  The  DelaAvares,  at  length,  comprehended  the  treachery  of  their 
arch  enem}'-,  and  resolved  to  resume  their  arms,  and,  l^eing  still  superior 
in  numbers,  to  crush  them.  But  it  was  too  late.  The  Europeans  were 
now  making  their  Avay  into  the  country  in  every  direction,  and  gave 
ample  employment  to  the  astonished  Lenape. 

"  The  MengAve  deny  these  machinations.  They  aver  that  they  conqiiei'ed 
the  DelaAvares  by  force  of  arms,  and  made  them  a  subject  people.  And, 
though  it  be  said  they  are  unable  to  detail  the  circumstances  of  this 


OF    LANCASTER   COUXTV,  13 

conquest,  it  is  more  rational  to  suppose  it  true,  tlian  that  a  brave,  nume- 
rous, and  warlike  nation  should  have  voluntarily  suffered  themselves  to 
be  disarmed  and  enslaved  by  a  shallow  artifice;  or  that,  discovering  the 
fraud  practised  upon  them,  they  should  unresistingly  have  submitted  to 
its  consequences.  This  conquest  was  not  an  empty  acquisition  to  the 
Mengwe.  They  claimed  dominion  over  all  the  lands  occupied  by  the 
Delawares,  and,  in  many  instances,  their  claims  were  distinctly  acknowl- 
edged. Parties  of  the  Five  Nations  occasionally  occupied  the  Lenape 
country,  and  wandered  over  it  at  all  times  at  their  pleasure. 

"  Whatever  credit  may  be  due  to  the  traditions  of  the  Lenape,  relative 
to  their  migration  from  the  west,  there  is  strong  evidence  in  support  of 
their  pretensions  to  be  considered  as  the  source  whence  a  great  portion  of 
the  Indians  of  North  America  was  derived.  They  are  acknowledged  as 
the  'grandfathers,'  or  the  parent  stock,  of  the  tribes  that  inhabited  the 
extensive  regions  of  Canada,  from  the  coast  of  Labrador  to  the  mouth  of 
the  Albau}^  river,  which  empties  into  the  southernmost  part  of  Hudson's 
bay,  and  from  thence  to  the  Lake  of  the  Woods,  the  northernmost 
boundary  of  the  L^nited  States;  and  also  by  those  who  dwelt  in  that 
immense  country,  stretching  from  Nova  Scotia  to  the  Eoanoke,  on  the 
sea-coast,  and  bounded  by  the  Mississippi  on  the  west.  All  these  nations 
spoke  dialects  of  the  Lenape  language,  affording  the  strongest  presump- 
tion of  their  derivation  from  that  stock.  The  tribes  of  the  Mengwe 
interspersed  throughout  this  vast  region  are,  of  course,  excepted.  Thev 
were,  however,  comparatively  few  in  number. 

"  Their  language  is  said  to  be  rich,  sonorous,  plastic,  and  comprehensive 
in  the  highest  degree.  It  varies  from  the  European  idioms  chiefly  in  the 
conjugation  of  the  verbs,  with  which  not  only  the  agent  and  patient  mav 
be  compounded,  in  every  possible  case,  but  the  adverbs  are  also  blended ; 
and  one  word  is  made  to  express  the  agent,  the  action,  with  its  accidents 
of  time,  place,  and  quantity,  and  the  object  effected  by  them.  And. 
though  greatly  pliant,  it  is  subjected  to  rules,  from  which  there  are  few  ex- 
ceptions. It  has  the  power  of  expressing  every  idea,  even  the  most  abstract. 
The  Old  and  New  Testaments  have  been  translated  into  it,  and  the  Christian 
missionaries  have  no  difficulty,  as  they  assert,  of  making  themselves  under- 
stood on  all  subjects  by  the  Indians.^ 


1  As  a  sjXHimeii.  I  siibjuiii  a  translation  of  the  Loi-d'.s  Prayer,  in  the  language  of  the 
Sis.  Nation  Indians: 

Soungwaunclia,  caurounkyauga,  tehseetaroan,  saulwuneyousta,  es  a.  sfiwaneyou. 
okcttauhsela,  ehneauwoung.  na,  caurounkyauga,  nugh,  wonshauga,  neattewt-hnesalauga. 
taug^^'rmnautoronoantoughsick,  toantangweleewheyoiistaung,  cheueeyeut,  chaquatafi- 
•vSIcj'^vheyoustriunna.  toughsau,  taugwausvsareneh,  tawantottenaugalofightoungga,  na- 
Ka-wTic,  sacheautaug-\vass.  «»ntehsalhaun7Aikuw.t\sa.  sawufineyuu,  esa,  sashautztii,  esa, 
soangwasufuig.  (liennOauhaunga.  auweu. 


14  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

"A  cultivated  language  usually  denotes  great  civilization.  But  our 
aborigines  seem  to  have  confined  their  eftbrts  to  the  improvement  of  their 
!<peech.  This  was  a  consequence  naturally  flowing  from  their  form  of 
ijovernment  and  political  institutions,  in  Avhich  the  most  absolute  liberty 
prevailed.  The  public  welfare  was  conlided  to  the  aged  and  experienced 
chiefs,  whose  resolutions  were  obeyed  in  full  conviction  of  their  wisdom. 
They  have  no  law  but  public  opinion,  and  the  redress  of  injuries  belongs 
to  the  injured.  Among  such  a  people,  particularly,  eloquence  is  the 
handmaid  of  ambition,  and  all  power  must  depend  upon  the  talent  of 
persuasion.  To  this  cause  we  may  ascribe  the  cultivation,  and  the  many 
beauties,  which  are  said  to  mark  the  Indian  tongues  of  North  America. 

"In  other  respects,  these  tribes  had  advanced  little  beyond  the  rudest 
state  of  nature.  They  had  no  written  language,  unless  rude  draAvings 
may  be  thus  considered.  Their  intercourse  with  each  other  was  regu- 
lated by  a  few  simple  rules  of  justice  and  courtesy.  Their  passions 
generally  preserved  an  even  and  moderate  tenor;  but,  occasionally, 
becoming  intense,  they  produced  enormous  crimes,  or  deeds  of  heroism. 
In  the  commerce  of  the  sexes,  l<3ve,  as  a  sentiment,  was  almost  unknown. 
Marriage  was  a  physical  convenience,  continued  by  the  will  of  the  parties, 
either  sex  having  the  power  to  dissolve  it  at  pleasure.  The  treatment  of 
the  women,  however,  if  not  marked  by  tenderness,  was  not  cruel.  A 
full  proportion  of  labor,  it  is  true,  Avas  imposed  upon  them,  but  it  was  of 
that  kind  which  necessarily  falls  to  their  lot,  where  the  men  are  absent 
from  their  homes  in  search  of  sustenance  for  their  families :  it  consisted 
of  domestic  and  agricultural  services.  Children  were  educated  with  care 
in  the  knowledge  of  the  duties  and  employments  of  their  future  life. 
Their  lessons  were  taught  in  a  kind  and  familiar  manner,  their  attention 
awakened  by  tlie  hope  of  distinction,  and  their  eftbrts  rewarded  bv 
general  [praise.  Threats  nor  stripes  were  ever  used.  Lands  and  agri- 
cultural returns  were  common  property;  peltries  and  tlie  other  acquivsi- 
tious  of  the  chase,  belonged  to  individuals." 

"^  It  is  well  known  they  Avere  very  much  averse  to  Eihropean  religioL 
arid  customs,  unless  in  such  things  as  they  could  comprehend  and  clearlv 
imderstand  Avere  for  their  real  benefit ;  yet,  in  this,  sometimes,  their  passions 
prevailed oA^er  their  better  understanding;  instance,  their  drunkenness,  &;c. 
But  though  the  hoped  and  desired  success  did  not  so  fally  attend  the  la- 
bours bestoAved  on  them,  and  the  means  used,  both  by  William  Pena 
himself,  in  person,  and  by  divers  others  of  the  more  pious  and  early 
settlers,  whose  good  example  Avas  very  remarkable,  with  the  later  endea- 
vors since  continued,  to  inform  the  judgment  of  the  Indians^  in  these 
provinces,  in  religious  afiairs,  to  acquaint  them  Avith  the  principles  and 
and  advantage  of  Christianity,  to  restrain  them  from  some  things,  ac- 
iProud's  Hist,  of  Pennsylvania,  I,  p.  310-s<i. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  15 

knowledgecl  by  themselves  to  be  manifestly  pernicious,  particularly  from 
abusing  themselves  with  strong  liquor,  by  law,  as  well  as  advice,  &c.,  so 
much  as  might  reasonably  have  been  wished,  or  expected;  yet  these 
very  labours  and  means  were  far  from  being  useless,  or  entirely  without 
good  effect;  for  the  consequence  declared  that  the  Indians,  in  general, 
were  sensible  of  the  kind  regard  paid  them,  and  of  the  good  intended 
thereby;  which  they  shewed  and  proved  by  their  future  conduct,  and 
steady  friendship;  as  appears  in  the  preceding  history,^  though  they  gen- 
erally refused  in  a  formal  manner  to  embrace  Euroi^ean  manners,  religion 
and  opinions :  '  For,  governed  by  their  own  customs,  and  not  by  laws, 
creeds,  &c.,  theygreatly  revered  those  of  their  ancestors,  and  followed  them 
so  implicitly,  that  a  new  thought,  or  action,  seldom  took  place  among 
them.' 

"They  are  tliought  (says  William  Penu)  to  have  believed  in  a  God  and 
immortality;  and  seemed  to  aim  at  a  public  worship:  in  performing  this, 
they  sometimes  sat  in  several  circles,  one  within  another:  the  action 
consisted  of  singing,  jumping,  shouting  and  dancing ;  which  they  are  said 
to  have  used  mostly  as  a  tradition  from  their  ancestors,  rather  than  from 
any  knowledge  or  enquiry  of  their  own  into  the  serious  parts  of  its 
origin. 

''  They  said  the  great  King,  who  made  them,  dwelt  in  a  glorious  country 
lo  the  southward;  and  that  the  spirits  of  the  best  should  go  thither  and 
live  again.  Their  most  solemn  worship  was  a  sacrifice  of  ihQ  first  fmiU, 
in  which  they  burned  the  first  and  fattest  buck,  and  feasted  together 
upon  what  else  they  had  collected.  In  this  sacrifice  they  broke  no  bonc^ 
of  any  creature  which  they  ate ;  but  after  they  had  done  they  gathered 
them  together  and  burned  them  very  carefully.  They  distinguished 
between  a  good  and  evil  Manetta,  or  Spirit;  worshipping  the  former  for 
the  good  they  hoped;  and,  it  is  said,  some  of  them,  the  latter,  that  they 
might  not  be  afflicted  with  the  evil  which  they  feared;  so  slavishly  dark 
are  some  of  them  represented  to  have  been  in  their  understandings  !  But 
whether  this  last  be  true,  in  a  general  sense,  or  peculiar  only  to  some 
j)arts,  it  was  certainly  not  the  case  at  all  among  the  Indians  within  the 
limits  of  these  provinces,  or,  at  least,  very  much  conc^ealed  from  the  first 
and  early  settlers  of  them. 

"  But  in  late  years  it  is  less  to  be  admired  that  the  Imlians,  in  these 
provinces  and  their  vicinity,  have  shown  so  little  regard  to  the  Chris- 
tian religion,  but  rather  treated  it,  as  well  as  its  professors,  with  con- 
tempt and  abhorrence,  when  it  is  duly  considered  what  kind  of  Christians 
those  generally  are,  with  whom  they  mostly  deal  and  converse;  as,  the 
Indian  traders,  and  most  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  back  counties  of  this 
and  the  neighboring  provinces,  Avho  have  chiefly  represented  the  profcvs- 

1  S.  Smith. 


16  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

sors  of  Christianitij  among  them,  for  many  years  !^  viz.  sucli  of  the  lowest 
i*ank,  and  least  informed,  of  mankind,  who  have  flowed  in  from  Germany, 
Ireland^  and  the  jails  of  Great  Britain^  and  settled  next  them,  as  well  as 
those  who  flee  from  justice  in  the  settled,  or  better  inhabited  parts  of  the 
country,  and  retire  among  them,  that  the}-  might  be  out  of  the  reach  of 
the  laws,  &c.,  the  least  qualified  to  exhibit  favorable  ideas  of  this  kind; 
but  it  is  most  certain  they  have  done  the  contrary;  insomuch  that,  it 
Avere  to  be  wished  the  cause  of  the  late  unhappy  Indian  war  Avithin  the 
limits  of  these  provinces,  did  not  take  its  rise,  in  no  small  degree,  from 
the  want  of  common  justice,  in  the  conduct  of  too  many  of  these  people 
towards  them ;  for  notwithstanding  the  general  ignorance  of  the  Indiani< 
in  many  things,  especially  of  European  arts  and  inventions,  yet  in  things 
of  this  kind  they  rely  more  on  experience  than  theory ;  and  they  mostly 
formed  their  judgment  of  the  English.,  or  Europeans.,  and  of  their  religion 
and  customs,  not  from  the  Avords,  but  from  the  actions  and  manners  of 
those  Avith  AA^hom  thev  most  conversed  and  transacted  business,^ 


1  The  trade  between  the  Engliuli  and  the  Indians,  in  later  years  especially,  has  been 
mostly  carried  on  by  the  vilest,  and  most  abandoned  part  of  the  community:  the  Indiani* 
have  long  had  but  very  little  opi>ortunity  to  converse  with  any  other  kind  of  Christians, 
Ix^&ides  these,  who  go  most  among  them:  from  the  lives  and  conduct  of  these  they  judge 
of  GJiristianity.  and  European  manners,  &c.  This  is  mentioned  in  a  treatise,  printed 
in  London,  in  17o9,  as  one  cause,  among  others,  of  the  first  war,  that  commenced  with 
them  in  Pennsylvania,  about  the  year  1754;  wherein  is  likewise  expressed — "It  would 
l>e  too  shocking  to  describe  the  conduct  and  behaviour  of  the  traders,  when  among  the 
Ifvdians,  and  endless  to  enumerate  the  abuses  the  Indians  had  received  and  borne  from 
them,  for  a  serie.s  of  years.  Suffice  it  to  say,  that  several  of  the  tribes  were,  at  last, 
wearv  of  bearing.  And  as  these  traders  were  the  persons,  who  were,  in  some  part,  tht^ 
representatives  of  the  English  among  the  Indians;  and  by  Avhom  they  were  to  judge  of 
our  manners  and  religion,  they  conceived  such  invincible  prejudices  against  both,  par- 
ticularly against  our  holy  religion,  that  when  Mr.  Serjeant,  a  gentleman  in  Neic  England, 
took  a  journey,  in  1741,  to  the  Shawanese,  and  some  other  tribes  living  on  Susquehanna. 
and  offered  to  instruct  them  in  the  Christian  religion,  they  rejected  his  offer  with 
disdain.  They  reproached  Christianity.  They  told  him  the  traders  would  lie,  cheat, 
and  debauch  their  women,  and  even  their  wives,  if  their  husbands  were  not  at  home. 
They  said  further,  that  the  Senecas  had  given  them  their  country,  but  charged  them 
witlial,  never  to  receive  Christianity  from  the  English,^'  &c. 

2The  following  has  been  printed  in  Pennsylvania,  as  a  genuine  speech  of  an  Indian 
Chief  in  that  province  ;  but  whether  it  be  really  .so.  or  not,  it  certainly  contains  argu- 
ments, which  have  l>een  used  by  some  of  these  people,  and,  in  this  place,  may  serve,  in 
part,  to  give  some  idea  of  their  sentiments  on  the  subject :  it  is  thus  first  introduced. 

viz : 

"In,  or  alK)ut  the  year  of  our  Lord  1710,  a  Sicedish  Missionary  preached  a  sennou 
HI  an  Indian  treaty,  held  at  Conestogoe  in  Pennsylvania  ;  in  which  sennon  he  set  forth 
original  sin,  the  necessity  of  a  Mediator;  and  endeavored,  by  certain  arguments,  to 
induce  the  Indians  to  embrace  the  Christian  religion.  After  he  had  ended  his  discom-se, 
one  of  the  Indian  chiefs  made  a  speech  in  reply  to  the  sermon;  and  the  discourses,  on 
both  side.s  were  made  known  by  interpreters.  The  Missionary,  upon  his  return  to 
Sir-fiUu,  pul'-lisheii  hi';  st-mion,  and  the  Indian's  answer.     Having  writteii  tlu-m  in  Latin, 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  17 

''For,  liowever  ignorant  and  averse  to  European  refinement  and  ways 
of  iliinking,  on  religious  subjects,  the  Indians^  in  general,  might  appear 
to  have  been,  yet,  as  in  all  other  nations  of  mankind,  it  is  most  certain 
there  were  some  among  them  of  a  more  exalted  way  of  thinking,  and 
enlightened  understandings,  who,  notwithstanding  the  great  absurdities 
among  the  generality,  were  not  without  some  degree  of  a  just  sense  and 
acknowledgment  of  the  providential  care  and  regard  of  the  Almighty 


he  dedicated  them  to  the  university  of  Upsala,  and  requested  them  to  furnish  liim  with 
arguments,  to  confute  such  strong  reasoning  of  the  Indiaiis.  The  Indian  speech,  trans- 
lated from  the  Latin,  is  as  follows,"  viz  : 

"A  speech  delivered  by  an  Indian  chief,  in  reply  to  a  sermon,  preached  by  a  Swedish 
Missionary,  in  order  to  convert  tlie  Indians  to  the  Christian  religion: 

"  Since  the  subject  of  his  (the  Missionary's)  errand  is  to  persuade  us  to  embrace  a 
new  doctrine,  perhaps  it  may  not  be  amiss,  before  we  offer  him  the  reasons  why  we 
cannot  comply  with  his  request,  to  acquaint  him  with  the  grounds  and  principles  of  that 
i-eligion,  which  he  would  have  us  abandon. 

"Our  forefathers  were  under  a  strong  persuasion,  a.s  we  are,  that  those  who  act  well, 
in  this  life,  shall  be  rewarded  in  the  next,  according  to  the  degree  of  their  virtue  :  and 
on  the  other  hand,  that  those  who  behave  wickedly  here,  will  undergo  such  punish- 
ments hereafter  as  are  proportionate  to  the  crimes  they  were  gxiilty  of.  This  hath 
been  constantly  and  invariably  received  and  acknowledged  for  a  truth,  through  every 
successive  generation  of  oiu-  ancestors.  It  could  not  have  taken  its  rise  from  fable  ;  for 
liuman  fiction  however  artfully  and  plausibly  contrived,  can  never  gain  credit  Ion"-, 
among  any  people,  where  free  enquiry  is  allowed ;  which  was  never  denied  by  our 
ancestors;  who,  on  the  contrary,  thought  it  the  sacred,  inviolable,  natural  right  of 
e\'ery  man  to  examine  and  judge  for  himself.  Therefore  we  think  it  evident  that  our 
notion,  concerning  future  rewards  and  punishments,  was  either  revealed  immediately 
from  heaven  to  some  of  our  forefathers,  and  from  them  descended  to  us,  or,  that  it  was 
implanted  in  each  of  us,  at  our  creation,  by  the  Creator  of  all  things.  Whatever  the 
methods  might  have  been,  whereby  God  hath  been  pleased  to  make  known  to  us  his 
will,  and  give  us  a  knowledge  of  our  duty,  it  is  still,  in  our  sense,  a  divine  revelation. 

"Now  we  desire  to  propose  to  him  some  few  questions:  Does  he  believe  that  our 
forefathers,  men  eminent  for  their  piety,  constant  and  warm  in  the  pursuit  of  virtue, 
hoping  tliereby  to  merit  everlasting  happiness,  were  all  damned^  Does  he  think  that 
we,  who  are  their  zealous  imitators,  in  good  works,  and  influenced  by  the  same  motives 
as  they  were,  earnestly  endeavoring,  with  the  greatest  circumspection,  to  ti'ead  the 
path.s  of  integrity,  are  in  a  state  of  damnation?  If  these  be  his  sentiments,  they  are 
surely  as  impious  as  they  are  bold  and  daring. 

"In  the  next  place,  we  beg  that  he  would  explain  himself  more  particularly  con- 
cerning the  rerelation  he  talks  of.  If  he  admits  no  other  than  what  is  contained  in  his 
'im-itteii  book,  the  contrary  is  evident  from  what  has  been  shewn  before:  but,  if  he  says 
Oo<l  has  revealed  himself  to  us,  but  not  sufficient  for  our  .salvation;  then,  we  ask,  to 
what  purpose  should  he  have  revealed  himself  to  us  in  any  wise?  It  is  clear  that  a 
reflation  insufficient  to  save,  cannot  put  us  in  a  better  condition  than  we  should  ba 
in  without  any  revelation  at  all.  We  cannot  conceive  that  God  should  point  out  to  us 
the  end  we  ought  to  aim  at,  without  opening  to  us  the  way  to  arrive  at  tliat  end.  But, 
supposing  our  understandings  to  be  so  far  illuminated  as  to  know  it  to  be  our  duty  to 
plea^se  God,  who  yet  hath  left  us  under  an  incapacity  of  doing  it,  will  this  Missionary, 
therefore,  conclude  that  we  shall  be  eternally  damned?  Will  he  take  upon  him  to 
pronounce  damnation  against  us,  for  not  doing  those  things  which  he  himself  acknowl- 

3 


18  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

Creator  over  the  liumaii  race,  botli  in  a  general  and  particular  capacity,, 
and,  even,  of  divine  grace  and  influence  on  the  human  mind,  and  that 
independent  of  foreign  information,  or  instruction:  of  this  their  imme- 
diate sense  and  understanding  of  mental  objects,  which  it  is  most  manifest 
many  of  them  possessed,  even  of  the  highest  nature,  are  very  demon- 
strative ;  besides,  part  at  least  of  their  traditions,  from  their  ancestors, 
whose  prime  original,  so  far  as  it  is  founded  in  truth,  must  necessarily 


edges  were  impossible  by  vis  to  be  done?  It  is  our  opinion  that  every  man  is  possessed 
nf  sufficient  knowledge  for  his  salvation.  The  Almighty,  for  any  thing-  we  know,  may 
liave  communicated  the  knowledge  of  himself  to  a  difterent  race  of  people,  in  a  different 
manner. 

"Some  say  they  have  the  will  of  God  in  writing;  be  it  so;  i\\Q\\-  reeelation  has  no 
advantage  above  ours,  since  both  must  be  equally  sufficient  to  save;  othenvise  the  end 
of  the  revelation  would  be  frustrated.  Besides,  if  they  be  both  true  they  must  be  the 
same  in  substance;  and  the  difference  can  only  lie  in  the  mode  of  communication.  He 
tells  lis  there  are  nrany  precepts  in  his  written  revelation  which  we  are  entirely  ignorant 
of.  But  these  written  coni/nands  can  only  be  designed  for  those  who  have  the  'writings; 
they  cannot  possibly  regai'd  us.  Had  the  Almighty  thought  so  mvich  knowledge  neces- 
siiry  to  our  salvation,  his  goodness  would  not  long  have  deferred  the  communication  C)f 
it  to  us;  and  to  .say  that,  in  a  matter  so  necessary,  he  could  not,  at  one  and  the  same  time, 
equally  reveal  himself  to  all  mankind,  is  nothing  less  than  an  absolute  denial  of  his 
omnipotence.  Without  doubt  he  can  make  his  will  manifest,  without  the  help  of  any 
hook,  or  the  assistance  of  any  bookish  man  whatever. 

"We  shall,  in  the  next  place,  consider  the  arguments  which  arise  from  a  considera- 
tion of  Providence.  If  we  are  the  work  of  God,  (which  I  presume  will  not  be  denied,) 
it  follows  from  thence  that  we  are  under  the  care  and  protection  of  God,  for  it  cannot 
be  supi^osed  that  the  Deity  should  abandon  his  own  creatures  and  be  utterly  regardless 
of  their  welfare.  Then,  to  say,  that  tire  Almighty  hath  permitted  us  to  remain  in  a 
fatal  error,  through  so  many  ages,  is  to  represent  him  as  a  tyrant ;  how  is  it  consistent 
with  his  justice  to  force  life  upon  a  race  of  mortals,  without  their  consent,  and  then 
damn  them  eienially,  without  ever  opening  to  them  a  door  of  salvation"?  Our  concep- 
tions of  the  graciouH  God  are  more  noble;  and  we  think  that  those  who  teach  othei-wLse 
do  little  less  than  blaspheme.  Again,  it  is  through  the  care  and  goodness  of  the  Ahnighty,. 
that  from  the  beginning  of  time,  through  many  generations  to  this  day,^our  name  has 
been  preserved,  unblotted  out  by  enemies,  unreduced  to  nothing.  By  the  same  care  we 
now  enjoy  our  lives;  are  furnished  with  the  necessary  means  of  preserving  those  lives^ 
But  all  these  things  are  trifling,  compared  with  our  salvation. 

"Therefore,  since  God  hath  been  so  careful  of  us,  in  matters  of  little  consequence,  it 
would  be  absurd  to  affirm  that  he  has  neglected  us,  in  cases  of  the  greatest  im}x»rtance. 
Admit  that  he  hath  forsaken  us,  yet  it  could  not  have  been  without  a  just  cause.  Let 
us  .suppose  that  an  heinous  crime  was  committed  by  one  of  our  ancestor-s  like  to  that 
which  we  are  told  happened  among  another  race  of  people ;  in  such  case,  God  would 
certainly  puni.sh  the  criminal,  but  would  never  involve  us,  who  are  innocent,  in  his 
guilt.  Those  who  think  otherwise  must  make  the  Ahnighty  a  very  whimsical,  iV- 
natured  being.  Once  more,  are  the  Christians  more  virtuous?  or,  rather,  are  they  not 
more  vicious  than  we  are?  If  so,  how  came  it  to  pass  that  they  are  the  objects  of  God's 
beneficence,  while  we  are  neglected?  Does  the  Deity  confer  his  favoi-s  without  reason, 
and  with  so  mucli  partiality?  In  a  word,  we  find  the  Christians  much  more  depraved, 
in  their  morals,  than  ourselves;  and  we  jvidge  of  their  doctnne  by  the  badness  of  their 

IcH'-S.''' 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  19 

have  first  arisen  from  tlie  divine  intelligence,  tLongii  communicated  in 
different  degree  to  different  parts  of  tlie  human  race,  and  though  much 
of  such  tradition  may  be  mixed  with  imagination  and  absurdity. 

"The  following  letter  of  Conrad  Weise)-^  to  a  friend,  respecting  the  In- 
dians^ on  this  subject,  is  informing.  The  author  was  born  in  Germany^ 
and  was  many  years  Indian  interpreter  for  the  province ;  and  consequently 
was  well  acquainted  with  these  people :  he  was  highly  esteemed  by  both 
the  English  and  Indians,  as  a  person  of  integrity,  skill  and  ability,  in  the 
discharge  of  divers  important  trusts  which  had  been  committed  to  him 
by  both  parties,  for  a  long  series  of  years :  the  letter  translated  from  the 
German  language,  is  thus  expressed,  viz: 

" '  Esteemed  Friend  :  I  write  this,  in  compliance  with  thy  request,  to 
give  thee  an  account  of  what  I  have  observed  among  the  Indians,  in  re- 
lation to  their  belief  and  confidence  in  a  Divine  Being,  according  to  the 
observations  I  have  made,  from  1714,  in  the  time  of  my  youth,  to  this 
day,  (about  the  year  1746). 

" '  If  by  the  word  religion  people  mean  an  assent  to  certain  creeds,  or 
the  observance  of  a  set  of  religious  duties;  as,  appointed  prayers,  singings, 
preaching,  baptism,  &c.,  or  even  Heathenish  loorship,  then  it  may  be  said 
the  Five  Nations,  and  their  neighbors,  have  no  religion.  But  if  bv  re- 
figion  we  mean  an  attraction  of  the  soul  to  God,  whence  proceeds  a  confi- 
dence in,  and  hunger  after,  the  knowledge  of  him,  then  this  people  must 
be  allowed  to  have  some  religion  among  them,  notwithstanding  their 
sometimes  savage  deportment.  For  we  find  among  them  some  tracts  of 
a  confidence  in  God  alone;  and,  even,  sometimes,  though  but  seldom,  a 
vocal  calling  upon  him :  I  shall  give  one  or  two  instances  of  this,  that 
fell  under  my  own  observation. 

'"In  the  3'ear  1737, 1  was  sent  the  first  time  to  Oaoiidago,  at  the  desire 
of  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  I  departed  in  the  latter  end  of  February, 
very  unexpectedly,  for  a  journey  of  five  hundred  English  miles,  through; 
a  wilderness  where  tliere  was  neither  road  nor  path,  and  at  such  a  time 
of  the  year  when  creatures  (animals)  could  not  be  met  with  for  food. 
There  were  with  me  a  Dutchman  and  three  Indians.  After  we  had  gone 
one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  on  our  journey,  we  came  to  a  narrow  valley, 
about  half  a  mile  broad  and  thirty  long;  both  sides  of  which  were 
encompassed  Avith  high  mountains,  on  which  the  snow  lay  about  three 
feet  deep :  in  it  ran  a  stream  of  water  also  about  three  feet  deep ;  which 
was  so  crooked  that  it  kept  a  continued  winding  course  from  one  side  of 
the  valley  to  the  other.  In  order  to  avoid  wading  so  often  through  the 
water,  Ave  endeavored  to  pass  along  on  the  slope  of  the  mountain ;  the 
t^DOw  being  three  feet  deep,  and  so  hard  frozen  on  the  top  that  Ave  could 
walk  upon  it :  but  we  Avere  obliged  to  make  holes  in  the  snoAV  with  our 
1  For  his  biography  see  Division  III.  s.  v.  Wei^er. 


20  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

hatchets,  that  our  feet  might  not  sHp  down  the  mountain ;  and  thus  we 
crept  on.  It  happened  that  the  old  Indian'' s  foot  shpt;  and  the  root  of  a 
tree  by  which  he  held,  breaking,  he  shd  down  the  mountain  as  from  the 
roof  of  a  house ;  but  happily  he  was  stopped  in  his  fall,  by  the  string 
which  fastened  his  pack  hitching  on  the  stump  of  a  small  tree.  The 
other  two  Indians  could  not  go  to  his  aid,  but  our  Dutch  fellow-traveller 
did ;  yet  not  without  visible  danger  of  his  own  life.  I  also  could  not  put 
a  foot  forward,  till  I  was  helped;  after  this  we  took  the  first  opportunity 
to  descend  into  the  valley;  which  was  not  till  after  we  had  labored  hard 
for  half  an  hour  with  hands  and  feet.  Having  observed  a  tree  lying 
directly  oft'  from  where  the  Indian  fell,  when  we  were  got  into  the  valley 
again  we  went  back  about  one  hundred  paces,  where  we  saw  that  if  the 
Indian  had  slipt  four  or  five  paces  further,  he  would  have  hillen  over  a 
rock  one  hundred  feet  perpendicular,  upon  craggy  pieces  of  rocks  below. 
^hQ Indian  was  astonished,  and  turned  quite  pale;  then  with  out-stretched 
arms,  and  great  earnestness  he  spoke  these  words:  "/  thank  the  great 
Lord  andj  Governor  of  this  tvorld,  in  that  he  has  had  mercy  upon  me,  and 
has  been  tvilUng  that  I  should  live  longer T  Which  words  I,  at  that  time, 
put  down  in  my  journal:  this  happened  on  the  25th  of  March,  1787. 

'"In  the  9th  of  April  following,  while  we  were  yet  on  our  journey,  I 
found  myself  extremely  weak,  through  the  fatigue  of  so  long  a  journey, 
with  the  cold  and  hunger,  which  I  had  suffered;  there  having  fallen  a 
fresh  snow  about  twenty  inches  deep,  and  we  being  yet  three  days  journey 
from  Onondago,  in  a  frightful  wilderness;  my  spirit  failed,  my  body 
trembled  and  shook;  I  thought  I  should  fall  down  and  die;  I  stept  aside, 
and  sat  doAvn  under  a  tree,  expecting  there  to  die.  My  companions  soon 
missed  me ;  the  Indians  came  back,  and  found  me  sitting  there.  They 
remained  awhile  silent ;  at  last  the  old  Indian  said,  '  My  dear  companion, 
thou  hast  hitherto  encouraged  us,  wilt  thou  now  quite  give  up?  remem- 
ber that  evil  days  are  better  than  good  days :  for  when  we  suffer  much, 
we  do  not  sin;  sin  will  be  driven  out  of  us  by  suffering;  but  good  days- 
cause  men  to  sin;  and  God  cannot  extend  his  mercy  to  them;  but  con- 
trarywise,  when  it  goeth  evil  with  us,  God  hath  compassion  upon  us.' 
These  words  made  me  ashamed;  I  rose  up,  and  traveled  as  well  as  I 
could. 

'"The  next  year  I  went  another  journey  to  Onondago,  in  company  with 
Joseph  Spanhenberg  and  two  others.  It  happened  that  an  Indian  came 
to  us  in  the  evening,  who  had  neither  shoes,  stockings,  shirt,  gun,  knife, 
nor  hatchet;  in  a  word,  he  had  nothing  but  an  old  torn  blanket  and  some 
rags.  Upoii  enquiring  whither  he  w^as  going,  he  answered  to  OnondagrJ. 
I  kncAV  him,  and  asked  him  how  he  could  undertake  a  journey  of  three 
hundred  miles  so  naked  and  unprovided,  having  no  provisions,  nor  any 
arms  to  kill  creatures  for  his  sustenance?    lie  answered,  he  had  been 


OF   LAXCASTBR   COUNTY.  21 

among  enemies,  and  had  been  obliged  to  save  liimself  by  flight;  and  so 
had  lost  all.  This  was  true,  in  part;  for  he  had  disposed  of  some  of  his 
things  among  the  Irish  for  strong  liquors.  Upon  further  talk,  he  told 
me  very  cheerfully,  'that  God  fed  everything  which  had  life,  even  the 
rattle  snake  itself,  though  it  was  a  bad  creature;  and  that  God  would 
also  provide,  in  such  a  manner  that  he  should  get  alive  to  Onondacjo ;  he 
knew  for  certain  that  he  should  go  thither ;  that  it  was  visible  God  was 
with  the  Indians  in  the  wilderness;  because  they  always  cast  their  care 
upon  him ;  but  that,  contrary  to  this,  the  Europeans  always  carried  bread 
with  them.'  He  was  an  Onondago  Indian;  his  name  was  OnontagJceta; 
the  next  day  we  traveled  in  company;  and  the  day  following  I  provided 
him  with  a  knife,  hatchet,  flint,  and  tinder,  also  shoes  and  stockings,  and 
sent  him  before  me,  to  give  notice  to  the  council,  at  Onondago^  that  I  was 
coming;  which  he  truly  performed,  being  got  thither  three  days  before  us. 
'"Two  years  ago  I  was  sent  by  the  Governor  to  ShamoUn,  on  account 
of  the  unhappy  death  of  John  Armstrong^  the  Indian  trader^  (about  174:4). 
After  I  had  performed  my  errand,  there  was  a  feast  prepared;  to  which 
the  Governor's  messengers  were  invited:  there  were  about  one  hundred 
persons  present,  to  whom,  after  we  had  in  great  silence  devoured  a  lat 
bear,  the  eldest  of  the  chiefs  made  a  speech,  in  which  he  said,  'that,  by 
a  great  misfortune  three  of  their  brethren,  the  xvhite  men,  had  been  killed 
by  an  Indian;  that  nevertheless  the  sun  was  not  set,  (meaning  there  was 
no  war);  it  had  only  been  somewhat  darkened  by  a  small  cloud,  which 
was  now  done  away;  he  that  had  done  evil  was  like  to  be  punished,  and 
the  land  to  remain  in  peace:  therefore  he  exhorted  his  people  to  thanh- 
f  Illness  to  God;  and  thereupon  he  began  to  sing  with  an  awful  solemnity, 
but  without  expressing  any  words ;-  the  others  accompanied  him  with  their 
voices:  after  they  had  done,  the  same  Indian,. with  great  earnestness,  or 
fervor,  spoke  these  words:  ^Thanks,  thanks,  he  to  thee,  thou  great  Lord  of 
the  loorld,  in  that  thou  hast  again  caused  the  sun  to  shine,  and,  hast  dispersed^ 
the  dark  cloud — the  Indians  are  thine.'' "' 

"The  strongest  passion  of  an  Indian's  soul  is  revenge.  To  gratif}^  it, 
distance,  danger,  and  toil  are  held  as  nothing.  But  there  is  no  manliness 
in  his  vengeance.  He  loves  to  steal  upon  his  enemy  in  the  silence  of  the 
forest,  or  in  his  midnight  slumbers,  and  to  glut  himself,  like  a  ravenous 
wolf,  in  undistinguished  slaughter.  In  war,  not  even  the  captive  was 
spared,  unless  he  were  adopted  to  supply  the  place  of  a  deceased  member 
of  the  capturing  nation.  If  not  thus  preserved,  he  was  destined  to  per- 
ish, in  protracted  torture,  under  the  hands  of  women  and  children.  On 
the  other  hand,  hospitality  and  respect  for  the  property  of  others,  were 
their  distinguishing  virtues.  Strangers  were  treated  Avith  great  attention 
and  kindness,  their  wants  liberally  supplied,  and  their  persons  considered 
sacred.     To  the  needy  and  suffering  of  their  own  tribes  they  cheerfully 


22  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

gave ;  dividing  with  them  their  last  morsel.  Theft  in  their  commiinitie.s 
was  rare,  and  is  said  to  have  been  almost  unknown  before  their  acquain  - 
tance  with  the  whites." 

4.  It  is  difficult  to  disentangle  the  web  of  conflicting  evidence  respect- 
ing the  nationality  of  the  Indians,  Avho  from  time  to  time  occupied  the 
soil  of  Lancaster  county.  This  subject  has  been  investigated  with  com- 
mendable research  by  E.  Conyngham,  whose  valuable  notes  are  preserved 
in  Hazard's  Eegister,  and  by  William  Parker  Foulke,  in  his  "Notes  re- 
specting the  Indians  of  Lancaster  count}^,  Pennsylvania,"  published  in  the 
Memoirs  of  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  iv,  part  2,  pp. 
188 — 219.     The  following  data  are  chiefly  drawn  from  the  latter. 

The  Iroquois  had  at  the  beginning  of  the  seventeenth  century  pene- 
trated from  the  North,  as  far  as  the  bays  of  Delaware  and  Chesapeake, 
and  were  pursuing,  with  varying  success,  hostile  enterprises  against  the 
tribes  located  near  the  head  of  the  latter  inlet,  and  upon  the  Susque- 
hanna, Potomac,  and  other  streams,  whose  waters  are  discharged  by  the 
Chesapeake  into  the  ocean.  Captain  Smith,  in  his  explorations  of  the 
bay,  in  1608,  found  the  Avestern  shore  deserted  from  the  Patapsco  upward, 
and  opposite  on  the  eastern  shore,  and  east  of  the  Susquehanna,  were  set- 
tlements of  the  Nanticokes  or  Tockwoghs,  fortified  against  the  Iroquois 
or  Massawomeks,  as  they  called  them.  At  two  days'  journey  up  the 
Susquehanna,  or  about  21  miles  in  a  right  line  from  the  mouth  of  the 
river,  w^ere  settled  the  Susquehannocks,  numbering  600  warriors,  who 
were  palisaded  in  their  towns  to  resist  the  incursions  of  their  Northern 
enemies.  On  Smith's  map  a  village  of  Quadroqvies  is  marked  about  5| 
or  6  leagues  (20  miles)  higher  up,  and  about  5  leagues  (17  miles)  above 
these  dwelt  the  Tesinigh,  distant  from  the  embouchure  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, in  a  straight  line,  about  50  or  57  miles.  These  three  villages  were 
situated  ljetA\'een  the  northern  and  southern  boundaries  of  Lancastei' 
county.     We  have  no  data  to  determine  the  nationality  of  those  Indians. 

In  IBol,  Claiborne,  so  long  a  source  of  internal  disquiet  to  the  colony 
of  Lord  Baltimore,  obtained  a  license  to  trade  with  Indians  in  parts  for 
which  no  patent  had  been  granted,  and  he  established  his  chief  trading 
post  in  what  is  now  Kent  County,  in  the  State  of  Maryland.  He  also  lo- 
cated a  post  at  the  mouth  of  the  Susquehanna,  whence  he  trafficked  with 
the  Susquehannocks  and  other  Indians,  at  or  near  the  head  of  the  bay. 
At  the  same  period  the  Swedes  planted  settlements  upon  the  Delaware 
Kiver  and  Bay ;  Fort  Christina,  in  the  same  latitude,  with  the  settlement 
of  the  Susquehannocks  mentioned  by  Captain  Smith,  and  distant  from  it 
less  than  50  miles  in  a  straight  line,  was  surrounded  by  Maquas  or  Iro- 
quois Indians  who,  according  to  Campanius,  lorded  it  over  the  other  In- 
dians so  that  they  scarcely  dared  to  stir  without  the  approbation  of  the 
former.     It  appears  from  the  treaty  at  Lancaster  in  1744,  printed  in  full 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  23 

at  a  subsequent  page,  that  almost  all  the  land  from  the  Patuxent  and 
Choptank  rivers  was  sold  by  the  Susquehannocks  to  the  government  oi' 
Maryland,  and  it  is  evident  from  the  speech  of  Canassatego,  an  Iroquois 
chief,  that  the  Iroquois  had  not  yet  subdued  the  Susquehannocks,  in  1654, 
for  he  said:  "We  have  had  your  deeds  interpreted  to  us,  and  we  ac- 
knowledge them  to  be  good  and  valid,  and  that  the  Conestogoe  or  Sas- 
quehannah  Indians  had  a  right  to  sell  those  lands  to  you,  for  they  wero 
then  theirs;  but  since  that  time  we  have  conquered  them  and  their 
country  now  belongs  to  us." 

Evans,  in  his  Analysis  (!2d  ed.  A.  D.  1755)  says  that  Bell,  in  the  service 
of  Maryland,  at  the  fort,  remains  of  which  were  still  standing  in  1755  on 
the  east  side  of  the  Susquehanna,  about  3  miles  below  Wright's  ferry, 
(now  Columbia)  "by  the  defeat  of  many  hundreds,  gave  them  a  blow 
that  they  (the  Five  Nations)  never  recovered  of." 

In  1664  the  province  of  New  Netherlands  fell  under  the  dominion  of 
the  English  and  assumed  its  present  title  of  New  York;  and  public  in- 
tercourse Avas  then  for  the  first  time  opened  between  the  English  and 
the  Five  Nations.  A  firm  alliance  was  contracted  by  these  parties, 
which,  while  it  secured  the  rising  power  of  the  English,  afforded  to  the 
Confederacy  a  valuable  ally  against  the  French  of  Canada  and  their 
Algonquin  auxiliaries.  Freely  supplied  with  firearms  and  ammunition, 
the  Iroquois  did  not  rest  satisfied  with  their  hostilities  on  the  side  of  the 
St.  Lawrence,  but  resumed  with  renewed  vigor,  their  old  enterprises 
against  the  Southern  tribes.  Notwithstanding  a  treaty  of  amity  con- 
cluded between  Maryland  and  the  Five  Nations  in  1677,  some  of  the 
Oneidas,  Onandagos  and  Senecas,  who  were  not  present  at  the  time  oi' 
the  negotiation,  fell  upon  the  Susquehannocks,  who  were  in  league  with 
Maryland,  killed  four  of  their  number,  took  six  prisoners,  live  of  whom, 
falling  to  the  share  of  the  Senecas,  were  in  conformity  with  the  treaty 
sent  back,  but  the  sixth  was  detained  by  the  Oneidas.  Overtures  and 
remonstrances  on  the  part  of  Maryland  and  Virginia  proved  unavailing, 
for  after  a  few  years  hostilities  broke  out  with  increased  violence,  and 
only  ceased  with  the  final  overthrow  of  the  Susquehannocks  by  the  Five 
Nations. 

It  appears  from  a  minute  examination  of  imperfect  and  somewhat 
■contradictory  data,  exhibited  at  length  by  Foulke,  that  the  Lancaster 
lands  fell  into  the  power  of  the  Five  Nations  at  sometime  between  1677 
and  1684.  The  evidence,  on  the  whole,  flivors  the  assertion  that  the 
Conestogo  Indians  and  Susquehannocks  were  members  of  the  same  stock, 
and  not  of  the  Iroquois  stock,  by  whom  they  Avere  conquered,  and 
probably  supplanted.  The  process  of  supplanting  falls  within  the  last 
two  decades  of  the  seventeenth  century,  for  the  minutes  of  the  Provincial 
Council,  as  far  back  as  1701,  show  that,  on  the  23d  of  the  2d  month  of 


2-i  AUTHENTIC   HISTOIiY 

that  year,  William  Penu  formed  a  solemn  treaty  "witli  Connodaghtoh, 
king  of  the  Susquehannali  Minquays  or  Conestogo  Indians,  Wopatlitha 
(alias  Opessali),  King  of  the  Shawanese,  AVcewhinjough,  chief  of  the 
Ganawese,  inhabiting  at  the  head  of  the  Patowmeck ;  also,  Ahoakassongh, 
brother  to  the  emperor  or  great  king  of  the  Onandagoes  of  the  Five 
Nations,  and  others.  The  Minquays  and  ShaAvanese  had  by  that  time 
become  residents  of  Lancaster  County.  Some  Ganawese,  in  consequence 
of  the  encroachments  of  the  Virginians,  found  soon  after  this  hospitable 
shelter  in  the  neighborhood  of  Conestogo.  Secretary  Logan  visited 
them  at  their  settlement,  some  miles  above  Conestogo,  at  a  place  called 
Connejaghera,  above  the  fort. 

In  the  spring  of  1706  the  Conestogos,  Shawanos,  and  Ganawese  Indians, 
upon  the  Susquehanna,  came  to  confer  with  the  government  at  Philadel- 
phia. The  chief  of  the  Conestogos  exhibited  a  white  belt  with  tAventy- 
one  rows,  with  three  hands  Avrought  in  it  in  black.  lie  said  that  this  was 
a  pledge  of  peace  formerly  delivered  b}^  the  Onandagos  to  the  Nanticokes, 
when  they  made  them  tributaries :  that  the  JSTanticokes  Avere  under  some 
apprehension  of  danger  from  the  Five  Xations,  and  had  brought  this 
belt  Avith  them  to  Conestogo,  Avitli  another  like  it,  in  order  that,  Avhich- 
ever  route  the  Confederates  should  take,  one  of  the  belts  might  be  exhi- 
bited to  them  before  they  passed  through  Pennsylvania,  and  that  they 
might  see  that  they  had  made  peace  and  that  the  proA'incial  gOA'crnment 
was  at  peace  Avith  the  neighboring  Indians. 

In  1707  Gov.  Evans  visited  Conestogo  and  met  there  some  Nanticokes 
from  Seven  Towns  who  had  waited  ten  days  to  see  him  and  Avere  on  their 
Avay  to  Onandago  Avhither  the}"  Avere  carrying,  as  a  tribute,  tAventy  belts 
of  Avampum.  From  the  Governor's  report  it  appears  that  he  first  arrived 
at  Pequehan,  a  ShaAvanese  settlement,  Avhere  he  saAV  Opessah  and  some 
other  chiefs,  at  9  miles  from  Pequehan,  at  a  place  called  Dekanoagah, 
on  the  Susquehanna,  he  met  in  conference  some  Senecas,  ShaAvanese, 
Canois  and  Nanticokes.  He  returned  to  Pequehan  and  staycxi  there  until 
the  morroAV.  While  there  some  ShaAvanese  arrived  from  Carolina  r.o 
settle. 

In  1717  Governor  Keith  met  chiefs  of  "the  Conestogo  or  Mingo 
Indians,  the  DelaAvares,  ShaAvanese  and  GanaAvese,  all  inhabitants  upon 
or  near  the  riA^er  Susquehanna"  in  conference  at  Conestogo. 

At  a  council  held  at  Conestogo  in  1721-22,  by  Mr.  Logan  and  Col. 
French,  there  Avere  present  Conestogos,  ShaAwanese,  Ganawese,  Cayugas 
and  DelaAvares. 

The  Avarrant  for  the  survey  of  Springctsburg  manor,  issued  in  1722, 
recites  that  the  tJiree  nations  of  Indians  on  the  north  side  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, the  Conestogos,  ShaAvanese  and  Conoys,  Avere  disturbed,  etc. 

At  a  conference  held  in  1723  WhiAvhingee,  a  GanaAvese  chief,  enumer- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  25 

atGS  four  nations  on  the  Susquelianna,  viz.:  Conestogos,  Shawanos,  Gana- 
wese  and  Delawares. 

In  1728  disturbances  arose  between  the  Conestogos  and  Shawauese, 
and  the  latter  reported  the  arrival  of  a  hostile  band  of  Flathead  Indians. 

In  1729  the  county  of  Lancaster  was  marked  off;  and  it  should  be 
remembered  that  most  of  the  foregoing  notices  have  respect  to  the 
district  of  country  then  known  as  Chester  county  and  comprising  Avithin 
its  limits  Lancaster  county.  . 

In  17o4  the  Ganawese  are  spoken  of  as  settled  between  Pextang  and 
Conestogo. 

In  1742,  at  the  treaty  of  Philadelphia,  there  were  some  Shawanese; 
f:»;ur  Conestogos  wdio  spoke  the  Oneyiut  (or  Oneida)  language ;  and  four 
"Canoyido"  or  Nanticokes  of  Conestogo. 

In  17-14,  Canassatego  stated  that  the  Conoy  Indians  had  resolved  to 
remove  to  Shamokin,  and  at  a  conference  held  in  the  same  year  at  Phila- 
delphia with  some  Delawares  from  the  Upper  Susquehanna,  one  of  the 
chiefs  stated  that  the  Conoys  from  below  had  moved  higher  up,  to  be 
near  them. 

The  foregoing  data  are  produced  here  for  the  sole  purpose  of  deter- 
mining the  nationality  of  the  Indians  of  Lancaster  county:  fuller 
particulars  and  much  matter  relating  to  them,  but  having  no  direct 
bearing  on  the  question  under  consideration,  are  reserved  for  the  next 
chapter.  ^Meanwhile  the  details  given  warrant  the  following  general 
statement : 

"It  appears  that  for  some  period  before  the  year  1608,^  down  to  about 
the  year  1680,  Lancaster  County,  or  that  portion  of  it  which  lies  upon 
the  Susquehanna,  was  inhabited  by  a  number  of  Indians  known  to  the 
Colonists  as  Susquehamiocls.  These  people  were  objects  of  attack  to  the 
Five  Nations.  They  were  in  possession  of  arms,  obtained  originally 
from  the  French;  who  were,  therefore,  indirectly  at  least,  known  to 
them.  About  the  year  1631,  a  regular  traffic  was  opened  with  them 
from  Claiborne's  trading  post;  and  upon  the  settlement  of  Maryland 
under  Lord  Baltimore,  wars,  treaties  and  purchases  were  had  with  them 
from  that  colony.  They  were  sometimes  in  arms  against  their  neighbors 
of  the  aboriginal  stock.  They  at  length  became  dependent  upon  the 
protection  of  the  whites  against  the  New  York  Confederacy ;  and  finally, 
before  the  arrival  of  William  Penn,  they  were  overthrown  and  absorbed 
by  the  Five  Nations.  A  settlement  was  soon  planted  by  the  conquerors 
at  Conestogo,  which  subsequently  became  the  chief  post  and  place  of 
council  of  the  Indians  seated  on  the  Susquehanna,  below  its  fork.  The 
residents  there  Avere  of  the  Five  Nations ;  chiefly  of  the  Seneca  tribe, 
but  comprising  sometimes  Oncidas,  Cayugas  and  Tuscaroras.     About 

iFoulke,  1.  c.  p.  212,  sq. 


26  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

the  year  1698,  some  Shawanese  from  the  southward  applied  to  the  Con- 
estogos,  and  through  these  to  William  Perm's  government,  for  permission 
to  settle  near  Conestogo;  which  being  granted,  they  established  them- 
selves upon  Pequea  Creek,  under  Opessah,  their  principal  chief.  They 
remained  there  during  at  least  a  quarter  of  a  century,  branching  off, 
however,  above  Conestogo,  and  Avestward  of  the  river.  Opessah  retained 
his  position  at  their  head  until  the  year  1711,  when  he  abdicated,  and  an 
election  took  place,  which  resulted  in  the  nominal  elevation  of  Lakunda- 
wanna  to  the  successorship ;  but  the  people  being  refractory,  there  was 
an  interregnum  in  effect,  which  lasted  several  years.  As  early  as  1728, 
a  fcAV  of  them  emigrated  to  the  Ohio,  and  these  were  gradually  followed 
by  the  remainder ;  so  that  before  the  middle  of  the  eighteenth  century 
they  had  wholly  removed  from  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

"Soon  alter  the  arrival  of  the  Shawanese,  or  about  the  year  1700,  some 
<jranawese,  from  the  Potomac,  were  upon  application  to  the  Proprietor, 
and  upon  the  security  of  the  Conestogos  and  Shawanese,  permitted  to  re- 
move within  the  province.  They  fixed  their  principal  village  between 
Pextang  and  Conestogo,  and  kept  it  there  for  at  least  thirty  years.  The 
Nanticokes  of  Maryland,  made  frequent  visits  to  Conestogo,  and  at  length 
some  of  them  settled  near  it,  those  called  Conoys  (who  are  sometimes 
confounded  with  the  Nanticokes,  as  in  the  reports  of  treaties,  and  some- 
times distinguished  from  them,  as  by  Mr.  Heckewelder,  who  says  they 
were  the  same  as  the  Ganawese,)  subsequently  appeared  in  the  same  vi- 
cinity, as  did  also  a  body  of  Delawares.  The  former  began  to  shift  their 
ground  before  the  year  1744;  the  latter,  although  occasionally  mentioned 
as  present  in  conference  with  the  provincial  government,  never  occupied 
a  prominent  post,  and  they  soon  retired  to  the  Juniata.  As  early  as  171 1 
there  were  Palatines  settled  near  the  Pequea,  who  were  promptly  admit- 
ted to  the  friendship  of  the  neighboring  tribes.  From  first  to  last  the 
paramount  authority  of  the  Five  Nations  is  manifested  in  the  superin- 
tendence of  their  organ,  the  Conestogo  Council,  and  in  the  respect  yielded 
to  this  by  the  surrounding  Indians.  Peace  and  free  intercourse  were 
manifested  amongst  all  of  them,  until  after  their  villages  began  to  be 
disturbed  by  the  general  movement  of  their  brethern  to  the  North  and 
West. 

"  It  must  be  obvious  that  any  traditions  respecting  the  tribes  above 
mentioned,  while  they  remained  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  county, 
had  their  origin  prior  to  the  year  1763 ;  and  if  of  much  older  date  than 
this,  they  must  have  been  derived  through  persons  who  were  living 
whilst  the  Indian  settlements  presented  that  diversity  of  aspect  which 
has  just  been  sketched.  The  first  border  settlers  were  not  very  compe- 
tent judges  of  historical  matters,  nor  very  nice  critics  upon  aboriginal 
peculiarities;  and  whatever  facts  were  within  the  sphere  either  of  their 


OF    LANCASTER   COUN'TV.  27 

perception  or  their  comprcliensioii,  come  to  us  now  oyer  a  tract  of  nearly 
a  century  of  time.  While,  therefore,  we  yield  something  to  that  proba- 
bility of  truth  which  locality  or  integrity  may  create,  we  have  little  reason 
to  prefer  any  account  orally  transmitted,  in  circumstances  and  during  an 
interval  of  time  such  as  have  existed  in  the  present  case,  if  that  account  is 
inconsistent  with  the  general  testimony  of  writers  upon  the  subject.  Per- 
haps, in  this  respect,  no  part  of  our  State  was  more  unfavorably  situated 
than  Lancaster  county,  prior  to  the  year  1750.  Ten  years  before  this, 
the  Indians  had  been  embarrassed  by  the  advance  of  the  borderers ;  and 
probably  still  earlier  there  were  apparent  symptoms  of  that  antipathy, 
which  has  generally  marked  the  intercourse  of  frontiermen  and  savages. 
At  least  four  or  five  considerable  villages  of  different  tribes  were  within 
the  county;  smaller  villages  were  scattered  around  these.  Different 
dialects,  different  customs,  were  in  close  proximity.  That  must  be  a  sin- 
gularly fortunate  tradition  which,  faithful  to  its  original,  could  convey  to 
x\s  living  at  the  middle  of  the  nineteeenth  century,  accurate  details  of  the 
customs  of  one  of  those  villages — uncorrupted  specimens  of  one  of  those 
dialects  as  they  were  in  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century." 


28  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


CHAPTER  II. 

FRO:\I  THE  EARLIEST  SETTLEMENT  OF  PENNSYLVANLN.  TO  THE 
ARRIVAL  OF  AVILLIAM  PENN. 

In  an  official  report  draAvn  up  by  a  Dutcli  Chamber  [A.  D.  1598]  from 
documents  and  papers  placed  in  tlieir  hands,  December  15,  161:4,  it  is  said 
that  "  NcAv-  Netherland,  situate  in  America,  l^etween  English  Virginia 
and  New  England,  extending  from  the  South  {Delaware)  River,  lying  in 
latitude  38|'',  to  Cape  Malabar,  in  latitude  -11^-°,  was  first  frequented  by 
the  inhabitants  of  this  country  in  the  year  1598,  and  especially  by  those 
of  the  Greenland  Compan}^,  l3ut  without  making  any  fixed  settlements, 
only  as  a  shelter  in  the  winter ;  for  which  purpose  they  erected  there  two 
little  forts  on  tlie  South  and  North  Rivers,  against  the  incursions  of  the 
Indians."^ 

Sir  Walter  Raleigh's  discovery  of  the  Delaware  cannot  be  substanti- 
ated by  evidence. 

Lord  Delaware,  on  his  passage  to  Virginia,  is  said  to  have  touched  at 
Delaware  Bay  in  1610,  and  "from  this  circumstance  the  Bay  prolahhj 
received  his  name,  and  may  have  given  to  him  the  credit  of  its  discovery, 
as  it  was  so  called  in  a  letter  from  Captain  Argall,  written  from  Vir- 
ginia in  1612."2  But,  if  this  be  true,  it  was  a  year  after  the  well-known 
visit  of  Henry  Hudson,  who  is  now  almost  universally  regarded  as  the 
discoverer  of  the  Delaware.  Henry  Hudson,  an  Englishman  by  birth, 
in  the  service  of  the  Dutch  East  India  Company,  reached  the  Delaware 
in  the  "  Yagt  Halve  Maan"  ( Yacht  Half -Moon)  on  August  28,  1609.  The 
journals  of  Hudson  and  of  Robert  Juet,  his  mate,  have  been  preserved 
in  the  Transactions  of  the  N.  Y.  Historical  Society.  The  honor  of  the 
discovery  and  the  right  to  the  land  are  claimed  by  the  English  on  account 
of  Hudson's  birth,  and  by  the  Dutch  on  account  of  his  having  been  at 
the  time  in  their  service  and  sailed  under  their  flao-. 

The  Delaware  River  and  Bay  have  been  known  by  diflerent  names. 
The  Indians  called  it  Poutaxat,  Mariskitton,  and  Makerisk-Kiskon, 
Lenape-Wihittuck  or  the  stream  of  the  Lenape ;  the  Dutch  called  it  Zuydt 
or  South  River,  A^assan  River,  Prince  Ilendrick's  or  Charles'  River;  the 
Swedes  denominated  it  New  Swedeland  Stream ;  Ileylin,  in  his  Cosmo- 
graphy, calls  it  Arasapha ;  and  the  English  named  it  Delaware.  Cam- 
panius  says  it  Avas  so  named  after  Mons.  de  la  Warre,  a  captain  under 
Jacques  Cartier,  and  that  it  was  discovered  in  1600.  If  this  be  true,  it 
1  O'Callaghan  quoted  hy  Ilazaicl.  ^N.  Y.  Ilistor.  Collections.  1009. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  29 

is  sino-ular  and  curious  that  it  sliould  have  received  the  same  name  from 
two  persons  of  different  nations,  each  giving  it  his  own;  for  Thomas 
West,  Lord  Delaware,  is  also  said  to  have  discovered  and  given  his 
name  to  this  river.  The  bay  has  also  been  known  as  New  Port  May 
and  Godyn's  Bay.^ 

Captain  Cornelis  Jacobsen  Mey,  [101-i]  commanding  the  Fortune 
owned  by  Hoorn,  a  merchant  of  Amsterdam,  under  authority  of  the 
States  General  of  Holland,  in  company  with  other  vessels,  proceeded  on 
an  exploring  expedition  to  the  mouth  of  Manhattan  river,  whence  his 
companions  sailed  eastward,  but  Mey  south  and  arrived  at  Delaware  bay  ; 
from  him  the  eastern  cape  was  called  Cape  May,  and  the  western  cape 
Cornelis,  the  principal  cape  being  named  Hinlopen,  either  after  a  town 
in  Friesland,  or  after  Ilmer  Hinlop.^  The  cape  now  called  Henlopen  was 
then  Cornelis.  On  the  return  of  the  fleet,  Captain  Hendrickson,  com- 
manding the  Onrust  {Restless),  went  to  the  Delaware  for  a  more  minute 
examination  of  the  coast,  and  for  information  regarding  the  country,  as 
well  as  the  native  trade.    . 

This  year,  [1618]  Lord  Delaware,  died  oft^  the  Western  Isles,  or  as 
some  say,  off  the  capes  of  Delaware,  on  a  voyage  from  England  to  Vir- 
ginia.    There  was  some  suspicion  that  he  had  been  poisoned.^ 

The  great  West  India  Company  was  chartered  this  year,  [1621]  under 
whose  power  and  government  the  first  settlements  on  the  Delaware  were 
made.  The  charter  may  be  seen  in  Hazard's  Historical  Collections,  I.  pp. 
121—131,  149,  181. 

Concurrent  testimony,  which  may  be  seen  in  Hazard's  Annals  of  Penn- 
sylvania, fixes  upon  this  year  [1623]  as  the  date  of  the  first  European 
settlement  on  the  Delaware. 

Captain  Mey,  (the  same  who  is  mentioned  above)  in  virtue  of  an  agree- 
ment made  between  the  managers  and  adventurers  of  the  West  India 
Company,  and  sanctioned  by  the  States  General,  was  jointly  with  Adrian 
Jorisz  Tienpont  placed  at  the  head  of  a  new  expedition  to  America  and 
duly  provided  Avith  the  necessaries,  safely  reached  the  Delaware  on  board 
of  the  ship  "New  Netherlands."  Ascending  the  river  about  15  leagues 
from  its  mouth,  he  built  Fort  Nassau  on  the  Eastern  Shore,  at  a  place 
called  Techaacho,  upon  or  near  Sassackon,  now  Timber  Creek,  which  emp- 
ties into  the  Delaware  a  few  miles  below  Coaquenaku,  now  Philadelphia. 
There  are  no  data  to  determine  the  duration  of  Mey's  stay,  or  the  nature 
of  his  operations. 

Peter  Minnewit,  a  native  of  Wesel,  on  the  Rhine,  was  appointed  di- 
rector of  New  Netherland,  and  leaving  the  Texel  January  9th,  1626, 
landed  at  New  Amsterdam  on  May  4th,  of  the  same  year.     His  first 
official  act  consisted  in  purchasing  the  site  of  modern  New  York,  the 
1  Gordon.     ITa-zard.  2  Hazard. 


30  .  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

aneient  New  Amsterdam,  from  the  Indians  for  the  sum  of  (30  Dutch 
guilders  or  24  dollars  gold,  unquestionably,  as  Kapp  observes,^  the  best 
land  speculation  ever  made  in  New  York  or  in  America.  Minnewit,  who 
placed  the  new  colony  on  a  iirm  foundation,  and  greatly  promoted  its 
growth  by  his  judicious  measures,  continued  in  office  until  16o2,  when 
he  returned  to  Holland. 

During  this  year  the  charter  of  the  Swedish  West  India  Company,, 
upon  the  plan  of  the  Dutch  West  India  Company,  was  obtained  [June 
14th,  1626,]  at  the  instance  of  William  Usselinx,  an  Antwerp  merchant, 
and  original  projector  of  the  latter,  from  Gustavus  Adolphus,  King  of 
Sweden.  Usselinx  took  this  course  in  consequence  of  his  disappointment 
in  the  conduct  of  the  managers  of  the  Dutch  Company.  The  Charter  of 
the  Swedish  Company  is  printed  in  the  "Argonautica  Gustaviana,"  (a 
very  rare  work,  the  only  copy  kno\yn  to  be  in  this  country,  is  in  the 
^library  of  Harvard  College)  and  a  summary  of  it  may  be  seen  in  Hazard's 
Annals  of  Pennsylvania,  p.  16-sq. 

"In  1629,  the  West  India  company  granted,  by  charter,  special  privi- 
leges to  all  persons  Avho  should  plant  any  colony  in  New  Netherlands :  ^ 
giving  to  the  patroon,  or  founder,  exclusive  property  in  large  tracts  of 
land,  with  extensive  manorial  and  seigniorial  rights.  Thus  encouraged, 
several  of  the  directors,  among  whom  Goody n,  Bloemasrt,  Pauuw,  and 
Van  Eensela3r,  were  most  distinguished,  resolved  to  make  large  territo- 
rial acquisitions,  and  sent  out  Wouter  Van  Twiller,  of  Niewer  Kerck,  a 
clerk  of  the  Amsterdam  department  of  the  company,  to  direct  its  public 
affairs,  and  to  make  a  selection  of  lands  for  the  benefit  of  individual 
directors. 

"One  of  the  three  ships  which  came  over  in  1629,  visited  an  Indian 
village  on  the  south-west  corner  of  Delaware  bay,  and  purchased  from 
the  three  chiefs  of  the  resident  tribe,  in  behalf  of  the  Heer  Godyn,  a  tract 
of  land,  extending  from  Cape  Hinloop  to  the  mouth  of  the  river,  being 
in  length  thirty-two,  and  in  breadth  two,  English  miles.  In  the  succeed- 
ing year,  several  extensive  purchases  were  made,  for  Godyn  and  Bloe- 
mcert,  from  nine  Indian  chiefs,  of  land  at  Cape  May,  in  length  sixteen 
miles  along  the  bay  and  sixteen  miles  in  breadth ;  for  the  director  Pauuw, 
Staten  Island  and  a  large  tract  on  the  western  side  of  the  Pludson,  in  the 
neighborhood  of  Hoboken ;  and  for  Van  Renselair,  very  extensive  tracts 
along  the  river,  above  and  below  Fort  Orange.  The  impolicy  of  these 
large  and  exclusive  appropriations  was  subsequently  felt  and  condemned, 
and  their  ratification  seems  to  have  been  obtained  by  admitting  other 
directors  to  participate  in  them.  The  territory  of  Godyn  was  denomi- 
nated Swanwendajl  (Valley  of  Swans),  that  of  Pauuw,  Pavonia,  and  that 
of  Van  Renselaer,  Renseherwick. 

1  Geschichte  der  deutschen  Einwa«denmg,  etc.  3  Grordou. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  SI- 

"For  the  purpose  of  prosecuting  their  plans  of  colonization,  the  above 
named  and  several  other  directors  entered  into  an  association,  to  which 
they  admitted,  on  equal  terms,  David  Pieterson  De  Vries,  an  experienced 
and  enterprising  navigator.  Their  immediate  design  was  to  colonize  the 
Delaware  river ;  to  cultivate  tobacco  and  grain,  and  to  establish  a  whale 
iind  seal  fishery.  The  command  of  the  vessels  appointed  to  carry  out 
the  colonists,  was  given  to  De  Vries,  who  left  the  Texel  on  the  12th  De- 
cember, 1630,  and  arrived  in  the  Delaware  bay  in  the  course  of  the  win- 
ter. He  found  the  country  deserted  by  Europeans.  Fort  Nassau  wat< 
abandoned,  and  in  possession  of  the  Indians.  Captain  Mey  had  departed, 
bearing  with  him  the  affections  and  regrets  of  the  natives,  who  lon^" 
cherished  his  memory.  De  Vries  and  his  companions  selected  a  spot  on 
Ijewis'  creek,  (called  by  the  Dutch  Hoerne  Kill,)  for  their  settlement,  and 
unimpeded  by  the  season,  which  he  reports  as  uncommonly  mild,  they 
erected  a  house,  surrounded  with  palisades,  and  called  it  Fort  Oplandt, 
serving  as  a  fort,  a  house  of  commerce,  and  place  of  rendezvous.  The 
whole  plantation,  as  included  within  the  limits  of  Godyn's  purchase,  ex- 
tended to  the  Little  Tree  corner,  or  Boompjes  Iloeck,  corrupted  into 
Bombay  Hook. 

"On  the  return  of  De  Vries  to  Holland,  the  colony  was  left  under  the 
command  of  Giles  Osset,  who  set  upon  a  post  or  pillar  the  arms  of  the 
States  General,  painted  on  tin,  in  evidence  of  their  claim  and  possession. 
An  Indian,  ignorant  of  the  object  of  this  exhibition,  and,  perhaps,  un- 
conscious of  the  right  of  exclusive  property,  appropriated  to  his  own  use 
this  honored  symbol.  The  folly  of  Osset  considered  this  offence,  not 
only  as  a  larceny,  but  as  a  national  insult ;  and  he  urged  his  complaints 
and  demands  for  redress,  with  so  much  vehemence  and  importunity,  that 
the  harrassed  and  perplexed  tribe  brought  him  the  head  of  the  offender. 
This  was  a  punishment  which  Osset  neither  wished  nor  had  foreseen,  and 
he  ought  justly  to  have  dreaded  its  consequences.  In  vain  he  repre- 
hended the  severity  of  the  Indians,  and  told  them,  had  they  brought  the 
delinquent  to  him,  he  would  have  been  dismissed  Avith  a  reprimand. 
The  love  of  vengeance,  inseparable  from  the  Indian  character,  sought  a 
dire  gratification  ;  and,  though  the  death  of  the  culprit  was  doomed  and 
executed  by  his  own  tribe,  still  they  beheld  its  cause  in  the  exaction  of 
the  strangers.  Availing  themselves  of  the  season  in  which  a  greater  part 
of  the  Dutch  were  engaged  in  the  cultivation  of  the  fields,  at  a  distance 
Irom  their  house,  the  Indians  entered  it,  under  the  amicable  pretence  of 
trade,  and  murdered  the  unsuspicious  Osset,  with  a  single  sentinel,  who 
attended  him.  Thence  proceeding  to  the  fields,  they  fell  upon  the  labor- 
ers, in  the  moment  of  exchanging  friendly  salutations,  and  massacred 
every  individual.  This  conduct  of  the  Indians,  with  its  extenuating  cir- 
cumstances, as  related  by  themselves  to  De  Vries,  is  sufficiently  atro- 


32  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

cious ;  but  it  is  neither  improbable  nor  inconsistent  with  the  disposition 
the  aborigines  had  frequently  displayed  towards  foreigners,  that  the 
desire  of  possessing  the  white  man's  wealth  was  as  powerful  a  stimulant 
to  violence  as  the  thirst  for  vengeance. 

"In  December,  1632,  De  Vries  again  arrived  from  Holland.  He  found 
no  vestiges  of  his  colonists,  save  the  ashes  of  their  dwelling,  and  their 
nnburied  carcasses.  Attracted  by  the  firing  of  a  cannon,  the  savages 
approached  his  vessel  with  guilty  hesitation.  But  having  at  length  sum- 
moned courage  to  venture  on  board,  they  gave  a  circumstantial  narrative 
of  the  destruction  of  his  people.  De  Vries  deemed  it  politic  to  pardon 
what  he  could  not  safely  punish ;  and  was,  moreover,  induced,  by  the 
pacific  disposition  of  his  employers,  to  seek  reconciliation.  He  made  a 
new  treaty  with  the  Indians,  and  afterwards,  with  a  view  to  obtain  pro- 
visions, ascended  the  river  above  Fort  Nassau.  He  had  nearly  fallen  a 
victim  here  to  the  perfidy  of  the  natives.  Pretending  to  comply  with  his 
request,  they  directed  him  to  enter  the  Timmerkill  creek  (Cooper's,) 
which  furnished  a  convenient  place  for  an  attack,  but  warned  by  a  female 
of  the  tribe  of  their  design,  and  that  a  crew  of  a  vessel  (supposed  to  be 
from  Virginia)  had  been  there  murdered,  he  returned  to  Fort  Nassau, 
which  he  found  filled  with  savages.  They  attempted  to  surprise  him, 
more  than  forty  entering  his  vessel;  but,  aware  of  their  intention,  he 
ordered  them  ashore  with  threats,  declaring  that  their  Mannetto,  or  Great 
Spirit,  had  revealed  their  wickedness.  But  subsequently,  pursuing  the 
humane  and  pacific  policy  which  had  hitherto  distinguished  him,  he  con- 
sented to  the  wishes  they  expressed,  of  forming  a  treaty  of  amity,  which 
was  confirmed  with  the  customary  presents  on  their  part;  but  they  de- 
clined his  gifts,  saying  they  did  not  now  give  presents  that  they  might 
receive  others  in  return. 

"  Failing  to  procure  the  necessary  provision,  De  Vries,  leaving  part  of 
his  crew  in  the  bay  to  prosecute  the  whale  fishery,  sailed  to  Virginia, 
where,  as  the  first  visiter  from  New  Netherlands,  he  was  kindly  received, 
and  his  wants  supplied.  Upon  his  return  to  the  Delaware,  [April,  1638,] 
finding  the  whale  fishery  unsuccessful,  he  hastened  his  departure,  and 
with  the  other  colonists  returned  to  Holland,  visiting  Fort  Amsterdam 
on  his  way.  Thus,  at  the  expiration  of  twenty-five  years  from  the  dis- 
covery of  the  Delaware  by  Pludson,  not  a  single  European  remained 
upon  its  shores." 

Director  Minnewit,  suspected  to  have  favored  the  claims  of  the  pa- 
troons,  having  been  recalled,  left  the  now  flourishing  colony  of  New 
Amsterdam  in  the  spring  of  this  year,  [1632.] 

The  same  year  Lord  Baltimore  obtained  a  grant  for  Maryland,  under 
which  he  claimed  the  lands  on  the  west  side  of  Delaware  River,  the  fruit- 
ful source  of  continual  controversies  between  him  and  the  Dutch,  and 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  33 

later  with  the  Pennsylvania  proprietaries,  which  were  not  settled  for 
more  than  one  hundred  and  thirty  years.  After  his  death,  the  patent 
was,  in  1633,  confirmed  to  his  son.  The  extent  of  the  grant  will  be  seen 
from  the  following  proceedings  and  description  :^ 

"By  letters  patent  of  this  date,  reciting  the  petition  of  Cecilius,  Lord 
Baltimore,  for  a  certain  country  thereinafter  described,  not  then  cultivated 
and  planted^  though  in  some  j^arts  thereof  inhabited  hy  certain  barbarous 
'people^  having  no  knowledge  of  Almighty  God,  his  majesty  granted  to  said 
Lord  Baltimore: 

"All  that  part  of  a  peninsula  lying  in  the  parts  of  America  between 
the  ocean  on  the  east,  and  the  bay  of  Chesapeake  on  the  west,  and  divided 
from  the  other  part  thereof  by  a  right  line  drawn  from  the  promontory 
or  cape  of  land  called  Watkins's  Point,  (situate  in  the  aforesaid  bay,  near 
the  Eiver  of  Wigheo)  on  the  west,  unto  the  main  ocean  on  the  east ;  and 
between  that  bound  on  the  south,  unto  that  part  of  Delaware  Bay  on  the 
north  which  lieth  under  the  -iOth  degree  of  north  latitude  from  the  equi- 
noctial, where  New  England  ends ;  and  all  that  tract  of  land  between  the 
bounds  aforesaid;  i.  e.,  passing  from  the  aforesaid  bay  called  Delaware 
Bay,  in  a  right  line  by  the  degree  aforesaid,  unto  the  true  meridian  of 
the  first  fountain  of  the  Eiver  of  Pattoumech,  and  from  thence  trending; 
towards  the  south  unto  the  further  bank  of  the  aforesaid  river,  and  fol- 
lowing the  west  and  south  side  thereof,  unto  a  certain  place  called  Cin- 
quack,  situate  near  the  mouth  of  the  said  river,  where  it  falls  into  the 
Bay  of  Chesapeake,  and  from  thence  by  a  straight  line  unto  the  afore- 
said promontory  and  place  called  Watkins's  Point." 

It  does  not  appear  that  actual  steps  towards  the  settling  of  the  banks 
of  the  Delaware  were  taken  until  1638,  and  the  authentic  notices  of  trans- 
actions belonging  to  the  interval  which  have  come  down  to  us,  are  not 
of  sufficient  moment  to  be  chronicled  in  this  place. 

Peter  Minnewit,  after  his  return  to  Holland,  went  to  Sweden  and  suc- 
ceeded in  reviving  the  plan  of  colonizing  the  Delaware,  abandoned  by 
Usselinx,  who  is  supposed  to  have  died  at  the  Hague  in  1647.  Towards 
the  close  of  1637,  Minnewit,  at  the  head  of  an  expedition  consisting  of 
the  ship  of  war  "Key  of  Calmar"  and  the  transport  "Bird  Crip,"  and 
carrying  a  clergyman,  an  engineer,  about  fifty  settlers,  with  the  necessarj^ 
provisions,  merchandise  for  trade  and  presents  to  the  Indians,  left  Gotten- 
burg,  and  after  calling  at  Jamestown,  in  Virginia  for  wood  and  water, 
reached  the  Delaware  about  May,  1638.  Purchasing  the  soil  on  the 
western  shore  from  the  Capes  to  the  falls  of  Sankikans,  opposite  to  the 
present  city  of  Trenton,  from  the  Indians,  he  erected  the  fort  and  town 
of  Christina,  on  the  north  bank  of  the  Minquaskill.  The  Eev.  Eeorus 
Torkillus,  who  accompanied  Minnewit,  was  the  first  Swedish  clergyman 

IE.  Hazard's  Hist.  CoU.  I.  337. 
4 


3-i  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

in  America ;  lie  died  in  1643,  aged  35.  The  establishment  of  the  Swedes 
led  to  remonstrances  on  the  part  of  Kieft,  then  director-general  of  New 
Netherland,  which  were  unheeded  by  Minnewit,  whose  intercourse  with 
the  Indians  was  of  an  amicable  character.  Minnewit  died  at  Christina 
several  years  afterwards. 

John  Printz,  appointed  Governor,  accompanied  by  John  Campanius, 
with  another  colony,  on  board  the  ship  of  war  "  Fame,"  and  the  trans- 
port "Swan,"  arrived  in  the  Delaware  on  February  15th,  16-13,  at  Fort 
Christina,  after  a  passage  of  150  days.  Agreeably  to  his  instructions,  he 
erected  on  the  island  of  Tennekong  or  Tinnicum,  a  fort  called  New  Got- 
tenberg,  a  handsome  residence  which  he  named  PrintzhofY  or  Printz  Hall, 
and  a  church.  The  principal  inhabitants  had  their  dwellings  and  plan- 
tations on  this  island.  His  instructions  acknowledged  the  right  of  soil 
in  the  Indians,  directed  him  to  confirm  the  contract  made  by  Minnewit, 
to  maintain  a  just,  upright  and  amicable  intercourse  with  them,  and  if 
possible  also  with  the  Dutch :  still,  in  case  of  hostile  interference  on  their 
part,  he  was  to  "repel  force  by  force." 

During  the  same  year  Printz  is  said  to  have  erected  on  or  near  the 
present  Salem  creek,  another  fort  called  Elftsborg  or  Elsingborg,  for  the 
purpose  of  shutting  up  the  river,  a  matter  which  greatly  exasperated  the 
Dutch  whose  ships,  when  passing,  had  to  lower  their  colors  and  were 
boarded  by  the  Swedes.  Eeport  says  that  the  latter  had,  however,  soon 
to  vacate  the  fort  on  account  of  the  mosquitoes,  and  that  they  called  it 
Moschettosburg. 

Two  years  before  this,  in  16-11,  some  sixty  English  from  New  Eng- 
land had  settled  at  Salem  Creek  and  on  the  Schuylkill,  whom  the  vigilant 
Kieft  speedily  expelled. 

Printz  returned  to  Sweden  in  1653,  leaving  his  son-in-law,  John  Pappe- 
goya,  vice-governor,  who  in  1651:  also  returned  to  Sweden,  and  John 
Eysingh,  commissary  and  counsellor,  assumed  the  government.  The 
Dutch,  in  addition  to  the  forts  at  Nassau  and  Lewistown  (Hoarkill,)  had 
erected  Fort  Casimir  at  Sandhocken,  the  present  site  of  Newcastle.  The 
Swedes,  not  relishing  its  close  proximity  to  Christina,  Eysingh  followed 
up  the  remonstrances  of  his  predecessor  Printz,  by  demanding  its  sur- 
render ;  but  receiving  a  refusal,  determined  to  take  it  by  force  or  strata- 
gem. Approaching  the  fort  he  fired  two  salutes,  landed  some  twenty  or 
thirty  soldiers,  whom  the  commandant  received  as  friends ;  but  perceiv- 
ing the  weakness  of  the  garrison,  they  forthwith  mastered  it,  seized  the 
effects,  and  forced  those  who  chose  to  remain  to  take  the  oath  of  allegi- 
ance to  the  Queen  of  Sweden.  The  capture  of  the  fort  having  taken 
place  on  Trinity  Sunday,  they  changed  its  name  into  Trefalldigheet  or 
Trinity. 

When  Stuyvesant,  then  Governor  at  Fort  Amsterdam  (New  York,) 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  35 

heard  this  intelligence,  he  was  involved  in  acrimonious  controversy  with 
his  troublesome  neighbors  of  Connecticut,  but  resolved  on  direful  ven- 
geance.^ Having  fitted  out  a  fleet,  Stuyvesant  sailed  for  the  Delaware 
on  Sept.  5,  1655,  and  after  sundry  stoppages  arrived  before  Fort  Casimer 
on  the  10th,  landed  his  force  and  demanded  the  surrender  of  the  place  ; 
the  commander,  Sven  Schute,  asked  leave  to  communicate  with  Eysingh 
at  Fort  Christina ;  this  being  refused,  the  fort  was  surrendered  on  arti- 
cles of  capitulation.  Stuyvesant  then  proceeded  to  the  latter  fort,  and 
after  a  siege  of  fourteen  days,  it  also  was  surrendered  by  Eysingh ;  articles 
of  capitulation  were  signed,  according  to  which  the  Swedes  were  suffered 
to  vacate  the  fort  with  flying  colors,  and  the  Governor  and  as  many 
persons  as  might  choose  to  accompany  him,  besides  being  allowed  their 
private  property,  Avere  offered  a  free  passage  to  Sweden,  whither  they 
ultimately  returned.  Thus  ended,  on  Sept.  25,  1655,  the  short  career  of 
Governor  Eysingh  and  with  him  fell  the  whole  Swedish  Colony. 

Many  improvements  were  made  by  the  Swedes  from  Henlopen  to  the 
Falls  of  Alumningh  or  Saukikans.^  They  laid  the  foundation  of  Upland, 
the  present  Chester ;  Korsholm  Fort  was  built  at  Passaiung ;  Manaiung 
Fort  was  placed  at  the  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill ;  they  marked  the  sites 
of  Nya  Wasa  and  Gripsholm,  somewhere  near  the  confluence  of  the 
Delaware  and  Schuylkill  rivers;  Straws  Wijk,  and  Nieu  Causeland  (the 
present  New  Castle);  and  forts  were  erected  at  Kinsessing,  Wicacoa 
(Southwark),  Finlandt,  Meulendael  and  Lapananel.  On  the  Eastern 
shore  the  Swedes  had  settlements  at  Swedesborough  and  other  places. 

In  the  list  of  Swedes  residing  in  New  Sweden  in  1693,  given  by  Cam- 
panius,  we  find  the  name  of  Jacob  Clemsson,  supposed  to  be  the  ancestor 
of  the  Clemsons  of  Lancaster  County. 

Trumbull,  in  his  history  of  Connecticut,  states  "that  in  1640  some 
persons  at  New  Haven,  by  Captain  Nathaniel  Turner,  their  agent,  pur- 
chased for  thirty  pounds  sterling  a  large  tract  of  land,  for  a  number  of 
plantations,  on  both  sides  of  Delaware  bay  or  river,  with  a  view  to  trade, 
and  for  the  settlement  of  churches  in  gospel  order  and  purity :  that  the 
colony  of  New  Haven  erected  trading  houses  upon  the  lands,  and  sent 
nearly  50  families  to  make  settlements  upon  them ;  and  that  settlements 
were  made  under  the  jurisdiction  of  New  Haven,  and  in  close  combina- 
tion with  that  colony,  in  all  their  fundamental  articles."  It  is  difficult  to 
determine  the  truth  of  these  allegations,  but  it  seems  that  Connecticut 
traders  did  visit  the  Delaware  for  purposes  of  trade  and  were  very  uncer- 
emoniously treated  by  the  Swedes  and  the  Dutch  under  Kieft  in  1642, 
who  expelled  them,  seized  their  goods  and  imprisoned  them.  The  re- 
monstrances and  claims  of  indemnity  made  by  Governor  Winthrop  to 
Kieft  and  Printz  were  disregarded. 

1  Gordon.     Hazard.  2  Gordon. 


36  ^  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

111  1649  the  subject  was  resamed  in  a  corresiioudence  between  Gov- 
ernor Eaton,  of  New  Haven,  and  Governor  Stuyvesant,  wliicli  resulted 
in  the  appointment  of  a  joint  commission,  whose  deliberations  terminated 
in  leaving  both  parties  at  liberty  to  improve  their  interests  on  the  Dela- 
ware. On  the  strength  of  that  decision  the  inhabitants  of  New  Haven, 
in  the  following  year,  fitted  out  a  vessel  carrying  some  50  adventurers 
to  Delaware ;  the  vessel  called  at  New  York  and  Stuyvesant,  apprized  of 
its  destination,  arrested  and  confined  part  of  the  crew,  seized  their  com- 
mission and  papers  and  refused  to  deliver  them  "till  they  were  forced  to 
engage  under  therr  hands,  then  to  proceed  on  their  voyage  towards 
Delaware,  —  but  to  return  to  New  Haven,  threatening  that  if  he  should 
after  find  any  of  them  in  Delaware,  he  would  seize  their  goods  and  send 
them  prisoners  to  Holland."^  The  New  Haven  people,  nothing  daunted 
by  these  menaces,  re-asserted  their  claims  in  a  letter  to  the  Dutch  Gov- 
ernor, which  proved  however  as  ineffectual  as  their  former  letters  on  that 
matter.  An  application  for  aid  against  the  Dutch,  addressed  to  the 
sister  colony  of  Plymouth,  was  unsuccessful  and  the  New  Haven  people 
Avere  compelled  to  remain  at  peace.  Soon  after  the  countrj^  was  granted 
to  the  Duke  of  York  and  their  claims  rested  on  grounds  too  feeble  to  be 
arrayed  against  his  title. 

"The  governor  of  New  Netherlands  had  always  found  the  New  Eng- 
land colonists  troublesome  neighbors.^  Their  encroachments  had  given 
him  much  uneasiness.  In  the  year  1653,  they  formed  the  design  of 
driving  the  Hollanders  from  the  continent,  and  applied  to  Oliver  Crom- 
well for  assistance.  Although  favorably  disposed  to  this  measure,  the 
Protector,  perhaps  deterred  by  more  important  objects,  did  not  make  any 
efforts  to  accomplish  it.  After  his  death,  his  son  Eichard  instructed  his 
naval  commanders  and  the  colonial  governments  to  make  the  attempt; 
but  the  subversion  of  his  ephemeral  power  prevented  the  execution  of 
his  orders.  Charles  II.,  however,  influenced  by  his  enmity  to  the  States 
General,  entered  readily  into  the  views  of  his  trans-atlantic  subjects.  He 
granted  to  James,  duke  of  York,  the  territory  possessed  by  the  Dutch, 
[March  20,  1664]  and  soon  after.  Colonel  Eichard  Nichols,  associated 
with  George  Cartwright,  sir  Eobert  Carr,  and  Samuel  Maverick,  with 
three  ships  having  one  hundred  and  thirtj^  guns  and  six  hundred  men, 
aided  by  forces  from  Massachusetts  and  Connecticut,  summoned  Stuy- 
vesant to  surrender  New  Amsterdam  and  his  Avhole  province. 

"This  formidable  force,  and  the  favorable  terms  offered  to  the  inhabi- 
tants, disposed  them  to  capitulate,  notwithstanding  the  efforts  of  the  gov- 
ernor to  excite  resistance.  After  a  few  days  of  fruitless  negotiation, 
during  which  Stuyvesant  pleaded  in  vain  the  justice  of  the  title  of  the 
States  General,  and  the  peace  existing  between  them  and  the  English 
1  Hazard.  2  Gordon . 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  37 

nation,  a  capitulation  was  signed  [August  27,  IGO-l]  and,  immediately 
afterwards,  a  force  was  despatched  to  reduce  Fort  Orange.  In  honor  of 
the  duke  of  York,  the  city  of  New  Amsterdam  received  the  name  of  New 
York,  and  Fort  Orange  that  of  Albany.  The  greater  part  of  the  inhabi- 
tants submitted  cheerfully  to  the  new  government,  and  Governor  Stuy- 
vesant  retained  his  property  and  closed  his  life  in  New  York." 

Matters  being  thus  arranged  at  New  Amsterdam,  the  reduction  of  the 
colony  on  the  Delaware  having  been  determined.  Sir  Eobert  Carre  with 
two  frigates,  the  Guinea  and  the  "William  and  Nicholas,"  and  the  troops 
not  needed  at  New  York,  sailed  thither  and  accomplished  his  mission 
with  the  expenditure  of  two  barrels  of  powder  and  twenty  shot.  The 
capitulation  took  place  on  October  1, 1664  and  stipulated  that  "the  bur- 
gesses and  magistrates  submitting  to  his  majesty  should  be  protected  in 
their  persons  and  estates;  that  the  present  magistrates  should  be  con- 
tinued in  office,  that  permission  to  leave  the  country  within  six  months 
should  be  given  to  any  one  desirous  so  to  do ;  that  all  persons  should 
enjoy  liberty  of  conscience  as  formerly ;  tliat  any  person  taking  the  oath 
of  allegiance  should  become  a  free  denizen  and  enjoy  all  the  privileges  of 
trading  into  any  of  his  majesty's  dominions,  as  freely  as  any  Englishman." 

The  whole  country  being  thus  reduced  without  bloodshed.  Colonel 
Nichols,  by  virtue  of  a  commission  of  the  duke  of  York,^  assumed  the 
government  of  New  York,  and  on  November  3rd  was  commissioned  by 
his  colleagues,  Cartwright  and  Maverick,  to  proceed  to  Dela^yare-'  "to 
take  special  care  for  the  good  government  of  said  place,  and  to  depute 
such  officer  or  officers  therein  as  he  shall  think  lit,  for  the  management 
of  his  majesty's  affairs,  both  civil  and  military,  until  his  majesty's  pleasure 
be  further  known." 

New  Amstel  was  now  called  New  Castle.^  "  The  capture  of  New  York 
and  its  dependencies  led  to  an  European  war  between  Great  Britain  and 
Holland,*  ending  in  the  treaty  of  Breda,  at  which  the  right  of  the  former 
to  their  newly  acquired  territories  in  America  was  acknowledged." 

"Colonel  Nichols  governed  the  province  for  nearly  three  years  with 
justice  and  good  sense.  He  settled  the  boundaries  with  the  Connecticut 
colony,  which,  yielding  all  claim  to  Long  Island,  obtained  great  advan- 
tages on  the  main,  pushing  its  line  to  Marmaroneck  river,  about  thirty 
miles  from  New  York:  he  prescribed  the  mode  of  purchasing  lands  from 
the  Indians,  making  the  consent  of  the  governor  requisite  to  the  validity 
of  all  contracts  with  them  for  the  soil,  and  directing  such  contracts 'to  be 
entered  in  the  public  registry:  he  incorporated  the  city  of  New  York, 
under  a  mayor,  five  aldermen  and  a  sheriff  [1G65]  and,  although  he  re- 
served to  himself  all  judicial  authority,  his  administration  was  so  wise 
and  impartial,  that  it  enforced  universal  praise. 

1  Gordon.  2  Reg.  Pemis.— I.  37.  ^ Hazard.  4. July  31,  Kit];. 


^8  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

"Colonel  Francis  Lovelace  succeeded  Colonel  Nicliols,  in  May,  1667. 
By  proclamation  he  required  that  all  patents  granted  by  the  Dutch,  for 
lands  upon  the  Delaware,  should  be  renewed,  and  that  persons  holding 
lands,  without  patent,  should  take  out  titles  under  the  English  authority. 
Power  was  given  to  the  officers  on  the  Delaware  to  grant  lands,  and  the 
commission  of  surveyor-general,  of  all  the  lands  under  the  government 
of  the  Duke  of  York,  on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware,  was  issued  to 
Walter  Wharton.  Governor  Lovelace  also  renewed  the  duty  of  ten  per 
cent,  imposed  on  goods  imported  by  the  Delaware,  which  had  been  estab- 
lished by  the  Dutch,  and  repealed  by  his  predecessor;  but  it  was  found 
so  oppressive,  that  he  also  was  compelled  to  revoke  the  order  by  which 
it  was  established. 

"A  feeble  attempt  at  rebellion  against  the  English  government,  was 
made  by  a  Swedish  adventurer,  called  the  Long  Finne^  whose  name  was 
Marcus  Jacobson,  but  who  assuming  to  be  son  of  Koniugsmarke,  a  dis- 
tinguished Swedish  general,  traversed  the  country,  uttering  seditious 
speeches,  and  exciting  the  people  to  insurrection.  We  are  uninformed 
of  the  true  nature  of  this  man's  character  and  designs.  It  is  probable 
that  he  proposed,  by  the  aid  of  the  Indians,  to  overthrow  the  English 
power  on  the  Delaware,  and  to  re-establish  that  of  his  own  countrymen. 
He  succeeded  in  seducing  many  from  their  allegiance,  among  whom  were 
men  of  consideration  and  property.  Henry  Coleman,  a  Finne,  who 
became  his  chief  follower,  was  well  versed  in  the  English  and  Indian 
tongues,  and  'deserted  his  home,  his  cattle,  and  corn,'  to  promote  the 
enterprise ;  and,  from  a  letter  of  Governor  Lovelace,  we  are  informed  that 
a  Domine,  or  clergyman,  was  also  concerned  with  the  Long  Finne.  The 
Governor  issued  a  proclamation,  commanding  the  arrest  of  Long  Finne, 
Coleman,  and  their  associates ;  but,  as  they  kept  much  with  the  Indians, 
their  capture  was  difficult.  At  length  the  former  was  apprehended,  tried, 
and  convicted,  by  a  commission  sent  from  New  York,  and  sentenced  to 
death.  But  the  council  at  New  York  changed  his  sentence,  and  doomed 
him  to  be  severely  whipped,  branded  with  the  letter  K  (the  initial  of 
ReheT)  upon  his  breast,  imprisoned  for  one  year,  and  to  be  transported  to 
Barbadoes,  and  sold  as  a  slave  for  four  years.  His  principal  associates 
were  required  to  give  security  for  their  future  good  conduct,  and  to  pay 
the  value  of  half  their  goods  and  chattels  to  the  king;  others  of  less 
note  were  fined  in  small  sums,  at  the  discretion  of  the  commissioners. 

"In  the  Spring  of  the  year  1672,  the  town  of  Newcastle  Avas,  by  the 
government  of  Neiv  York,  made  a  corporation;  to  be  governed  by  a 
Bailiff"  and  six  Associates ;  after  the  first  year  four  old  to  go  out  and  four 
others  to  be  chosen.  The  Bailiff'  was  President,  and  had  a  double  vote; 
the  Constable  was  chosen  by  the  bench.^  The}^  had  power  to  try  causes, 
1  Smith's  History  of  New  Jersey. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  39 

as  far  as  ten  pounds,  without  appeal.  The  English  laws  were  established 
in  the  town,  and  among  the  inhabitants,  on  both  sides  of  Delaware.  The 
office  of  Sellout  was  converted  into  that  of  Sheriff,  for  the  Corporation 
and  river,  annually  chosen.  And  they  were  to  have  free  trade,  without 
being  obliged  to  make  entry  at  New  York,  as  before."^ 

"The  fears  of  the  Government  of  Maryland,  lest  the  title  of  Lord  Bal- 
timore to  the  country  on  Delaware  Bay  should  be  weakened  by  non- 
claim,  produced  occasional  irruptions  of  a  very  hostile  character."^  An 
act  of  violence  was  committed  at  HoarkilP  [1672]  by  a  party  of  Mary- 
landers  led  by  one  Jones,  who  seized  the  magistrates  and  other  inhabi- 
tants, plundered  them  and  carried  off  the  booty.  They  were  Joined  by 
one  Daniel  Brown,  a  planter  of  lioarkill.  Brown  was  soon  taken,  sent 
to  New  York,  and  there  tried  and  convicted ;  but  on  promise  of  amend- 
ment and  security  given  for  his  good  behavior  in  future,  was  dismissed. 

Grovernor  Lovelace  wrote  a  letter  to  Governor  Calvert  of  Maryland, 
on  this  aggression,  and  instructed  Captain  Carr,  his  deputy  at  Delaware, 
to  resist  future  aggressions. 

Charles  II  having  declared  war  against  the  States  General  of  Holland, 
Dutch  privateers  soon  infested  the  American  coasts,  and  plundered  the 
inhabitants  of  New  Castle  and  Hoarkill.  With  a  view  to  repairing  their 
losses,  permission  was  granted  to  them  by  the  government  to  impose, 
for  one  year,  a  duty  of  four  guilders,  payable  in  wampum,' on  each  anker 
of  strong  rum  imported  or  sold  there.  Wampum  being  the  chief  cur- 
rency of  the  country  and  scarce,  the  Governor  and  council  of  New  York 
issued  a  proclamation  increasing  its  value,  whereby  "  instead  of  eight 
white  a;nd  four  black,  six  white  and  three  black  should  pass  for  a  stiver: 
and  three  times  so  much  the  value  in  silver.  This  is  the  Indian  money, 
by  them  called  Wan)x>um;  by  the  Dutcli^  Seivant.  It  is  worked  out  of 
shells,  into  the  form  of  beads,  and  perforated  to  string  on  leather.  Six 
beads  were  formerly  valued  at  a  Stiver ;  twenty  Stivers  made  what  they 

1  ProiKl.  2  Gordon. 

^Uoarkill,  the  settlement  so  called,  from  a  small  river,  or  creek,  near  Cape-Inlopen, 
or  Renhpen,  at  the  mouth  of  Delaicare  bay,  was  a  place  of  considerable  imjjortance  to 
the  Swedes  about  that  time,  though  since  chiefly  become  a  residence  for  pilots  only, 
and  called  Leicis-toion;  before  which,  at  the  entrance  of  the  bay,  is  the  road  for  ships. 

This  place  (from  an  old  MS.)  is  said  to  have  been  named  Hoarkill  by  the  Dutcli,, 
from  the  Indians  prostituting  their  young  women  to  the  Netherlander s :  otherwise  it  is 
by  David  Piertersz  de  Uries,  who,  about  the  year  1630,  first  endeavoured  to  settle  there, 
called  Sioanendale. 

Other  accounts  afBrm  that  the  original  of  the  name  arose  from  the  winding  and 
turning  of  the  creek,  much  in  the  shape  of  a  horn,  whence  the  Dutch  word,  Iloernkill  : 
this  is  the  tradition  of  the  inhabitants  there,  &c.  But  soon  after  it  came  into  the  hands 
of  the  English,  it  took  the  above  name  of  Lewis-toicn,  and  the  creek  appears  to  be  much 
diminished,  &c. — Proud. 


40  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

called  a  Guilder^  whicli  was  about  sixpence  currency,  or  fourpence  ster- 
ling. The  white  Wampum  was  worked  out  of  the  inside  of  the  great 
Conques.  The  black,  or  purple,  was  formed  out  of  the  inside  of  the 
Mussle,  or  Clam-shell.  These,  being  strung  on  leather,  are  sometimes 
formed  into  belts,  about  four  inches  broad,  and  thirty  in  length ;  which 
are  commonly  given  and  received  at  treaties,  as  seals  of  friendship. 
Wampum  has  been  long  made  by  certain  poor  Indian  families  at  Albany ^ 
who  support  themselves  by  coining  this  cash  for  the  traders." 

A  squadron  of  Dutch  ships  under  command  of  Evertse  and  Benke 
arrived  on  July  30,  [1673]  and  recaptured  New  York  without  opposition. 
The  commander  of  the  fort  at  the  Narrows,  John  Manning,  treacherously 
made  peace  Avitli  the  enemy  and  delivered  up  the  fort  without  giving  or 
receiving  a  shot,  and  the  major  part  of  the  magistrates  and  constables 
swore  allegiance  to  the  States  General  and  the  Prince  of  Orange.  Thus 
New  York  and  New  Jersey  came  again  under  Dutch  rule.  Deputies 
were  also  sent  by  the  people  inhabiting  the  country  as  far  west  as  Dela- 
ware who,  in  the  name  of  their  principals,  made  a  declaration  of  their 
submission,  and  Delaware  again  reverted  to  the  Dutch  [1673.]  Anthony 
Colve  was  appointed  governor,  and  held  that  office  until  the  country  was 
restored  to  England  by  the  treaty  of  Westminister,  concluded  Feb.  19, 
1674.1 

The  duke  of  York  on  June  29,  1674,  obtained  a  new  royal  patent  con- 
firming the  land  granted  him  in  1664  and  two  days  after  appointed 
Major,  afterwards  sir  Edmund  Andross,  governor  of  his  territories  in 
America,  which  were  surrendered  to  him  by  the  Dutch  on  October  31, 
following.^  Andross  authorized  Captain  Edmund  Cantwell  and  William 
Tomm  to  take  possession  of  the  forts  and  stores  at  Newcastle  for  the 
king's  use,  and  directed  them  to  take  measures  for  the  establishment  of 
order  and  tranquility  on  the  Delaware. 

"On  June  24,  1664,  the  Duke  of  York  granted  to  John,  lord  Berkley, 
and  Sir  George  Carteret  the  province  of  New  Jersey,^  bounded  on  the 
east  by  the  Atlantic  ocean,  on  the  west  by  Delaware  bay  and  river,  on 
the  north  by  a  line  drawn  from  the  Delaware  river  at  forty  one  degrees 
forty  minutes,  to  the  Hudson  river  in  forty-one  degrees  northern  latitude." 

"Lord  Berkley,  in  1675,  sold  his  half  of  the  Province  of  jSfeio  Jersey  to  a 
person  named  John  Fenwicke,  in  trust  for  Edward  Byllinge,  and  his  as- 
signs, in  consequence  of  which  the  former,  tliis  year,  arrived  with  a 
number  of  passengers,  in  a  ship,  called  the  Griffith  from  London^  on  a 
visit  to  his  new  purchase.  He  landed  at  a  place,  in  West  Jersey^  situated 
upon  a  creek,  or  small  river,  which  runs  into  the  river  Delaware;  to 
which  place  he  gave  the  name  of  Salem;  a  name  which  both  the  place  and 
creek  still  retain." '•^ 

1  Gordon.  Hazard.  sproud.  3  Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  41 

Byllinge  being  pecuniarily  involved,  conveyed  his  interest  in  the 
province  to  "William  Penn,  Gawen  Lawrie  and  Nicholas  Lucas,  in  trust, 
for  his  creditors.  The  trustees  sold  })roprietary  rights  to  several  other 
persons  and  having  made  with  sir  George  Carteret,  a  division  of  the 
province,  proceeded  to  frame  a  constitution  for  their  moiety  under  the 
title  "concessions  and  agreements  of  the  proprietors  and  free-holders  of 
West  Jersc}-,  in  America."  ^ 

"In  June,  1677,  Thomas  Olive,  Daniel  Wills,  John  Kinsey,  John  Pen- 
ford,  Joseph  Ilelmsley,  Eobert  Stacey,  Benjamin  Scott,  Thomas  Foulke, 
and  Eichard  Guy,  commissioners,  appointed  by  the  proprietaries  to  su- 
perintend their  interests  in  the  province,  arrived  at  New  Castle,  with  two 
hundred  and  thirty  settlers,  principally  Quakers,.  Having  explored  the 
country  for  many  miles  along  the  shores  of  the  Delaware,  they  made 
allotments  of  land  among  the  adventurers  at  several  miles  distance  from 
each  other.^  But  fear  of  the  natives  finally  induced  the  emigrants  to 
settle  together,  in  and  about  a  town  plot,  laid  out  by  the  commissioners, 
first  called  Beverly,  then  Budlington,  and  afterwards  Burlington.  -  In 
the  same  year  two  ships  arrived,  bearing  many  families  of  great  respec- 
tability. The  quiet  of  the  colonists  was  undisturbed,  except  by  the  duty 
again  levied  upon  their  commerce  at  the  Hoarkills,  by  the  New  York 
government.  This  was  vexatious  as  a  tax,  and  insulting  to  the  sover- 
eignty of  the  proprietaries,  who  remonstrated  for  some  time  in  vain 
Avith  the  agents  of  the  Duke  of  York ;  but  finally,  after  an  investigation, 
by  commissioners  appointed  for  the  purpose,  the  duty  was  repealed. 

"Dispensing  with  their  executive  of  commissioners,  the  proprietaries 
appointed  Edward  Byllinge  governor,  who,  soon  after  his  arrival  in  the 
province,  commissioned  Samuel  Jennings  as  his  deputy.  In  November, 
1681,  Jennings  called  the  first  assembly,  and,  in  conjunction  with  them, 
adopted  certain  articles,  defining  and  circumscribing  the  power  of  the 
governor,  and  enacted  such  laws  as  the  wants  of  the  colony  required." 

Sir  George  Carteret,  the  proprietor  of  East  Jersey,  died  in  1679,  having 
in  his  last  will  ordered  the  sale  of  that  country  to  pay  his  debts.  His 
heirs  sold  it,  by  indenture  of  lease  and  release,  bearing  date  February  1 
and  2,  1681-82,  to  William  Penn  and  eleven  other  persons.  These  twelve 
proprietors  added  twelve  more  to  their  number,  and  to  these  the  Duke 
of  York  made  a  fresh  grant  of  East  Jersey  under  date  March  11,  1682. 

William  Penn,  as  one  of  the  trustees  of  Byllinge,  became  thus  inti- 
mately connected  with  the  colonization  of  West  Jersey,  and  subsequently 
as  a  purchaser  with  that  of  East  Jersey.  Under  these  circumstances  he 
became  familiar  Avith  the  afltairs  of  the  new  world  and  conceived  the 
design  of  founding  a  commonwealth  on  principles  of  perfect  equality, 
and  of  universal  toleration  of  religious  faith  on  the  west  side  of  the  Dela- 

1  Gordon.  -By  tlie  Indians,  Chygocs  island,  from  a  chief  w])0  d^velt  upon  it. 


42  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ware.^  His  father,  Sir  William  Penn,  renowned  in  English  history  by  the 
conquest  of  Jamaica  and  by  his  conduct,  discretion  and  courage  in  the 
signal  battle  against  the  Dutch  in  1665,  had  left  to  him  a  claim  against 
the  government  for  sixteen  thousand  pounds,  consisting  to  a  great  extent 
of  money  advanced  by  him  in  the  sea  service,  and  of  arrearages  in  his 
pay.  In  1680  William  Penn  petitioned  Charles  II.  to  grant  him  in  lieu 
of  said  sum  "  letters-patent  for  a  tract  of  land  in  America,  lying  north 
of  Maryland,  on  the  east  bounded  with  Delaware  Eiver,^  on  the  west 
limited  as  Maryland,  and  northward  to  extend  as  far  as  plantable."  This 
petition  was  referred  to  the  "Committee  of  tlie  Privy  Council  for  the 
Affairs  of  Trade  and  Plantations,"  who  ordered  copies  to  be  sent  to  Sir 
John  Werden,  the  Duke  of  York's  agent,  and  to  the  agents  of  Lord  Bal- 
timore, "to  the  end  that  they  may  report  how  far  the  pretensions  of  Mr. 
Penn  may  consist  with  the  boundaries  of  Maryland,  or  the  Duke's  pro- 
priety of  New  York,  and  his  possessions  in  those  parts."  The  duke  of 
York  desired  to  retain  the  three  lower  counties,^  that  is  the  State  of  Dela- 
ware, as  an  appendage  to  New  York,  but  his  objection  was  finally  with- 
drawn, being  the  result  of  an  interview  between  him  and  Mr.  Penn. 
Lord  Baltimore's  agent  wanted  the  grant,  if  made  to  Penn,  to  be 
expressed  as  "land  that  shall  be  north  of  Susquehanna  Fort,  also  north 
of  all  lands  in  a  direct  line  westward  from  said  fort,  for  said  fort  is  the 
boundary  of  Maryland  northward."  After  sundry  conferences  and  dis- 
cussions concerning  the  boundary  lines  and  other  matters  of  minor 
importance,  the  Committee  finally  sent  in  a  favorable  report  and  pre- 
sented the  draft  of  a  charter  constituting  William  Penn,  Esq.  absolute 
proprietary  of  a  tract  of  land  in  America  therein  mentioned  to  the  King 
for  his  approbation  and  leaving  to  him  also  the  naming  of  the  province. 
The  king  affixed  his  signature  on  March  4,  1681,  naming  the  province 
Pennsylvania  for  reasons  explained  in  the  subjoined  extract  from  a  letter 
of  William  Penn  to  his  friend  Robert  Turner,  dated  5th  of  1st  mo.  1681 : 
"  This  day  my  country  was  confirmed  to  me  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land, with  large  powers  and  privileges,  by  the  name  of  Pennsylvania; 
a  name  the  hing  tvould  give  it  in  honor  of  my  father.  I  chose  New  Wales, 
being,  as  this,  a  pretty  hilly  country,  but  Penn  being  Welsh  for  a  liead, 
as  Penmaumoire  in  Wales,  and  Penrith  in  Cumberland,  and  Penn  in 
Buckinghamshire,  the  highest  land  in  England,  called  this  Pennsylvania, 
which  is,  the  high  or  head  woodlands,  for  I  proposed,  when  the  Secretary, 
a  Welshman,  refused  to  have  it  called  New  Wales,  Sylvania,  and  they 
added  Peyiyi  to  it,  and  though  I  much  opposed  it,  and  went  to  the  king  to 
have  it  struck  out  and  altered,  he  said  it  was  past,  and  would  take  it 
upon  him ;  nor  could  twenty  guineas  move  the  under  Secretary  to  vary 
the  name,  for  I  fear  lest  it  should  be  looked  on  as  vanity  in  me,  and  not 
1  Gordon.  2  Hazard.  3  Ibid. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  43 

as  a  respect  in  the  king,  as  it  truly  was,  to  my  father,  whom  he  often 
mentions  with  praise."^ 

The  Charter,  under  date  March  4,  1681,  exists  in  the  office  of  the  Sec- 
retary of  tlie  Commonwealtli,  and  "is  written  on  strong  parchments,  in 
the  old  English  handwriting,  with  each  line  underscored  with  lines  of  red 
ink,  that  give  it  a  curious  appearance.  The  borders  are  gorgeously  fur- 
belowed  with  heraldic  devices,  and  the  top  of  the  first  page  exhibits  a 
finely  executed  likeness  of  his  majesty,  in  good  preservation."^  It  is  now 
hung  up  in  a  frame.  As  this  document  is  of  permanent  interest  to  every 
Pemisylvanian,  the  reader  will  find  it  reproduced  in  full  in  Division  X, 
No.  1. 

Nearly  a  month  after  the  signing  of  the  Charter,  the  King  on  the 
second  day  of  April,  issued  a  declaration  informing  the  inhabitants 
and  planters  of  the  province  that  William  Penn,  their  absolute  pro- 
prietary, was  clothed  Avith  all  the  powers  and  preeminences  necessary 
for  the  government.  A  few  days  later,  on  April  8,  the  proprietary  ad- 
dressed the  following  proclamation  to  the  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvauia: 

"  My  Friends  :  I  wish  joii  all  happiness  here  and  hereafter.  These  are 
to  let  you  know  that  it  hath  pleased  God,  in  his  providence,  to  cast  you 
within  my  lot  and  care.  It  is  a  business  that,  though  I  never  undertook 
before,  yet  God  hath  given  me  an  understanding  of  my  duty,  and  an  ho- 
nest mind  to  do  it  uprightly.  I  hope  you  will  not  be  troubled  at  your 
change,  and  the  king's  choice,  for  you  are  now  fixed,  at  the  mercy  of  no 
governor  that  comes  to  make  his  fortune  great.  You  shall  be  governed 
by  laws  of  your  own  making,  and  live  a  free,  and,  if  you  will,  a  sober 
and  industrious  people.  I  shall  not  usurp  the  right  of  a.iij,  or  oppress 
his  person.  God  has  furnished  me  with  a  better  resolution,  and  has  given 
me  his  grace  to  keep  it.  In  short,  whatever  sober  and  free  men  can 
reasonably  desire  for  the  security  aud  improvement  of  their  happiness,  I 
shall  heartily  comply  with,  and  in  five  months'  resolve,  if  it  please  God, 
to  see  you.  In  the  meantime,  pray  submit  to  the  commands  of  my  dep- 
uty, so  fiir  as  thc}^  are  consistent  with  the  law,  and  pay  him  those  dues 
that  formerly  you  paid  to  the  order  of  the  Governor  of  New  York,  for 
my  use  and  benefit ;  and  so  I  beseech  God  to  direct  you  in  the  way  of 
righteousness,  and  therein  prosper  you  and  your  children  after  you. 

I  am  your  true  friend, 

William  Penn. 

London,  8th  of  the  month  called  April,  1681. 

Captain  William  Markham,  a  cousin  of  William  Penn,  Avas  the  deputy 
referred  to  in  the  preceding  proclamation,  Avhose  commission,  bearing- 
date  April  10,  1681,  contained  the  following  directions: 

1.  To  call  a  council,  consisting  of  nine,  he  to  preside. 
1  Reg.  Peims.— I.  297.  i  Dniilap  in  Mem.  of  Penn.     Hist.  Soc.  I.  164. 


44  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

2.  To  read  his  letter  and  the  king's  declaration  to  the  inhabitants,  and 
to  take  their  acknowledgment  of  his  authority  and  propriety. 

o.  To  settle  boundaries  between  Penn  and  his  neighbors,  to  survey, 
set  out,  rent  or  sell  lands  according  to  instructions  given. 

4.  To  erect  courts,  appoint  sherifts,  justices  of  the  peace,  etc. 

5.  To  call  to  his  aid  any  of  the  inhabitants,  for  the  legal  suppression 
of  tumult,  etc.^ 

Markham  carried  also  letters  from  Penn  and  the  king  to  Lord  Balti- 
more, authorizing  him  to  adjust  boundaries.  He  arrived  at  New  York 
on  June  21,  1(381,  0.  S,  and  "Lord  Baltimore,  being  in  the  province,  had 
an  interview  with  Markham  at  Upland  (now  called  Chester)  which  re- 
sulted in  discovering,  from  actual  observation,  that  Upland  itself  was  at 
least  12  miles  south  of  40  degrees,  and  that  boundaries  (claimed  by  Lord 
Baltimore)  would  extend  to  the  Schuylkill.  This  discovery  ended  the 
conference,  and  gave  fresh  incentives  to  Penn  to  obtain  from  the  Duke  of 
York  a  grant  of  the  Delaware  settlements,  as  without  such  grant  he  had 
now  reason  to  fear  the  loss  of  the  Avhole  peninsula."''^ 

Penn  soon  after  published  an  account  of  his  province  with  the  royal 
charter  and  other  documents  connected  with  it,  offering  easy  terms  of 
sale  for  lands,  viz. :  forty  shillings  sterling  for  one  hundred  acres,  subject 
to  a  quit  rent  of  one  shilling  per  annum  forever. 

"Many  persons  from  Loudon,  Liverpool,  and  Bristol,  embarked  in  his 
enterprise;  and  an  association,  called  the  'Free  Traders'  Society  of  Penn- 
sylvania,' purchased  large  tracts  of  land.  Articles  of  agreement  between 
the  proprietary  and  the  adventurers  were  formed,  under  the  title  of  '  Cer- 
tain conditions  or  concessions,  agreed  upon  by  William  Penn,  proprie- 
tary and  governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  those  who  are 
the  adventurers  and  purchasers  in  the  same  province,  the  eleventh  of 
July,  1681.'"^    This  document  is  reproduced  in  Division  X,  No.  2. 

In  the  autumn  of  the  same  year  [1681]  Penn  appointed  three  Com- 
missioners, viz.,  Wm.  Crispin,  John  Bezar  and  Nathaniel  Allen,  to  pro- 
ceed to  the  colony,  arrange  for  a  settlement,  lay  out  a  town  and  treat 
with  the  Indians.  His  mind  towards  the  latter  may  be  seen  from  the 
subjoined  letter  to  them,  which  he  sent  to  them  by  his  deputy  and  com- 
missioners:* 

"LoNDOX,  the  18th  of  the  Eighth  month,  1681. 
"  'My  Friends:  There  is  a  great  God  and  power,  that  hath  made  the 
world,  and  all  things  therein;  to  whom  you  and  I,  and  all  people  owe 
their  being,  and  well-being;  and  to  whom  you  and  I  must  one  day  give 
an  account  for  all  that  we  do  in  the  world. 


1  Hazard's  Annals,  p.  504.  2  Hazard  quoting  from  Clialniers. 

3  Gordon.  4 Proud.  Clarkson.  Hazard. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  45 

*' This  great  God  liatli  written  his  law  in  our  hearts,  by  which  avc  are 
taught  and  commanded  to  love  and  help,  and  do  good  to  one  another. 
Now  this  great  God  hath  been  pleased  to  make  me  concerned  in  your 
part  of  the  world  ;  and  the  King  of  the  country  where  I  live,  hath  given 
me  a  great  province  therein ;  but  I  desire  to  enjoy  it  icitli  your  love  and 
consent ;  that  we  may  always  live  together,  as  neighbors  and  friends; 
else  what  would  the  great  God  do  to  us,  who  hath  made  us,  not  to  devour 
and  destroy  one  another,  but  to  live  soberly  and  kindly  together,  in  the 
world?  now  I  would  have  you  well  observe,  that  I  am  very  sensible  of 
the  unkindness  and  injustice  that  have  been  too  much  exercised  towards 
you,  by  the  people  of  these  parts  of  the  world;  who  have  sought  them- 
selves, and  to  make  great  advantages  by  you,  rather  than  to  be  examples 
of  goodness  and  patience  unto  you;  which  I  hear  hath  been  a  matter  of 
trouble  to  you,  and  caused  great  grudging  and  animosities,  sometimes  to 
the  shedding  of  blood ;  Avhich  hath  made  the  great  God  angry.  But  I 
am  not  such  a  man ;  as  is  well  known  in  my  own  country.  I  have  great 
love  and  regard  towards  you ;  and  desire  to  win  and  gain  your  love  and 
friendship,  by  a  kind,  just  and  peaceable  life ;  and  the  people  I  send  are 
of  the  same  mind,  and  shall,  in  all  things,  behave  themselves  accord- 
ingly; and,  if  in  anything  any  shall  offend  you,  or  your  people,  you 
shall  have  a  full  and  speedy  satisfaction  for  the  same,  by  an  equal  num- 
ber of  just  men,  on  both  sides;  that  by  no  means  you  inay  have  just 
occasion  of  being  offended  against  them. 

"I  shall  shortly  come  to  you  myself;  at  which  time  we  may  more 
largely  and  freely  confer  and  discourse  of  these  matters ;  in  the  mean- 
time I  have  sent  ni}'-  commissioners  to  treat  with  you  about  land,  and  a 
firm  league  of  peace ';  let  me  desire  you  to  be  kind  to  them,  and  the 
people,  and  receive  these  'jj^'^sents  and  tokens  Avhich  I  have  sent  you,  as  a 
testimony  of  my  good  will  to  you,  and  my  resolution  to  live  justly, 
peaceably  and  friendly  with  you. 

"I  am  your  loving  friend, 

William  Penn. 

-  •'  In  the  beginning  of  the  year  1(382  William.  Penn  published  his  frame 
of  government,  and  certain  laws,  agreed  on  in  England  by  himself  and 
the  purchasers  under  him,  entitled  '  The  frame  of  the  government  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania^  in  America;  together  zuith  certain  laws,  agreed 
upon  in  England  by  the  Governor,  and  divers  freemen  of  the  aforesaid  j^ro- 
vince.  To  he  further  explained  and  confirmed  there,  by  the  first  Provincial 
Council  that  sliall  beheld,  if  they  see  Tneet^  Y^hioh.  frame,  &c.  may  be 
seen  in  Division  X,  No.  3. 

"South  of  the  province  lay  the  territories  or  counties  on  Delaware, 
stretching  one  hundred  and  fifty  miles  along  the  bay,  to  the  Atlantic 
ocean.     The  possessor  of  this  country,  commanding  the  entrance  and 


46  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

course  of  the  river,  would  liave  power  to  harass  the  commerce,  and  in 
other  respects  to  afi'ect  the  Avelfare  of  the  neighboring  colony .^  Penn 
was  desirous  to  possess  these  territories,  as  well  on  account  of  the  security 
they  afforded,  as  of  the  advantages  to  be  derived  from  a  hardy  and  labo- 
rious population.  The  Duke  of  York  held  them  as  an  appendage  to  his 
o-overnment,  and,  though  reluctant  to  cede  them,  he  could  not  resist  the 
solicitations  of  the  proprietary.  He  executed  three  deeds  to  Penn  in 
August,  1682.  The  first,  dated  the  twenty-first,  releasing  his  right  to  the 
province;  the  others,  dated  the  twenty -fourth,  granting  the  town  of  New- 
castle and  the  land  lying  within  a  circle  of  twelve  miles  about  it;  and 
the  tract  of  land  beginning  at  twelve  miles  south  of  Newcastle,  and  en- 
tending  southward  to  Cape  Henlopen.  For  the  last  tract,  Penn  cove- 
nanted to  pay  the  Duke  and  his  heirs  one-half  of  all  the  rents  and  profits 
received  from  it.  These  grants  conveyed  to  the  proprietary  a  fee  simple 
estate  in  the  soil,  but  no  political  right  whatever.  Holding  in  soccage  as 
of  the  Duke's  castle  at  New  York,  he  owed  fealty  to,  and  was  a  subject 
of  that  government.  Whether  he  ever  obtained  from  the  crown  political 
powers  over  this  country  is  questionable.  It  is  certain  that,  when  the 
right  he  assumed  became  the  subject  of  controversy,  among  the  inhabi- 
tants of  the  province  and  territories,  no  grant  of  this  nature  was  exhibi- 
ted. These  deeds  were  duly  recorded  in  New  York,  and,  by  proclamation 
of  the  commander  there,  twenty-first  November,  1782,  to  the  magistrates 
on  the  west  side  of  the  Delaware,  the  rights  of  Penn  under  them  were 
publicly  recognized." 

Penn  having  completed  all  arrangements  for  his  voyage  to  America, 
after  writing  a  beautiful  letter  to  his  wife  and  children,  and  another  "  to 
all  faithful  friends  in  England,"  accompanied  by  about  one  hundred  pas- 
sengers, mostly  friends  from  Sussex,  after  a  passage  of  about  two  months 
on  board  the  ship  Welcome,  of  three  hundred  tons  burthen,  came  in 
sight  of  the  American  coast  about  Egg-Harbour  in  New  Jersey  on  the 
24th  of  October,  and  reached  New  Castle  on  the  27th.  On  the  following 
day  he  produced  his  deeds  from  the  Duke  of  York  and  received  posses- 
sion by  the  solemn  "  delivery  of  turf  and  twig  and  water  and  soyle  of  the 
River  Delaware^  ^  He  was  received  with  demonstrations  of  gladness  by 
the  inhabitants,  and  at  the  Court  House  "made  a  speech  to  the  old 
magistrates,  in  which  he  explained  to  them  the  design  of  his  coming, 
the  nature  and  end  of  government,  and  of  that  more  particularly  which 
he  came  to  establish.^ 

"  To  form  some  idea  of  the  proportion  of  the  different  sorts  of  people, 

on  the  west  side  of  Delaware,  about  this  time,  or  prior  to  William  Penn's 

arrival,  on  the  lands  granted  him,  it  may  be  noted,  that  the  Butch  then  had 

a  meeting  place,  for  religious  worship,  at  Newcastle;  the  Swedes,  three — 

1  Gordon.  2  Hazard.  '      SClarkson. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  47 

one  at  Christeen^  one  at  Tenecum^  and  one  at  Wicocoa,  (now  in  the  su- 
burbs of  Philadeljihia.)  The  Quakers,  as  before  observed,  in  the  intro- 
duction, had  three,  viz.:  one  at  Upland,  or  Chester;  one  at  Shackamaxon, 
or  about  where  Kensington  now  stands,  in  the  vicinity  of  Pliiladelplda, 
and  one  near  the  lower  falls  of  Delaware.'''''^ 

1  Proud. 


48  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


CHAPTER  III. 

FROM  THE  ARRIVAL  OF  WILLIAM  PENN  TO  THE  ERECTION  OF 
LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Pemi  went  to  Upland  (Chester)  on  the  29th  of  October,  [1682.]  On 
his  arrival  there  he  changed  its  name.  "This  was  a  memorable  event 
and  to  be  distinguished  by  some  marked  circumstance.  He  determined, 
therefore,  to  change  the  name  of  the  place.  Turning  round  to  his  friend 
Pearson,  one  of  his  own  society,  who  had  accompanied  him  in  the  ship 
Welcome,  he  said,  '  Providence  has  brought  us  here  safe.  Thou  hast  been 
the  companion  of  my  perils.  What  wilt  thou  that  I  should  call  this 
place?'  Pearson  said,  'Chester,'  in  remembrance  of  the  city  from  whence 
he  came.  A¥illiam  Penn  replied,  that  it  should  be  called  Chester,  and 
that  when  he  divided  the  land  into  counties,  one  of  them  should  be  called 
by  the  same  name."^ 

From  Chester  Penn  is  said  to  have  proceeded  with  some  of  his  friends 
in  an  open  barge,  in  the  earliest  days  of  November,  to  a  place  about  four 
miles  above  the  mouth  of  the  Schuylkill,  called  Coaquannock,  "where 
there  was  a  high,  bold  shore,  covered  with  lofty  pines.  Here  the  site  of 
the  infant  city  of  Philadelphia  had  been  established,  and  we  may  be  as- 
sured his  approach  was  hailed  with  joy  by  the  whole  population:  the  old 
inhabitants,  Swedes  and  Dutch,  eager  to  catch  a  glimpse  of  their  future 
governor;  and  the  Friends,  who  had  gone  before  him,  anxiously  await- 
ing his  arrival."  2 

The  following  tradition  connected  with  his  arrival  is  given  by  Watson : 
"The  Indians,  as  well  as  the  whites,  had  severally  prepared  the  best 
entertainment  the  place  and  circumstances  could  admit.  William  Penn 
made  himself  endeared  to  the  Indians  by  his  marked  condescension  and 
acquiescence  in  their  Avishes  [1682].  He  walked  with  them,  sat  with 
them  on  the  ground,  and  ate  with  them  of  their  roasted  acorns  and  hominy. 
At  this  they  expressed  their  great  delight,  and  soon  began  to  show  how 
they  could  hop  and  jump;  at  which  exhibition  William  Penn,  to  cap  the 
climax,  sprang  up  and  beat  them  all !  We  are  not  prepared  to  credit 
such  light  gaiety  in  a  sage  Governor  and  religious  chief;  but  we  have 
the  positive  assertion  of  a  woman  of  truth,  who  says  she  saw  it.  There 
may  have  been  a  very  wise  policy  in  the  measure  as  an  act  of  concilia- 
tion, worth  more  than  a  regiment  of  sharpshooters.  He  was  then  suffici- 
ently young  for  any  agility,  and  we  remember  that  one  of  the  old 
1  Clarkson.  2  Janney. 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  49 

journalists  among  tlie  Friends  incidentally  speaks  of  him  as  having 
naturally  an  excess  of  levity  of  spirit  for  a  grave  minister."  ^ 

Penn  immediately  after  his  arrival  despatched  two  persons  to  Lord 
Baltimore,'^  to  ask  of  his  health,  offer  kind  neighborhood,  and  agree  upon 
a  time  of  meeting  the  better  to  establish  it.  While  they  were  gone  on 
this  errand  he  went  to  New  York  to  pay  his  duty  to  the  Duke,  in  the 
visit  of  his  government  and  colony.  He  returned  from  New  York 
towards  the  end  of  November. 

To  this  period  belongs  the  "  Great  Treaty  ^^''  which  took  place  at  Shack- 
amaxon,  (now  called  Kensington),  or  more  correctly  Sachamexing, 
derived  from  Sahitna  or  Sachem^  the  Delaware  for  a  king  or  chief,  and 
ing^  the  Indian  termination  indicating  locality  or  the  place  where;  the  a: 
before  ing  is  inserted  for  euphony's  sake.  Thus  Sakimaxing  or  Sacha- 
mexing signifies  the  meeting  place  of  chiefs.  It  seems  to  have  been  a 
place  of  resort  for  the  Indians  of  different  nations  to  consult  together 
and  settle  their  mutual  differences  and  on  this  account  it  was  probablv 
selected  by  Markham  and  Penn^  after  him  as  the  place  for  holding  their 
successive  treaties.  There  were  at  least  three  Indian  tribes  present :  The 
Lenni  Lenape,  living  near  the  Delaware;  the  Mingoes  from  Conestogo, 
and  the  Shawnees  from  the  Susquehanna.  William  Penn  was  accompa- 
nied by  a  few  friends. 

"It  is  near  the  close  of  November,  [1682],  the  lofty  forest  trees  on  the 
banks  of  the  Delaware  have  shed  their  summer  attire,*  the  ground  is 
strewed  with  leaves,  and  the  Council  fire  burns  brightly,  fanned  by  the 
autumnal  breeze.  Under  the  wide  branching  elm^  the  Indian  tribes  are 
assembled,  but  all  unarmed,  for  no  warlike  weapon  is  allowed  to  disturb 

1  The  deponent  referred  to  is  the  grandmother  of  Samuel  Preston,  Esq..  formerly  of 
Bucks  county.  She  died  in  1774,  at  the  age  of  100  years,  in  full  mind  and  memory. 
William  Penn  and  sundry  Indians  were  present  at  her  marriage.  She  described  Penn 
as  of  rather  short  stature,  but  the  handsomest,  best  looking,  most  lively  gentleman,  she 
had  ever  seen.  There  was  nothing  like  pride  about  him,  but  affable  and  friendly  with 
the  humblest  in  life. — Watson's  Annals,  I.  55. 

2  W.  Penn's  letter  to  the  Lords  of  Plantations,  &c. 

3  Mem.  Hist.  Soc.  Pa.  III.  pt.  2.  p.  183. 

4  Comi)iled  by  Janney. 

5  This  tree  was  long  revered  by  the  colonists  and  Indians.  During  the  revolutionary 
war  the  British  general  Sincoe,  who  was  quartered  at  Kensington,  so  regarded  it,  that 
whilst  his  soldiers  were  felling  the  trees  of  the  vicinity  for  fuel,  he  placed  a  sentinel 
under  this,  that  not  a  branch  of  it  might  be  touched.  In  1810  it  was  blown  down,  and 
cups,  and  workstands,  and  other  articles  of  furniture,  were  made  from  it,  to  be  pre- 
served as  memorials.  It  was  then  ascertained  to  be  two  hundred  and  eighty-three 
years  old,  having  been  one  hundred  and  fifty-five  years  old  at  the  time  of  the  confer- 
ence.— Notice  by  Sir  B.  West,  reported  by  B.  Vaux,  esq,,  member  of  the  Historical  Society 
of  Pennsylmnia,  1825 — p.  97 — Clarkson. 

The  Penn  Society  of  Philadelphia,  at  the  suggestion  of  R.  Vaux,  esq.,  have  erected 
a  marble  monument  on  the  spot  where  the  ^^ Treaty  Elm''''  stood,  on  the  bank  of  the 
5 


oO  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

the  scene.  In  front  are  the  chiefs,  Avith  their  counsellors  and  aged  men, 
on  either  hand.  Behind  them,  in  the  form  of  a  half-moon,  sit  the  young- 
men  and  some  of  the  aged  matrons ;  while  beyond,  and  disposed  in  still 
widening  circles,  are  seen  the  youth  of  both  sexes.  Among  the  assem- 
bled chiefs  there  is  one  who  holds  a  conspicuous  rank :  the  Great  Sachem 
Taminend,  one  of  nature's  noblemen,  revered  for  his  wisdom  and  beloved 
for  his  goodness.  But  see!  a  barge  is  approaching,  bearing  at  its  mast- 
head the  broad  pennant  of  the  Governor;  the  oars  are  plied  with  meas- 
ured strokes,  and  near  the  helm  sits  William  Penn  attended  by  his 
Council — among  them  are  Markham,  his  Secretary,  Holme,  Survej^or- 
General,  Simcox,  Haigue,  Taylor  and  Pearson.  On  the  river  bank,  waiting 
with  others  to  join  them,  is  Lac}^  Cock,  the  hospitable  Swede,  whose 
dwelling  is  near  the  treaty-ground.  They  are  plainl}^  dressed,  and  the 
proprietary  is  only  distinguished  from  the  rest  by  a  sky-blue  sasli  of  silk 
network  that  encircles  his  waist.  They  land  and  advance  toward  the 
Council  lire:  the  Governor,  having  his  cousin  Markham  on  the  right, 
and  his  friend  Pearson  on  the  left,  is  preceded  by  some  of  his  attendants, 
bearing  presents,  which  they  spread  upon  the  ground. 

"  They  pause  when  they  approach  the  Council  lire — Taminend  puts 
oji  his  chaplet,  surmounted  by  a  small  horn,  the  emblem  of  kingly  power, 
and  then  through  an  interpreter,  he  announces  to  William  Penn  that  the 
nations  are  ready  to  hear  him." 

Penn,  holding  in  his  hand  a  roll  of  parchment,  containing  the  confir- 
mation of  the  treaty  of  purchase  and  amity,  addressed  them  thus  :^  "  The 
Great  Spirit  who  ruled  the  heavens  and  the  earth,  the  Father  of  all  men. 
bore  witness  to  the  sincerity  of  his  wishes  to  dwell  with  them  in  peace 
and  friendship,  and  to  serve  them  with  all  his  power.  Himself  and  fol- 
lowers had  met  them  unarmed,  because  their  religion  forbade  the  use  of 
hostile  weapons  against  their  fellow  creatures ;  they  came  not  to  injure 
others;  that  was  offensive  to  the  Great  Spirit;  but  to  do  good,  in  whick 

Ueliiware,  near  the  intersection  of  Hanover  and  Beach  streets,  Kensington.  The  mon- 
timent  hears  the  following  inscriptions  : 

On  the  North.  On  the  Wed. 

Treaty  Ground  Placed  by  the  Penn 

of  Society, 

William  Penn  A.  D.  1827, 

and  the  To  mark  the  site 

Indian  natives,  of  the 

1683.  Great  Elm  Tree. 

On  the  South.  On  the  East. 

William  Penn  Pennsylvania, 

Bom  1614.  Founded 

Died  1718.  1681. 

By  deeds  of  Peace." —        Gordon, 
1  Clark  son. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTS'.  51 

he  deiiglited:  having  met  in  the  broad  pathway  of  trutli  and  hcnevo- 
lence,  they  ought  to  disdain  deception,  and  to  regulate  their  conduct  by 
candor,  fraternity,  and  love."  Unrolling  the  parchment,  he  explained 
the  articles  of  the  treaty  and  terms  of  purchase.  "By  these,''  he  con- 
tinued, "  they  were  protected  in  their  lawful  pursuits,  even  in  the  lands 
they  had  alienated.^  Their  right  to  improve  their  plantations  and  to 
procure  subsistence  Avould  be,  in  all  respects,  similar  to  that  of  the 
English.  Should  disputes  unfortunately  arise  between  the  two  people, 
they  should  be  adjusted  by  a  jury,  composed  of  equal  numbers  of  Indians 
and  Englishmen.''  From  the  merchandise  before  him,  he  then  paid  for 
the  land,  and  made  them  many  presents.  Laying  the  foil  of  parchment 
upon  the  earth,  he  bade  them  observe  it  as  a  sign  that  the  land  should 
be  thenceforth  common  to  both  people.  •"lie  would  not,"  he  added, 
•'like  the  people  of  Maryland,  call  them  his  children  or  his  brethren;  for 
some  parents  chastised  their  children  too  severely,  and  brethren  would 
disagree;  nor  would  he  compare  their  friendship  to  a  chain  which  the 
rain  might  rust,  or  the  tail  of  a  tree  destroy;  but  that  he  would  consider 
them  as  of  one  flesh  and  blood  with  the  Christians,  and  the  same  as  if 
one  man's  body  were  divided  in  two  parts."  liesuming  the  parchment, 
he  presented  it  to  the  chief  sachem,  and  desired  that  it  iniglit  "be  care- 
fully preserved  for  three  generations,  that  their  children  might  knoAv 
what  had  passed,  as  if  he  had  remained  to  repeat  it."- 

"This  treaty  forms  a  brilliant  ray  of  the  halo  which  graces  the  head 
of  Penn.  It  lias  been  honorably  noticed  by  eminent  authors.  'This,' 
says  Voltaire,  'was  the  only  treaty  between  these  people  and  the  Chris- 
tians that  was  not  ratified  by  an  oath,  and  which  was  never  broken.'  ^ 
•William  Penn  thought  it  just,' writes  the  Abbe  Eajmal,  'to  obtain  an 
additional  right,  by  a  fair  and  open  purchase  from  the  aborigines;  and 
thus  he  signalized  his  arrival  by  an  act  of  equity,  which  made  his  person 
and  his  principles  equally  beloved.  Here  the  mind  rests  with  pleasure 
upon  modern  history,  and  feels  some  indemnification  for  that  disgust, 
melancholy,  and  horror,  which  the  whole  of  it,  particularly  that  of  the 
European  settlements  in  America,  inspires.'  It  has  been  erroneously 
supposed  that  this  was  the  first  instance  of  the  purchase  of  lands  from 
the  aboriginal   Americans.     But,  in  this  particular,  Penn  followed  the 

1  Gordon  quoting'  Claikson. 

2  In  ratitication  of  this  treaty,  the  Indians,  according  to  their  national  custom,  deliv- 
ered by  their  chief  Sachem  to  William  Penn'a  broad  belt  of  Wampum.  It  consists  of 
eighteen  strings  of  white  Wampum  and  has  in  its  centre  delineated  in  purple  colored 
l)eads  two  tigures,  that  of  an  Indian  grasping  with  the  hand  of  friendship  the  hand  of 
a  man  in  the  European  costume  wearing  a  hat.  The  belt  had  been  carefully  preserved 
in  the  Penn  family,  and  was  presented  to  the  Historical  Society  of  Pennsylvania,  by 
Granville  John  Penn  on  April  13,  1857.  The  proceedings  are  published  in  Mem.  Hist. 
Soc.  Pa.  VI.  p.  305— s(i.  3  Gordon. 


52  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

example  of  Massachusetts,  New  York,  Maryland,  and  New  Jersey ;  and 
tlie  Dutcli,  Swedes,  and  Fins  of  tlie  Delaware.  His  merit  consists  in  the 
justice  and  kindness  which  characterized  all  his  intercourse  with  the  na- 
tives. These  have  made  an  indelible  impression.  His  memory  is  still 
gratefully  cherished  by  their  descendants,  amid  the  distant  wilds  to  which 
they  have  been  driven  by  the  tide  of  population.  The  great  and  good 
Onas,  as  they  rendered  the  word  Penn  in  their  language,  was  an  exem- 
plar, which  they  frequently  held  up  for  imitation  to  his  lieutenants  and 
successors:  and  by  this  name  they  continued  to  distinguish  the  future 
Governors  of  Pennsylvania."  ^ 

Penn  on  the  fourth  of  December  [1682]  convened  a  General  Assembly 
at  Chester,  of  which  Nicholas  Moore,  president  of  the  Society  of  Free 
Traders,  was  chosen  speaker.  During  a  session  of  four  days  this  assembly 
enacted  three  laws :  1.  An  act  for  the  union  of  the  province  and  territories ; 
2.  An  act  of  naturalization;  o.  The  great  law,  or  code  of  laws,  consist- 
ing of  sixty-nine  sections,  and  embracing  most  of  the  laws  agreed  upon 
in  England  and  several  others  afterward  suggested. 

"1.  The  inhabitants  of  the  territories,  anxious  to  participate  in  the 
benefits  of  the  provincial  constitution,  solicited  to  be  incorporated  with 
the  province  on  the  third  day  of  the  session,  and  a  bill,  prepared  by  the 
proprietary,  was  immediately  offered  and  adopted.^  This  act  should  rather 
be  considered  as  confirmatory  than  as  the  origin  of  the  union.  For  the 
freemen  of  the  territories  formed  a  part  of  the  assembly,  and  acted  with 
those  of  the  province  on  all  measures,  from  the  commencement  to  the 
close  of  the  session.  As  this  measure  strengthened  the  authority  of 
Penn,  so,  in  some  degree,  it  legitimated  his  conduct.  Tracing  political 
power  to  its  only  true  source,  the  will  of  the  people,  he  was  ready  to 
forget  that  no  power  to  rule  the  territories  was  given  to  him  by  the  deeds 
of  feoffment  from  the  Duke  of  York;  nor  did  he  nicely  scan  the  rights  of 
the  royal  prerogative,  infringed  by  himself  and  the  people,  over  whom 
his  power  was  thus  established. 

"2.  The  'Act  of  Union,'  alone,  was  not  deemed  sufficient  to  effect  an 
entire  amalgamation  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  province  and  territories. 
For,  although,  by  the  capitulation  of  the  Dutch  Avith  Colonel  Nichols,  in 
l(36-i,  and  by  the  treat}^  between  England  and  the  States  General,  the 
inhabitants  of  the  west  border  of  the  Delaware  became  English  subjects, 
they  were  considered  bv  Penn  so  far  a  distinct  peojjle,  as  to  require  an 
act  of  naturalization  to  make  them  citizens  of  his  commonwealth.  By 
such  an  act,  the  Dutch,  Swedes,  and  Fins  of  the  territories  entered  into 
full  possession  of  provincial  rights.     And,  with  jealousy  and  fear,  in- 

1  William  Penn  was  called  by  the  Iroquois  Onas,  by  the  Delawares  Miquon,  both 
■words  signifying  a  quill  or  pen.     Mem.  Hist.  Soc.  Pa.,  iii.  pt.  3.  p.  349. 
"  Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  53 

Spired  by  their  weakness,  the  house  resolved  that  the  future  naturaliza- 
tion of  foreigners  should  be  made  by  special  laws." 

3.  The  "Great  Law,"  as  already  characterized,  was  the  work  of  Penn 
and  long  formed  the  basis  of  jurisprudence  in  Pennsylvania.  Its  first 
section,  justly  celebrated  for  its  provision  for  "liberty  of  conscience,"  ran 
as  follows : 

"Almighty  God  being  only  Lord  of  conscience,  Father  of  lights  and 
spirits,  and  the  Author  as  well  as  Object  of  all  divine  knowledge,  faith 
and  worship,  who  only  can  enlighten  the  mind,  and  persuade  and  con- 
vince the  understanding  of  people  in  due  reverence  to  His  sovereignty 
over  the  souls  of  mankind.  It  is  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  that 
no  person  now  or  at  any  time  hereafter  living  in  this  province,  who  shall 
confess  and  acknowledge  one  Almighty  God  to  be  the  Creator,  Upholder 
and  Euler  of  the  world,  and  that  professeth  him  or  herself  obliged  in 
conscience  to  live  peaceably  and  justly  under  the  civil  government,  shall 
in  anywise  be  molested  or  prejudiced  for  his  or  her  conscientious  per- 
suasion or  practice,  nor  shall  he  or  she  at  any  time  be  compelled  to 
frequent  or  maintain  any  religious  worship,  place,  or  ministry  whatever, 
contrary  to  his  or  her  mind,  but  shall  freely  and  fully  enjoy  his  or  her 
Christian  liberty  in  that  respect,  without  any  interruption  or  reflection; 
and  if  any  person  shall  abuse  or  deride  any  other  for  his  or  her  different 
j^ersuasion  and  practice  in  matter  of  religion,  such  shall  be  looked  upon 
as  a  disturber  of  the  peace,  and  be  punished  accordingly.  But  to  the 
end  that  looseness,  irreligion  and  atheism  may  not  creep  in  under  pre- 
tence of  conscience,  in  this  province,  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  au- 
thority aforesaid,  that  according  to  the  good  example  of  the  primitive 
Christians,  and  for  the  ease  of  the  creation,  every  first  day  of  the  week, 
called  the  Lord's  Day,  people  shall  abstain  from  their  common  toil  and 
labor,  that  whether  masters,  parents,  children  or  servants,  they  may  the 
better  dispose  themselves  to  read  the  Scriptures  of  truth  at  home,  or  to 
frequent  such  meetings  of  religious  worship  abroad  as  may  best  suit 
their  respective  persuasions."  ^ 

On  the  19th  of  December  [1682]  Penn  by  appointment  met  Lord  Balti- 
more at  AVestriver,  but  their  interview  led  to  no  solution  of  the  vexa- 
tious question  of  boundary,  as  is  evident  from  the  subjoined  extract  from 
Penn's  letter  to  "the  Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Plantations"  in  London. 

"  The  first  thing  I  did  was  to  present  the  King's  letter,  which  consisted 
of  two  parts;  one  that  the  Lord  Baltimore  has  but  two  degrees;  and  the 
other,  that  beginning  at  Watkins'  Point,  he  should  admeasure  his  said 
degrees  at  sixty  miles  to  a  degree.  This  being  read  to  him,  first  pri- 
vately, then  publicly,  he  told  me  the  King  was  greatly  mistaken  and  that 
he  would  not  leave  his  patent  to  follow  the  King's  letter,  nor  could  a 

1  Hazard's  Aimals,  p.  620. 


54  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

letter  void  bis  patent ;  and  by  tliat  lie  would  stand.  This  was  tlie  sub- 
stance of  what  he  said  from  first  to  last  during  the  whole  conference."  ^ 

"  This  question  of  boundary  was  vexatious  and  of  long  continuance, 
and  was  not  treated  by  Lord  Baltimore  with  that  delicacy  and  forbear- 
ance which  characterized  William  Penn.  For  Baltimore  would  not 
dela}''  the  exercise  of  the  rights  which  he  claimed,  until  inquiry  should 
be  made  into  their  legality ;  but,  by  proclamation,  otYered  lands  in  the 
territories  lor  sale,  at  half  the  price  demanded  for  those  unquestionably 
within  his  own  patent ;  -  and  in  the  folloAviug  year,  he  used  force  to  dis- 
possess several  persons^  who  refused  to  acknowledge  his  title,  and  threat- 
ened others  who  would  not  pay  him  quit-rent.''  The  claims  of  Baltimore 
were  not  without  color.  Maryland  Avas  granted  to  Cecilius  Calvert,  Lord 
Baltimore,  by  patent,  dated  June  20th,  1632,  and  was  now  held  by  his 
son  Charles.  The  charter,  in  the  description  of  the  northern  boundaries, 
had  the  folloAving  clause:  'unto  that  part  of  Delaware  bay  on  the  north, 
Avhich  lie  binder  (he  fortieth  degree  of  northern  latitude;'  but  it  had  also  a 
clause  restricting  the  grantee  to  the  occupation  of  such  lands  as  had  not 
been  previously  settled  by  European  nations.  Penn's  charter  included 
the  country  from  the  '  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  north  latitude,' 
and,  of  course,  from  the  end  of  the  thirty-ninth  degree.  The  words 
'under  the  fortieth  degree,'  gave  to  Baltimore,  as  he  supposed,  a  right 
to  the  lands  up  to  the  beginning  of  the  forty-first  degree.  To  this  con- 
struction Penn  opposed  the  restricting  clause  in  the  Maryland  charter, 
and  averred  that  the  territories  had  been  settled  by  Europeans  in 
1627,  five  years  before  the  date  of  that  grant.  lie  also  endeavored  to 
restrain  the  degree  in  Baltimore's  grant  to  sixty  miles,  alleging  that  to, 
be  the  mode  of  computation  at  the  time  it  was  givcn.'^ 

"The  proprietary  had  a  deep  interest  in  this  contest.  Sliould  Balti- 
more prevail,  he  would  be  deprived  of  one  degree  by  five,  equal  to 
tAventy-four  thousand  one  hundred  and  sixteen  square  miles.  But  thLs 
possible  curtailment  of  his  province  did  not  affect  him  so  deeply  as  the 
prospective  loss  of  j^orts  and  commercial  adA'antages  upon  the  Chesapeake, 
Avhich  he  supposed  to  be  included  in  his  charter.'^  During  his  life,  how- 
ever, no  effectual  means  Avere  adopted  for  terminating  the  dispute.  In 
1732,  his  heirs  and  Lord  Baltimore  entered  into  an  agreement,  by  Avhich 
nearly  one-half  of  the  DelaAvare  peninsula,  north  and  Avest  of  Cape  Hen- 
lopen,  Avas  assigned  to  the  former,  and  the  southern  boundary  of  the 
province  Avas  fixed  on  that  parallel  of  latitude  Avhicli  is  fifteen  miles  south 
of  the  most  southern  parts  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia.  But  the  perfor- 
mance of  this  agreement  Avas  procrastinated  by  Baltimore,  under  various 

1  Gordon. 

-Bait.  Prod.  I.lth  May  lOM-L      IVnifs  f.etter  to  Com.  of  Plinitation.  I4tli  June  1683. 

3  Proud. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUXTV.  05 

pretexts,  and  the  proprietaries  were  driyen,  in  1735,  to  the  English  court 
of  chancery  for  relief.  In  1750,  Lord  Chancellor  Ilardwicke  decreed 
specific  performance,  and  determined  several  questions  which  had  arisen 
out  of  the  agreement  during  the  controversy.^  But  the  Maryland  pro- 
prietary contrived  also  to  dela}^  the  execution  of  this  decree.  A  supple- 
mentary bill  was  filed,  pending  which  Frederick,  Lord  Baltimore,  in 
1760,  made  a  new  agreement,  explanatory  of  the  last.  The  line,  pursuant 
to  these  agreements,  was  run,  in  1761,  the  distance  of  two  hundred  and 
thirty  miles." 

Penn  about  this  time  divided  the  province  and  territories,  each  into 
three  counties ;  those  of  the  former  were  called  Bucks,  Philadelphia  and 
Chester;  those  of  the  latter,  Nevj  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex.  Sheriffs  and 
other  officers  having  been  duly  appointed  for  the  several  counties,  writs  ^ 
for  the  election  of  Members  of  Council  and  Assembly  were  issued  con- 
formable with  the  Constitution,^  and  on  the  10th  day  of  the  First  month, 
1683  (O.  S.)*  Penn  met  the  Council  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  Assembly 
two  days  later.  The  number  of  members  for  both  the  Council  and  As- 
sembly was  twelve  for  each  county,  viz.:  three  for  the  Council  and  nine 
for  the  Assembl}^,  making  in  all,  seventy-two.  Their  names,  with  brief 
notices  of  the  more  prominent,  are  here  subjoined : 

Names  of  the  Council — William  Markham,  Christopher  Taylor,  Thomas 
Holme,  Lacy  Cock,  William  Haige,  John  Moll,  Ealph  Withers,  John  Sim- 
cock,  Edward  Cantwell,  AVilliam  Clayton,  William  Biles,  James  Harri- 


1  Gordon. 

-The  following  form  of  these  writs  is  taken  from  the  original,  viz: 
[L.  S.]   "William  Penn,  Proprietary  and  Governor  of  the  province  of  Ponn-sylvania, 
"and  the  territories  thereunto  belonging  : 

•'I  do  hereby,  in  the  King's  name,  empower  and  require  thee  to  simimou  all  the  ft-ee- 
holders  in  thy  bailiwick,  to  meet  on  the  20th.  day  of  the  next  month,  at  the  falls  upon 
Delaware  river;  and  that  they  then  and  there  elect  and  chuse  out  of  themselves,  twelve 
pei-sons  of  most  note  for  wisdom  and  integrity,  to  serve  as  their  delegates  in  the  pro- 
vincial council,  to  be  held  at  PMladelphio,  the  10th.  day  of  the  first  month  next;  and 
that  thou  there  declare  to  the  said  freemen,  that  they  may  all  personally  appear  at  an 
Assembly,  at  the  place  aforesaid,  according  to  the  contents  of  my  charter  of  liberties; 
*)f  which  thou  art  to  make  me  a  tnie  and  faithful  return. 

"  friB«H  «<  Philadelphia,  the  day  of  the  month,  1G82. 

AVILLIAM  PENN. 
"To  Itiehard  JVoble,  High  Sheriff  of  the  county  of  Bvck»;  (ind 
the  other  fite  Sheriffs  likewise  for  their  several  cot/ntie^." 

3  Proud. 

*  The  following  extract  from  the  acts  of  the  first  General  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania, 
passed  Dec.  7,  1682  shows  that  the  first  settlers  began  [the  year  on  the  first  of  March. 

* '  And  bee  it  enacted  by  the  authority  afores'l  that  ye  days  of  ye  week  &  ye  month.s 
of  ye  year,  Shall  be  called  as  in  Scripture,  &  not  by  Heathen  names,  (as  are  vulgarly 
used),  as  ye  first  second  and  third  daies  of  ye  week,  and  first,  second  &  third  months  of 
ye  year,  beginning  with  ye  day  called  Sunday,  and  ye  month  called  March. 


56  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

son,  William  Clark,  Francis  Whitewell,  John  Eichardson,  Jolin  Hillyard. 

The  Members  of  Assembly  for  each  county  were — 

For  Bucks — William  Yardly,  Samuel  Darke,  Eobert  Lucas,  Nicholas 
Walne,  John  Wood,  John  Clowes,  Thomas  Fitzwater,  Robert  Hall, 
James  Boy  den. 

For  Philadelphia — John  Songhurst,  John  Hart,  Walter  King,  Andros 
Binkson,  John  Moon,  Thomas  Wynne,  speaker,  Griffith  Jones,  William 
Warner,  Swan  Swanson. 

For  Chester— John  Hoskins,  Robert  Wade,*  George  Wood,  John  Blun- 
ston,  Dennis  Eochford,  Thomas  Bracy,  John  Bezer,  John  Harding,  Joseph 
Phipps. 

For  Neivcastle — John  Cann,  John  Darby,  Valentine  Hollingsworth, 
Gasparus  Herman,  John  Dehoaef,  James  Williams,  William  Guest,  Peter 
Alrick,  Henrick  Williams. 

For  Kent — John  Biggs,  Simon  Irons,  Thomas  Haffijld,  John  Curtis, 
Robert  Bedwell,  A¥illiam  Windsmore,  John  Brinkloe,  Daniel  Brown, 
Benony  Bishop. 

For  Sussex — Luke  Watson,  Alexander  Draper,  William  Futcher, 
Henry  Bowman,  Alexander  Moleston,  John  Hill,  Eobert  Bracy,  John 
Kipshaven,  Cornelius  Verhoof. 

Captain  William  Markham,  from  London,  was  a  relation  of  the  pro- 
prietor. He  was  afterwards  sometimes  his  secretary,  and  sometimes  his 
deputy-governor.  He  appears  to  have  been  a  useful  person,  of  good 
education,  character  and  ability.  He  had  the  proprietor's  confidence 
and  esteem  till  his  death. 

Christopher  Taylor  is  said  to  have  been  a  person  of  excellent  character 
and  ability;  he  was  born  in  Yorkshire,  had  a  good  education,  wrote  well 
in  the  Latin  language.  He  was  an  eminent  preacher  among  the  Quakers, 
and  wrote  several  pieces  in  defence  of  their  religious  principles,  in  Eng- 
land, as  well  as  his  brother,  Thomas  Taylor.  He  was  one  of  the  first 
and  principal  settlers  in  the  province,  under  William  Penn;  and  is  said 
to  have  been  of  great  service  in  it,  in  different  respects.  He  died  in 
1696. 

Captain  Thomas  Holmes  came  from  Waterford,  in  Ireland.  He  was 
one  of  the  people  called  Quakers,  and  surveyor-general  of  the  province, 
appointed  by  commission  from  the  proprietor,  bearing  date  the  18th  of 
the  second  month,  1682. 

Lacy  (Lasse)  Cock  appears  to  have  been  one  of  the  Swede  settlers, 
prior  to  William  Penn's  arrival. 

John  Simcock  came  from  Eidley,  in  Cheshire,  in  England,  where  he 
had  suffered  much  for  his  religion,  being  a  Quaker  and  a  preacher  in 
that  society.  He  had  a  good  education,  was  one  of  the  proprietor's  first 
commissioners  of  propertj-,  and  one  of  his  most  trusty  friends  in  the 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  57 

government.  Sometimes  lie  was  speaker  of  tlie  assembly;  and  is  said  to 
have  been  a  very  worthy  and  serviceable  person  in  the  province,  both  in 
a  religious  and  civil  capacity.  He  lived  in  Chester  county,  and  died  on 
the  27th  of  January,  1702. 

William  Biles  was  a  preacher  among  the  Quakers,  among  the  first  set- 
tlers there;  where  he  appears  to  have  taken  up  land  under  Governor 
Andros,  of  New  York,  prior  to  William  Penn's  grant  of  the  province. 
He  is  said  to  have  been  a  very  useful  person  both  in  the  civil  and  re- 
ligious line ;  being  often  in  the  Council  and  Assembly,  &c. 

James  Harrison  came  from  Boulton,  in  Lancashire,  one  of  the  proprie- 
tor's first  commissioners  of  property ;  was  divers  years  in  great  esteem 
with  him  and  his  agent,  at  Peunsbury — being  a  man  of  good  educa- 
tion, and  a  preacher  among  the  Quakers. 

William  Haige  had  been  a  merchant  in  London. 

Ralph  Withers,  from  Bishop's  Canning,  in  Wiltshire. 

Grilhth  Jones,  from  Surry. 

Francis  Whitewell  was  counsellor  for  Kent  county.  He  is  said  to 
have  been  a  very  serviceable  person  in  the  government,  among  the  first 
and  early  settlers ;  a  preacher  among  the  Quakers ;  and  every  way  a  very 
useful  and  worthy  member  of  society.  He  died  in  the  year  1681;  and 
William  Darval  was  chosen  counsellor  in  his  stead. 

Thomas  Wynne  was  Speaker  of  the  Assembly  during  the  two  first 
years,  and  was  at  other  times  a  member  of  it.  He  was  one  of  the  people 
called  Quakers,  a  preacher  among  them,  and  came  from  North  Wales;  a 
person  of  note  and  good  character.  He  died  in  the  latter  part  of  the  year 
1692.  He  was  author  of  some  pieces  written  in  defence  of  the  Quakers, 
in  his  native  country. 

John  Moon  was  originally  of  Lancashire,  in  England :  afterwards  of  Bris- 
tol.    He  wrote  some  pieces  in  defence  of  the  Quakers,  in  his  native  cov^ntr3^ 

John  Songhurst  came  from  Sussex,  in  England;  was  a  writer  and 
preacher  among  the  Quakers.  He  died  in  West  Jersey,  and  was  buried 
in  Philadelphia,  in  1688.— 1  Proud^  235-6. 

The  most  important  business  enacted  at  this  session  was  the  adoption 
a  new  charter,  framed  by  a  joint  committee  [1683.]  It  is  reprinted  in 
Division  X.  No.  4.  This  charter,  with  another  enacted  in  1696  were 
only  preparatory  to  the  last   Charter  of  Privileges^  granted  in  1701. 

"The  Governor  and  Council,  among  other  regulations,  established  a 
Seal,  for  each  county,  viz:  for  Philadelphia.,  an  Anchor;  for  Bucks,  a 
Tree  and  Vine;  for  Chester,  a  Ploiv;  for  Neio  Castle,  a  Cassia;  for  Kent, 
three  Ears  of  Indian  Corn;  and  for  Sussex,  a  Wheat  Sheaf. 

"The  first  sheriffs  appointed  for  each  county,  were:  for  Philadelphia, 
John  Test;  Chester,  TJiomas  Usher;  Bucks,  Richard  Nolle;  Xeir  Castle, 
Edmund  Cantiaell;  Kent,  Peter  Boircomh ;  Sussex,  John  Vines. 


58  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

"The  lirst  Grand  Jv/fij^  in  Pennsglvania,  was  summoned  on  the  second 
of  tlie  third  month,  this  year,  [1683]  upon  some  persons  accused  of 
issuinsf  counterfeit  silver  money .^  The  Governor  and  Council  sat  as  a 
Court  of  Justice  on  the  occasion.  The  names  of  those  impannelled  and 
attested  to  serve  on  the  Graad  Jury  were,  Thomas  Lloyd,  Foreman, 
Enock  Flower^  Richard,  Wood^  Joh,n  Harding,  John  Hill,  Edward  Louff, 
James  Boydea,  Nicholas  Walae,  John  James,  John  Vanhorson,  Robert 
Hall,   \'^a]£ntme  Holliti(isivijrl^  John  Louff,  John  Wale, 

tSaniuel  Harh',  John  Parsons,  John  Blunston,  Thomas  Fitzivater,  William 
Guest,  John  Curtis,  Robert  Lucas,  Henry  Jones  and  CqJeh  Pusey. 

"A  bill  (tr  bills,  being  found  by  the  Grand  Jury,  a  Petty  Jury  was 
therefore  impannelled  and  attested;  whose  names  were:  John  Claypoole, 
Foreman,  Robert  Tur)U'r,  Robert  Ewer,  Andrew  Binkson,  JoJtn,  Barnes, 
Jose.j)h  Fisher,  Deaai><  Roch/ord,  William  Howell,  Walter  King,  Benjamin 
Whitehead,  TJujraas  Rouse  and  David  Breintnalir 

At  this  time  Penn  was  probabl}^  renewing  his  negotiations  with  the 
Indians,  as  would  appeal*  from  two  deeds  on  record  for  land  purchased. 
The  lirst  dated  June  2;:5d,  1683,  between  William  Penn  and  Kings  Tam- 
anen  and  Metamequan,  conveys  their  land  near  Neshemanah  (Nesh- 
aminy)  creek,  and  thence  to  Pennapecka  (Pennypack.)  ^  The  second 
<lated  July  14, 1683  is  for  lands  lying  between  the  Schuylkill  and  Chester 
]'ivers.'* 

'•In  one  of  the  purchases  of  land  made  from  the  Indians,  it  was  stipu- 
lated that  it  should  extend  '  as  far  back  as  a  man  could  walk  in  three 
days.'  .  Tradition  relates  that  William  Penn,  himself,  with  several  of  his 
friends  and  a  number  of  Indian  chiefs,  'began  to  walk  out  this  land  at 
the  mouth  of  the  Neshaminy,  and  walked  up  the  Delaware ;  that  in  one 
<lay  and  a  half,  they  got  to  a  spruce  tree  near  the  mouth  of  Baker's 
creek,  when  William,  concluding  this  Avould  include  as  much  land  as  he 
v/ould  want  at  present,  a  line  was  run  and  marked  from  the  spruce  tree 
to  Neshaminy,  and  the  remainder  left  to  be  walked  out  when  it  should 
130  wanted  for  settlement."  'It  is  said  they  walked  leisurely,  after  the 
Indian  manner,  sitting  down  sometimes  to  smoke  their  pipes,  to  eat  bis- 
p',uit  and  cheese,  and  drink  a  bottle  of  wine.  It  is  certain  they  arrived  at  the 
,<pruce  tree  in  a  day  and  a  half,  the  whole  distance  rather  less  than  thirty 
miles."  The  remainder  of  the  line  was  not  run  till  the  20th  of  Septem- 
ber 1733,  when  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  employed  three  of  the 
fastest  walkers  that  could  be  found,  one  of  whom,  Edward  Marshall, 
walked  in  a  day  and  a  half  the  astounding  distance  of  eighty  six  miles. 
The  name  of  William  Penn  has  by  some  persons  been  unjustly  coupled 
with  this  disgraceful  transaction,  which  did  not  take  place  till  many  years 
after  his  death.  I'he  Indians  felt  themselves  much  aggrieved  by  this 
iProiul.  2  Watson.  3  Mem.  Hist.  Soc.  Pa. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  59 

unfair  admeasurement  of  their  lands:  it  was  the  cause  of  the  first  dis- 
t?atisfaction  between  them  and  the  people  of  Pennsylvania  ;  and  it  is 
remarkable,  that  the  first  murder  committed  by  them  in  the  province, 
seventy-two  years  after  the  landing  of  Penn,  was  on  this  very  ground, 
which  had  been  taken  from  them  by  fraud."  ^ 

The  only  instance  of  a  prosecution  for  witchcraft  found  in  the  judicial 
records  of  Pennsylvania  belongs  to  this  period.  It  seems  to  have  origi- 
nated among  the  Swedes.^  The  persons  accused  were  Margaret  Matsou 
and  Yeshro  Hendrickson.  Lacy  Cock  acted  as  interpreter.  A  sample  of 
the  evidence  is  here  produced :  "  Henry  Drystreett,  attested,  saith  he  was 
told  20  years  ago,  that  the  witness  at  the  bar  was  a  witch,  and  that  several 
cows  were  bewitched  by  her.''  "  Annaky  Coolin,  attested,  saith  that  her 
husband  took  the  heart  of  a  calf  that  had  died,  as  tliey  thought,  by 
Avitchcraft  and  boiled  it,  whereupon  the  prisoner  at  the  bar  came  in  and 
asked  them  what  they  were  doing;  they  said  boiling  of  flesh;  she  said 
they  had  better  they  had  boiled  the  bones,  with  several  otlier  unscemJij 
expressions:'  The  Governor  gave  tlie  jury  their  charge  concerning  the 
case,  of  which,  it  is  to  be  regretted,  there  is  no  record.  "  The  jury  went 
forth,  and  upon  their  returning  brought  her  in  guilty  of  the  common 
fame  of  being  a  witch,  but  not  guilty  in  manner  and  form  as  she  stands 
indicted." 

During  the  spring  or  summer  of  this  year  Penn  visited  the  interior  of 
the  province  and  embodied  the  result  of  what  he  saw,  in  a  letter  to  the 
Free  Society  of  Traders  in  London,  wdiich,  as  an  authentic  description  of 
the  country  and  an  account  of  its  actual  status,  is  one  of  the  most  inter- 
esting documents  relating  to  the  period,  extant  and  is,  therefore,  given 
in  full: 

'■A  letter  from  William  Penn,  Proprietor  and  Governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
in  America,  to  the  Committee  of  the  Free  Society  of  Trtiders  of  that  pro- 
vince, residing  in  London:  containing  a  general  de-'^cri'ption  of  the  said 
province,  its  soil,  air,  water,  seasons  and  produce,  both  natural  and  artifi- 
cial, and  the  good  increase  thereof.  With  an  account  of  the  natives,  or 
aborigines : 
''My  hind  Friends: 

"The  kindness  of  yours,  by  the  ship  'Thomas  and  Ann,  doth  much 
oblige  me;  for  by  it  I  perceive  the  interest  you  take  in  my  health  and 
reputation,  and  the  prosperous  beginning  of  this  province ;  which,  you 
are  so  kind  as  to  think,  may  much  depend  upon  them.  In  return  of 
which  I  have  sent  you  a  long  letter,  and  yet  containing  as  brief  an 
account  of  myself,  and  the  affairs  of  this  province,  as  I  have  been  able, 
to  make. 

"In  the  first  place,  I  take  notice  of  the  news,  you  sent  me;  whereby  I 
1  Janney.    Haz.  Reg.  of  Penn'a.  YI,  209.  i  Jaoney.— Col.  Ileo. 


60  AUTHENTIC   HISTOKY 

find,  some  persons  have  liad  so  little  wit,  and  so  mucli  malice,  as  to  report 
my  death ;  and,  to  mend  the  matter,  dead  a  Jesuit  too.  One  might  have 
reasonably  hoped  that  this  distance,  like  death,  would  have  been  a  pro- 
tection against  spite  and  envy;  and,  indeed,  absence  being  a  kind  of 
death,  ought  alike  to  secure  the  name  of  the  absent,  as  the  dead;  because 
they  are  equally  unable,  as  such,  to  defend  themselves:  but  they  that 
intend  mischief  do  not  use  to  follow  good  rules  to  effect  it.  However,  to 
the  great  sorrow  and  shame  of  the  inventors,  I  am  still  alive,  and  no 
Jesuit;  and  I  thank  God,  very  well.  And,  withoat  injustice  to  the 
authors  of  this,  I  may  venture  to  infer  that  they  that  wilfully  and  falsely 
report,  would  have  been  glad  it  had  been  so.  But  I  perceive  many  frivo- 
lous and  idle  stories  have  been  invented  since  my  departure  from  Enrj- 
land ;  which,  perhaps,  at  this  time  are  no  more  alive  than  I  am  dead. 

"But,  if  I  have  been  unkindly  used  by  some  I  left  behind  me,  I  found 
love  and  respect  enough  where  I  came;  an  universal  kind  welcome,  every 
sort  in  their  way.  For  here  are  some  of  several  nations,  as  well  as  divers 
judgments:  nor  were  the  natives  wanting  in  this;  for  their  kings,  queens, 
and  great  men,  both  visited  and  presented  me;  to  whom  I  made  suitable 
returns,  &c. 

"For  the  Province^  the  general  condition  of  it,  take  as  followeth: 

I.  "The  country  itself,  its  soil,  air,  water,  seasons  and  produce,  both 
natural  and  artificial,  is  not  to  be  des})ised.  The  land  containeth  divers 
sorts  of  earth,  as  sand,  yellow  and  black,  poor  and  rich:  also,  gravel,  both 
loamy  and  dusty;  and,  in  some  places,  a  fast  fat  earth  like  our  best 
vales  in  England;  especially  by  inland  brooks  and  rivers:  God,  in  his 
wisdom,  having  ordered  it  so,  that  the  advantages  of  the  country  are 
divided;  the  back  lands  being  generally  three  to  one  richer  than  those 
that  lie  by  navigable  rivers.  We  have  much  of  another  soil ;  and  that  is 
a  black  hazel-mould  upon  a  stony  or  rocky  bottom. 

II.  "The  air  is  sweet  and  clear,  the  heavens  serene,  like  the  south 
parts  of  Eratice,  rarely  overcast;  and  as  the  woods  come,  by  numbers  of 
people,  to  be  more  cleared,  that  itself  will  refine. 

III.  "The  waters  are  generally  good;  for  the, rivers  and  brooks  have 
mostly  gravel  and  stony  bottoms;  and  in  number  hardly  credible.  We 
have  also  mineral  waters,  that  operate  in  the  same  manner  with  Barnet 
and  North  Hall,  not  two  miles  from  PJLiladel])hia. 

IV.  "For  the  seasons  of  the  year  having,  by  God's  goodness,  now 
lived  over  the  coldest  and  hottest  that  the  oldest  liver  in  the  2')rovince 
can  remember,  I  can  say  something  to  an  Enr/lish  understanding: 

"First,  Of  the  Fall — for  then  I  came  in — I  found  it,  from  the  2-ith  of 
October  to  the  beginning  of  December,  as  we  have  it  usually  in  England, 
in  September,  or  rather  like  an  English  mild  Spring.  From  December 
to  the  beginning  of  the  month  called  March,  we  had  sharp,  frosty  weather; 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  61 

not  foul,  tliick,  black  weather,  as  our  nortli-east  winds  bring  with  tliem 
in  England;  but  a  sky  as  clear  as  in  summer,  and  the  air  dry,  cold, 
piercing  and  hungry;  yet  I  remember  not  that  I  wore  more  cloaths 
than  \\\  England.  The  reason  of  this  cold  is  given,  from  the  great  lakes, 
that  are  fed  by  the  fountains  of  Canada.  The  Winter  before  was  as  mild, 
scarce  any  ice  at  all ;  while  this,  for  a  few  days,  froze  up  our  great  river 
Delaioare.  From  that  month  to  the  month  called  June,  we  enjoyed  a 
sweet  Spring;  no  gusts,  but  gentle  showers,  and  a  fine  sky.  Yet,  this 
I  observe,  that  the  winds  here,  as  there,  are  more  inconstant.  Spring  and 
Fall,  upon  that  turn  of  nature,  than  in  Summer  or  Winter.  From  thence 
to  this  present  month,  (August)  which  endeth  the  summer,  (commonly 
speaking)  Ave  have  had  extraordinary  heats,  yet  mitigated  sometimes  by 
cool  breezes.  The  wind  that  ruleth  the  Summer  season  is  the  south- 
west; but  Spring,  Fall  and  Winter,  it  is  rare  to  want  the  north-western 
seven  days  together.  And  whatever  mists,  fogs  or  vapours  foul  the 
heavens,  by  easterly  or  southerly  Avinds,  in  tAVO  hours  time  are  blown 
aAvay;  the  one  is  folloAved  by  the  other:  a  remedy  that  seems  to  have  a 
peculiar  providence  in  it,  to  the  inhabitants ;  the  multitude  of  trees  yet 
standing,  being  liable  to  retain  mists  and  vapours ;  and  yet  not  one-quarter 
so  thick  as  I  expected. 

V.  "  The  natural  produce  of  the  country,  of  vegetables,  is  trees,  fruits, 
plants,  floAA^ers.  The  trees  of  most  note,  are  the  black  Avalnut,  cedar, 
cypress,  chesnut,  poplar,  gum-Avood,  hickory,  sassafras,  ash,  beech,  and 
oak  of  divers  sorts,  as,  red  Avhite  and  black;  Spanish,  chesnut,  and 
SAvamp,  the  most  durable  of  all.  Of  all  Avhich  there  is  plenty  for  the  use 
of  man. 

"  The  fruits,  that  I  find  in  the  Avoods,  are  the  Avhite  and  black  mul- 
berry, chesnut,  Avalnut,  plums,  straAvberries,  cranberries,  hurtleberries, 
and  grapes  of  divers  sorts.  The  great  red  grape  (now  ripe)  called  by 
ignorance,  the /ox  grape.,  because  of  the  relish  it  hath  Avith  unskilful  pal- 
ates, is  in  itself  an  extraordinary  grape;  and  by  art,  doubtless,  may  be 
cultivated  to  an  excellent  Avine,  if  not  so  sAveet,  yet  little,  inferior  to  the 
Froritiniac,  as  it  is  not  much  unlike  in  taste,  ruddiness  set  aside ;  which, 
in  such  things,  as  Avell  as  mankind,  differs  the  case  much.  There  is  a 
Avhite  kind  of  Muskadel,  and  alittle  black  grape,  like  the  cluster  grape  of 
England,  not  yet  so  ripe  as  the  other ;  l)ut  they  tell  me,  Avhen  ripe, 
SAveeter,  and  that  they  onl}^  Avant  skilful  Vinerons,  to  make  good  use  of 
them.  I  intend  to  venture  on  it  Avith  my  Froichmaii,  this  season,  Avho 
shcAvs  some  knoAvledge  in  those  things.  Here  are  also  peaches  very 
good,  and  in  great  quantities;  not  an  Indian  plantation  Avithout  them; 
but  Avhether  naturally  here  at  first  I  knoAV  not.  IIoAA^ever,  one  may  have 
them,  by  bushels,  for  little:  they  make  a  pleasant  drink;  and  I  think, 
not  inferior  to  any  peach  a'ou  have  in  Engkmd,  except  the  true  Neiving- 


02  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Ion.  It  is  disputable  with  me,  whether  it  be  best  to  fall  to  fining  the 
fruits  of  the  country,  especially  the  grape,  by  the  care  and  skill  of  art, 
or  send  for  foreign  stems  and  sets,  already  good  and  approved.  It  seems 
most  reasonable  to  believe,  that  not  only  a  thing  groweth  best,  where  it 
naturally  grows,  but  will  hardly  be  equalled  by  another  species  of  the 
same  kind,  that  doth  not  naturally  grow  there.  But,  to  solve  the  doubt, 
I  intend,  if  God  give  me  life,  to  try  both,  and  hope  the  consequence 
will  be  as  good  wine  as  any  European  countries  of  the  same  latitude. 
do  yield. 

VI.  "The  artificial  produce  of  the  country  is  wheat,  barley,^  oats,  rye, 
peas,  beans,  squashes,  pumkins,  water-melons,  musk-melons,  and  all 
herbs  and  roots,  that  our  gardens  in  England  usually  bring  forth. 

VII.  "Of  living  creatures,  fish,  fowl,  and  the  beasts  of  the  woods; 
here  are  divers  sorts,  some  for  food  and  profit,  and  some  for  profit  only; 
for  food,  as  well  as  profit,  the  elk,  as  big  as  a  small  ox;  deer,  bigger  than 
ours;  beaver,  raccoon,  rabbits,  squirrels;  and  some  eat  young  bear,  and 
commend  it.  Of  fowl  of  the  land,  there  is  the  turkey,  (forty  and  fifty 
pounds  weight)  which  is  very  great ;  pheasants,  heath-birds,  pigeons  and 
partridges,  in  abundance.  Of  the  water,  the  swan,  goose,  white  and  grey; 
brands,  ducks,  teal,  also  the  snipe  and  curloe,  and  that  in  great  numbers ; 
but  the  duck  and  teal  excel;  nor  so  good  have  I  ever  eat  in  other  coun- 
tries. Of  fish,  there  -is  the  sturgeon,  herring,  rock,  shad,  cats-head,  sheeps- 
head,  eel,  smelt,  perch,  roach ;  and  in  inland  rivers,  trout,  some  say  salmon, 
above  the  falls.  Of  shell-fish,  we  have  oysters,  crabs,  coccles,  conchs  and 
muscles ;  some  oysters  six  inches  long ;  and  one  sort  of  coccles  as  big  as  the 
stewing  oysters ;  they  make  a  rich  broth.  The  creatures  for  profit  only,  by 
skin  or  fur,  and  that  are  natural  to  these  parts,  are  the  wildcat,  panther, 
otter,  Avolf,  fox,  fisher,  minx,  muskrat;  and  of  the  water,  the  whale,  for 
oil;  of  which  we  have  good  store;  and  two  companies  of  whalers,  whose 
boats  are  built,  will  soon  begin  their  work;  which  hath  the  appearance 
of  a  considerable  improvement :  to  say  nothing  of  our  reasonable  hopes 
of  good  cod,  in  the  bay. 

VIII.  "We  have  no  want  of  horses;  and  some  are  very  good  and 
shapely  enough ;  two  ships  have  been  freighted  to  Barhadoes  with  horses 
and  pipe-staves  since  my  coming  in.  Here  is  also  plenty  of  cow-cattle, 
and  some  sheep ;  the  people  plow  mostly  with  oxen. 

IX.  "There  are  divers  plants,  that  not  only  the  iwfZ/ans  tell  us,  but 
we  have  had  occasion  to  prove,  by  swellings,  burnings,  cuts,  &c.,  that 
they  are  of  great  virtue,  suddenly  curing  the  patient ;  and,  for  smell,  I 

1  Edward  Jones,  Son-in-law  to  Thomm  Wynne,  livinf^  on  the  Sculkil,  had,  with  ordi- 
nary cultivation,  for  one  grain  of  English  barley,  seventy  stalks  and  ears  of  barley  : 
and  it  is  common  in  this  country,  from  one  bushel  sown,  to  reap  forty,  often  fifty,  and 
sometimes  sixty.     And  three  pecks  of  wheat  sow  an  acre  here. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  6S 

have  observed  several,  especially  one,  the  wild  -invrtle:    the  other  I 
know  not  what  to  call,  but  are  most  fragrant. 

X.  "  The  woods  are  adorned  with  lovely  flowers,  lor  color,  greatness, 
figure  and  variety.  I  have  seen  the  gardens  of  London  best  stored  with 
with  that  sort  of  beauty,  but  think  they  may  be  improved  by  our  woods  : 
I  have  sent  a  few  to  a  person  of  quality  this  year,  for  a  trial. 

"Thus  much  of  the  country;  next,  of  the  natives,  ov  ahorigiacs. 

XI.  "The  natives  I  shall  consider,  in  their  persons,  language,  manners, 
religion  and  government,  with  my  sense  of  their  original.  For  their 
pei'sons,  they  are  generally  tall,  straight,  welhbuilt,  and  of  singular  pro- 
portion; they  tread  strong  and  clever,  and  mostly  walk  with  a  lofty  chin. 
Of  complexion,  black,  but  by  design;  as  the  Gypsies,  in  England.  Thev 
grease  themselves  with  bear's  fat  clarified;  and  using  no  defence  against 
gun  or  weather,  their  skins  must  needs  be  swarthy.  Their  eye  is  little 
and  black,  not  unlike  a  straightdooked  Jew.  'j^lic  thick  lip,  and  flat 
nose,  so  frequent  with  the  East  Indians  and  blacks,  are  not  common  to 
them:  for  I  have  seen  as  comely  Furoj^ean-like  faces  among  them,  of 
both,  as  on  your  side  the  sea;  and  truly  an  Italian  complexion  hath  not 
much  more  of  the  white ;  and  the  noses  of  several  of  them  have  as  mucli 
of  the  Roman. 

XII.  "Their  language  is  lofty,  yet  narrow;  but,  like  the  Ilehreic,  in 
signification  full;  like  shortdiand,  in  writing,  one  word  serveth  in  the 
place  of  three,  and  the  rest  are  supplied  by  the  understanding  of  the 
hearer:  imperfect  in  their  tenses,  wanting  in  their  moods,  participles, 
adverbs,  conjunctions,  interjections.  I  have  m^ide  it  my  business  to  un- 
derstand it,  that  I  might  not  want  an  interpreter,  on  any  occasion;  and 
I  must  say,  that  I  know  not  a  language  spoken  in  Europe,  that  hatk 
words  of  more  sweetness  or  greatness,  in  accent  and  emphasis,  than  theirs ; 
for  instance,  Octocockon,  Rancocas,  Oricton,  Shak,  Marian,  Poquesien;  all 
which  are  names  of  places,  and  have  grandeur  in  them.  Of  Avords  of 
sweetness,  Anna,  is  mother;  Issimus,  a  brother;  Xeleap,  friend;  Usqvf  - 
oret,  very  good;  Pane,  bread;  Metsa,  eat;  Malta,  no;  Halta,  to  have; 
Payo,  to  come;  Sepassin,  Passijon,  the  names  of  places;  Ihmane,  ISecanf!, 
Menanse,  Secatereus,  are  the  names  of  persons ;  if  one  ask  them  for  any- 
thing they  have  not,  they  will  answer,  Malta  ne  hatla :  Avliich  to  translate 
is,  not  1  have;  instead  of  I  have  not. 

XIII.  "Of  their  customs  and  manners  there  is  much  to  be  said;  I  will 
begin  with  children;  so  soon  as  they  are  born  they  wash  them  in  water; 
and  while  very  young,  and  in  cold  weather  to  cliuse,  the}'  })lunge  them  in. 
the  rivers,  to  harden  and  embolden  them.  Having  wrapt  them  in  a  clout, 
they  lay  them  on  a  strait,  thin  board,  a  little  more  than  the  length  and 
breadth  of  the  child,  and  swaddle  it  fast,  upon  the  board,  to  make  it 
straight;   wherefore  all   Indians  have  flat   heads;   and   thus  they  carrv 


64  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

them  at  tlieir  backs.  The  children  will  go,  very  young,  at  nine  months 
commonly;  they  wear  only  a  small  clout  round  their  waist  till  they  are 
big;  if  boys,  they  go  a  fishing,  till  ripe  for  the  woods;  which  is  about 
fifteen;  then  they  hunt;  and  after  having  given  some  proofs  of  their 
manhood,  by  a  good  return  of  skins,  they  may  marry ;  else  it  is  a  shame 
to  think  of  a  wife.  The  girls  stay  with  their  mothers,  and  help  to  hoe 
the  ground,  plant  corn  and  carry  burdens ;  and  they  do  well  to  use  them 
to  that  young,  which  they  must  do  when  they  are  old ;  for  the  wives  are 
the  true  servants  of  the  husbands;  otherwise  the  men  are  very  affection- 
ate to  them. 

XIV.  "  When  the  young  women  are  fit  for  marriage,  they  wear  some- 
thing upon  their  heads,  for  an  advertisement,  but  so,  as  their  faces  are 
hardly  to  be  seen,  but  Avhen  they  please.  The  age,  they  marry  at,  if 
women,  is  about  thirteen,  and  fourteen ;  if  men,  seventeen  and  eighteen ; 
they  are  rarely  elder. 

XV.  "Their  houses  are  mats,  or  barks  of  trees,  set  on  poles,  in  the 
iashion  of  an  Englisli  barn,  but  out  of  the  power  of  the  winds ;  for  they 
are  hardly  higher  than  a  man ;  they  lie  on  reeds,  or  grass.  In  travel  they 
lodge  in  the  woods,  about  a  great  fire,  with  the  mantle  of  dufiils  tliey 
Avear  b}'^  da}^  wrapt  about  them,  and  a  few  boughs  stuck  round  them. 

XVI.  "Their  diet  is  maize,  or  Indian  corn,  divers  ways  prepared; 
sometimes  roasted  in  the  ashes ;  sometimes  beaten  and  boiled  with  water; 
which  they  call  liomine  ;  they  also  make  cakes,  not  unpleasant  to  eat. 
They  have  likewise  several  sorts  of  beans  and  pease,  that  are  good  nour- 
ishment ;  and  the  woods  and  rivers  are  their  larder. 

XVII.  "If  an  European  comes  to  see  them,  or  calls  for  lodging  at  their 
house,  or  ivicjivam^  the}^  give  him  the  best  place  and  first  cut.  If  they 
come  to  visit  us,  they  salute  us  with  an  Itali;  which  is  as  much  as  to  say, 
Oood  he  to  yon.^  and  set  them  doAvn;  which  is  mostly  on  the  ground,  close 
to  their  heels,  their  legs  upright ;  it  may  be  they  speak  not  a  word,  but 
observe  all  passages.  If  you  give  them  any  thing,  to  eat,  or  drink,  well : 
for  they  will  not  ask ;  and  be  it  little  or  much,  if  it  be  with  kindness, 
they  are  well  pleased,  else  they  go  away  sullen,  but  say  nothing. 

XVIII.  "They  are  great  concealers  of  their  own  resentments;  brought 
to  it,  I  believe,  by  the  revenge  that  hath  been  practised  among  them. 
In  either  of  these  they  are  not  exceeded  by  the  Italians  A  tragical 
instance  fell  out  since  I  came  into  the  country :  a  king's  daughter,  think- 
ing herself  slighted  by  her  husband,  in  suffering  another  woman  to  lie 
down  between  them,  rose  up,  went  out,  plucked  a  root  out  of  the  ground, 
and  ate  it ;  upon  which  she  immediately  died :  and,  for  which,  last  week, 
he  made  an  offering  to  her  kindred,  for  atonement,  and  liberty  of  mar- 
riage ;  as  two  others  did  to  the  kindred  of  their  wives  that  died  a  natural 
death.     For,  till  widowers  have  done  so,  they  must  not  marry  agaiQ. 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  G5 

Some  of  tlie  young  women  are  said  to  take  undue  liberty  before  mar- 
riage, for  a  portion ;  but  when  married,  chaste.  When  with  child  they 
know  their  husbands  no  more,  till  delivered ;  and  during  their  month 
they  touch  no  meat  they  eat  but  with  a  stick,  lest  they  should  defile  it  ; 
nor  do  their  husbands  frequent  them  till  that  time  be  expired. 

XIX.  "But  in  liberality  they  excel;  nothing  is  too  good  for  their 
friend:  give  them  a  fine  gun,  coat,  or  other  thing,  it  may  pass  twenty 
hands  before  it  sticks :  light  of  heart,  strong  affections,  but  soon  spent. 
The  most  merry  creatures  that  live,  feast  and  dance  perpetually ;  they 
never  have  much,  nor  want  much :  wealth  circulateth  like  the  blood ;  all 
parts  partake ;  and  though  none  shall  want  what  another  hath,  yet  exact 
observers  of  property.  Some  kings  have  sold,  others  presented  me  Avith 
several  parcels  of  land ;  the  pay  or  presents  I  made  them  were  not 
hoarded  by  the  particular  owners ;  but  the  neighboring  kings  and  their 
clans  being  present,  when  the  goods  were  brought  out,  the  parties  chiefly 
concerned,  consulted  what,  and  to  whom,  they  should  give  them.  To 
every  king  then,  by  the  hands  of  a  person  for  that  work  appointed  is  a 
proportion  sent,  so  sorted  and  folded,  and  with  that  gravity  that  is 
admirable.  Then  that  king  subdivideth  it  in  like  manner  amouo-  his 
dependants,  they  hardly  leaving  themselves  an  equal  share  with  one  of 
their  subjects;  and  be  it  on  such  occasions  as  festivals,  or  at  their  common 
meals,  the  kings  distribute  and  to  themselves  last.  They  care  for  little; 
because  they  want  but  little;  and  the  reason  is,  a  little  contents  them. 
In  this  they  are  sufficiently  revenged  on  us ;  if  they  are  ignorant  of  our 
pleasures,  they  are  also  free  from  our  pains.  They  are  not  disquieted 
with  bills  of  lading  and  exchange,  nor  perplexed  with  chancery  suits, 
and  exchequer  reckonings.  We  sweat  and  toil  to  live;  their  pleasure 
feeds  them;  I  mean  their  hunting,  fishing  and  fowling;  and  this  table  is 
spread  every  Avhere.  They  eat  twice  a  day,  morning  and  evening;  their 
seats  and  table  are  the  ground.  Since  the  Europeans  came  into  these 
parts  they  are  grown  great  lovers  of  strong  liquors^  rum  especially;  and 
for  it  exchange  the  richest  of  their  skins  and  furs.  If  they  are  heated 
with  liquors,  they  are  restless  till  they  have  enough  to  sleep ;  that  is  their 
cry.  Some  more  and  I  will  go  to  sleep  ;  but,  when  drunk,  one  of  the  most 
wretched  spectacles  in  the  world! 

XX.  "In  sickness,  impatient  to  be  cured;  and  for  it,  give  any  thing 
especially  for  their  children ;  to  whom  they  are  extremely  natural.  They 
drink,  at  those  times,  a  teran^  or  decoction  of  some  roots  in  spring  water  • 
and,  if  thc}^  eat  any  flesh,  it  must  be  of  the  female  of  any  creature.  If 
they  die,  they  bury  them  with  their  apparel,  be  they  man  or  woman;  and 
the  nearest  of  kin  fling  in  something  precious  with  them,  as  a  token  of 
their  love.  Their  mourning  is  blacking  of  their  faces ;  which  they  continue 
for  a  year.     They  are  choice  of  the  graves  of  their  dead ;  for,  lest  they 

G 


QQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

should  be  lost  by  time,  and  fall  to  common  use,  tliey  pick  off  the  grass 
that  grows  upon  them,  and  heap  up  tlie  fallen  earth,  with  great  care  and 
exactness. 

XXI.  "These  poor  people  are  under  a  dark  night  in  things  relating  to 
religion;  to  be  sure  the  tradition  of  it:  jei  they  believe  a  (7oc? and  immor- 
tality^ without  the  help  of  metaphysics:  for,  they  say.  There  is  a  Great 
King  that  made  them^  icho  dwells  in  a  glorious  country  to  the  southvjard  of 
tliem;  and  that  the  souls  of  the  good  shall  go  thither,  where  tltey  shall  live 
again.  Their  ivorshvp  consists  of  two  parts,  sacrifice  and  cantico.  Their 
sacrifice  is  their  first  fruits ;  the  first  and  fattest  buck  they  kill  goeth  to 
the  fire;  where  he  is  all  burnt,  with  a  mournful  ditty  of  him  that  per- 
formeth  the  ceremony;  but  with  such  marvellous  fervency  and  labor  of 
body,  that  he  will  even  sweat  to  a  foam.  The  other  part  is  their  cantico^ 
performed  by  round  dances,  sometimes  words,  sometimes  songs,  then 
shouts;  two  being  in  the  middle  that  begin;  and,  by  singing  and  drum- 
ming on  a  board,  direct  the  chorus.  Their  postures  in  the  dance  are 
very  antick  and  differing,  but  all  keep  measure.  This  is  done  with  equal 
earnestness  and  labor,  but  great  appearance  of  joy.  In  the  fall,  when 
the  corn  cometh  in,  they  begin  to  feast  one  another.  There  have  been 
two  great  festivals  already;  to  which  all  come  that  will.  I  was  at  one 
myself:  their  entertainment  was  a  great  seat  by  a  spring,  under  some 
shady  trees,  and  twenty  bucks,  with  hot  cakes  of  new  corn,  both  wheat 
and  beans,  which  they  make  up  in  a  square  form,  in  the  leaves  of  the 
stem,  and  bake  them  in  the  ashes;  and  after  that  they  fall  to  dance.  But 
they  that  go  must  carry  a  small  present  in  their  money;  it  may  be  six- 
pence; which  is  made  of  the  bone  of  a  fish:  the  hlack  is  with  them  as 
gold;  the  white,  silver ;  they  call  it  all  wam.pum. 

XXII.  "Their  government  is  by  Kings,  which  they  call  Sachama ; 
and  those  by  succession,  but  always  of  the  mother's  side.  For  instance, 
the  children  of  him  who  is  now  king  will  not  succed,  but  his  brother  by 
the  mother,  or  the  children  of  his  sister,  whose  sons  (and  after  them  the 
children  of  her  daughters)  will  reign ;  for  no  woman  inherits.  The  rea- 
son they  render  for  this  way  of  descent,  is,  that  their  issue  may  not  be 
spurious. 

XXIII.  "Every  King  hatli  his  Council;  and  that  consists  of  all  the 
old  and  wise  men  of  his  nation ;  which,  perhaps,  is  tAvo  hundred  people. 
Nothing  of  moment  is  undertaken,  be  it  war,  peace,  selling  of  land,  or 
traffick,  without  advising  with  them :  and,  which  is  more,  with  the  young- 
men  too.  It  is  admirable  to  consider  how  powerful  the  Kings  are,  and 
yet  how  they  move  by  the  breath  of  their  people.  I  have  had  occasion  to 
be  in  council  with  them,  upon  treaties  for  land,  and  to  adjust  the  terms 
of  trade.  Their  order  is  thus :  The  King  sits  in  the  middle  of  an  half 
moon,  and  hath  his   council,  the   old  and   wise,  on  each  hand;  behind 


OP   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  67 

them,  or  at  a  little  distance,  sit  tlie  younger  fry,  in  the  same  figure. 
Having  consulted  and  resolved  their  business,  the  King  ordered  one  of 
them  to  speak  to  me ;  he  stood  up,  came  to  me,  and,  in  the  name  of  his 
King,  saluted  me;  then  took  me  by  the  hand,  and  told  me,  'lie  was 
ordered  by  his  King  to  speak  to  me;  and  that  now  it  was  not  he,'but  the 
King,  that  spoke ;  because  what  he  should  say  was  the  King's  mind.' 
He  first  prayed  me,  'to  excuse  them,  that  they  had  not  complied  with 
me  the  last  time,  he  feared  there  might  be  some  fault  in  the  Interpreter, 
being  neither  Indian  nor  English;  besides,  it  was  the  Indian  custom  to 
deliberate,  and  take  up  much  time  in  council  before  they  resolve;  and 
that  if  the  young  people,  and  owners  of  the  land  had  been  as  ready  as 
he,  I  had  not  met  with  so  much  delay.'  Having  thus  introduced  his 
matter,  he  fell  to  the  bounds  of  the  land  they  had  agreed  to  dispose  of, 
and  the  price;  Avhich  now  is  little  and  dear;  that  which  would  have 
bought  twenty  miles,  not  buying  now  two.  During  the  time  that  this 
person  spoke,  not  a  man  of  them  was  observed  to  whisper  or  smile;  the 
old,  grave;  the  young,  reverent,  in  their  deportment.  They  speak  little, 
but  fervently,  and  with  elegance.  I  have  never  seen  more  natural  sa- 
gacity, considering  them  without  the  help  (I  was  going  to  say,  the  spoil) 
of  tradition ;  and  he  will  deserve  the  name  of  wise  that  outwits  them  in 
any  treaty,  about  a  thing  they  understand.  When  the  purchase  was 
agreed,  great  promises  passed  between  us,  '  of  kindness  and  good  neigh- 
borhood, and  that  the  Indians  and  English  must  live  in  love  as  long  as 
the  sun  gave  light :'  which  done,  another  made  a  speech  to  the  Indians, 
in  the  name  of  all  the  Sachamahers,  or  Kings ;  first  to  tell  them  what 
was  done;  next,  to  charge  and  command  them,  'to  love  the  Christians, 
and  particularly  live  in  peace  with  me,  and  the  people  under  my  govern- 
ment ;  that  many  Governors  had  been  in  the  river ;  but  that  no  Gov- 
ernor had  come  himself  to  live  and  stay  here  before;  and  having  now 
such  an  one,  that  had  treated  them  well,  they  should  never  do  him,  or 
his,  any  wrong.' — at  every  sentence  of  Avhich  they  shouted  and  said 
A7ne7i,  in  their  way. 

XXIV.  "  The  justice  they  have  is  pecuniary :  In  case  of  any  wrong  or 
evil  fact,  be  it  murder  itself,  they  atone  by  feasts,  and  presents  of  their 
■waniimra;  which  is  proportioned  to  the  quality  of  the  oftence,  or  person 
injured,  or  of  the  sex  they  are  of.  For,  in  case  they  kill  a  woman,  they 
pay  double ;  and  the  reason  they  render,  is,  '  that  she  breedeth  children ; 
which  men  cannot  do.'  It  is  rare  that  they  fall  out,  if  sober;  and,  if 
drunk,  they  forgive  it,  saying,  'It  was  the  drinh,  and  not  the  man^  that 
abused  them.' 

XXY.  "  We  have  agreed  that,  in  all  differences  between  us,  six  of 
each  side  shall  end  the  matter.  Do  not  abuse  them,  but  let  them  have 
justice,  and  you  win  them.     The  worst  is,  that  they  are  the  worse  for  the 


68  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Christians;  who  have  propagated  their  vices,  and  yielded  them  tradition 
for  ill,  and  not  for  good  things.  But  as  low  an  ebb  as  these  people  are 
at,  and  as  inglorious  as  their  own  condition  looks,  the  Chnstians  have 
not  outlived  tlteir  sight,  with  all  their  pretensions  to  an  higher  manifesta- 
tion. What  good,  then,  might  not  a  good  people  graft,  where  there  is  so 
distinct  a  knowledge  left  between  good  and  evil?  I  beseech  God  to 
incline  the  hearts  of  all  that  come  into  these  parts,  to  outlive  the 
knowledge  of  the  natives,  by  a  fixed  obedience  to  their  greater  knowledge 
of  the  will  of  God ;  for  it  were  miserable,  indeed,  for  us  to  fall  under  the 
just  censure  of  the  poor  Indian  conscience,  while  we  make  profession  of 
things  so  far  transcending. 

"XXVI.  "For  their  original,  I  am  ready  to  believe  them  of  the  Jewish 
race;  I  mean,  of  the  stock  of  the  ten  tribes;  and  that,  for  the  following 
reasons:  First,  they  were  to  go  to  a  '  land  not  lyJantcd,  nor  hnoirn  ;'  which 
to  be  sure,  xisia  and  Africa  were,  if  not  Enropc ;  and  he  that  intended 
that  extraordinar}^  judgment  upon  them,  might  make  the  passage  not 
uneasy  to  them,  as  it  is  not  impossible  in  itself,  from  the  eastermost  parts 
of  Asia  to  the  westermost  of  America.  In  the  next  place ;  I  find  them  of 
the  like  countenance,  and  their  children  of  so  lively  resemblance,  that  a 
man  Avould  think  himself  in  DuJcc^s  place,  or  Berry  street,  in  London,  when 
he  seeth  them.  But  this  is  not  all;  they  agree  in  rites;  the}'-  reckon 
h J  moons ;  they  offer  their  Jirst  fruits ;  they  have  a  kind  of  feast  of  taber- 
nacles;  they  are  said  to  lay  their  «7/a7*  upon  tivelve  stones:  their  rnourn- 
ing  a  year:  customs  of  zcomen,  with  many  other  things  that  do  not  now 
occur. 

"So  much  for  the  natives;  next,  the  old  planters  will  be  considered  in 
this  relation,  before  I  come  to  our  colony,  and  the  concerns  of  it. 

XXVII.  "  The  first  planters,  in  these  parts,  were  the  Butch  :  and  soon 
after  them,  the  /Swedes  and  Finns.  The  Dutch  applied  themselves  to 
traffic ;  the  Stoedes  and  Finns  to  husbandry.  There  were  some  disputes 
between  them,  some  years,  the  Dutch  looking  upon  them  as  intruders 
upon  their  purchase  and  possession :  Avhich  was  finally  ended  in  the  sur- 
render made  by  John  Rizeing,  the  Swedish  Governor,  to  Peter  jStyvesanf, 
Governor  for  the  States  of  Holland,  anno  1655. 

XXVIII.  "  The  Dutch  inhabit  mostly  those  parts  of  the  province  that 
lie  upon,  or  near  the  lay ;  and  the  Sioedes,  the  freslies  of  the  river  Dela- 
■icare.  There  is  no  need  of  giving  any  description  of  them,  who  are  bet- 
ter known  there  than  here;  but  they  arc  a  plain,  strong,  industrious 
people;  yet  have  made  no  great  progress  Fin  culture  or  propagation  of 
fruit  trees  ;  as  if  they  desired  rather  to  have  enough  than  plenty  or  trajB6.c. 
But,  I  presume  the  Indians  made  them  the  more  careless,  by  furnishing 
them  with  the  means  of  profit,  to  icit,  skins  and  furs,  for  rum  and  such 
strong  liquors.     They  kindh'  received  me,  as  well  as  the  English  who 


OF   LANCASTER    COUXTY,  69 

were  few,  before  tlie  people  concerned  with  me  came  among  tliem.  I 
must  needs  commend  their  respect  to  authority,  and  kind  behaviour  to 
\h.Q  English :  they  do  not  degenerate  from  the  old  friendship  between 
both  kingdoms.  As  they  are  people  proper  and  strong  of  body,  so  they 
have  tine  children,  and  almost  every  house  full ;  rare  to  find  one  of  them 
without  three  or  four  boys  and  as  many  girls;  some,  six,  seven  and 
eight  sons.  And  I  must  do  them  that  right ;  I  see  few  young  men  more 
sober  and  laborious. 

XXIX.  "The  Butch  have  a  meeting-place  for  religious  worship  at 
Xeiu-castle ;  and  the  Swedes^  three;  one  at  Christina,  one  at  Tenecum,  and 
one  at  Wicoco,  within  half  a  mile  of  this  toAvn. 

XXX.  "There  rests  that  I  speak  of  the  condition  we  are  in,  and  what 
settlement  we  have  made :  in  which  I  will  be  as  short  as  I  can,  for  I  fear, 
and  not  without  reason,  that  I  have  tried  your  patience  with  this  long- 
story.  The  country  lieth,  bounded  on  the  east  by  the  river  and  bay  of 
Delaicare  and  Eastern  sea;  it  hath  the  advantage  of  many  creeks,  or  rivers 
rather,  that  run  into  the  main  river  or  bay ;  some  navigable  for  great 
ships,  some  for  small  craft.  Those  of  most  eminency  are,  Christina, 
Brandyioine,  Skilpot,  and  Sculhil;  any  one  of  which  have  room  to  lay 
up  the  royal  navy  of  England,  there  being  from  four  to  eight  fathom 
water. 

XXXI.  "  The  lesser  creeks,  or  rivers,  yet  convenient  for  sloops  and 
ketches  of  good  burden,  are  Lewis,  Mespilion,  Cedar,  Dover,  Cranbrook, 
Feversham  and  Georges,  below;  and  Chichester,  Chester,  Toaccaony,  Parn- 
niapecha,  Portquessin,  Neshirnench  and  Pennherry,  in  the  freshes;  many 
lesser,  that  admit  boats  and  shallops.  Our  people  are  mostly  settled 
upon  the  upper  rivers;  w^hich  are  pleasant  and  sweet,  and  generally 
bounded  with  good  land.  The  planted  part  of  the  province  and  terri- 
tories is  cast  into  six  counties,  Philadelphia,  BucJcingham,  Chester,  Nciv- 
castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  containing  about  four  thousand  souls.  Two 
General  Assemblies  have  been  held,  and  with  such  concord  and  dispatch 
that  they  sat  but  three  weeks ;  and  at  least  seventy  laws  were  passed 
without  one  dissent  in  any  material  thing.  But  of  this,  more  hereafter, 
being  yet  raw  and  new  in  our  gear.  However,  I  cannot  forget  their  sin- 
gular respect  to  me  in  this  infancy  of  things ;  Avho,  by  their  own  private 
expenses,  so  early  considered  mine,  for  the  public,  as  to  present  me  with 
an  impost  upon  certain  goods  imported  and  exported — which,  after  my 
acknowledgment  of  their  affection,  I  did  as  freely  remit  to  the  province, 
and  the  traders  to  it.  And  for  the  well  government  of  the  said  counties, 
courts  of  justice  are  established  in  every  count}',  with  proper  officers,  as 
justices,  sheriffs,  clerks,  constables,  &c.,  which  courts  are  held  every  two 
months.  But,  to  prevent  law  suits,  there  are  three  peacemakers  chosen 
by  every  county  court,  in  the  nature  of  common  arbitrators,  to  hear  and 


70  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

end  differences  betwixt  man  and  man.  And  spring  and  fall  tliere  is  an 
Orphans'  Court  in  each  county,  to  inspect  and  regulate  the  affairs  o  f 
orphans  and  tvidoivs. 

XXXII.  "  Philadelphia^  the  expectation  of  those  that  are  concerned  in 
this  province,  is  at  last  laid  out,  to  the  great  content  of  those  here  that 
are  anyways  interested  therein.     The  situation  is  a  neck  of  land,  and 
lieth  between  two  navigable  rivers,  Delav-arc  and  /Sculkil,  whereby  it 
hath  two  fronts  upon  the  water,  each  a  mile,  and  two  from  river  to  river. 
Delaivare  is  a  glorious  river ;  but  the  Sculldl  being  an  hundred  miles 
boatable  above  the  falls,  and  its  course  north-east^  towards  the  fountain 
of  t^nsquahanna  (that  tends  to  the  heart  of  the  province,  and  both  sides 
our  own)  it  is  like  to  be  a  great  part  of  the  settlement  of  this  age.     I  say 
little  of  the  town  itself,  because  a  platform  will  be  shewn  jou  by  my  agent ; 
in  which  those  who  are  purchasers  of  me  Avill  find  their  names  and  in- 
terests.    But  this  I  will  say,  for  the  good  providence  of  God,  that  of  all  the 
many  places  I  have  seen  in  the  world,  I  remember  not  one  better  seated;  so 
that  it  seems  to  me  to  have  been  appointed  for  a  town,  whether  we  re- 
gard the  rivers,  or  the  conveniency  of  the  coves,  docks,  springs,  the  loft- 
iness and  soundness  of  the  land,  and  the  air,  held  by  the  people  of  these 
parts  to  be  very  good.     It  is  advanced,  within  less  than  a  year,  to  about 
four  score  houses  and  cottages,  such  as  they  are ;  where  merchants  and 
handicrafts  are  following  their  vocations  as  fast  as  they  can ;  Avhile  the 
country  men  are  close  at  their  farms;  some  of  them  got  a  little  Avinter 
corn  in  the  ground  last  season;  and  the  generality  have  had  an  handsome 
summer-'crop,  and  are  preparing  for  their  winter  corn.     They  reaped 
their  barley  this  year  in  the  month  called  May;  the  wheat  in  the  month 
following;  so  that  there  is  time,  in  these  parts,  for  another  crop  of  divers 
things  before  the  winter  season.     We  are  daily  in  hopes  of  shipping  to 
add  to  our  number ;  for,  blessed  be  God,  here  is  both  room  and  accom- 
modation for  them — the  stories  of  our  necessity  being  either  the  fear 
of  our  friends,  or  the  scare-crows  of  our  enemies — for  the  greatest  hard- 
ship we  have  suffered  hath  been  salt  meat ;  which  by  fowl,  in  winter, 
and  fish,  in  summer,  together  with  some  poultry,  lamb,  mutton,  veal,  and 
plenty  of  venison,  the  best  part  of  the  year,  hath  been  made  very  pas- 
sable.    I  bless  God,  I  am  fully  satisfied  Avith  the  country  and  entertain- 
ment I  got  in  it:  for  I  find  that  particular  content,  Avhich  hath  always 
attended  me,  Avhcre  God,  in  his  providence,  hath  made  it  my  place  and 
service  to  reside.     You  cannot  imagine  my  station  can  be,  at  present, 
free  of  more  than  ordinary  business ;  and,  as  such  I  may  say,  it  is  a 
troublesome  Avork.     But  the  method  things  are  putting  in  Avill  faciliate 
the  charge,  and  give  an  easier  motion  to  the  administration  of  affairs. 
However,  as  it  is  some  men's  duty  to  ploAV,  some  to  soa\^,  some  to  Avater, 
and  some  to  reap ;  so  it  is  the  Avisdom,  as  well  as  the  duty,  of  a  man  to 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  71 

yield  to  tlie  mind  of  Providence,  and  cheerfully,  as  Avell  as  carefully,  em- 
brace and  follow  tlie  guidance  of  it. 

XXXIII.  "For  your  particular  concern,  I  might  entirely  refer  you  to 
the  letters  of  the  President  of  the  Society ;  but  this  I  will  venture  to  say, 
your  provincial  settlements,  both  within  and  without  the  town,  for  situa- 
tion and  soil  are  without  exception.  Your  city  lot  is  a  whole  street,  and 
one  side  of  a  street,  from  river  to  river,  containing  near  one  hundred 
acres,  not  easily  valued ;  which  is  besides  your  four  hundred  acres,  in  the 
city  liberties,  part  of  your  twenty  thousand  acres  in  the  country.  Your 
tannery  hath  such  plenty  of  bark,  the  saw  mill,  for  timber,  and  the 
place  of  the  glass  house.,  are  so  conveniently  posted  for  water  carriage,  the 
city  lot.,  for  a  dock.,  and  the  tohalery,  for  a  sound  and  fruitful  Ixink,  and  the 
town  Lewis,  by  it  to  help  your  people,  that,  by  God's  blessing,  the  affairs 
of  the  Society  will  naturally  grow  in  their  reputation  and  profit.  I  am 
sure  I  have  not  turned  my  back  upon  any  offer  that  tended  to  its  pros- 
perity; and  though  I  am  ill  at  projects,  I  have  sometimes  put  in  for  a 
share  with  her  ofi&cers,  to  countenance  and  advance  her  interest.  You 
are  already  informed  what  is  fit  for  you  further  to  do :  whatsoever  tends 
to  the  promotion  of  wine,  and  to  the  manufacture  of  linen,  in  these  parts, 
I  cannot  but  wish  3'ou  to  promote;  and  the  French  people  are  most 
likely,  in  both  respects,  to  answer  that  design.  To  that  end  I  would 
advise  you  to  send  for  some  thousands  of  plants  out  of  France.,  Avith  some 
able  Vincrons.,  and  people  of  the  other  vocation :  But  because,  I  believe, 
you  have  been  entertained  with  this,  and  some  other  profitable  subjects 
by  your  President,^  I  shall  add  no  more,  but  to  assure  you,  that  I  am 
heartily  inclined  to  advance  your  just  interest,  and  that  you  will  always 
find  me  Your  I' ind  cordial  friend., 

William  Penn." 

''Philadelphia^  tlte  16th  0/  the  Sixth,  month.,  called  August.,  1683." 

The  controversy  with  Lord  Baltimore,  concerning  boundaries,  was  a 
subject  of  great  anxiety  to  Penn,  who  resisted  the  high-handed  and 
aggressive  measures  of  the  former  with  gentle  and  courteous  firmness. 

In  the  beginning  of  1684  a  number  of  people  from  Maryland  made  a 
forcible  entry  on  several  plantations  in  the  lower  counties,  whereupon  the 
Governor  and  Council  at  Philadelphia  sent  a  written  remonstrance  to 
Lord  Baltimore's  demand,  with  orders  to  William  Welsh  to  use  his  in- 
fluence to  reinstate  the  persons  who  had  been  dispossessed,  and  in  case 
mild  measures  should  prove  unavailing,  legally  to  prosecute  the  invaders ; 
the  remonstrances  had,  temporarily,  the  desired  effect,  but  some  inhabit- 
ants were  threatened  the  next  month  with  similar  outrages,  if  they  should 
persist  in  refusing  to  be  under  Lord  Baltimore.    The  government  issued 

1  Nicholas  jMooic. 


72  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

u  declaration,  sliowing  Penii's  title,  and  such  other  requisites  as  were 
thought  most  likely  to  pi-event  such  illegal  proceedings  in  future.^ 

The  important  interests  involved  in  this  controversy  and  other  weighty 
matters  requiring  Penn's  presence  in  England,  he  provided  for  the  admin- 
istration of  the  government.  The  executive  power  was  lodged  with  the 
Provincial  Council,  of  which  Thomas  Lloyd,  a  Quaker  from  Wales,  was 
made  president — to  whom  the  charge  of  the  great  seal  was  specially  com- 
mitted. }k[arkhani  was  created  secretary  of  the  province  and  the  territo- 
ries; Thomas  Holmes,  suryeyor  general;  Thomas  Lloyd,  James  Clay- 
poole,  and  Robert  Turner,  commissioners  of  the  land  office ;  and  Nicholas 
Moore,  William  Welsh,  William  Wood,  Robert  Turner,  and  John  Eck- 
ley,  provincial  judges  for  two  years.  The  proprietary  sailed  for  Europe 
on  the  12th  of  June. 

At  his  departure,  the  province  and  territories  were  divided  into  twenty- 
two  townships,  containing  seven  thousand  inhabitants,  of  whom  two  thou- 
sand five  hundred  resided  in  Philadelphia,  which  comprised  already 
three  hundred  houses.^ 

From  Penn's  farewell  letter  to  his  colony,  written  on  board  the  Ketch 
Endeavour,  avc  make  the  following  extract,  which  Avill  be  read  not  with- 
out emotion: 

^'^ Dear  Friends:  My  love  and  life  is  to  3'ou,  and  with  3'ou;  and  no 
water  can  quench  it,  nor  distance  wear  it  out,  or  bring  it  to  end :  I 
liave  been  with  you,  cared  over  you,  and  served  you  with  unfeigned  love ; 
and  you  are  beloved  of  me,  and  near  to  me,  beyond  utterance.  I  bless 
you,  in  the  name  and  power  of  the  Lord;  and  my  God  bless  3'Ou  with  his 
righteousness,  peace  and  plenty,  all  the  land  over.  Oh,  that  you  would 
eye  him,  in  all,  through  all,  and  above  all  the  works  of  3^our  hands ;  and 
let  it  be  your  first  care  how  you  may  glorify  God  in  your  undertakings : 
for  to  a  blessed  end  are  you  brought  hither;  and  if  you  see  and  keep  but 
in  the  sense  of  that  Providence,  your  coming,  staying  and  improving  will 
be  sanctified;  hut  if  any  forget  Ood^  and  call  not  n2Jon  his  navie,  in  truth, 
he  ivill  2>our  out  his  plagues  upon  theui  and  they  shall  hnoiv  tcho  it  is  that 
judgeth  the  children  of  men And,  thou,  Philadel- 
phia, the  virgin  settlement  of  this  province,  named  before  thou  wert 
born,  what  love,  what  care,  what  service,  and  what  travail  has  there  been 
to  bring  thee  forth,  and  preserve  thee  from  such  as  would  abuse  and 
defile  thee ! 

"Oh,  that  thou  mayst  be  kept  from  the  evil  that  Avould  overwhelm 
thee ;  that,  faithful  to  the  God  of  thy  mercies,  in  the  life  of  righteousness, 
thou  mayst  be  preserved  to  the  end.  :My  soul  prays  to  God  for  thee, 
that  thou  mayst  stand  in  the  day  of  tryal,  that  thy  children  may  be 
blessed  of  the  Lord,  and  thy  people  saved  by  his  power;  my  love  to 
1  Proud.  2  Proud.     Gordon. 


OF    LAXCASTER    COUNTY.  io 

thee  has  been  great,  and  the  remembranco  of  tliee  aftects  mine  heart  and 
mine  eye!  the  God  of  eternal  strength  keep  and  preserve  thee,  to  his 
glory  and  thy  peace." 

After  a  passage  of  seven  weeks  Penn  reached  England. 

Charles  II  died  Dec.  (3, 1684  (O.  S.)  and  was  succeeded  by  James,  duke 
of  York,  Avhose  accession  was  greatly  dreaded  hj  the  Protestants,  Avho 
apprehended  a  revival  of  the  persecutions  during  the  reign  of  Mary. 
Penn  might  have  taken  advantage  of  these  apprehensions  to  induce  more 
emigrants  to  settle  in  Pennsylvania,  but  he  was  disinterested  and  used  his 
influence  with  the  King  to  grant  liberty  of  conscience  to  all  religionists 
and  more  especially  to  the  Quakers.  Penn  had  stood  high  in  the  King's 
favor  long  before  he  ascended  the  throne,  for  the  friendship  which  James 
entertained  for  the  father,  who  had  bravely  fought  under  his  flag,  was 
enjoyed  in  a  still  higher  degree  by  the  son,  who  by  that  means  succeeded 
in  obtaining  from  the  King's  Council  a  favorable  decree  in  his  dispute 
Avith  Lord  Baltimore.^ 

On  the  first  day  of  the  second  month,  1685,  the  lines  of  separation 
between  the  county  of  Philadelphia  and  those  of  Bucks  and  Chester,  were 
confirmed  by  the  Council  :- 

**  The  county  of  Chester  was  to  begin  at  the  mouth,  or  entrance  of 
Bough  Creek,  upon  Delaware  river,  being  the  upper  end  of  Tenecu)n 
island;  and  so  up  that  creek,  dividing  the  said  island  from  the  land  of 
Andrein  Boone  and  company;  from  thence  along  the  several  courses 
thereof,  to  a  large  creek  called  Mill-creeh;  from  thence,  along  the  several 
courses  of  the  said  creek,  to  a  west-south-west  line ;  which  line  divides 
the  liberty  lands  of  Philadelphia  from  several  tracts  of  land,  belonging 
to  the  Welsh  and  other  inhabitants;  and  from  thence  east-north-east,  by 
a  line  of  marked  trees  one  hundred  and  twenty  perches,  more  or  less; 
from  thence  north-north-west  by  Haverford  township,  one  thousand 
perches,  more  or  less ;  from  thence  east-north-east  by  the  land  belonging 
to  John  Humphrey,  one  hundred  and  ten  perches,  more  or  less;  from 
thence  north-north-west  by  the  land  of  John  Ecklej^,  eight  hundred  and 
eighty  perches,  more  or  less ;  from  thence  continuing  said  course  to  the 
bounds  of  Scidkil  river;  which  said  Sculkill  river  afterward  to  tlie 
natural  bounds." 

The  period  of  Penn's  absence  from  the  C(jlony  is  marked  cliiefl}^  hj 
unhappy  dift'erences  between  the  legislature  and  the  executive,  and 
between  the  members  from  the  territories  and  those  of  the  province.  ^ 
The  more  important  events  and  incidents  are  now  presented  in  chrono- 
logical order. 

[1685.]     Penn  had  appointed  Kicholas  Moore  from  London,  a  laAvyer 
and  President  of  the  Company  of  Free  Traders  and  a  member  of  the  Assem- 
]  Ebeliiig-.  2  Col.  Rec.  I.— 136.  3  Day. 

/ 


7-i  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

bly,  to  the  office  of  Chief  Justice,     The  Assembly,  jealous  of  its  preroga- 
tives, disregarded  the  fundamental  laws  of  the  colony  in  enacting  statutes 
v/ithout  previously  publishing  them  as  required  by  the  Constitution. 
Moore,  by  opposing  some  of  the  measures  of  the  Assembly  and  more 
particularly  their  attempt  to  alter  the  organization  of  the  courts  of  justice, 
had  incurred  the  enmity  of  the  House,  which  proceeded  to  impeach  him. 
"  He  was  charged  with  violence,  partiality  and  negligence,  in  a  cause  in 
which  the  Society  of  Free  Traders  was  interested.^    Ten  articles  were 
preferred  against  him,  which  he  refused  to  answer,  though  frequently 
summoned  by  the  Council,  and  he  was  saved  from  conviction  by  some 
technical  obstacle  in  the  form  of  proceeding.     But  this  did  not  protect 
him  from  punishment.     He  was  expelled  from  the  Assembly,  and  was 
interdicted  all  places  of  trust  by  the  Council,  until  he  should  be  tried  upon 
the  articles  of  impeachment,  or  should  give  satisfaction  to  the  board. 
His  offence  was  not  of  an  heinous  character,  since  he  retained  the  confi- 
dence of  the  proprietary:  and,  in  noticing  his  punishment,  we  should 
remark,  that  he  had  incurred  the  displeasure  of  the  House  by  having 
entered  thrice  in  one  day  his  single  protest  upon  its  minutes  against  the 
passage  of  bills,    Avhich  had  been  introduced  without  the  publication 
directed  by  the  charter.     The  anger  of  the  Assembly  was  extended  to 
Patrick  Robinson,  clerk  of  the  provincial  court,  who  had  refused  to  pro- 
duce before  them  the  minutes  of  that  court.     They  voted  him  to  be  a 
l)ablic  enemy  and  a  violator  of  their  privileges,  and  ordered  him  into  the 
custody  of  the  sheriff.     When  brought  before  the  House  he  complained 
of  arbitrary  and  illegal  treatment,  refused  to  answer  the  questions  put  to 
him,  and,  in  a  fit  of  sullenness,  cast  himself  at  full  length  upon  the  floor. 
An  address  was  presented  to  the  Council  requesting  that  the  prisoner 
might  be  disqualified  to  hold  any  public  office  within  the  province  or 
territories ;  but  this  punishment  was  not  inflicted,  as  Robinson  subse- 
quently held  the  clerkship  of  the  Council  and  other  offices.     Neither 
Moore  nor  Robinson  ^vere  Quakers ;  they  were  charged  with  enmity  to 
that  sect,  or,  in  the  language  of  Penn,  '  were  esteemed  the  most  unquiet 
and  cross  to  Friends.'     There  were  other  disturbances  at  this  time  in  the 
province.     A  certain  John  Curtis,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  was  charged 
with  uttering  treasonable  and  dangerous  words  against  the  King.     He 
was  ordered  to  be  tried  by  commissioners  from  the  Council,  and,  though 
no  bill  was  found  against  him,  he  was  dismissed  from  his  office  and  com- 
pelled to  give  surety  of  the  peace,  in  the  sum  of  three  hundred  pounds. 
Charges  were  made  against  several  officers  of  government  for  extortion; 
and  gross  immoralities  were  practised  among  the  lower  class  of  people 
inhabiting  the  caves  on  the  banks  of  the  Delaware.     These  things  were 
reported  with  great  exaggeration  in  England,  by  the  enemies  ol"  Penn 
1  Gordon.     Proud.     Ebelin;;'.     Votes. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUN'TV.  75 

and  the  Quakers ;  they  prevented  emigration,  and  greatly  aftected  the 
reputation  of  the  society  of  Friends  and  the  proprietary." 

Penn  changed  the  form  of  executive  government  to  a  board  of  iivo 
commissioners,  any  three  of  whom  were  empowered  to  act  [IGSd]  Tlie 
board  consisted  of  Thomas  Lloyd,  Nichohis  Moore,  James  (^lavpoole, 
Eobert  Turner  and  John  Eckley. 

The  next  session  of  the  legishitiire  [108b]  was  marked  by  the  usual 
want  of  unanimity  and  the  objectionable  acts  of  the  Assembly  laying  on 
its  members  a  solemn  injunction  of  secrecy.  This  measure  was  not 
without  an  exhibition  of  imdignified  violence,  resisted  by  the  Council,  and 
the  lack  of  harmony  greatly  obstructed  legislation.  Ijloyd,  in  conse- 
quence, rec[uested  to  be  released  from  the  public  affairs  of  government. 
His  request  was  reluctantly  granted,  and  on  his  recommendation,  the 
proprietary  changed  the  plural  executive  into  a  single  deputy,  making- 
choice  of  Captain  John  Blackwell,  formerl}'  an  officer  of  Cromwell,  under 
whom  he  had  earned  a  distinguished  reputation  in  England  and  Ireland. 
He  was  in  New  England  when  he  received  his  commission  dated  July 
25,  1688.1 

^^  Blackwell  met  the  Assembly  in  the  third  month,  1689;  but,  by  rea- 
son of  some  misunderstanding  or  dissension  between  him  and  some  of 
the  Council,  the  public  affairs  were  not  managed  with  the  desired  har- 
mony and  satisfaction ;  and  but  little  done  during  his  administration, 
which  continued  only  till  the  twelfth-month  this  year,  when  he  returned 
to  England  and  the  government  of  the  province,  according  to  charter, 
devolved  again  on  the  Council,  Thomas  Lloyd,  President. 

*'  The  appointment  of  BlacJauell,  who  was  no  Qualcer,  to  be  Deputy  Gov- 
ernor, appears,  by  the  proprietary's  letters  to  his  friends,  in  the  ])rovince, 
to  have  been  because  no  suitable  person,  who  was  of  that  society,  would 
undertake  the  ofl&ce."  - 

"By  the  rbvolution  of  1688,  which  drove  James  from  the  throne,  the 
proprietary  lost  all  influence  in  the  English  court.  His  intimacy  with 
that  unhappy  monarch  covered  him  with  dark  suspicion.*^  His  religious 
and  political  principles  were  misrepresented;  he  was  denounced  as  a 
Catholic,  a  Jesuit  of  St.  Omers,  and  a  self-devoted  slave  to  despotism,  and 
was  charged  with  conspiring  the  restoration  of  James.  It  is  now  unne- 
cessary to  disprove  these  accusations ;  for  though  his  enemies  caused  him 
to  be  thrice  examined  before  the  privy  council,  and  to  give  bail  for  his 
appearance  in  the  king's  bench,  he  was  discharged  by  that  court,  no  evi- 
dence appearing  against  him.  The  ties  which  bound  him  to  Europe 
having  been  thus  broken,  he  prepared  to  revisit  his  province,  accom- 
panied by  another  colony  of  five  hundred  persons,  which  he  had  assem- 
bled by  publication  of  new  proposals.  A  convoy  was  appointed  by 
1  Proud.      Gordon.  •::  Proud.  3  Gordon. 


7(3  AUTHEXTIC   HISTORY 

government  for  his  ] protection,  and  he  was  on  the  eve  of  sailing,  when 
his  enterprise  was  marred  by  another  persecution.  A  wretch,  named 
Fuller,  subsequently  declared  infamous  by  parliament,  and  pilloried,  ac- 
cused him,  on  oath,  with  being  engaged  in  a  conspiracy  of  the  papists  in 
Lancashire  to  raise  a  rebellion,  and  restore  James  to  the  crown.  He 
narrowly  escaped  arrest  on  his  return  from  the  funeral  of  George  Fox, 
the  celebrated  founder  of  the  society  of  Friends.  Hitherto  he  had  met 
his  accusers  Avith  a  courage  worthy  of  his  character  and  his  innocence,  yet 
such  was  his  dread  of  the  profligac}'  of  the  witness  who  now  appeared 
against  him,  that  he  deemed  it  prudent  to  seek  retirement  and  privacy. 
His  contemplated  colony  failed,  and  the  expenses  of  its  outfit  were  lost.'' 

After  Blackwell's  departure  the  Council  elected  Thomas  Lloyd,  their 
president,  and  according  to  the  constitution,  assumed  executive  functions 
[1690.]  But  six  counsellors  from  the  lower  counties,  without  the  knowl- 
edge of  the  president,  formed  themselves  into  a  separate  Council,  [1091] 
appointed  judges  for  those  counties  and  made  ordinances. 

The  President  and  Council  of  Pennsylvania  fortliAvith  published  a 
oroclamation  declaring  all  the  acts  of  the  six  secedino'  members  illea'al. 
The  latter  made  proposals  towards  an  accommodation,  in  which  they 
principally  required  that  the  judges  and  all  officers  of  the  Government 
should  be  appointed  by  the  nine  counsellors  from  the  lower  counties. 
But  this  was  not  allowed  them.  On  the  other  hand,  Penn  tried  to  restore 
a  good  understanding  between  the  two  colonies,  between  whom  the 
breach  was  widening,  by  giving  them  the  choice  of  three  modes  of  execu- 
tive government,  viz:  by  a  joint  council,  by  five  commissioners,  or  by  a 
lieutenant-governor.  The  majority  ftivored  the  last  mode,  but  seven  of 
the  members  for  the  lower  counties  protested  against  it,  and  declared  for 
the  commissioners,  which  form  of  government,  in  case  the  members  for 
Pennsylvania  should  persist  in  favor  of  a  lieutenant-governor,  they 
meant  to  introduce  into  their  territories  until  the  will  of  the  proprietary 
should  ])e  known.  Their  principal  objections  against  a  lieutenant-gov- 
ernor were  the  expense  of  his  support  and  the  fear  lest  the  officers  should 
be  arbitrarily  dismissed.  The  ettbrts  on  the  part  of  the  Council  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  effiict  a  good  understanding  proving  fruitless,  the  three  upper 
counties  choose  Lloyd  for  their  Governor,  while  the  lowcv  countievS 
rejected  him.  Penn,  therefore,  perceiving  it  i'mpossible  to  bring  about  a 
union,  confirmed  the  appointment  of  Llojd,  and  conferred  the  govern- 
ment of  the  lower  counties  on  William  Markham,  the  former  Secretarv 
of  the  province,  who  had  joined  with  the  protesting  members.  This  was 
done  by  William  Penn  much  against  his  will  and  had  the  consequence 
he  predicted,  viz :  that  the  King,  as  will  presently  appear,  annexed  the 
two  colonies  to  the  Government  of  New  York.^ 

lEbolino-.     Proud. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  77 

The  scliism  among  the  Quakers,  occasioned  by  George  Keith,  deserves 
to  be  briefly  noticed.  The  first  public  school  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia 
was  established  in  1689,  and  placed  under  the  direction  of  George  Keith, 
a  Scotchman  by  birth  and  a  surveyor  in  the  colony  of  New  Jersey.  He 
was  much  respected  among  the  Quakers  as  a  talented  and  scholarly  man, 
who  had  distinguished  himself  as  a  writer  and  as  the  companion  of  Wil- 
liam Penn  in  his  travels  in  German}-.  But  he  had  an  overbearing  dis- 
position and  irascible  temper,  and  was  fond  of  disputation.  He  held  it 
unlawful  for  the  civil  authority  to  use  force  in  the  execution  of  the  law 
and  fell  off  from  the  principles  of  his  sect,  maintaining  among  other 
things  that  the  inward  lirjlit  was  not  necessary  to  salvation.  This  was 
very  galling  to  the  Quakers  with  whom  he  had  been  connected  for  eight 
and  tAventy  years.  They  arraigned  him  before  the  monthly  meeting, 
with  the  only  result  of  increasing  his  exasperation,  to  which  he  gave 
vent  in  bitter  and  disrespectful  language.  The  cause  was  referred  to  the 
yearly  meeting  at  Burlington,  and  to  the  general  meeting  at  London. 
Keith,  waxing  more  wrathful  and  vituperative,  and  gathering  separate 
meetings,  he  was  at  last  formally  disowned  in  1692,  while  he  succeeded 
in  forming  a  considerable  party  of  adherents  in  Pennsylvania,  and  in 
making  his  ecclesiastical  difficulties  a  matter  of  civil  concern. 

In  the  preceding  year  [1692]  a  small  sloop  had  been  stolen  by  a  pirate 
from  the  wharf  in  Philadelphia,  and  a  warrant  of  hue  and  crv  had  been 
issued  to  take  the  criminal,  who  was  seized  and  brought  into  the  city. 
Keith  denounced  this  act  of  the  magistracy  as  violating  the  principles  of 
the  Quakers  against  carrying  arms  and  the  emplo3"ment  of  force.  He 
actually  indulged  in  insulting  and  menacing  language  against  the  Gov- 
ernor, and  sought  in  printed  pamphlets  to  bring  the  magistrates  and  the 
government  into  contempt.  The  printer  (William  Bradford,  who  had 
set  up  the  first  printing  press  in  Philadelphia)  was  brought  into  court, 
and  treating  the  court  contemptuously,  he  was  ordered  to  be  imprisoned, 
although  the  sentence  was  not  carried  into  effect;  his  printing  press  had 
been  some  time  before  taken  from  him.  Keith  also,  and  one  of  his 
friends,  in  consequence  of  a  printed  defence  entitled  "Plea  of  the  Inno- 
cent," in  which  they  personally  abused  Samuel  Jennings,  one  of  the 
judges,  were  brought  into  court,  fined  in  the  sum  of  five  pounds  each, 
but  the  fines  were  never  exacted. 

Keith  and  his  adherents  now  made  a  great  outcry,  complainhig  of  re- 
ligious persecution;  but  the  numerous  publications  which  appeared  at 
the  time  show  it  to  have  been  unfounded;  the  judges,  however,  deemed 
it  necessary  in  August,  1692,  to  issue  a  declaration  setting  forth  Keith's 
illegal  conduct  in  slandering  and  insulting  the  Governor  and  other  au- 
thorities, declaring  him  to  have  only  been  punished  for  those  parts  of 
his  writings  which  contained   these  offences,  and  not  for  any   of  his 


78  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

expressed  opinions,  and  that  they  had  only  in  view  to  protect  the  magis- 
tracy from  insult  and  abuse. 

Keith  remained  two  years  longer  in  the  colony  with  his  separate  con- 
'i-regation,  and  then  went  to  England,  where,  unable  to  justify  himself 
before  the  Quakers,  he  took  orders  in  the  Church  of  England.  In  1702 
he  was  sent  to  America  as  a  Missionary,  by  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel  among  the  heathen,  although  he  labored  not  among 
the  Indians,  but  sought  to  win  converts  to  the  Church  of  England  among 
the  Quakers.  He  remained  here  two  years,  which  he  employed  in 
travelling  through  the  colonies,  but  chiefly  in  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey,  preaching  with  indefatigable  zeal  and  denouncing  his  former  co- 
religionists with  the  unrelenting  bitterness  of  a  renegade.  His  mission 
being  ended,  Keith  returned  to  England,  was  settled  in  a  living  in  Sussex, 
continuing  to  fulminate  in  his  pamphlets  against  the  Quakers.^ 

William  Penn  foresaw  that  these  dissensions  would  furnish  the  crown 
a  pretext  for  depriving  him  of  his  province.  His  fears  were  soon  verified. 
William  and  Mary  seized  with  avidity  this  opportunity  to  punish  him 
for  his  attachment  to  the  late  king ;  and  they  were  well  pleased  to  clothe 
un  act  of  naked  power  with  such  justification  as  the  disorders  of  the 
])rovince  presented. 

Their  majesties'  commission  to  Benjamin  Fletcher,  governor-general 
of  New  York,  constituting  him  governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  terri- 
tories, was  notified  to  Thomas  Lloyd  on  the  19th  of  April,  [1693.]  There 
was  no  notice,  in  this  commission,  of  William  Penn,  nor  of  the  provincial 
constitution.  Fletcher  was  empowered  to  summon  the  General  Assembly 
elected  by  the  freeholders,  to  require  its  members  to  take  the  oaths  and 
subscribe  the  tests  prescribed  by  act  of  parliament,  and  to  make  laws  in 
conjunction  with  the  assembly,  he  having  a  veto  upon  their  acts;  and 
was  directed  to  transmit  copies  of  such  laws,  for  the  approbation  of  the 
crown,  within  three  months  from  their  enactment.  Official  information 
of  this  change  was  not  given  to  the  constituted  authorities  of  the  prov- 
ince, either  by  the  king  or  proprietary;  yet  on  the  arrival  of  Colonel 
Fletcher  at  Philadelphia,  the  government  was  surrendered  to  him  with- 
out objection ;  but  most  of  the  Quaker  magistrates  refused  to  accept  from 
him  the  renewal  of  their  commissions.  The  proprietary  condemned  this 
ready  abandonment  of  his  rights,  and  addressed  a  cautionary  letter  to 
Fletcher,  warning  him  of  the  illegality  of  his  appointment;  which  might 
have  restrained  the  latter  from  exercising  his  authority,  had  it  been 
timely  received,  as  he  was  attached  to  Penn  by  personal  favors.^ 
■  At  the  very  beginning  a  misunderstanding  arose  between  the  Governor 
and  the  Assembly  who  attempted  the  introduction  of  a  mode  of  sum- 
moning and  electing  the  representatives  at  variance  with  the  fundamental 
1  Ebeling.     Proud.  i'  Gordon.     Proud.     Min.  of  Council. 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY,  79 

laws  of  tlie  province,  wliicli  lie  was  bound  to  observe.^  The  Assembly 
consisting  of  members  from  the  upper  and  lower  counties,  but  reduced  to 
about  sixteen  in  number,  on  convening,  took  steps  to  maintain  their  own 
and  the  people's  rights.  The  Governor,  on  the  majority  of  the  members 
refusing  to  take  the  oaths,  honored  their  conscientious  scruples  in  permit- 
ting them  simply  to  subscribe,  but  told  them  that  this  was  an  act  of  grac-^ 
and  not  of  right  which  must  not  be  used  as  a  precedent. 

In  this  Assembly  two  important  subjects  were  considered;  the  confir- 
mation of  the  old  laws  and  a  grant  of  aid  in  men  or  money  to  the  Kin:;- 
for  the  then  existing  war  with  France.  The  Assembly  used  the  latter  in 
order  to  secure  the  former,  hoping  that  Fletcher  would  yield  this  point 
for  the  sake  of  obtaining  the  other,  as  his  province  of  New  York  was 
much  exposed  to  the  Indians  who  were  supported  by  the  French  in  Can- 
ada. Fletcher  maintained  a  firm  attitude,  insisting  upon  the  rejection  of 
eight  of  the  old  lav/s,  chiefly  penal,  as  in  conflict  with  and  less  rigorous 
than  the  laws  of  England.  Long  negotiations  ensued  but  he  finally  con- 
firmed them  all  (one  concerning  shipwrecks  excepted)  subject  to  the 
King's  pleasure.  The  Assembly,  on  their  part,  granted  the  required 
subsidy,  after  considerable  delay,  they  insisting  that  their  grievances 
should  first  be  redressed.  Fletcher  claimed  the  right  of  alterino-  the 
new  laws,  even  without  the  deliberations  of  the  Assembly.  This  was 
strenuously  resisted  by  a  party  in  the  Assembly,  which,  though  in  the 
minority,  had  their  protest  against  Fletcher's  pretensions  entered  upon 
the  journal  of  the  House.  The  Governor  threatened  to  annex  the  pro- 
vince to  New  York,  and  then  the  moderate  party,  rather  than  submit  to 
this,  preferred  receiving  the  confirmation  of  their  rights  and  liberties  as 
a  favor  at  the  hands  of  the  Governor.^ 

Prior  to  his  departure  for  New  York,  Fletcher  appointed  William 
Markham,  the  proprietary's  kinsman,  Lieutenant-Governor,  [1694.] 

Governor  Fletcher,  being  engaged  at  New  York,  did  not  meet  the 
Assembly  at  its  first  session  of  this  year.^  At  the  second  he  earnestly 
solicited  them  to  make  further  appropriations  for  the  public  defence. 
He  endeavored  to  excite  their  emulation  by  the  example  of  New  Jersey, 
which  had  freely  contributed  troops  and  money,  and  tried  to  engage  their 
compassion,  by  describing  the  sufferings  of  the  inhabitants  about  Albany, 
from  whence  "fourscore  families,"  he  said,  "had  been  driven,  rather  by 
the  negligence  of  their  friends,  than  by  the  force  of  their  enemies."  "  Expe- 
rience having  taught  him,  that  it  was  vain  to  ask  men,  whose  religion 
forbade  the  use  of  arms,  to  organize  a  military  force,  or  appropriate  funds 
for  its  support,  he  sought  to  frame  his  demands  in  a  less  questionable 
shape.     Putting  out  of  view  all  warlike  intentions,  he  solicited    their 

lEbeling-.     Proud.  2Ebeling.     Proud.     Votes. 

3  Gordon.     Clarkson.     Penu's  letter,  Sept.  5,  1695. 


30  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

charity  "to  feed  the  liimgry  and  clothe  the  naked,"  b}^  supplying  the 
Indian  nations  with  such  necessaries  as  might  influence  them  to  continue 
their  friendship  to  the  province.  But  even  these  instances  proved  pow- 
erless. For,  although  another  tax,  similar  to  the  last,  was  voted,  no  part 
of  it  was  appropriated  to  the  war  or  relief  of  the  Indians.  As  a  con- 
siderable sum  had  been  given  to  Fletcher,  justice  demanded  that  the 
services  of  the  proprietary  deputies  should  also  be  rewarded.  The  House, 
therefore,  directed  two  hundred  pounds  each  should  be  given  to  Mark- 
ham  and  Lloyd,  and  that  the  balance  to  be  raised  by  the  bill  should 
defray  the  general  expenses  of  the  government.  Fletcher  rejected  their 
bill,  because  the  whole  sum  was  not  granted  to  their  majesties,  Avith  a 
request  that  they  would  appropriate  it  to  the  use  of  the  deputies,  and  to 
the  defence  of  New  York  and  Albany;  and  the  house,  refusing  to  modify 
it,  and  asserting  their  right  to  appropriate  their  money  at  their  pleasure, 
was  dissolved.  The  proprietary,  whose  political  views  were  rarely  ob- 
scured by  his  religious  principles,  reprehended  strongly  this  resolute 
refusal;  nor  was  he  blind  to  the  eftects  which  such  opposition  to  the 
wishes  of  the  crown  might  have  upon  his  particular  interests." 

"The  clouds  of  suspicion,  Avhich  had  long  enveloped  AVilliam  Penn, 
were  at  length  broken.  He  had  many  friends  among  the  nobles  who 
surrounded  the  king,  and  his  true  character  Avas  at  last  made  known  to 
William.  He  was  heard  before  the  privy  council,  and  was  honourably 
acquitted;  and  was  restored  to  his  proprietary  rights  by  patent,  dated 
August,  1694,  in  which  the  disorders  in  the  province  were  ascribed 
solely  to  his  absence." 

Shortly  before  his  re-instatement,  Penn  lost  his  Avife,  Gulielma  Maria, 
in  the  twelfth  month  of  the  preceding  year. 

Penn  appointed  William  Markham  his  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Penn- 
sylvania and  territories,  on  Ninth-month  24th,  1694. 

The  restoration  of  the  former  government  did  not  bring  with  it  con- 
tentment and  a  good  understanding  between  the  different  branches  of  the 
Legislature.  Fletcher  was  disliked  because  he  had  innovated  upon  the 
legislative  forms,  but  the  Assembly  summoned  by  Markham,  in  Septem- 
ber, 1695,  was  as  much  dissatisfied  with  him,  although  he  had  summoned 
them  according  to  forms  prescribed  by  the  charter.  The  great  bone  of 
contention  still  being  the  subsidy  to  be  granted  to  the  King.  Penn's 
letter  shows  that  he  disapproved  of  their  conduct.  Markham  presented 
to  the  Assembly  a  new  act  of  settlement,  which  was  readily  agreed  to, 
but  not  finally  adopted  until  the  following  year,  because  the  Governor, 
no  doubt  on  account  of  their  obstinancy  in  refusing  to  pass  the  subsidy 
act,  unexpectedly  dissolved  the  assembly.  The  next  legislature  was 
more  complying,  perhaps  because  the  Governor  after  the  example  of 
Fletcher,  and  conformably  to  the  new  form  of  government,  summoned  a 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTV.  81 

smaller  number  of  members  of  both  houses.  After  a  long  remonstraucc  to 
the  Governor  had  been  found  without  effect,  the  proposal  of  a  joint  com- 
mittee of  the  *^wo  branches  of  the  Legislature  was  acceded  to,  bj  which  it 
was  agreed  to  accept  the  new  constitution,  provided  Pcnn  should  approve 
of  it,  and  immediately  a  new  subsidy  of  £300,  was  granted  for  the  sup- 
port of  the  royal  government  and  of  the  suffering  Indians.  This  was 
done  by  a  tax  of  one  penny  on  the  pound  on  all  assessed  property.^ 

"The  new  Constitution^  was  more  democratic  than  the  former  one. 
The  Council,  chosen  biennially,  consisted  of  two,  and  the  Assembly, 
elected  annually,  of  four  members  from  each  county.  The  rio-ht  of  the 
latter  to  originate  bills,  to  sit  on  its  own  adjournments,  and  to  be  indis- 
soluble during  the  term  for  which  it  was  elected,  was  explicitly  estab- 
lished; and  the  powers  and  duties  of  the  several  officers  were  accurately 
defined.  This  instrument  was  never  formally  sanctioned  by  the  proprie- 
tary, and  it  continued  in  force  only  until  his  arrival  in  the  province,  in 
1699  (or  rather  until  1701,  when  a  new  and  more  lasting  one  was  sub- 
stituted in  its  place.)  Under  it  the  people  were  content,  and  calmly  and 
industriously  applied  themselves  to  the  improvement  of  the  country. 
And  their  best  eulogium  is  the  paucity  of  material  for  history,  which 
their  annals  for  several  years  afford.  The  Governor  made  another 
attempt,  unsuccessfully,  to  obtain  money  for  military  purposes;  the 
Assembly  pleaded  the  poverty  of  their  constituents,  but  professed  their 
readiness,  in  future,  to  obey  the  commands  of  the  king,  not  incompatible 
with  their  ability  and  religious  persuasion." 

The  document  will  be  found  in  full  in  Division  X.,  No.  5. 

On  the  fifth  of  the  First  month,  1695-6,  he  consummated  his  second 
marriage,  at  Bristol,  with  Hannah,  the  daughter  of  Thomas  Callowhill, 
and  grand  daughter  of  Dennis  Hollister,  an  eminent  merchant  of  that 
city.^  She  was  said  to  be  a  religious  young  woman,  of  excellent  quali- 
ties ;  with  whom  he  lived  during  the  rest  of  his  life ;  and  had  issue  by 
her,  four  sons  and  one  daughter. 

In  the  Second  month,  1696,  his  eldest  son,  by  his  former  wife,  named 
Springett,  died  at  Worminghurst,  in  Sussex,  of  a  consumption,  in  the 
twenty-first  year  of  his  age. 

William  Penn,  accompanied  by  his  second  wife  and  children,  sailed 
from  England  in  the  ship  Canterbury  in  September,  and  after  a  tedious 
voyage  of  more  than  three  months,  arrived  in  the  Delaware  on  the  1st 
day  of  the  10th  month  (December,  O.  S.  1699).  The  length  of  the  voyage 
was  providentially  ordered,  for  had  it  been  shorter,  Penn  and  his  family 
would  have  been  exposed  to  the  perils  of  the  yellow  fever,  which  had 
lately  raged  with  great  fury  in  Philadelphia.  Thomas  Story,  in  his  jour- 
nal, speaks  of  its  effects  as  follows:  "In  this  distemper  had  died,  six 
1  Ebeling.     Proud.     Votes.  "  Gordon.  3  Proud. 

f-r 
i 


32  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

seven,  and  sometimes  eight  a  day,  for  several  weeks;  there  being  few 
houses,  if  any,  free  of  the  sickness.  Great  was  the  majesty  and  hand  of 
the  Lord,  great  was  the  fear  that  fell  upon  all  .flesh;  I  saw  no  lofty,  or 
airy  countenance,  nor  heard  any  vain  jesting,  to  move  men  to  laughter; 
nor  witty  repartee,  to  raise  mirth;  nor  extravagant  feasting,  to  excite 
the  lusts  and  desires  of  the  flesh  above  measure;  but  every  face  gather- 
eth  paleness,  and  many  hearts  were  humbled  and  countenances  fallen  and 
sunk  as  such  that  waited  every  moment  to  be  summoned  to  the  bar  and 
numbered  to  the  grave." 

Penn  was  cordially  Avelcomed,  it  being  generally  believed  that  lie  had 
come  resolved  to  spend  the  remainder  of  his  life  in  the  province.^  Still 
he  did  not  encounter  that  warm  affection  and  unbounded  confidence? 
among  the  colonists,  which  on  his  first  visit  had  enabled  him  to  lead 
them  entirely  according  to  his  will. 

The  first  Assembly,  Avhich  met  in  January,  1700,  had  princii)ally  in 
view  to  increase  the  severity  of  the  laws  against  piracy,  and  the  violation 
of  the  British  statutes  concerning  navigation. 

The  proprietary,  believing  everything  ready  for  the  introduction  of  a 
new  form  of  government,  free  from  the  defects  of  the  former  forms,  and 
calculated  to  impart  strength  and  unity  to  the  administration,  called  an 
extraordinary  meeting  of  the  Assembly  in  May,  1700,  which  consisted  oi" 
a  larger  number  of  members  than  those  which  preceded  it,  and  held  a 
session  of  unusual  length.  The  new  Charter,  although  frequently  dis- 
cussed by  the  two  houses  jointly  and  separately,  was  not  carried  through 
at  this  and  the  next  General  Assembly  which  was  held  in  October  of  the 
same  year,  at  Newcastle.  The  formation  of  a  code  of  laws  securing  the 
titles  to  landed  property  and  a  grant  for  the  support  of  the  government 
in  addition  to  the  new  charter,  were  the  chief  objects  of  said  Assembly. 
Its  enactment  failed  to  be  accomplished  chiefly  on  account  of  the  exacting 
and  unreasonable  conditions  stipulated  by  the  lower  counties.  - 

"The  proprietary  now  procured  a  system  regulating  the  treatment  of 
slaves,  to  be  incorporated  in  the  discipline  of  the  society,  thereby  allevi- 
ating the  situation  of  those  whose  masters  were  not  yet  convinced  of  the- 
iniquity  of  slavery.  Although  these  measures  could  not  abolish  the 
horrid  traffic,  they  discouraged  the  wealthy  and  respectable  inhabitants 
from  prosecuting  it,  and  fostered  a  spirit  of  humanity  which  led  to  the 
moral,  religious  and  physical  improvement  of  the  slave.  To  the  dictates 
of  philanthropy  Penn  endeavored  to  give  the  force  of  law.  He  proposed 
to  the  Assembly  two  bills;  one  regulating  the  marriages  of  negroes; 
rightly  judging  that  connubial  ties  and  domestic  affections,  promoted  by 
the  inhibition  of  promiscuous  sexual  intercourse,  were  the  most  efficient 
means  to  establish  pure  morals;  the  other,  establishing  a  mode  for  the 
lEbelins;-.  -Gordon.     Proud.     Clarkson.     Votes. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  •  83 

ti'ial  and  puiiisliincnt  of  the  offences  of  slaves,  substituting  the  judgment 
of  the  law  for  the  will  of  their  masters.  The  latter  of  these  bills  only- 
received  the  legislative  sanction.  It  is  difficult  to  assign  reasons  for  the 
[■ejection  of  the  former.  Its  provisions  could  not  reduce  the  value  of 
slaves  as  property,  nor  license  insubordination.  Perhaps  the  existing 
laws  against  incontinence  were  deemed  adequate  to  restrain  the  impro- 
prieties the  bill  Avas  designed  to  remedy. 

'"J"'he  proprietary  also  endeavored,  though  unsuccessfully,  to  obtain 
additional  legislative  restrictions  upon  the  intercourse  with  the  Indians, 
in  order  to  protect  them  from  the  arts  of  the  whites.  Nor  was  lie  more 
happy  in  his  renewed  exertions  to  instruct  the  aborigines  in  the  doctrines 
of  Christianity ;  their  language,  according  to  the  report  of  the  interpreter^ 
not  alTording  terms  to  convey  its  mysteries.  This  reason,  however,  was 
not  well  founded,  and  was  the  subterfuge  of  the  agent  to  cover  his  own 
ignorance  or  ind<ilence.  The  success  of  the  venerable  Elliot,  and  of  the 
Moravian  missionaries,  has  jjroven  that  the  Indian  language  is  compe- 
tent for  the  communication  of  the  most  abstract  ideas.  But,  resolute  to 
improve  their  temporal  condition,  Penn  conferred  frequently  with  the 
several  nations  of  the  province  and  its  vicinity;  visiting  them  familiarly 
in  their  forests,  participating  in  their  feasts  and  amusements,  and  enter- 
taining them  with  much  hospitality  and  state  at  his  mansion  at  Penus- 
bury.  He  formed  a  new  treaty  with  the  Susquehanna,  the  Shawanese,  the 
Oanawese,  and  tribes  of  the  Five  nations.  This  treaty  provided  for  per- 
petual peace  and  good  offices  between  the  parties,  confirmed  to  the  Indi- 
ans the  benefits  and  subjected  them  t(3  the  penalties  of  the  English  law, 
in  their  intercourse  with  the  whites.  It  stipulated  that  both  parties  should 
refuse  credence  to  unauthorized  reports  of  hostility  intended  by  either : 
that  the  Indians  should  neither  aid  nor  siLffer  strange  tribes  to  settle  in 
any  part  of  the  province  without  permission  from  the  governor ;  that  no 
European  should  engage  in  the  Indian  trade  without  the  license  of  the 
government ;  and  lastly,  that  the  sale  of  the  lands  lately  made  to  the  pro- 
prietary in  the  neighborhood  of  the  Conestogo  should  be  confirmed.  In 
the  spirit  of  this  treaty,  the  provincial  council  formed  a  company  of  traders 
exclusively  authorized  to  conduct  the  Indian  trade,  and  instructed  to 
repress  the  inebriety  of  the  natives,  and  to  impress  upon  them  a  sense  of 
the  Christian  religion  by  examples  of  probity  and  candor."     [1701.] 

In  the  spring  of  this  year  William  Penn  took  a  journey  into  the  inte- 
rior of  the  province,  as  appears  from  a  letter  of  Isaac  Norris,  who  says: 
"  I  am  just  come  home  from  Susquehanna,  where  I  have  been  to  meet  the 
Governor.  We  had  a  roundabout  journey,  having  pretty  well  traversed 
the  wilderness.  We  lived  nohhj  at  the  Kiwfs  palace  at  Conestogo,  from 
thence  crossed  it  to  the  Schoolkill."^ 

1  .lanney. 


84  AUTHEXTIC   HISTORY 

Penii's  situation  now  became  uncomfortable  in  consequence  of  the  news 
he  received  from  England,  which  urged  his  preparations  for  a  speedy 
return. 

"Since  the  revolution,  it  had  been  a  fjivorite  measure  of  the  crown  to 
purchase  the  proprietary  governments  in  America.^  Jealousy  of  the  power 
of  these  governments  had  grown  with  their  growth ;  and  a  bill  was  now 
before  the  lords  to  change  them  into  regal  ones.  The  friends  of  Penn, 
and  others  interested  in  the  province,  had  succeeded  with  dif&culty  in 
obtaining  a  postponement  of  the  bill  until  his  return,  which  they  earn- 
estly represented  to  him  should  be  immediate." 

Penn  forthwith  convened  the  legislature  on  September,  1(5, 1701.  "  The 
completion  of  a  new  constitution,  and  the  enactment  of  such  laws  as 
required  his  special  sanction,  made  the  session  important  and  laborious.  ^ 
The  address  of  the  proprietary  was  most  frank  and  conciliatory.  He 
apologized  for  having  summoned  them  before  the  customary  time, 
expressed  his  regret  at  being  so  unseasonably  called  away,  and  assured 
them  of  his  unceasing  love  and  regard.  'Think,'  said  he,  'therefore, 
(since  all  men  are  mortal,)  of  some  suitable  expedient  and  provision  for 
your  safety,  as  well  in  your  privileges  as  property,  and  you  will  find  me 
ready  to  comply  with  whatever  rhay  render  us  happy  by  a  nearer  union 
of  our  interest.'  Yet  actuated  by  his  duty  to  the  crown,  he  again  drew 
their  attention  to  the  king's  demand  for  money,  and  mentioned  a  late 
treaty  of  peace,  concluded  with  the  Indians  by  the  governor  of  New  York 
in  behalf  of  all  the  provinces,  as  w^orthy  of  their  acknowledgments.  The 
House  replied  to  the  address  with  grateful  thanks,  but  refused  the  war 
contribution  for  the  reasons  already  given." 

While  the  Assembly  was  in  session  the  Sachems  of  the  Susquehanna 
and  Shawnese  Indians  and  others  came  to  take  leave  of  Penn.^  He  spoke 
to  them  in  Council,  and  told  them,  "that  the  Assembly  was  then  enact- 
ing a  law,  according  to  their  desire,  to  prevent  their  being  abused  by 
selling  of  rum  among  them ;  that  he  requested  them  to  unite  all  their 
endeavors,  and  their  utmost  exertion,  in  conjunction  with  those  of  the 
government,  to  put  the  said  law  in  execution." 

At  the  same  time  he  likewise  informed  them,  "that  now,  this  was  like 
to  be  his  last  interview  with  them,  at  least  before  his  return ;  that  he 
had  always  loved  and  been  kind  to  them ;  and  ever  should  continue  so 
to  be,  not  through  any  politic  design,  or  on  account  of  self-interest,  but 
from  a  most  real  affection :"  "  and  he  desired  them,  in  his  absence,  to 
cultivate  friendship  with  those  whom  he  should  leave  behind  in  author- 
ity; as  they  would  always,  in  some  degree,  continue  to  be  so  to  them,  as 
himself  had  ever  been.  Lastly,  that  he  had  charged  the  members  of 
Council,  and  then  also  renewed  the  same  charge,  that  they  should,  in  all 
iGoidon.  2  Proud.  Col.  Rec. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  85 

respects,  be  kind  to  them,  and  entertain  tliem  witli  all  courtesy  and  de- 
monstrations of  good- will,  as  himself  had  ever  done ;  which  the  said  mem- 
bers promised  faithfully  to  observe.  Then,  after  making  them  some 
presents,  they  withdrew." 

The  Assembly  prepared  an  address  detailing  their  wants  and  wishes, 
which  related  particularly  to  the  appointment  of  a  Lieutenant-Governor 
in  his  absence,  the  security  of  their  land-titles,  and  the  allowance  of  ten 
for  every  hundred  acres  connected  with  them,  which  they  claimed  by 
virtue  of  the  Governor's  promise.  They  proposed  the  establishment  of 
a  patent  office  and  that  the  quit-rents  should  be  made  redeemable.  The 
lower  counties  in  the  twenty-one  articles  of  which  the  address  consisted, 
had  asked  much  for  themselves  in  direct  opposition  to  the  proprietary's 
interest ;  yet  he  granted  the  most  of  what  was  asked,  refusing  only  some 
unjust  demands  and  others  of  a  private  character,  with  which  the  Legis- 
lature had  no  right  to  interfere.  The  Assembly,  on  the  other  hand, 
pressed  their  demands,  although  Penn's  complaisance  went  so  far  as  to 
invite  them  to  nominate  his  Lieutenant,  which  however,  they  modestly 
declined.^ 

While  they  were  debating  on  a  bill  to  confirm  the  laws  at  Newcastle 
and  the  majority  seemed  to  be  in  favor  of  its  passage,  the  misunderstand- 
ing between  the  representatives  of  the  two  colonies  was  again  revived, 
with  more  violence  than  ever,  so  that  several  of  the  members  for  the 
lower  counties  left  the  House.  It  needed  all  of  Penn's  weight  of  char- 
acter and  earnest  interposition  to  prevent  an  open  rupture.  He  promised 
to  agree  to  the  separation  of  the  tAvo  colonies.^  "  But  then,"  continued  the 
proprietar}^,  "it  must  be  upon  amicable  terms,  and  a  good  understanding. 
That  they  must  first  resolve  to  settle  the  laws ;  and  that,  as  the  interest 
of  the  Province,  and  that  of  those  lower  counties  would  be  inseparably  the 
same,  they  should  both  use  a  conduct  consistent  vv^ith  that  relation."  &c. 

They  appear  to  have  remained  obstinate,  by  the  following  letter  of  the 
proprietary,  written  the  next  day,  and  directed  to  the  Speaker,  to  be 
communicated  to  the  whole  House,  viz: 

"Friends:  Your  union  is  what  I  desire;  but  your  peace  and  ac- 
commodating one  another,  is  what  I  must  expect  from  you.  The  repu- 
tation of  it  is  something ;  the  reality  much  more.  And  I  desire  you  to 
remember  and  observe  what  I  say.  Yield  in  circumstantials,  to  preserve 
essentials;  and,  being  safe  in  one  another,  you  will  always  be  so  in  esteem 
with  me.  Make  me  not  sad,  now  I  am  going  to  leave  you ;  since  it  is  for 
you,  as  well  as  for, 

'^Your  Friend  and  Projrrietarij  and  Governor, 

William  Penn." 

''Odoher  loth,  1701." 

1  Votes.     Proud.     Ebeling.  2Eberiii)g.     Proud. 


86  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

Matters  Avere  adjusted  temporarily  with  the  provision  for  a  conditionaJ 
separation,  if  they  chose  it,  within  the  space  of  three  years. 

"The  constitution,  which  had  been  under  consideration  for  more  than 
eighteen  months,  was  finally  adopted  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  October, 
six  parts  in  seven  of  the  Assembly  having  formally  surrendered  the  pre- 
vious charter  granted  by  Penn.  The  new  charter  was  as  comprehensive 
on  the  subject  of  civil  and  religious  liberty  as  the  former  ones.  Whilst 
it  secured,  by  general  provisions,  the  most  important  of  human  rights,  it 
left  minor  subjects  to  be  detailed  and  enforced  by  the  laws."' 

The  Charter  itself,  which  remained  in  force  until  the  final  separation 
of  Pennsylvania  from  Great  Britain,  is  given  in  full  in  Division  X,  No.  6. 

Penn  likewise,  by  letters-patent,  under  the  great  seal,  established  a  Coun- 
cil of  State,  composed  of  ten  members,  chiefly  Quakers,  and  his  intimates 
friends,  of  whom  four  made  a  quorum;  who  were  empowered  "  to  consult 
and  assist,  with  the  best  of  their  advice,  the  proprietary  himself  or  his  dep- 
uties, in  all  public  aftairs  and  matters  relating  to  the  government."  And, 
in  his  absence,  or  on  the  death  or  incapacity  of  his  deputy,  they,  or  any  five 
of  them,  were  authorized  to  execute  all  the  proprietary  powers  in  th(^ 
administration  of  the  government.  The  members  of  the  council  were 
removable  at  the  will  of  the  governor,  who  might  increase  their  number- 
at  pleasure.^ 

Andrew  Hamilton,  one  of  the  proprietaries  of  East  Jersey,  and  foi"- 
merly  Governor  of  East  and  West  Jersey,  having  been  appointed  Deputy 
Governor,  and  James  Logan,  Provincial  Secretary  and  Clerk  of  the 
Council,  William  Penn  sailed  for  England  in  the  ship  Dalmahoy,  and 
arrived  at  Portsmouth  about  the  middle  of  December.  The  bill  for 
reducing  the  proprietary  into  regal  governments,  pending  in  Parliament, 
was  entirely  dropped.  King  William  died  on  the  18th  of  the  first  month, 
1701-2,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  Princess  Anne,  of  Denmark,  with 
whom  William  Penn  was  in  great  favor. 

Governor  Hamilton's  administration  was  very  brief,  for  lie  died  in  the 
twelfth  month  of  this  year  [1702.]  ^  His  chief  efforts  had  been  unsuccess- 
fully directed  to  the  consummation  of  a  union  bct^v'een  the  province  and 
territories.  Upon  his  death  the  government  devolved  upon  the  Council, 
Edward  Shippen  being  President. 

"During  this  time  of  dispute,  or  endeavors  for  an  union  between  the 
representatives  of  the  province  and  territories,  not  much  other  public 
business  of  importance  appears  to  have  been  transacted  in  the  affairs  of 
the  government.  The  latter  persisted  in  an  absolute  refusal  to  join  with 
the  former,  in  legislation,  till  it  was  finally,  ii\  the  year  1703,  agreed  and 
settled  between  them,  that  they  should  compose  different  and  distinct 
Assemblies,  entirely  independent  of  each  other,  pursuant  to  the  liberty 
1  Gordon.  2  Proud. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  87 

iillowed  by  a  clause  in  the  charter  for  that  purpose;  which  chiuse  was 
.said  to  have  been  there  inserted  by  tlic  particular  and  special  means  of 
the  Representatives  of  the  territories,  with  previous  full  intention  of  the 
.reparation  which  ensued;  and  in  this  capacity  they  have  ever  acted  since 
tiuU  time."' 

"The  proprietary's  choice  of  a  successor  to  Governor  Hamilton  fell  on 
Mr.  John  Evans,  a  young  man  of  six  and  twenty  years  of  age,  and  of 
Welsh  extraction.^  He  was  earnestly  recommended  to  Secretary  Logan, 
luider  whose  direction  he  had  promised  to  place  himself.  He  arrived  in 
the  province  in  February,  and  soon  after  increased  the  number  of  the 
<.'ouncil,  calling  to  that  board,  with  others,  William  Penn  the  younger, 
who  had  accompanied  him  to  the  province.  Pursuant  to  the  instructions 
of  the  proprietary,  he  earnestly  applied  himself  to  re-unite  the  province 
and  territories;  and  his  want  of  success  in  this  measure  produced  an 
r.nfavorable  disposition  towards  the  former,  which  embittered  his  whole 
administration." 

John  Evans  Avas  a  young  man,  uncommonly  />ealous  and  active  iu 
whatever  aft'ected  the  proprietary's  interests;  deficient  neither  in  Avit  nor 
talents,  he  lacked  experience,  prudence  and  tact;  his  private  life  was 
moreover,  highly  offensive  to  the  steady  and  quiet  ways  of  the  sober  and 
moral  Quakers.  He  early  attached  himself  to  the  interest  of  the  lower 
»'0unties,  and  induced  their  Assembly  to  pass  laws  manifestly  designe<l 
to  produce  unpleasant  effects  in  the  province.  England  being  then  at 
war  with  France  and  Spain,  he  had  been  ordered  by  the  Queen  to  raise 
a  militia  in  Pennsylvania,  but  his  effort  proved  unsuccessful,  [1706.]  H'-- 
atlected  to  treat  the  peaceful  principles  of  the  Quakers  with  contempt, 
and  unable  to  argue  them  out  of  their  principles,  endeavored  to  gain  his 
object  by  a  stratagem,  concerted  with  Robert  French,  of  Newcastle, 
Thomas  Clark,  a  lawyer  of  Philadelphia,  and  other  associates.^ 

"On  the  day  on  which  the  annual  fair  was  held  in  Philadelphia,  French 
despatched  a  messenger,  in  great  haste,  and  seeming  consternation,  to  the 
Governor,  with  news  that  the  enemy's  ships  were  in  the  Delaware,  and 
making  for  the  city.  This  intelligence  was  instantly  published,  and 
Evans,  mounted  on  horseback,  with  his  sword  drawn,  rode  through  the 
streets  in  well-feigned  alarm,  commanding  and  entreating  the  people  of 
all  ranks  and  opinions  to  arm  for  the  public  defence.  A  general  panic 
immediately  prevailed.  The  shipping  disappeared  from  the  wharves,  the 
boats  and  small  craft  crowding  into  the  neighboring  creeks,  and  the 
larger  vessels  running  up  the  river  above  Burlington,  Plate  and  other 
valuables  were  thrown  into  wells  and  privies,  whilst  the  owners  sought 
security  in  the  nearest  covert;  and  several  pregnant  women  were  un- 

1  Proud.  2  Gordon.     Proud. 

3  Gordon.     Votes.     Proud.     Logan  MS8. 


38  AUTHENTIC    HISTOEY 

timely  delivered  by  their  fears.  A  few  incredulous  men  preserved  their 
presence  of  mind,  and  laboured  to  restore  order  to  the  affrighted  city. 
The  falsehood  of  the  report  was  ascertained  before  night,  and  its  authors 
were  compelled  to  seek  in  absence  their  own  safety  from  the  vengeance 
of  the  people. 

"This  experiment  on  the  principles  of  the  Quakers  was  wholly  unsuc- 
cessful ;  the  greater  part  attending  their  religious  meeting,  as  was  their 
custom  on  that  day  of  the  week,  persisted  in  their  religious  exercises, 
amid  the  general  tumult,  instead  of  flying  to  arms  as  the  Governor  had 
anticipated.  Four  members  only  repaired  with  weapons  to  the  rendez- 
vous. The  conduct  of  Secretary  Logan  on  this  occasion,  as  represented 
by  the  Assembly,  was  extraordinary  and  indefensible.  A  Quaker  of 
high  moral  character,  learned  and  enlightened,  he  submitted  to  play  a 
puerile  and  subordinate  part  in  this  shameful  farce.  Under  pretence  of 
observing  the  enemy,  he  went  upon  the  river,  and  communicated  with 
the  Governor  by  concerted  signals,  and  staying  a  sloop  whose  arrival 
would  have  exposed  the  falsehood,  he  displayed  from  her  masts  simu- 
lated French  colours." 

This  action,  which  made  Evans  odious  to  the  people  of  Philadelphia, 
occurred  almost  simultaneously  with  an  unwise  and  unlawful  measure, 
which  greatly  offended  the  merchants  of  the  province.  He  had  author- 
ized the  Assembly  at  Newcastle  to  erect  a  fort  near  the  town,  where  it 
could  be  of  little  use  to  the  safety  of  the  two  provinces.  For  the  main- 
tenance of  this  fort,  inward  bound  ships,  not  owned  by  residents,  were 
obliged  to  deliver  there  half  a  pound  of  powder  for  each  ton  measure- 
ment. The  provincialists  remonstrated  against  this  abuse  in  vain.  At 
length  Eichard  Hill,  William  Fishbourne,  and  Samuel  Preston,  three 
spirited  Quakers,  resolved  to  remove  the  nuisance  by  a  method  different 
from  any  that  had  yet  been  attempted.  Hill  and  his  companions,  on 
board  the  Philadelphia,  a  vessel  belonging  to  the  former,  dropped  down 
the  river  and  anchored  above  the  fort.  Fishbourne  (some  say  Isaac 
Norris)  and  Preston  went  ashore  and  informed  French,  the  commander, 
that  their  vessel  Avas  regularly  cleared,  demanding  to  pass  uninter- 
ruptedly. This  being  refused,  Hill  Avho  had  been  bred  to  the  sea,  stood 
to  the  helm  and  passed  the  fort  with  no  other  injury  than  a  shot  through 
the  mainsail.  French  pursued  in  an  armed  boat,  was  taken  alone  on 
board,  while  his  boat,  cut  from  the  vessel,  fell  astern,  and  was  led  pris- 
oner to  the  cabin.  Governor  Evans,  apprized  of  the  matter,  followed 
their  vessel  by  land  to  Newcastle,  and  after  she  had  passed  the  fort,  pur- 
sued her  in  a  boat  to  Salem,  where  he  boarded  her  in  great  anger  and 
behaved  with  great  intemperance.  Lord  Cornbury,  Governor  of  New- 
Jersey,  who  claimed  to  be  Vice-Admiral  of  the  Delaware,  being  then  at 
Salem,  the  prisoners  were  taken  before  him,  and  having,  together  with 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  89 

Governor  Evans,  been  severely  reprimanded,  and  giving  promise  of  fu- 
ture good  behavior,  was  dismissed  with  the  jeers  of  the  captors.  After 
this  spirited  action  the  fort  no  longer  impeded  the  navigation  of  the 
Delaware.^ 

On  the  27th  of  June,  1707,  the  Governor  in  company  of  several  friends 
and  servants  set  out  on  a  journev  to  the  Indians,  occasioned  by  a  message 
from  the  Conestogo  and  other  Indians  upon  the  Nantikokes'  desi"-ned 
journey  to  the  five  nations.-  He  visited  in  turn  the  following  places:  Pe- 
quehan  on  the  Pequea,  Dekonoagah  on  the  Susquehanna,  about  nine  miles 
distant  from  Pequehan,  Conestogoe  and  Peixtan,  had  friendly  intercourse 
witli  them  and  seized  one  Nicole,  a  French  Indian  trader,  against  whom 
heavy  complaints  had  l)een  made.  His  capture  was  attended  with  diiS- 
culties,  but  he  Avas  finally  secured  and  mounted  upon  a  horse  with  his  legs 
tied  under  the  belly  l-^  From  the  articles  of  remonstrance,  addressed  to 
the  proprietary  by  the  Assembly,  mentioned  below,  it  seems,  hoAvever, 
that  the  Governor's  conduct  among  the  Indians  was  not  free  from  censure, 
it  being  described  as  "  abominable  and  unwarrantable." 

The  unhappy  misunderstanding  between  the  Governor  and  his  Secre- 
tary Logan  on  the  one  hand,  and  the  Assembly  on  the  other,  almost  par- 
alyzed legislative  action  and  led  to  the  most  lamentable  exhibition  of  ill 
temper  on  the  part  of  the  Assembly,  which  first  produced  articles  of 
impeachment  against  Logan,  and  afterwards,  determined  to  have  Evans 
removed,  a  remonstrance  against  both  addressed  to  William  Penn.  The 
language  of  that  instrument  was  intemperate,  many  of  its  charges  exag- 
gerated, and  some  unfounded.  "This  remonstrance  wasnotonl}^  unjust, 
but  also  unwise  and  inconsiderate;*  for  it  tended  to  produce  the  very 
steps  Avhich  they  Avere  desirous  to  guard  against ;  by  provoking  the  Gov- 
ernor to  relinquish  a  troublesome  and  ungrateful  province  to  the  crown 
of  England,  AA'hich  had  long  wished  to  repossess  it." 

In  the  beginning  of  this  year,  1709,  Governor  Evans  Avas  remoA^ed  and 
Charles  Gookiu  appointed  his  successor.^  Gookin  Avas  a  native  of  Ireland 
and  somewhat  advanced  in.  years.  He  had  been  formerly  in  the  army 
and  AA-as,  in  the  language  of  Penn,  a  man  of  pure  morals,  mild  temper 
and  moderate  disposition.    When  he  arrived,  the  legislature  Avas  in  session. 

The  Assembly,  instead  of  Avaiting  for  the  propositions  of  the  Governor, 
hastened  to  present  to  him  a  statement  of  grievances  in  Avhich  they  re- 
peated the  Aveightiest  of  their  complaints  against  his  predecessor,  and 
demanded  immediate  satisfaction.  In  A^ain  Gookin  endeavored  to  con- 
vince tliem  that  he  had  no  right  to  sit  in  judgment  over  the  acts  of  his 
predecessor.  These  beginnings  AA'cre  not  promising.  Lloyd  Avas  almost 
always  at  the  head  of  the  Assembly  and  Logan  had  as  much  influence  on 

1  Proud.     Gordon.  2  Col.  Rcc.  11.-39:3.  3  Col.  Rce.  II.— ;390. 

4Ebeling.  5Prond.     Ebeling. 


00  AUTHENTIC   HLSTOliV 

Gookiii  as  on  his  predecessor.  The  spirit  of  discontent  which  reigned  in 
the  Assembly  probabl.y  originated  in  the  embarrassment  of  Penn,  whose 
nu;ans  were  now  greatly  curtaik-d  l)y  his  generosity  towards  his  province 
and  the  cause  of  the  Quakers.  Alread\'  in  1707  he  was  involved  in  a 
heavy  lawsuit  with  the  executors  of  his  former  steward,  Avho  preferred 
large  claims  against  him.  tlic  iujustice  of  which  he  could  not  sufficiently 
])rove,  since  even  the  Court  of  Chancery  could  not  liberate  him  from 
imprisonment  until  he  liad  satisfied  the  complainants.  The  income  of  hi.s 
European  estate  was  inadequate  to  }tay  his  other  debts  and  he  had  to  . 
borrow  ;£6G00  sterling,  Ibr  whicli  he  mortgaged  his  province.  The 
knowledge  of  his  situation  may  have  ]irom})ted  the  Assembly  to  extort 
more  privileges  Irom  him  and  t'>  liuiit  his  prer(^gative.  On  the  other 
hand,  necessity  compelled  him  to  bo  attentive  to  the  collecticui  of  his 
revenue  from  the  province  and  to  increase  it  as  much  as  possible.  This 
(;onduct  of  the  Assembly,  however,  contributed  not  a,  little  to  disgust  him 
Avitli  the  whole  undertaking.^  liepeatedly  urged  to  restore  the  province 
To  tlic  crown,  but  long  struggling  against  the  abandonment  of  the 
))rilliant  ho})es  he  had  cherished  to  found  a  religious  nation  and  a  model 
of  true  freedom,  his  growing  necessities  and  the  constant  opposition  of  the 
legislature  oi'  Pennsylvania  finally  compelled  him  to  take  that  step. 
Several  circumstances  which  tK'curred  during  the  administration  oi' 
<TOokin,  contributed  to  jn-oduce  this  ivsolution.  The  Queen  required  the 
aid  of  the  province  towards  the  conquest  ol'  I'anada,  in  which  the  New 
KngUind  colonies  assisted  her  with  zeal.  Pennsylvania  was  required  to 
luruish  and  support  loO  men  at  an  estinuited  expense  of  £4000.  The 
Assenibly  voted  a  free  gift  to  the  queen  of  £800.  'J'o  this  was  added  the 
Governor's  salary  of  £200,  which,  howevei",  they  would  not  allow  until 
he  slKjuld  have  i)assi>d  the  bills  presented  to  him  and  redressed  the!]- 
grievances,  which  bor(!  chiefly  on  the  retention  of  Logan.  The  latter 
being  about  to  visit  England  on  the  proprietary's  business,  at  the  next 
sitting  ol  the  Asseuibly,  demanded  a  trial,  instead  of  granting  which  the 
As.sembly  ordered  the  sheriff  to  take  him  into  custody;  the  Governor 
prevented  his  arrest  l)y  issuing  a  supersedeas.  This  put  the  Assembly 
quite  out  of  temper  and  arrested  all  business  besides  the  entering  on  theiV 
miniites  of  a.  protest  against  the  Governor's  illegal  and  arbitrary  measures. 
Logan  went  to  London,  fully  justified  his  conduct,  and  returned  to  the 
l)rovince  confirmed  in  his  office  and  enjoying  more  than  ever  the  favor 
of  the  government. 

Penn  addressed  a  touching  letter  to  the  Assembly,  in  which  he  detailed 
and  described  their  unjust  and  illegal  pretensions,  taxed  them  with  ingrati- 
tude, took  the  part  of  Logan,  and  finally  informed  them  that,  if  they 
should  persist  in  their  opposition  to  his  government,'-^  he  must  seriously 
1  labeling.  -2  Ebeliuo-.     Gordon. 


OF    LAXCASTEJi   COUNTV.  .    91 

consider  wIklI  he  sliouhi  do  with  regard  to  his  province  and  his  determi- 
nation should  be  governed  by  the  conduct  of  the  future  Assembly. 

This  letter  eft'ected  an  instantaneous  change  in  the  minds  of  the  people; 
a.  new  Assembly  was  chosen  [1710;]  harmony  of  action  ensued  between 
this  Assembly  and  Gookin;  they  completed  by  their  laws  the  organization 
of  the  courts  of  justice,  and  voted  to  the  Queen  tlie  sum  of  £2000,  although 
they  were  well  informed  oi'  her  determination  to  go  to  Avar  with  France. 

In  thr  month  of  June,  1711,  the  Governor  visited  Conestogo  and  as  the 
juinutes  o1'  his  journey  exhibit  the  lirst  official  account  of  actual  settlers 
in  Lancast^M-  (.•ounty.  they  are  given  in  full: 

At  Conestogo,  June  18,  1711. 

P]u-:si:.\T:  'i'hc  lion.  Charles  Gookin,  Esq.,  Lieut,  Governor,  and  Joseph 
Growdon,  Jvichard  Hill,  Griffith  Owen,  Caleb  Pusey,  Esqs. 

A  present  of  50  pounds  of  powder,  1  piecci  of  Stroudwater,  1  piece  of 
IJuffils,  1(H)  pounds  of  shot- — being  laid  upon  the  floor,  the  Governor,  by 
Indian  Harry,  the  Interpreter,  thus  s})oke: 

"(jovernor  Penn,  upon  all  occasions,  is  willing  to  show  how  great  a 
regard  he  bears  to  you;  he  therefore  has  sent  this  small  present  (a 
foreruunej-  of  a  greater  one  to  come  next  spring)  to  you,  and  hath  re- 
quired me  to  acquaint  you  that  he  is  about  to  settle  some  people  upon 
the  branches  of  the  Potomac,  and  doubts  not  but  the  same  mutual  friend- 
ship which  has  all  along  as  brothers  passed  betwixt  the  inhabitants  of 
this  Government  and  you,  will  also  continue  betwixt  you  and  those  he 
is  about  to  settle ;  he  intends  to  present  five  belts  of  wampum  to  the  Five 
Nations,  and  one  to  you  of  Conestogo,  and  requires  your  friendship  to 
the  Palatines^  settled  near  Pequae.'''' 

To  which  they  answer: 

'■  Tliat  they  are  extremely  well  pleased  with  the  Governor's  speech;  but 
a.s  tlicy  are  at  present  in  war  with  the  Toscororoes  and  other  Indians, 
they  think  that  place  not  safe  for  any  Christians,  and  are  afraid  if  any 
damage  should  happen  to  these,  the  blame  may  be  laid  upon  them,  that 
.settlement  being  situated  betwixt  them  and  those  at  war  wdth  them,  Afi 
to  the  Palatines,  ihc7j  are,  in  their  opinion,  safely  seated,  but  earnestly 
desire  that  the  death  of  Le  Tore  may  be  now  adjusted,  for  that  they  shall 
not  think  tliem.selves  safe  till  it  is. 

July  18th,  Tuesday  about  twelve. 

The  Senoquois  and  Shawnois  met  the  Governor  and  Council.  Opessah, 
chief  of  the  Shawnois,  by  Martin  Chartier,  interpreter,  thus  spoke : 

"  Were  it  possible  for  us  by  presents,  or  any  other  way,  to  atone  for 
the  lives  of  those  men  our  young  people  unadvisedly  slew,  we  would  be 
partly  willing  to  make  satisfaction,  and  such  a  condescension  would 
forever  be  gratefully  remembered  and  more  eagerly  engage  us,  and  for 
the  i'uture  render  us  more  careful.     The  uneasiness  we  had  on  that  ac- 


92  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

count  was  such  that  we  could  not  sleep  until  the  last  time  the  Governor 
and  his  people  were  up  here,  and  which  time  we  had  some  hopes  given 
us  of  adjusting  the  matter,  since  the  murderers  are  all  dead,  save  one, 
who  is  gone  to  Messassippi." 

To  which  the  Governor  answered : 

That  the  laws  of  England  were  such  that  whosoever  killed  a  man 
must  run  the  same  fate ;  yet  considering  the  previous  circumstances  to 
that  murder,  the  length  of  the  time  since  the  account,  the  distance  of 
place  where  acted  from  the  Government,  and  before  my  coming  here^ 
and  the  persons  all,  save  one,  who  is  absconded  since,  are  dead,  I  am 
willing  to  forbear  further  prosecution  on  enquiring  into  it,  but  withal 
caution  you  if  any  such  thing  hereafter  falls  out,  you  may  be  assured  I 
shall  as  well  know  how  to  do  justice,  as  I  have  now  showed  you  mercy. 
For  which  they  return  the  Governor  their  hearty  thanks,  and  Opessah 
assures  that  if  hereafter  any  such  thing  should  happen,  he  himself  would 
be  executioner,  and  burn  them  that  should  dare  do  it. 

The  Senequois  acquaint: 

"That  Opessah  being  thereto  solicited  by  John  Hans  Steelman,  had  sent 
out  some  of  his  people,  either  to  bring  back  or  kill  Francis  De  Le  Tore 
and  his  company.  Opessah,  he  affirms,  was  entirely  innocent,  for  that 
John  Hans  came  to  his  cabin,  where  he  and  his  ycrung  people  (who  were 
there  going  a  hunting,)  were  in  council,  told  him  that  some  of  his  slaves 
and  dogs  (meaning  Le  Tore  and  company)  were  fled,  therefore  desired 
him  forthwith  to  send  some  of  his  people  to  bring  them  back  or  kill 
them,  and  take  goods  for  their  trouble,  at  which  motive  Opessah  being 
surprised,  told  him  that  he  ought,  by  no  means,  to  discourse  after  that 
manner  before  young  people  who  were  going  to  the  woods,  and  might, 
by  accident,  meet  those  people,  and  therefore  ordered  him  to  desist,  utter- 
ly denying  his  reqiiest." 

The  Senoquois  also  acquainted  the  Governor  that  Le  Tore  had  taken 
a  boy  from  them,  and  had  sold  him  at  New  York,  and  requested  the 
Governor  would  enquire  after  him,  that  he  might  hear  irom  him  again. 

"The  expedition  to  Canada  proved  most  disastrous.^  Colonel  Nichol- 
son, under  whom  served  Colonels  Schuyler,  Whiting,  and  Ingoldsby,  mus- 
tered at  Albany  two  thousand  colonists,  one  thousand  Germans,  from  the 
palatinate,  and  one  thousand  of  the  Five  Nation  Indians,  who  commenced 
their  march  towards  Canada  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  August.  The  troops 
from  Boston,  composed  of  seven  veteran  regiments,  of  the  duke  of  Marl- 
borough's army,  one  battalHon  of  marines,  and  two  provincial  regiments, 
amounting  to  six  thousand  four  hundred  men,  sailed  on  board  of  sixty- 
eight  vessels,  the  thirtieth  of  July,  and  arrived  off  the  St.  Lawrence  on 
the  fourteenth  of  August.     In  ascending  the  river,  the  fleet,  by  the  un- 

1  Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  93 

skilf Illness  of  the  pilots,  or  the  obstinacy  and  distrust  of  the  Admiral,  was 
entangled  amid  rocks  and  islands  on  the  northern  shore,  and  ran  immi- 
nent hazard  of  total  destruction.  Several  transports,  and  near  a  thou- 
sand men  perished.  Upon  this  disaster  the  remainder  bore  away  for 
Cape  Breton,  and  the  expedition,  by  the  advice  of  a  council  of  naval  and 
military  officers,  was  abandoned  on  the  ground  of  the  want  of  provisions, 
and  the  impossibility  of  procuring  a  seasonable  supply.  The  admiral 
sailed  directly  for  England,  and  the  colonists  returned  to  Boston,  whilst 
Colonel  Nicholson,  thus  deserted,  was  compelled  to  retreat  from  Fort 
George.  The  want  of  skill,  fortitude,  and  perseverance  are  eminently 
conspicuous  in  the  British  commanders  of  this  enterprise." 

In  1712,  William  Penn  entered  into  an  agreement  with  the  Queen  to 
cede  to  her  the  province  of  Pennsylvania  and  the  Lower  Counties  for  the 
sum  of  £12,000  sterling.  But  before  the  legal  forms  were  completed  an 
apopletic  stroke  prostrated  his  vigorous  mind  and  reduced  him  to  the 
feebleness  of  infancy.^ 

Queen  Anne  died  on  the  first  of  August,  1714,  and  was  succeeded  by 
George  the  First. 

Governor  Gookin  [1716]  arrayed  against  himself  all  the  Quaker  interest 
in  the  province  in  consequence  of  construing  a  provision  in  the  statute 
of  7  and  8  William  III.,  "that  no  Quaker,  hj  virtue  thereof^  could  be 
qualified  or  permitted  to  give  evidence  in  any  criminal  case,  or  serve  on 
juries,  or  hold  any  place  or  office  of  profit  in  the  Government."  This 
act  had  been  made  perpetual  in  Great  Britain,  and  was  extended  to  the 
Colonies  for  five  years  by  an  act  of  Parliament  of  1  George  I.  In  the 
opinion  of  Gookin,  the  extension  of  this  act  to  the  provinces  repealed 
the  provincial  law  and  disqualified,  the  Quakers  from  giving  testimony 
in  criminal  cases,  from  sitting  on  juries,  and  from  holding  any  office. 
Notwithstanding  the  desertion  of  his  Council  and  the  remonstrances  of  the 
Assembly,  Gookin  tenaciously  adhered  to  his  construction  of  the  statute. 
His  good  genius  had  now  entirely  abandoned  him,  for  he  now  charged 
Eichard  Hill,  speaker  of  the  Assembly,  Isaac  Norris  and  James  Logan 
with  disloyalty  to  the  King  and  devotion  to  the  pretender.  These  alle- 
gations were  utterly  unfounded  and  the  Assembly,  whither  the  parties 
charged  had  carried  their  complaint,  completely  exonerated  them,  [1717.] 
Expostulation  with  Gookin  having  proved  vain,  his  Council  unanimously 
joined  in  an  address  to  William  Penn,  praying  his  recall.^  He  met  the 
Assembly  for  the  last  time  in  March,  1717,  and  extorted  from  their  com- 
passion the  sum  of  two  hundred  pounds,  a  valedictory  donation.^ 

Sir  William  Keith,  on  the  first  of  May,  1717,  superseded  Governor 
Gookin.  He  was  the  son  of  Sir  William  Keith  of  the  North  of  Scotland, 
had  held  for  some  time  the  office  of  the  King's  surveyor  of  the  customs 
1  Gordon.  '^  Logan  MSS. 


94  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ior  the  Soutliern  provinces,  and  on  his  occasional  visits  to  Philadelphia 
manifested  much  interest  in  the  political  discussions  of  the  province  and 
acquired  the  good  will  of  Logan,  Norris  and  other  prominent  inhabitants. 
He  was  strongly  recommended  for  the  position  of  lieutenant-governor  by 
the  provincial  Council  and  chief  inhabitants,^  by  their  friends  in  London, 
by  William  Penn,  jr.,  Mr.  Logan  and  others.  Keith  was  the  first  Governor 
who  ventured  to  espouse  the  side  of  the  popular  party  and  to  support  its 
interests  with  the  proprietary  and  the  crown,  on  disputed  subjects.  He 
arrived  at  Philadelphia  on  the  31st  day  of  May  and  convened  an  Assem- 
bly on  June  IQth.^^  Having  thoroughly  studied  the  errors  of  his  prede- 
cessors, he  sought  to  benefit  by  their  experience. 

"  Keith  displayed  the  policy  he  meant  to  pursue  in  his  lirst  address  to 
the  assembly.  'His  tender  regard  for  their  interest,'  he  said,  '  they  being 
engaged  in  harvest  at  his  arrival,  had  induced  him  to  postpone  the  satis- 
faction he  proposed  to  himself  in  meeting  the  Assembly;  and  he  should 
always  endeavor  to  make  the  time  they  must  necessarily  bestow  on  the 
public  service  as  easy  and  pleasant  to  them,  as  he  hoped  it  would  be 
profitable  and  satisfactory  to  the  country.  If  an  affectionate  desire  to 
oblige  and  serve  the  people  could  qualify  him  for  his  station,  he  might 
expect  that  his  and  the  country's  interest  would  be  effectually  united,  as 
those  who  sincerely  desired  to  serve  either,  must  necessarily  serve  both. 
The  warmth  of  his  inclination  towards  them  might  be  inferred  from  hw 
expensive  application  during  the  last  year,  to  introduce  to  the  prince 
regent  the  humble  address  of  the  Assembly  to  the  king,  which  had  been 
80  graciously  received  by  his  exertions ;  by  the  diligence  and  expense 
with  which  he  had  obtained  his  commission,  without  other  prospect  or 
advantage  than  that  of  serving  them,^  and  by  the  fatigue  he  had  already 
undergone  to  promote  their  service.  But  these  things  were  trifles,  com- 
pared with  their  indispensable  obligation  to  support  the  dignity  and  au- 
thority of  the  government,  by  such  a  reasonable  and  discreet  establish- 
ment as  the  nature  of  the  thing  and  their  own  generosity  would  direct; 
and  whatever  they  might  be  disposed  to  do  of  that  kind,  he  hoped  might 
no  longer  bear  the  undeserved  and  reproachful  name  of  a  burden  on  the 
people ;  but  that  they  would  ratlier  enable  him  to  relieve  the  country 
from  real  burdens,  by  empowering  him  to  introduce  a  better  economy 
and  more  frugal  management  in  the  collection  of  taxes,  which  were  then 
squandered  by  the  oiBcers  appointed  to  assess  and  collect  them.' 

"The  assembly  testified  their  satisfaction  with  this  speech,  and  his  kind 
and  conciliatory  manners,  by  an  immediate  grant  of  five  hundred  and 
fifty  pounds,  payable  from  the  lirst  moneys  received  in  the  treasury, 
which  they  replenished  by  an  additional  bill  of  supply.  In  return,  Keith 
Iramed  an  nddress  to  the  throne  on  the  interesting  subject  of  affirmation, 
1  Gordon.  2  Proud. 


OF    LA^X•ASTER   COUNTY,  05 

whicli  had  tlie  good  fortune  to  please  the  House  in  all  respects,  save  tluit 
the  plural  number  "was  used  instead  of  the  singular."^ 

"On  the  80th  day  of  the  5th  month,  (July)  1718,  at  Jiushconib,  jiear 
Twyford,  in  Buckinghamshire,  in  England,  died  the  truly  honorable  Pro- 
prietary and  Founder  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  William  Pcnn, 
aged  about  seventy-four  years.  He  had,  in  the  year  1712,  as  before 
mentioned,  been  seized  with  some  fits  of  the  a})oplectic  kind ;  which,  for 
the  last  six  years  of  his  life  had  so  aftected  his  mental  faculties,  especi- 
ally his  memory,  as  to  render  him,  in  great  measure,  incapable  of  public 
business;  which,  with  the  gradual  decline  of  his  strength  (^f  bodv,  con- 
tinued to  increase  till  the  last  period  of  his  days:  during  which  time, 
nevertheless,  he  is  said  to  have  been  mostly  sensible,  intelligent,  and,  by- 
his  behavior  and  expressions  at  different  times  to  those  who  were  present 
with  him,  manifested  that  he  retained,  till  his  death,  the  happy  enjoy- 
ment of  that  divine  and  mental  felicity,  which  resulted  from  the  nature 
of  his  religion  and  manner  of  life.  "^ 

The  following  sketch  of  Penn,  by  Gordon,  will  doubtless  ]»ri)V('  iutci-- 
esting  to  the  reader : 

William  Penn,  "as  a  leader  of  a  Clnistian  sect,  has  left  no  mean  i-epu- 
tation.  His  ability,  courage,  zeal,  and  perseverance  have  made  liiui 
conspicuous  among  religious  reformers,  but,  as  an  apostle  of  civil  lib- 
erty, the  world  has  an  interest  in  him  which  can  never  fade,  whilst  order 
and  freedom  are  dear  to  the  human  race.'^ 

" From  his  father  he  inherited  a  disposition  ardent  and  enthusiastic, 
enterprising  and  courageous,  reflecting  and  persevering.  The  energy'-  of 
mind  which  advanced  the  one  to  the  rank  of  rear-admiral  at  twenty- 
three  years  of  age,  rendered  the  other  conspicuous  amid  the  founders  of 
a  new  religion,  soon  after  he  attained  his  majority.  The  father  was  dis- 
tinguished by  the  love  of  glory  and  of  arms ;  the  son  was  not  insensible 
to  the  value  of  fame,  but  sought  it  by  diffusing  the  blessings  of  peace, 
and  of  religions  and  civil  liberty.  In  this  Avork  he  labored  with 
the  firmness  and  devotion  of  heroism,  struggling  to  attain  its  ol^jeet, 
utterly  regardless  of  himself.  His  voluntary  abandonment  of  rank 
and  fortune,  his  spirited  and  manly  opposition  to  the  abuses  of  the 
law,  his  patience  under  its  inflictions,  his  learning,  industry,  and 
perseverance  in  the  maintenance  of  his  principles,  acc^uired  for  him  in 
early  life  the  respect  of  the  public,  and  the  friendship  of  men  of  eminence 
and  worth  who  did  not  approve  his  religious  peculiarities.  His  religion 
made  him  obnoxious  to  the  laws,  and  induced  him  to  examine  the  prin- 
ciples on  which,  not  only  the  laws,  but  the  government  that  enacted 
them,  were  founded :  and  he  discovered  and  adored  the  great  truths,  tliat 
the  happiness  of  society  is  the  true  object  of  civil  ])0wcr,  and  that  free- 
1  Gordon.     Votes.  -'Proud.  :5  Gordon. 


96  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

dom  exists  only  '  ivherc  the   laws  rule,  and  the  inoi^e  are  parties  to   the 

laws.'' 

"  On  these  foundations  was  his  colony  erected.  His  merit  will  be  the 
more  justly  appreciated  by  adverting  to  the  state  of  the  American  colo- 
nies planted  antecedently  to  the  year  1780.  These  were  Massachusetts, 
New  Hampshire,  Ehode  Island,  Connecticut,  New  York,  New  Jersey, 
Maryland,  Virginia  and  South  Carolina.  The  New  England  provinces 
sprang  Irom  the  natural  and  selfish  desires  of  their  founders  to  withdraw 
themselves  from  power  and  oppression.  Eeligious  toleration  and  civil 
liberty  were  not  appreciated  by  them  as  rights  essential  to  the  happiness 
of  the  human  race.  The  rights  of  conscience  the  puritans  of  these  pro- 
vinces demanded  were  such  as  protected  themselves  from  the  gibbet  and 
lash,  which  they  applied  to  force  the  consciences  of  others.  Their  civil 
rights  they  regarded  as  exclusive  property,  acquired  by  purchase,  the 
evidence  of  which  was  in  their  charter.  Whilst  Penn  was  offering  to 
the  world  a  communion  of  religious  and  civil  freedom,  the  saints  of  Mas- 
sachusetts excluded  from  the  benefits  of  their  government  all  who  were 
not  members  of  their  church,  and  piously  flagellated  or  hanged  those 
who  were  not  convinced  of  its  infallibility.  Eoger  Williams,  proscribed 
and  expelled  for  his  own  opinions,  was  the  first  to  teach  that  the  civil 
magistrate  might  not  interfere  in  religious  matters,  and  that  to  punish  men 
for  opinion  was  persecution.  New  York,  without  a  charter  or  an  assem- 
bly, was  subject  to  the  caprice  of  its  governors,  in  civil  as  in  ecclesiasti- 
cal matters.  New  Jersey  had  a  free,  a  liberal,  but  an  impracticable 
constitution.  The  attempt  to  establish  in  that  province  the  basis  of  a 
free  government,  though  unsuccessful,  and  throwing  the  administration 
into  the  hands  of  the  crown,  was  not  useless.  The  people  were  intro- 
duced to  the  knowledge  of  sound  political  principles,  which  were  never 
altogether  abandoned.  Maryland,  possessing  the  most  liberal  and  the 
best  digested  constitution  that  has  emanated  from  a  British  monarch, 
and  the  most  independent  of  the  royal  power,  had  been  involved  in  civil 
war  and  religious  persecutions  during  the  revolution,  and  was  now 
reduced  to  order  and  good  government,  by  the  resumption  of  executive 
power  by  the  Calverts.  But  the  Catholic  faith  of  its  governors  and 
principal  inhabitants,  rendered  its  policy  suspected  by  Protestants.  Caro- 
lina was  the  subject  of  a  most  fanciful  experiment  of  the  renowned  Locke, 
who  framed  for  it  an  aristocratical  constitution,  totally  inconsistent  with 
the  light  of  the  age  in  which  he  lived;  establishing  an  hereditary  nobility, 
with  large  and  unalienable  landed  estates,  and  the  church  of  England  as 
the  religion  of  the  state.  Penn  wisely  modelled  the  royal  charter  for  his 
province,  as  closely  as  possible  upon  the  Maryland  grant;  and,  though 
at  the  first  institution  of  the  government,  he  was  doubtful  of  the  pro- 
priety of  giving  the  assembly  the  power  to  originate  laws,  experience 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  97 

soon  taught  him  the  wisdom  of  this  measure.  His  government  secured 
the  blessings  of  property  and  personal  freedom  alike  to  Christian  and  to 
infidel;  placed  all  persons  on  an  equality  before  the  laws,  and  admitted 
Christians  of  every  denomination  to  a  full  participation  of  political  rights. 
The  experience  of  a  hundred  and  fifty  years,  during  which  polit- 
ical science  has  been  widely  extended,  has  added  nothing  essential  to 
human  happiness  which  his  system  had  not  provided ;  unless  it  be  found 
in  those  constitutions  which  make  no  discrimination  in  the  religious  faith 
of  the  citizens. 

But  the  excellence  of  Penn's  system  is  not  confined  to  the  provisions 
of  his  charters.  His  laws  were  dictated  by  wisdom  and  humanity.  The 
unequal  and  dangerous  disposition  of  wealth,  arising  from  the  feudal 
principles  of  primogeniture,  was  abolished ;  the  equal  claims  of  children 
to  the  property  of  their  common  parent  were  acknowledged,  and  by  this 
return  to  common  sense  and  natural  right  the  dangers  of  accumulated 
wealth  were  avoided.  But  the  philosophical  mind  of  the  Pennsylvania 
lawgiver  is,  perhaps,  most  discernible  in  his  criminal  code.  A  scale 
graduating  the  punishment  to  the  ofience,  seemed  in  Europe  to  be  unde- 
sired  by  the  legislator.  Death  impended  alike  over  the  purloiner  of  a 
few  grains  of  metal,  and  the  murderer  who  robbed  a  family  of  its  support 
and  the  country  of  a  citizen;  over  the  infraction  of  a  revenue  law,  and 
the  attempt  to  subvert  the  State.  Death  was  ever  ready  to  ofter  himself 
to  the  indolence  of  the  law-giver,  who  fovmd  it  less  laborious  to  hang 
than  to  reclaim  the  criminal;  to  apply  a  common  punishment,  than  to 
investigate  its  propriety.  Eeason  revolts  at  this  indiscriminate  punish- 
ment, and  the  humanity  of  the  Marquis  Beccaria,  Montesquieu,  and  others, 
have  contributed  to  convince  the  world  that  its  welfare  is  best  promoted 
by  a  due  apportionment  of  the  punishment  to  the  crime,  and  its  certain 
application  to  the  offender.  Before  these  benevolent  theorists  gave  their 
labors  to  the  public — before  they  were  born — Penn  had  practically  ex- 
hibited the  beneficial  results  of  the  principles  which  they  have  advocated. 
He  established  a  new  code,  in  which  the  punishment  of  death  was  affixed 
to  murder  only;  injuries  to  individuals  were  punished  by  compelling  the 
criminal  to  make  an  adequate  compensation  to  the  party  grieved,  or  by 
imprisonment  at  hard  labor;  in  all  cases  varying  the  punishment  with 
the  enormity  of  the  offence.  In  the  classification  of  crimes,  there  are, 
perhaps,  some  errors  inseparable  from  enthusiasm;  but  humanity  and 
wisdom  are  eminently  conspicuous  in  the  legislator.  The  boldness  and 
originality  of  his  genius  will  be  more  thoroughly  understood  by  a  glance 
at  the  policy  of  the  age  and  country  in  which  he  lived.  When  he  com- 
posed his  plan  of  government,  the  despotic  principles  of  the  Stuarts  were 
prevailing  over  the  nation,  liberty  of  conscience  was  proscribed  by  the 
laws,  and  almost  every  crime  was  punishable  by  death.  In  opposition  to 
8 


98  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

all  this,  he  dared  to  consult  his  own  reason,  and  follow  the  dictates  of  his  own 
judgment,  the  soundness  of  which  every  revolving  year  has  confirmed. 

Penn  was  ambitious,  and  animated  by  the  love  of  fame.  He  sacrificed 
his  time  and  his  fortune  in  its  pursuit ;  at  least  so  much  of  them  as  was 
unnecessarily  employed  at  the  courts  of  James  and  Anne.  The  obscu- 
rity of  his  province  was  unattractive ;  and,  in  the  height  of  his  favor  with 
James,  he  was  for  a  moment  unregardful  of  the  free  principles  on  which 
it  was  founded.  Had  he  applied  himself,  unreservedly  and  exclusively, 
to  cultivate  the  scion  he  had  planted,  its  growth  would  have  been  more 
rapid ;  and,  under  its  shade,  distant  from  the  vexations  and  vicissitudes 
of  English  politics,  he  would  have  enjoyed  the  reward  of  his  labor,  com- 
petence, and  the  respect  of  the  world.  Pecuniary  distress,  at  times,  com- 
pelled him  to  give  utterance  to  undignified  and  unjust  complaints.  The 
political  benefits  he  had  conferred  upon  his  province,  in  his  opinion,  im- 
posed on  its  inhabitants  an  obligation  to  be  requited  with  money;  his 
proprietary  character  claimed  to  be  recognized  by  the  establishment  of 
some  revenue.  His  people,  on  the  contrary,  felt  these  pretensions  as  a 
double  charge,  and  were  unwilling  to  maintain  a  resident  and  non-resi- 
dent Governor,  the  latter  of  whom  had  an  estate  in  the  soil  of  the  prov- 
ince, which  increased  in  a  great  and  indefinable  ratio. 

In  his  demeanor,  William  Penn  was  grave,  but  not  austere ;  affable, 
but  not  familiar ;  and,  whilst  his  intercourse  with  his  friends  was  marked 
by  the  formality  and  peculiar  phraseology  in  use  with  his  sect,  his  cor- 
respondence with  men  of  the  world  showed  him  to  have  been  perfectly 
acquainted  with  polite  manners.  As  a  writer,  he  was  much  esteemed  by 
his  church ;  as  a  minister,  he  was  bold,  industrious  and  successful ;  he 
was  beloved  by  his  family  and  a  wide  circle  of  friends.  He  had  been 
twice  married.  His  first  wife  was  Gulielma  Maria  Springett,  daughter  of 
Sir  "William  Springett,  of  Darling,  in  Sussex.  The  fruit  of  this  marriage 
was  tAvo  sons  and  one  daughter ;  Springett,  William,  and  Letitia.  Spring- 
ett died  in  1696,  aged  twenty-one  years;  William  and  Letitia,  and  three 
grand-children,  children  of  his  son  William,  survived  him.  His  second 
wife  was  Hannah,  daughter  of  Thomas  Callowhill,  of  Bristol,  by  whom 
he  had  five  children ;  John,  Thomas,  Margarette,  Eichard  and  Dennis, 
who,  with  their  mother,  were  living  at  their  father's  death. 

At  his  decease,  his  province  was  encumbered  by  his  mortgage  of  1708, 
and  his  contract  with  the  crown  for  the  sale  of  the  government.  His 
will,  dated  1712,  was  made  antecedently  to,  but  in  contemplation  of,  this 
contract.  He  provided  for  the  issue  of  his  first  marriage  by  the  devise 
of  his  English  and  Irish  estates;  which,  producing  fifteen  hundred  pounds 
sterling  per  annum,  were  estimated  of  greater  value  than  his  American 
possessions.  From  the  latter  he  made  provision  for  the  payment  of  his 
debts,   and  for  his  widow  and  her  children.     The  government  of  the 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  99 

province  and  territories  lie  devised  to  the  earls  of  Oxford,  Mortimer  and 
Pawlet,  in  trust,  to  sell  to  tlie  queen,  or  any  other  person.  His  estate  in 
the  soil  he  devised  to  other  trustees,  in  trust,  to  sell  so  much  as  should 
be  necessary  for  the  payment  of  his  debts;  to  assign  to  his  daughter 
Letitia,  and  the  three  children  of  his  son  William,  ten  thousand  acres 
each,  and  to  convey  the  remainder,  at  the  discretion  of  his  widow,  to  her 
children,  subject  to  an  annuity  to  herself  of  three  hundred  pounds  ster- 
ling per  annum.  He  appointed  her  sole  executrix  and  legatee  of  his 
personal  estate. 

Three  questions  arose  on  his  devise  of  the  government:  1,  AVhether 
it  was  valid  against  tlie  heir-at-law,  who  claimed  by  descent?  2,  Whether 
the  object  of  the  trust  had  not  been  already  effected,  by  the  contract  of 
the  proprietary  with  the  queen?  3,  Whether,  by  consequence,  his  in- 
terest was  not  converted  into  personality  ?  In  which  case  it  passed  in 
absolute  property  to  the  widow.  From  their  doubts  on  these  points,  the 
trustees  refused  to  act,  unless  under  a  decree  of  the  court  of  chancery, 
whose  interposition  was  also  required  by  the  commissioners  of  the 
treasury,  before  payment  of  the  balance  due  on  the  purchase,  to  the 
executrix.  A  suit  in  this  court  was  accordingly  instituted,  which  kept 
the  family  property  in  a  state  of  great  uncertainty  for  many  years; 
during  which  Mrs.  Penn,  as  executrix  and  trustee,  assumed  the  superin- 
tendence of  provincial  affairs.  In  the  year  1727,  the  family  disputes,  the 
proprietary's  will  having  been  established  in  the  exchequer,  were  compro- 
mised ;  and  the  crown  lawyers  and  ministry  concurring  in  opinion,  that  the 
proprietary's  agreement  was  void,  from  his  inability  to  make  a  proper  sur- 
render of  the  government,  it  devolved,  on  the  death  of  William  Penn  the 
younger  and  his  son  Springett,  to  John,  Thomas  and  Eichard  Penn." 

The  almost  unbounded  confidence  of  the  province  in  Keith  enabled 
him  [1720]  to  establish  two  measures  hitherto  repugnant  to  the  Assem- 
bly ;^  an  equity  court,  dependent  on  the  Governor's  will,  of  which  he  Avas 
chancellor,  and  a  militia  organized  by  like  authority. 

The  great  influx  of  foreigners  alarmed  the  Assembly  who  dreaded  their 
settlement  on  the  frontier.^  Attempts  to  naturalize  them  were  treated 
with  coldness.  Even  the  Germans,  whose  industry  and  utility  were  pro- 
verbial, could  not  remove  the  prevailing  jealousy.  Many  palatines,  long 
resident  in  the  province,  applied  for  naturalization  in  1721,  but  not  until 
1724  was  leave  granted  to  bring  in  a  bill,  provided  they  should  individu- 
ally obtain  from  a  justice  of  the  peace  a  certificate  of  the  value  of  their 
property  and  nature  of  their  religious  faith.  A  bill  to  that  effect  pre- 
sented to  the  Governor  in  the  following  year,  was  forthwith  returned  by 
him  on  the  ground  that  in  a  country  where  English  liberty  and  law  pre- 
vailed, a  scrutiny  into  the  private  conversation  and  faith  of  the  citizens,, 
i..oi  v/.  1  Gordon. 


100  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

and  particularly  into  their  estates,  was  unjust  and  dangerous  in  precedent.  ^ 
The  House  yielded  to  the  force  of  his  reasons,  and  did  not  insist  upon 
their  bill,  but  it  was  not  until  some  time  afterwards  that  the  privileges  of 
isubjects  were  granted  to  the  palatines.  Indeed,  the  timidity  of  the  As- 
sembly induced  them  to  check  the  importation  of  foreigners  by  a  duty  on 
:all  coming  to  reside  in  the  province. 

A  disagreement  relating  to  hunting-grounds,  between  the  Southern 
and  Pennsylvania  Indians,  threatened  to  disturb  the  peace  of  the  province. 
To  avert  this,'^  Keith  paid  a  visit  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia,  with  whom 
he  framed  a  convention,  confining  the  Indians  on  the  north  and  south  of 
the  Potomac  to  their  respective  sides  of  that  river ;  which  the  Pennsyl- 
vania and  Five  Nation  Indians,  at  a  general  conference,  held  at  Conestogo 
on  the  sixth  of  July,  1721,  fully  ratified.  This  visit  was  made  with  much 
state.  Keith  was  attended  by  a  suite  of  sevent}^  horsemen,  many  of  them 
well  armed,  and  was  welcomed  on  his  return,  at  the  upper  ferry  on  the 
Schuylkill,  by  the  mayor  and  aldermen  of  the  city,  accompanied  by  two 
hundred  of  the  most  respectable  citizens. 

The  following  extract  from  the  Warrant  for  surveying  the  Manor  of 
Springetsbury,  issued  by  Sir  William  Keith  to  Col.  John  French,  Fran- 
cis Worley  and  James  Mitchell,  Esqrs.,  bearing  date  Conestogo  June  18, 
1722,  describes  the  boundaries  of  said  Manor.  The  said  persons  assisted 
by  neighboring  inhabitants  were  authorized,  empowered  and  commanded 
"to  cross  the  Eiver  Susquahannah,  and  to  survey  or  cause  to  be  surveyed, 
marked  and  located,  the  quantity  of  70,000  acres  or  thereabouts,  in  the 
name  and  for  the  use  of  the  Honorable  Springett  Penn,  Esq.,  which  shall 
bear  the  name  and  be  called  the  Mannor  of  Springettsbnry,  Beginning 
your  survey  as  near  as  you  can  upon  the  South  West  Bank  of  the  Eiver 
Susquahannah,  over  against  the  mouth  of  Conestogoe  Creek;  from  thence 
by  a  line  W.  S.  W.  Distance  Ten  miles  more  or  less;  from  thence  by  a 
line  N.  W.  b.  N.  Twelve  miles  more  or  less ;  thence  by  a  line  E.  N.  E. 
.until  you  meet  with  the  uppermost  Corner  tree  of  my  settlement  called 
ISfewberry;  from  thence  S.  E.  b.  S.  along  my  head  Line  until  you  come 
:at  my  Southern  Corner  tree  in  the  woods ;  from  thence  down  the  Side 
Line  of  my  Land  E.  N.  E.  until  you  come  at  the  River  Susquahannah, 
and  from  thence  by  the  Said  River's  side  unto  the  place  where  you  first 
began,  which  Line  will  be  the  fourth  side  of  the  said  Survey,  and  when 
it  is  done  and  finished,  you  are  to  make  a  Return  thereof  upon  the  back 
of  this  Warrant  unto  the  Govr.  and  Council  of  Pensilvania ;  For  which 
this  shall  be  unto  you,  the  sd.  Colo.  John  French,  Francis  Worley, 
every  of  you,  a  sufficient  Warrant,  Power  and  authority." 

The  Return: 

"  In  obedience  to  the  within  Warrant  to  us  directed,  We  did,  upon  the 
1  Votes.  2  Proud. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  101 

nineteenth  and  twentieth  days  of  this  instant,  June,  begin  and  compleat  the 
survey  of  the  Mannor  of  Springetsbury,  upon  the  River  Susquahannah, 
in  manner  following,  viz :  From  a  Red  Oak  upon  the  said  River  (by  a 
Run's  side  called  Peun's  Run)  marked  S.  P. ;  W.  S.  W.  Ten  .Miles  to  a 
Chesnut  (by  a  Run's  side  called  French's  Run)  mark  S.  P. ;  from  thence 
N.  W.  and  b.  N.  to  a  Black  Oak  mark'd  S.  P.  twelve  miles;  from  thence 
E.  N.  E.  to  Sir  William  Keith's  western  Corner  Tree  in  the  Woods,  Eight 
miles  ;  from  thence  along  the  S.  E,  and  N.  E.  lines  of  the  said  Sir  William 
Keith  Tract  called  Newberry  unto  the  River  Susquahannah  again,  and 
from  thence  along  the  River  Side  to  the  place  of  beginning,  The  wliole 
containing  Seventy  Five  Thousand  live  Hundred  and  Twenty  acres, 
according  to  the  Plan  thereof  hereunto  annexed,  all  Avhich  is  humbly 
submitted  by 

Yr.  Excellency's  Most  Humble  &  Obedient  Servants, 

John  French, 
Fran.  Worley, 

Ja.  Mitchell. 
At  Newberry,  June  21st,  1722. 

"The  Governor  of  Maryland  prepared  at  this  time  to  make  surveys  on 
the  Susquehannah,  within  the  bounds  claimed  by  Pennsylvania,  and 
within  the  present  county  of  York.^  Keith  resolved  to  resist  this  attempt 
by  force,  and  ordered  out  a  militia  company  from  Newcastle.  His 
Council,  however,  discouraged  every  resort  to  violence,  even  should  the 
Marylanders  employ  force  to  effect  their  object.  The  Indians  became 
alarmed  at  the  proposed  encroachment  from  Maryland,  and  after  much 
hesitation,  consented  to  convey  to  Keith,  that  he  might  have  a  better 
title  to  resist  the  Marylanders,  a  large  tract  of  land  for  the  use  of 
Springett  Penn,  the  grandson  of  William  Penn,  afterwards  known  by  the 
name  of  Springettbury  manor. 

"  The  fears  of  the  province  were  soon  after  again  aAvakened  by  a 
quarrel  between  two  brothers  named  Cartledge,  and  an  Indian  near  Con- 
estogo,  in  which  the  latter  Avas  killed,  with  many  circumstances  of  cru- 
elty. The  known  principles  of  revenge  professed  by  the  Indians,  gave 
reason  to  apprehend  severe  retaliation.  Policy  and  justice  required  a 
rigid  inquiry,  and  the  infliction  of  exemplary  punishment  on  the  mur- 
derers. The  Assembly  commanded  a  coroner's  inquest  to  be  holden  on 
the  body,  though  two  months  buried  in  the  interior  of  the  country,  and 
the  arrest  of  the  accused.  Messengers  were  despatched  to  the  Five  Na- 
tions to  deprecate  hostilities,  and,  to  prevent  further  irregularities,  the 
prohibition  of  the  sale  of  spirituous  liquors  to  the  Indians  was  re-enacted 
with  additional  penalties.  The  Indians  invited  Keith  to  meet  them  with 
the  Governors  of  Virginia,  New  York,  and  the  New  England  Colonies, 

1  Gordor. 

/ 


]^02  AUTHEXTIC   HISTORY 

in  Council,  at  Albany  where,  with  great  magnanimity,  they  pardoned  the 
offence  of  the  Cartledges,  and  requested  they  might  be  discharged  without 
further  punishment.  The  address  of  the  King  merits  a  place  here :  '  The 
great  King  of  the  Five  Nations,'  said  the  reporter,  'is  sorry  for  the  death 
of  the  Incfian  that  was  killed,  for  he  was  of  his  own  flesh  and  blood:  he 
believes  the  Governor  is  also  sorry;  but,  now  that  it  is  done,  there  is  no 
help  for  it,  and  he  desires  that  Cartledge  may  not  be  put  to  death,  nor 
that  he  should  be  spared  for  a  time  and  afterwards  executed;  one  life  is 
enough  to  be  lost;  there  should  not  two  die.  The  King's  heart  is  good 
to  the  Governor,  and  all  the  English.'  ^  The  Governor  was  attended  on 
his  journey  to  Albany  by  Messrs.  Hill,  Norris  and  Ilamihon,  of  his 
Council. 

"  A  part  of  the  emigration  to  the  Colonies  was  composed  of  servants, 
who  were  of  two  classes.  The  first  and  larger,  poor  and  oppressed  in 
the  land  of  their  nativity,  sometimes  the  victims  of  political  changes,  or 
religious  intolerance,  submitted  to  a  temporary  servitude,  as  the  price  of 
freedom,  plenty,  and  peace.  The  second,  vagrants  and  felons,  the  dregs 
of  the  British  populace,  were  cast  by  the  mother  country  upon  her  colo- 
nies, with  the  most  selfish  disregard  of  the  feelings  she  outraged.  From 
this  moral  pestilence  the  first  settlers  shrunk  with  horror.  In  1682  the 
Pennsylvania  Council  proposed  to  prohibit  the  introduction  of  convicts, 
but  the  evil  was  then  prospective  to  them  only,  and  no  law  was  enacted. 
But  an  act  was  now  passed,  which,  though  not  prohibitory  in  terms,  was 
such  in  effect.  A  duty  of  five  pounds  was  imposed  upon  every  convicted 
felon  brought  into  the  province,  and  the  importer  was  required  to  give 
surety  for  the  good  behaviour  of  the  convict  for  one  year ;  and  to  render 
these  provisions  effectual,  the  owner  or  master  was  bound  under  a  pen- 
alty of  twenty  pounds,  to  render,  on  oath  or  affirmation,  within  twenty- 
four  hours  after  the  arrival  of  the  vessel,  an  account  to  the  collector  of 
the  names  of  the  servants  and  passengers.  But  such  account  was  not 
required  when  bond  was  given  conditioned  for  the  re-exportation  of  such 
servants  Avithin  six  months," 

Commercial  embarrassments  now  ensued,  [1722]  caused  by  various 
circumstances,  but  chiefly  by  a  deficiency  in  the  circulating  medium,^  This 
difficulty  Keith  proposed  to  overcome  by  the  introduction  of  paper-money. 
The  Assembly  proceeded  with  the  utmost  caution  and  circumspection  in 
this  important  affair,  for  with  full  knowledge  of  the  examples  and  mis- 
takes of  the  other  Colonies,  they  felt  it  chiefly  incumbent  upon  them  to 
prevent  the  depreciation  of  their  bills  "which  nothing  could  so  much 
effect  as  an  over-quantity,  defect  of  solid  security,  and  of  proper  provis- 
ion to  recall  and  cancel  them;  so  in  this,  their  first  experiment  of  the 
kind,  they  issued  only  £15,000,  on  such  terms  as  appeared  most  likely 
1  Gordon.  2  Pioud. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  103 

to  be  eftectual  to  keep  up  their  credit,  and  gradually  to  reduce  and  sink 
them.  For  which  purpose  the  act,  among  several  others,  was  passed  by 
the  Governor,  on  the  second  day  of  the  first  month  [March]  1722-23. 
But  from  the  advantage  which  was  soon  experienced  by  this  emission, 
together  with  the  insufficiency  of  the  sum,  the  government  was  induced, 
in  the  latter  end  of  the  same  year,  to  emit  £30,000  more  on  the  same 
terms." 

Keith,  in  espousing  the  popular  cause,  secured  the  approbation  and 
confidence  of  the  Assembly,  but  unfortunately  incurred  the  displeasure 
of  the  proprietary  party  and  its  leader,  Logan.  Complications  arose, 
which  eventuated  in  the  triumph  of  the  latter  and  the  deposition  of  the 
former,  who  was  decidedly  the  best  of  the  proprietary  deputies.  "Differ- 
ing from  the  great  body  of  the  people  whom  he  governed,  in  religion  and 
manners,  he  acquired  their  esteem  and  confidence.  If  he  sought  popu- 
larity, he  promoted  the  public  happiness;  and  his  courage  in  resisting  the 
demands  of  the  family,  may  be  ascribed  to  a  higher  motive  than  private 
interest.  The  conduct  of  the  Assembly  towards  him  was  neither  honor- 
able nor  politic;  for  his  sins  against  his  principals  were  virtues  to  the 
people,  with  whom  he  was  deservedly  a  favorite ;  and  the  House  should 
have  given  him  such  substantial  marks  of  their  gratitude  as  would  have 
tempted  his  successors  to  walk  in  his  steps.  But  fear  of  further  offence 
to  the  proprietary  family,  the  influence  of  Logan,  and  a  quarrel  between 
the  Governor  and  Lloyd,  turned  their  attention  from  him  to  his  suc- 
cessor."^ 

After  his  removal,  Keith  resided  some  time  in  the  province,  returned 
to  England  and  is  said  to  have  died  poor,  in  London,  about  the  year  171:9. 

Patrick  Gordon  was  appointed  successor  of  Keith  by  the  family,  and 
formally  proposed  to  the  crown,  by  Springett  Penn,  their  heir-at-law. 
He  seems  to  have  first  met  the  Assembly  in  the  beginning  of  the  6th 
month,  172(),  though  he  arrived  in  the  province,  with  his  family,  some 
time  before.^ 

"As  the  colonists  extended  themselves  through  the  interior  of  the 
country,  [1727,]  they  came  more  frequently  and  more  closely  in  contact 
with  the  natives,  and,  in  despite  of  the  efforts  of  the  government,  oppo- 
sition of  habits,  interests,  and  dispositions,  led  to  occasional  violence,  by 
either  party,  and  sometimes  to  bloodshed.  A  person  named  Wright  had 
been  killed  beyond  Conestogo,  at  a  place  called  Snaketown,  by  the  Penn- 
sylvania Indians.  The  course  directed  by  the  Assembly,  on  this  occa- 
sion, to  obtain  redress,  was  that  established  for  the  prosecution  of  Indian 
offenders  generally.  The  criminal  was  demanded  of  the  town  or  nation 
to  which  he  belonged,  with  a  threat  that,  unless  he  were  surrendered 
within  a  specified  time,  the  proper  officer  would  be  empowered  to  appre- 
1  Gordon.     Franklin.     Mod.  Hist.  2  Proud. 


104  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

hend  him  ;  and,  when  surrendered,  he  was  tried  by  an  English  jury.  The 
colonists  Avere  much  annoyed  by  non-resident  Indians,  who  frequently,  in 
small  and  armed  parties,  roved  on  the  borders  of  the  settlements,  and, 
stimulated  by  drink  and  cupidity,  committed  outrages  upon  the  persons 
and  property  of  the  inhabitants.  A  case  of  this  kind  had  called  forth 
the  inhabitants  on  the  Mahanatany,  [1728,]  a  creek  emptying  into  the 
Schuylkill  thirty  miles  from  Philadelphia,  and,  in  the  affray,  several  of 
the  whites,  as  well  as  Indians,  were  wounded.  During  the  alarm  and 
irritation  occasioned  by  this  affair,  three  unoffending  Indians,  of  a  friendly 
provincial  tribe,  were  inhumanly  killed  in  the  woods  by  four  whites. 
The  Governor,  who  had,  on  the  first  disturbance  by  the  strange  Indians 
proceeded  to  Mahanatany,  ordered  three  of  the  murderers  to  be  arrested ; 
the  fourth  escaped.  The  vengeance  of  the  Indian  chiefs,  to  whom  the 
deceased  were  related,  was  much  dreaded;  but  it  was  averted  by  the 
interposition  of  the  Five  Nations,  and  a  new  treaty."^ 

A  few  days  before  the  last-mentioned  incident,  the  Governor  received 
intelligence  in  a  letter  from  Mr.  Wright,  at  Conestogo  that  in  conse- 
quence of  an  impending  quarrel  between  the  Conestogo  and  Shawanese 
Indians,  occasioned  by  the  latter  having  killed  two  of  the  former,  the 
white  settlers  were  filled  with  consternation  and  were  leaving  their  houses, 
and  that  his  presence  Avas  required  for  the  composition  of  the  differences 
and  the  preservation  of  peace.  The  necessary  arrangements  being  com- 
pleted, the  Governor,  accompanied  by  some  members  of  the  Council  and 
other  gentlemen,  to  the  number  of  about  thirty,  left  Philadelphia  on  the 
22d  of  May,  and  the  following  night  came  to  the  house  of  Andrew  Cor- 
nish, about  a  mile  distant  from  the  Indian  town.  The  2-ith  and  25th 
days  were  spent  in  waiting  for  some  other  persons  expected  at  the 
Treaty  and  in  mutual  civilities,  and  on  the  26th  the  Treaty  began  as  fol- 
lows :  ^ 

At  a  Council  held  at  the  Indian  Town  of  Conestogoe,  May  26th,  1728. 

PRESENT : 

The  Hon'ble  Patrick  Cordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Gov.,  some  Members  of 
Council  and  divers  other  Gentlemen. 

PRESENT   ALSO: 

Ganyataronga,  1 

Tawenna,  !         Chiefs  of  the  Conestogoe 

Tanniatchiaro,  \  Indians. 

Taquatarensaly,  alias  Capt.  Civility,  j 

Oholykon,  -^ 

Peyeashickon,  \-      Chiefs  of  some  of  the  Delaware  Indians  on 

Wikimikyona,  J  Brandy  wine. 

1  Gordon.  2  Col.  Rec.  Ill,  310-314. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  105 

Howickyoma, 

Skayanannego, 

Onneygheat,  |-       Chiefs  of  the  Ganawese  Indians. 

Nanamakamen,        | 

Peyhiohin.ic;,  J 

Weysow-walow,     "^ 

Keyscykakalow,     )-      Chiefs  of  the  Shawanese. 

Nichtamskakow,    J 

Shakawtawlin,  or  Sam,  Interpreter  from  the  English  into  the  Dela- 
ware. 

Captain  Civility,  Interpreter  from  the  Delaware  into  the  Shawanese 
and  Mingoe  (alias  Conestogoe.) 

Pomapechtoa,  Interpreter  from  the  Delaware  into  the  Ganawese  Lan- 
guage. 

Mr.  Nicholas  Scull,      -i 

Mr.  John  Scull,  |-       Assistant  Interpreters. 

Mr.  Peter  Bizallion,      J 

The  Governor  spoke  as  follows : 

"My  Friends  and  Brethren:  You  are  sensible  that  the  Great  Wil- 
liam Penn,  the  Father  of  this  Country,  when  he  first  brought  his  people 
with  him  over  the  broad  sea,  took  all  the  Indians  and  the  old  inhabitants 
by  the  hand,  and  because  he  found  them  to  be  a  sincere,  honest  people, 
he  took  them  to  his  heart  and  loved  them  as  his  own.  He  then  made  a 
strong  league  and  chain  of  Friendship  with  them,  by  which  it  was  agreed 
that  the  Indians  and  the  English,  with  all  the  Christians,  should  be  as 
one  people. 

"Your  Friend  and  Father,  Wm.  Penn,  still  retained  a  warm  affection 
for  all  the  Indians,  and  strictly  commanded  those  whom  he  sent  to  govern 
this  people  to  treat  the  Indians  as  his  children,  and  continued  in  this  kind 
love  for  them  until  his  death. 

"His  sons  have  now  sent  me  over  in  their  stead,  and  they  gave  me 
strict  charge  to  love  all  the  Indians  as  their  brethren,  and  as  their  Father 
William  Penn  loved  3^ou.  I  would  have  seen  you  before  this  time,  but 
I  fell  sick  soon  after  I  came  over,  and  continued  so  till  the  next  Spring.  I 
then  waited  to  receive  some  of  the  Five  Nations  who  came  to  see  me  at 
Philadelphia,  and  last  Fall  I  heard  you  were  all  gone  out  a  hunting. 

"I  am  now  come  to  see  you,  and  to  renew  the  ancient  Friendship 
which  has  been  between  William  Penn's  people  and  you.  I  was  in 
hopes  that  Sassoonan  and  Opekasset,  with  their  people,  would  have  been 
likewise  here;  they  have  sent  me  kind  messages  and  have  a  warm  love 
for  the  Christians.  I  believe  they  will  come  to  me  at  Philadelphia,  for 
since  they  could  not  get  hither  I  have  desired  them  to  meet  me  there. 
"  I  am  now  to  discourse  with  my  brethren,  the  Conestogoes,  Delawares, 


106  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Ganawese  and  Shawanese  Indians  upon  Susquehanna,  and  to  speak  in 
love  to  tliem. 

"My  Brethren:  You  have  been  faithful  to  your  Leagues  with  us,  your 
hearts  have  been  clean,  and  you  have  preserved  the  chain  from  spots 
or  rust,  or  if  there  were  any  you  have  been  careful  to  wipe  them  away ; 
your  leagues  with  your  Father  William  Penn  and  with  his  Governors, 
are  in  writing  on  record,  that  our  children  and  our  children's  children 
may  have  them  in  everlasting  remembrance.  And  we  know  that  you 
preserve  tlie  memory  of  those  things  amongst  you  by  telling  them  to 
3^our  children,  and  they  again  to  the  next  generation,  so  that  they  re- 
main stamped  on  your  minds  never  to  be  forgot. 

"The  chief  heads  or  strongest  links  of  this  chain  I  find  are  these  nine, 
viz : 

1st.  "That  all  William  Penn's  people  or  Christians,  and  all  the  Indians 
should  be  brethren,  as  the  children  of  one  father,  joined  together  as  with 
one  heart,  one  head  and  one  bodv. 

2d.  "  That  all  paths  should  be  open  and  free  to  both  Christians  and 
Indians. 

3d.  "  That  the  doors  of  the  Christians'  houses  should  be  open  to  the 
Indians,  and  the  houses  of  the  Indians  open  to  the  Christians,  and  they 
should  make  each  other  welcome  as  their  friends. 

4:th.  "  That  the  Christians  should  not  believe  any  false  rumors  or  re- 
ports of  the  Indians,  nor  the  Indians  believe  any  such  rumors  or  reports 
of  the  Christians,  but  should  first  come  as  brethren  to  enquire  of  each 
other ;  and  that  both  Christians  and  Indians,  when  they  hear  any  such 
false  reports  of  their  brethren,  they  should  bury  them  in  a  bottom- 
less pit. 

5th.  "That  if  the  Christians  hear  any  ill  news  that  may  be  to  the  hurt 
of  the  Indians,  or  if  the  Indians  hear  any  such  ill  news  that  may  be  to 
the  injury  of  the  Christians,  they  should  acquaint  each  other  with  it 
speedily  as  true  friends  and  brethren. 

6th.  "  That  the  Indians  should  do  no  manner  of  harm  to  the  Christians 
nor  their  creatures,  nor  the  Christians  do  any  hurt  to  any  Indians,  but 
each  treat  the  other  as  their  brethren. 

7th.  "But  as  there  are  wicked  people  in  all  nations,  if  either  Indians  or 
Christians  should  do  any  harm  to  each  other,  complaint  should  be  made 
of  it  by  the  persons  suffering,  that  right  may  be  done,  and  when  satisfac- 
tion IS  made,  the  injury  or  wrong  should  be  forgot,  and  be  buried  as  in 
a  bottomless  pit. 

8th.  "That  the  Indians  should  in  all  things  assist  the  Christians,  and 
the  Christians  assist  the  Indians  against  all  wicked  people  that  would 
disturb  them. 

9th.  "And  lastly,  that  both  Christians  and  Indians  should  acquaint 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  107 

their  children  with  this  league  and  firm  chain  of  friendship  made  between 
them,  and  that  it  should  always  be  made  stronger  and  stronger  and  be 
kept  bright  and  clean,  without  rust  or  spot  between  our  children  and 
children's  children,  while  the  creeks  and  rivers  run,  and  while  the  sun, 
moon  and  stars  endure. 

"And  for  a  confirmation  on  our  parts  of  all  these  several  articles,  we 
bind  them  with  these  several  parcels  of  goods,  viz  : 

"20  Strowd  Matchcoats,  20  Dufl:ells,  20  Blankets,  20  Shirts,  1  cwt.  of 
Gunpowder,  2  cwt.  of  Lead,  500  Flints,  50  Knives." 

After  Avhich  the  Governor  proceeded  and  said : 

"My  Brethrex:  I  have  now  spoke  to  the  league  and  chain  of  friend- 
ship, first  made  by  your  father,  AVilliam  Penn,  with  your  fathers,  which 
is  confirmed.  I  am  now  to  acquaint  you  with  an  unhappy  accident  that 
has  afflicted  me  and  all  good  people  amongst  us,  and  we  lament  and  mourn 
with  you  on  the  heavy  misfortune. 

"About  forty  days  ago  we  heard  that  the  Twechtweys  were  coming  as 
enemies  against  this  country.  I  believe  it  is  false,  for  we  never  hurt  the 
Twechtweys ;  and  about  eighteen  days  since  I  received  an  express  from 
the  Iron  works  at  Mahanatawny,  acquainting  me  that  eleven  foreign  In- 
dians, painted  for  war,  and  armed  with  guns,  pistols  and  swords,  were 
come  amongst  our  inhabitants,  plundering  them  and  taking  away  their 
provisions  by  force,  whereupon  some  of  our  people,  to  the  number  of 
twenty  men,  with  arms,  went  to  speak  to  them  civilly,  but  the  Indians 
fired  upon  them  and  wounded  some  of  them ;  our  men  likewise  fired  on 
the  Indians  and  wounded  some  of  them  also;  but  the  Indians  fired  first. 
It  was  very  ill  done  to  fire. 

"As  soon  as  I  had  this  account  I  took  horse  and  went  to  Mahanatawny, 
with  several  gentlemen  of  Philadelphia,  but  the  Indians  were  gone  off". 
I  found  our  people  believed  there  were  more  coming,  and  therefore  some 
hundreds  met  together  with  their  arms  to  defend  themselves  in  case  the 
Indians  should  attack  them. 

"As  I  was  returning  home  I  heard  news  that  grieved  me  exceedingly. 
I  was  told  that  two  or  three  furious  men  amongst  us  had  killed  three  or 
four  Indian  friends  and  hurt  two  girls.  I  went  back  mourning,  and  sent  out 
men  to  take  the  murderers,  who  were  accordingly  taken,  and  "^re  now  in 
irons  in  a  dungeon  to  be  tried  by  the  laws  of  the  great  King  of  all  the 
English,  as  if  they  had  killed  so  many  of  his  own  subjects.  I  have  like- 
wise caused  search  to  be  made  for  the  dead  bodies,  and  two  women  were 
found  murdered,  who  b}'^  my  order  were  laid  in  a  grave  and  covered  with 
shirts  and  strowds.  I  hear  likewise  that  the  dead  body  of  an  Indian  man 
has  been  found  and  is  buried. 

"You  know  there  are  wicked  people  among  all  nations;  there  are  ill 
people  amongst  you,  and  you  are  sometimes  forced  to  put  them  to  death. 


108  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  English  are  a  great  people,  and  there  are  likewise  wicked  men 
amongst  them.  I  mourn  for  this  misfortune,  and  will  do  all  I  can  to 
comfort  the  relations  of  the  dead  when  I  see  them,  which  I  hope  will  be 
at  Philadelphia  with  Sassoonan  and  Opekasset. 

"About  eight  months  ago  I  received  an  account  that  an  English  man 
was  killed  by  some  Indians,  at  the  House  of  John  Burt,  in  Snake  town. 
I  heard  John  Burt  was  very  abusive  to  the  Indians,  and  I  sent  to  appre- 
hend him,  but  he  fled;  if  he  can  be  taken  he  will  be  punished.  But 
since  there  was  a  man  killed,  we  expect  the  Indians  will  do  us  justice 
by  apprehending  the  murderers  that  they  may  be  punished,  for  we  must 
be  just  and  faithful  to  each  other,  that  this  spot  may  be  wiped  away  and 
the  chain  be  kept  bright  and  clean. 

"Yoii  know,  my  brethren,  that  one  link  of  the  chain  is,  that  when  the 
Indians  are  uneasy  they  should  tell  it  to  us,  and  when  we  are  uneasy  we 
will  tell  it  to  them.  I  therefore  desire  your  hearts  may  be  open,  that  I 
may  know  if  you  have  any  cause  of  grief  which  I  will  endeavor  to 
remove,  for  I  am  your  brother. 

"  I  have  issued  a  Proclamation  requiring  all  our  people  to  use  you  well, 
which  shall  be  read  unto  you  before  I  go  away.  I  will  prevent  any 
hurt  being  done  to  our  friends  the  Indians,  because  those  who  do  not 
behave  themselves  agreeable  to  what  is  therein  commanded,  will  be 
severely  punished. 

At  a  Council  held  at  the  Indian  Town  of  Conestogoe,  May  27th,  1728. 

PRESENT : 

The  Ilouble  Patrick  Gordon,  Esqr.,  Lieut  Governr. 

And  the  same  as  before. 

Tawenna,  in  the  name  and  on  the  behalf  of  all  the  Indians  present, 
spoke  to  the  Governor,  which  was  rendered  into  English  by  John  Scull, 
interpreter,  and  is  as  follows : 

"  Give  ear  my  brethren  of  Philadelphia— the  Conestogoe  Indians,  the 
Shawanese,  the  Ganawese  and  DelaAvares  have  somewhat  to  say,  which 
they  will  speak  presently. 

"  They  say  they  look  upon  the  Governor  as  if  William  Peim  himself 
were  present.  They  are  four  Nations  and  among  them  there  are  several 
loohsh  people,  as  if  they  were  just  sprung  from  the  earth;  but  that  since 
their  first  friendship  with  William  Penn,  they  never  have  received  any 
wrong  or  injury  from  him  or  any  of  his  people. 

"That  several  foolish  people  among  them  committed  follies  and  indis- 
cretions, but  they  hope  these  will  never  interrupt  the  friendship  which  is 
between  their  people  and  us,  for  that  they  and  all  William  Penn's  people 
are  as  one  people,  that  eat,  as  it  were,  with  one  mouth,  and  are  one  body 
and  one  heart. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  109 

"  Then,  presenting  a  belt  of  wampum  of  eight  rows,  they  say :  They 
would  not  have  the  Governor  grieve  too  much  for  the  rash  inconsiderate 
actions  that  of  late  have  been  committed ;  they  must  be  buried  and  forgot, 
for  that  what  has  happened  was  done  by  their  friends;  if  it  had  been  done 
by  their  enemies  the}^  would  have  resented  it,  but  that  we  and  they  are 
one;  that  they  have  always  met  with  justice  and  kindness  from  William 
Penn,  and  from  all  the  Governors  whom  he  has  sent  here,  and  thus  do  all 
the  Indians  of  Conestogoe,  Delaware,  the  Shawanese  and  Ganawese  say. 

"That  they  are  extremely  glad  and  satisfied  with  what  the  Governor 
said  to  them  yesterday ;  it  greatly  rejoiced  their  hearts ;  that  they  have  had 
no  such  speech  made  to  them  since  the  time  that  the  great  William  Penn 
was  amongst  them ;  all  was  "good  and  nothing  was  amiss. 

"Then,  presenting  four  strings  of  wampum,  they  say:  They  will  visit 
the  Governor  at  Philadelphia  after  the  harvest  is  over,  and  then  they  will 
speak  fully  to  him  as  their  brother  and  friend,  for  the  Conestogoes,  Dela- 
wares,  Shawanese  and  Ganawese  will  then  come  to  him,  and  he  may  look 
up  the  Conestogoe  road  and  expect  them ;  that  what  happened  at  John 
Burt's  house  was  not  done  by  them;  it  was  done  by  one  of  the  Meny- 
sincks,  who  are  of  another  Nation,  and  therefore  they  can  say  nothing 
to  it." 

After  this  Answer  of  the  Indians  some  of  the  gentlemen  present  moved 
the  Governor,  that  seeing  there  was  now  a  numerous  company  of  our 
inhabitants  met  together,  he  would  be  pleased  to  })ress  the  Indians  to 
declare  to  him  if  they  suffered  any  grievance  or  hardship  from  this  Gov- 
ernment, because  several  reports  had  been  industriously  spread  abroad 
as  if  they  had  some  just  cause  of  complaint.  And  the  Governor  having 
ordered  the  interpreters  to  acquaint  them  herewith ;  they  all  answered 
that  they  had  no  cause  of  complaint,  that  William  Penn  and  his  people 
had  still  treated  them  well,  and  they  had  no  uneasiness. 

The  Governor  then  told  them  that  he  was  well  pleased  with  what  they 
had  said  unto  him,  and  that  since  the  Indian,  who  killed  the  Englishman 
at  Burt's  house  is  not  of  their  Nation,  he  would  demand  justice  from  that 
Nation  to  which  he  belonged. 

The  Proclamation  w^as  then  interpreted  unto  them,  which  seemed  to. 
please  them  very  much. 

Then  the  Governor  having  ordered  some  rum,  bread,  tobacco  and 
pipes  to  be  delivered  to  them,  and  likewise  one  strowd  matchcoat  and  one 
shirt  to  Civility,  one  strowd  matchcoat  and  shirt  to  Shakatawlin  or  Sam, 
and  one  shirt  to  Pomapechtya,  the  three  Indian  interpreters;  he  took  all 
the  Indian  chiefs  by  the  hand,  and  desired  them  that  when  they  returned 
home  they  should  acquaint  all  their  people  with  what  had  now  passed 
between  them  and  us,  that  the  remembrance  thereof  might  endure  for- 
ever. 


110  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  proclamation  referred  to  was  as  follows : 

"By  THE  IIoxouRABLE  PATRICK  GoRDON,  Esqr.,  Lieutenant  Governor 
of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent  and 

Sussex,  upon  Delaware. 

"A  PROCLAMATION. 

"Whereas,  by  the  especial  favour  of  Divine  Providence  and  its  bless- 
ings on  the  endeavors  of  our  late  honorable  Proprietor,  and  the  first 
adventurers  with  him  in  the  settlement  of  this  colony,  the  inhabitants 
thereof  have  hitherto  enjoyed  a  continued  course  of  peace  and  tran- 
quility, secured  from  all  hostilities,  either  by  invasion  or  insurrection : 
to  which  nothing  under  the  Divine  hand  has  more  effectually  contributed 
than  the  prudent  care  that  was  then  taken  by  the  Proprietor,  to  enter 
into  a  firm  alliance  and  sincere  friendship  with  all  the  Indian  natives,  at 
that  time  a  numerous  people.  And  Whereas,  by  the  several  treaties 
then  made,  it  was  specially  provided  and  agreed,  that  the  said  natives 
should  be  considered  in  all  dealings,  and  converse  with  them  as  our 
friends  and  brethren  without  distinction;  and  by  the  like  care  in  the 
government,  the  same  treaties  have  from  time  to  time  been  continued 
and  confirmed,  and  by  the  sober  and  prudent  conduct  of  the  ancient 
settlers  and  their  successors,  the  first  established  friendship  has  been 
hitherto  without  any  interruption  supported  and  maintained,  to  the  great 
benefit,  as  well  as  honor  and  reputation  of  this  Government  and  its  Euro- 
pean inhabitants,  as  also  of  the  said  natives,  who  have  not  to  this  time 
been  guilty  of  any  failure  or  breach  on  their  parts  of  the  said  treaties. 
But  Whereas,  by  reason  of  some  rude  insults  from  a  few  strange  In- 
dians, who  had  ranged  amongst  our  inhabitants,  some  actions  tending  to 
hostilities  ensued;  whereupon  the  people  assembled  themselves  in  com- 
panies, under  an  apprehension  that  those  robbers  might  be  followed  by 
much  greater  numbers.  And  since  these  motions,  a  most  barbarous 
murder  has  been  committed  by  some  furious  men  on  the  bodies  of  three 
harmless  and  quiet  natives,  our  friends ;  for  which  the  malefactors  have 
been  happily  seized  and  are  in  safe  custody,  in  order  to  be  tried  and 
suffer  condign  punishment.  Now,  for  prevention  of  all  further  other 
breaches  of  the  established  friendship  between  us  and  the  said  natives,  I 
do,  by  virtue  of  the  powers  and  authorities  to  me  derived  from  the 
King's  sacred  Majesty,  and  the  Honble  the  Proprietors  and  Governors  in 
chief  of  this  province  and  adjacent  counties,  hereby  strictly  charge  and 
command  all  and  singular  his  Majesty's  subjects,  the  Europeans  of  what- 
soever nation  they  be,  who  reside  in  the  said  province  or  counties,  that 
on  no  pretence  they  abuse  any  Indian  native  of  the  Nations  around 
us,  viz:  the  Dela wares,  Conestogoes,  Ganawese,  Sh  wamese,  Mingoes 
or  those  of  the  Five  Nations,  or  any  other  con  g  and  demean- 
ing themselves  peaceably  amongst  us,  but  that  on  all  jccasions  thev 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  Ill 

treat  all  the  said  Indians  with  the  same  civil  regard  that  they  would 
an  English  subject;  and  that  by  all  means  they  avoid  that  unbe- 
coming practice  of  expressing  or  shewing  their  weak  unhandsome  fears, 
by  which  they  greatly  expose  themselves  to  remarks  that  are  dishonor- 
able. But  because,  on  the  late  alarms,  apprehensions  have  been  raised 
of  insults  from  foreign  Indians:  To  the  end,  that  the  inhabitants  may 
not  in  any  case  (should  it  unfortunately  happen)  be  unprovided,  I  do 
hereby  direct  and  require  all  llis  Majesty's  liege  subjects  within  the  said 
province  and  counties,  that  they  be  at  all  times  duly  furnished  with 
suitable  arms  and  ammunition  for  their  defence,  to  be  used  in  case  of 
real  necessity  by  the  order  and  direction  of  proper  officers,  who  shall  be 
duly  appointed  for  that  purpose.  And  that  they  fail  not  to  appear  with 
them  in  proper  time  and  place,  if  there  should  be  occasion  to  use  them, 
in  defence  of  themselves,  their  families  and  country. 

"Given  in  Council  at  Philadelphia,  under  my  hand  and  the  Great  Seal 
of  the  said  Province,  the  sixteenth  da}^  of  May,  in  the  first  year  of  the 
reign  of  our  sovereign  Lord  George,  the  Second  by  the  grace  of  God, 
over  Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  faith,  &c., 
Annoq  Dom.,  1728. 

"  God  save  the  King." 

Up  to  this  period  the  present  limits  of  Lancaster  county,  and  indeed  a 
large  section  of  Pennsylvania,  formed  part  of  Chester  county.  The 
county  seat  was  Upland  or  Chester  on  the  Delaware,  15  miles  S.  W.  from 
Philadelphia.  The  inconveniences  arising  from  this  circumstance  are 
stated  in  the  subjoined  minutes  relating  to  the  erection  of  Lancaster 
county. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  Feb.  6th,  1728-9. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honorable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor, 
James  Logan,  William  Fishbourn,       ^ 

Eichard  Hill,  Clement  Plumsted,  1   -r^^",. 

Isaac  Norris,  Samuel  Hazle,  i 

Samuel  Preston,  J 

A  petition  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper  parts  of  Chester  county  was 
laid  before  the  Board  and  read,  setting  forth,  that  by  reason  of  their  great 
distance  from  the  county  town,  where  Courts  are  held,  offices  are  kept, 
and  annual  elections  made,  they  lie  under  very  great  inconveniences, 
being  obliged  in  the  recovery  of  their  just  debts,  to  travel  near  one  hun- 
dred miles  to  obtain  a  writ;  that  for  want  of  a  sufficient  number  of  Jus- 
tices, Constab'efv  "ud  other  officers,  in  those  parts,  no  care  is  taken  of  the 
high-ways;  To3?f^^yhips  are  not  laid  out,  nor  bridges  built,  when  there  is 
an  apparent  iie^'^essity  for  them ;  and  further  that  for  want  of  a  Goal 


■^12  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

there,  several  vagabonds  and  other  dissolute  people  harbour  among  them, 
thinking  themsefves  safe  from  justice  in  so  remote  a  place  ;  and  therefore 
praying°that  a  Division  Line  be  made  between  the  upper  and  lower  part 
of  the  said  county,  and  the  upper  part  thereof  erected  into  a  county,  with 
all  the  immunities,  rights  and  privileges  which  any  other  county  of  this 
Province  does  now  enjoy. 

The  Board  taking  the  same  into  consideration,  are  of  opinion  that  the 
Governor  is  fully  empowered  by  virtue  of  his  commission,  to  grant  the 
prayer  of  the  petition,  if  the  same  shall  appear  necessary ;  but  as  it  is  a 
matter  of  some  moment  and  will  require  a  mature  deliberation,  it  was 
moved  and  agreed  that  the  further  consideration  thereof  should  be  de- 
ferred till  to-morrow  at  nine  o'clock,  beforenoon,  to  which  time  the 
Council  is  adjourned. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  February  7th,  1728-9. 

PRESENT: 

The  honorable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor. 
James  Logan,  Clement  Plumsted,       ^ 


Kichard  Hill,  Ealph  Asheton, 


\-  Bsq'rs. 


Isaac  Norris,  Samuel  llazle,  j 

Wm.  Fishbourn,  J 

The  Minutes  of  the  three  preceding  Councils  being  read  and  approved, 
the  Board,  according  to  order,  entered  into  the  consideration  of  the  peti- 
tion in  the  Minute  of  yesterday,  touching  the  Division  of  Chester  county, 
and  after  the  same  had  been  fully  considered  and  debated,  the  Board 
came  to  the  following  Resolution :  That,  as  well  for  the  reasons  set  forth 
in  said  petition,  as  the  security,  peace  and  good  order  of  the  whole  Gov- 
ernment, there  doth  appear  a  real  neccessity  that  a  new  county  should  be 
erected,  according  to  the  prayer  of  said  petition ;  and  although  the  power 
of  erecting  counties  is  wholly  vested  in  the  Proprietory,  and  therefore  in 
the  Governor,  as  his  Lieutenant,  yet,  inasmuch  as  this  will  require  the 
establishment  of  Courts  of  Judicature,  with  other  alterations,  for  which 
a  due  provision  will  best  be  made  by  a  Law,  it  may  be  convenient  that 
the  Governor  should  acquaint  the  House  of  Representatives  now  sitting, 
with  the  application  made  to  him,  that  the  same  may  be  carried  on  with, 
and  strengthened  by  the  joint  and  unanimous  concurrence  of  the  whole 
Legislature. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  February  20th,  1728-9. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.  Lieut.  Governor. 
Richard  Hill,  Clement  Plumsted,       ^ 

Isaac  Norris,  Thomas  Laurence,        [  Esq'rs. 

Samuel  Preston,  Samuel  Hazle.  J 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  113 

The  minutes  of  the  preceding  Council  being  read  and  approved,  the 
Governor  informed  the  Board  that  pursuant  to  the  resolve  of  last  Coun- 
cil, he  had  acquainted  the  House  of  Representatives  with  his  intention  to 
erect  the  upper  part  of  the  County  of  Chester  into  a  separate  county,  in 
which  they  had  concurred,  and  desired  that  an  equal  number  of  the  in- 
habitants of  the  lower  and  upper  part  might  run  the  division  line ;  and, 
therefore,  he  was  now  to  recommend  to  the  Board  to  choose  fit  and  well 
qualified  persons  for  that  service,  and  to  consider  of  proper  directions 
for  their  guidance  therein.     And  after  due  consideration  thereof — 

It  is  ordered  that  Henry  Hayes,  Samuel  Nutt,  Samuel  Hollingsworth, 
Philip  Taylor,  Elisha  Gatchel,  James  James,  John  Wright,  Tobias  Hen- 
dricks, Samuel  Blunston,  Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Edwards  and  John 
Musgrave,  or  the  major  part  of  them,  calling  to  their  assistance  John 
Taylor,  the  Surveyor  of  Chester  County,  meet  at  some  convenient  place 
near  Octeraroe  Creek  or  River,  and  cause  a  marked  line  to  be  run  from 
the  most  northerly  or  main  branch  of  the  said  Creek  northward,  or  to  the 
east  or  west  thereof,  as  it  shall  be  found  most  convenient,  to  the  next 
high  ridge  of  barren  or  uninhabited  hills  that  trend  from  thence  to 
Schuylkill  River,  keeping  as  near  as  may  be  to  the  ridge  of  the  said  hills, 
and  to  proceed  along  the  ridge  thereof,  yet  with  as  few  changes  in  the 
course  as  their  situation  will  admit,  and  fixing  the  same  to  the  most  con- 
spicuous, natural  and  durable  marks  that  may  be  the  least  subject  to 
uncertainty  or  variation :  to  be  bounded  southward  by  the  southern 
bounds  of  the  province,  and  eastwardly  the  said  Octeraroe  creek;  and 
from  thence  the  northern  line  to  be  by  them  run  as  aforesaid,  to  the  said 
hills,  from  thence  the  main  northern  or  easterly  branch  thereof,  above  the 
forks  of  the  said  river,  to  lie  open  to  the  westward  and  northward  till 
further  order  shall  be  given  therein ;  and  to  make  Report  of  their  pro- 
ceedings to  this  Board. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  May  2d,  1729. 

PRESENT: 

The  Hon'ble  Patrick  Gordon,  Esqr.,  Lieut.  Governor. 
Richard  Hill,  Thomas  Laurence,  ^ 

William  Fishbourne,  Samuel  Hazle,  [-Esq'rs. 

Clement  Plumsted,  ~  J 

A  Return  being  made  oy^he  Order  dated  the  20th  day  of  February 
last,  for  running  a  Division  Li!re  in  the  County  of  Chester,  and  settling 
the  boundaries  of  the  county  to  be  erected  in  the  back  parts  of  this 
Province  towards  Sasquehannah,  pursuant  to  the  minute  of  Council  of  the 
20th  of  said  February,  the  same  was  read,  approved  and  confirmed,  and 
is  in  these  words: 

"  Pursuant  to  a  Warrant  from  the  Honorable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esquire, 
9 


114  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  Province  of  Pensilvania  and  counties  of  New- 
castle, Kent  and  Sussex  upon  Delaware,  bearing  date  the  22d  day  of  Feb- 
ruary last  past,  We  whose  names  are  hereunto  subscribed,  met  together 
on  the  17th  day  of  March,  1728-9,  near  the  head  of  the  Northern  Branch 
of  Octeraroe  Creek,  and  with  the  assistance  of  John  Taylor,  Surveyor  of 
the  County  of  Chester,  run  a  Line  from  the  said  Branch  to  the  Eivcr 
Schuylkill,  according  to  the  courses   following,  viz :    Beginning  on  a 
corner  marked  White  Oak  standing  on  the  Eastern  side  of  the  said 
Branch  on  the  land  of  John  Minshall,  thence  north-east  by  north  live 
hundred  and  eighty  perches  to  a  Chestnut  Oak  standing  on  the  top  of  a 
barren  mountain  at  the  head  of  the  branches  of  the  said  Octeraroe  creek 
thence  along  the  said  mountain  north-east  by  east  three  hundred  and  forty 
perches  to  a  Chestnut  tree,  thence  north  north-east  four  hundred  and  forty 
perches  to  a  White  Oak,  by  a  branch  of  Pequea  creek,  thence  continuing 
the  sa,me  course  along  the  said  mountain  four  hundred  and  eighty  perches 
to  a  Chestnut  Oak,  thence  north  by  east  seven  hundred  perches  to  a  white 
oak  near  a  small  branch  of  Brandywine  creek,  thence  north  by  west  six 
hundred  and  sixteen  perches  to  a  Chestnut  tree  standing  on  the  top  of  a 
mountain  at  the  head  of  the  Western  Branch  of  the  said  Brandywine 
Creek,  thence  east  north-east  along  the  said  mountain  two  thousand  two 
hundred  and  twenty  perches  to  a  Chestnut  tree  near  the  Western  Branch 
of  the  French  Creek,  thence  north-east  by  east  three  hundred  and  fifty 
perches  to  a  red  Oak,  thence  north-east  one  hundred  and  ninety  perches 
to  a  Chestnut  Oak  near  another  Branch  of  the  said  French  Creek,  thence 
north-east    by  north  two  thousand  one  hundred  perches  to  a  corner 
marked  White  Oak,  standing  by  the  said  Eiver  Schuylkill,  about  three 
quarters  of  a  mile  below  the  house  of  John  Burroughs." 

Henry  Hays,  Tobias^Hendricks, 

Samuel  Hollingsworth,  Samuel  Blunston, 

Philip  Taylor,  Andrew  Cornish, 

Elisha  Gatchel,  Thomas  Edwards, 

James  James,  John  Musgrave. 

John  Wright. 
"And  the  upper  parts  of  this  Province  described  as  aforesaid,  are  hereby 
declared  to  be  erected,  and  are  accordingly  erected  into  a  County  by  the 
name  of  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  And  'Tis  Obdered  that  the  sarne  be 
signified  to  thellouse  of  Representatives,  and  the  Return  laid  before  them 
for  their  direction  in  describing  the  boundaries  thereof  in  the  Bill  now 
before  them  for  establishing  Courts  of  Judicature,  &c.,  within  the  them." 
Ihe  County  owes  its  name,  according  to  tradition,  to  John  Wright  a 
native  of  Lancashire  in  England,  who  arrived  in  the  province  in  17M, 
settled  a  Chester  and  removed  to  Columbia  in  1726.  A  sketch  of  his 
life  will  be  found  m  the  Biographical  Division  of  this  work 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  115 

At  a  Council  lield  at  Philadelphia,  May  8th,  1729. 

PRESENT : 

The  Hoii^le  PATRICK  GORDON,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor. 

William  Fishbourne,  Ralph  Asheton,       ') 

Clement  Plumsted,  Samuel  Hazle.         |-  Esq'rs. 

Thomas  Laurence,  j 

A  Bill  sent  up  from  the  House  entitled  an  act  for  erecting  the  upper 
parts  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  lying  towards  Sasquehannah,  Con- 
estogoe,  Dunnegal,  &c.,  into  a  county  was  read,  to  which  it  was  proposed 
and  agreed  that  a  clause  should  be  drawn  up  and  sent  to  the  House  to 
be  inserted  therein,  for  continuing  all  such  suits  and  actions  as  are  now 
depending  in  the  county  of  Chester,  against  any  inhabitant  of  the  county 
of  Lancaster,  and  that  the  same  may  be  brought  to  issue  in  the  said 
county  of  Chester;  which,  with  some  other  small  amendments,  were  or- 
dered to  be  carried  down  with  the  Bill. 

Then  the  Governor  recommended  to  the  Board  to  consider  of  proper 
persons  to  be  appointed  Justices  of  Peace  of  the  said  county  of  Lancaster, 
and  be  commissionated  for  the  office  ©f  Sheriff'  and  Coroner,  and  the  fol- 
lowing persons  were  named  for  Justices,  viz :  John  Wright,  Tobias  Hen- 
dricks, Samuel  Blunston,  Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Edwards,  Caleb 
Peirce,  Thomas  Reid  and  Samuel  Jones,  Esquires. 

Robert  Barber  was  likewise  appointed  Sheriff,  and  Andrew  Galbraith 
Coroner,  and  Commissions  were  ordered  to  be  prepared  accordingly. 

May  10th,  1729,  the  House  of  Representatives  waited  on  the  Governor, 
and  the  Speaker  presented  among  others  the  following  Bill  to  be  passed 
into  law,  which  was  accordingly  by  the  Governor  passed  into  a  Law  of 
this  Province,  and  warrant  was  issued  for  affixing  the  great  seal  thereto. 

"An  Act  for  erecting  the  ITpper  Parts  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, lying  towards  Sasquehanna,  Conestogoe,  Dunnegal,  etc.  into  a 
county. 

"Whereas,  A  great  number  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  Upper  Part  of 
Chester  county  have  by  their  Petition  humbly  represented  to  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Assembly  of  this  Province,  the  great  hardships  they  lie  under 
by  being  at  so  great  a  distance  from  the  town  of  Chester,  Avhere  the 
Courts  of  Justice  are  held,  and  the  Public  offices  kept ;  and  how  hard  and 
difficult  it  is  for  the  sober  and  quiet  inhabitants  of  that  part  of  the  county 
to  secure  themselves  against  the  thefts  and  abuses  almost  daily  committed 
upon  them  by  idle  and  dissolute  persons,  who  resort  to  the  remote  parts 
of  the  Province,  and  by  reason  of  the  great  distance  from  a  Court  or 
Prison,  do  irequently  find  means  of  making  their  escape;  for  the  re- 
moving which  inconveniency,  and  relief  of  the  said  inhabitants,  Be  it  en- 
acted by  the  Honourable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Governor  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  Pennsylvania,  etc.,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the 


116  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Freemen  of  the  said  Province,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  by  the  Au- 
thority of  the  same,  That  all  and  singular  the  lands  within  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania,  lying  to  the  Northward  of  Octoraro  creek,  and  to  the 
Westward  of  a  line  of  marked  trees,  running  from  the  North  Branch  of 
the  said  Octoraro  creek,  north-easterly  to  the  river  Schuylkill,  be  erected 
into  a  county,  and  the  same  is  hereby  erected  into  a  county  named,  and 
from  henceforth  to  be  called  Lancaster  county;  and  the  said  Octoraro 
creek,  the  line  of  marked  trees,  and  the  river  Schuylkill,  aforesaid,  shall 
be  the  Boundary  Line  or  Division  between  the  said  county  and  the 
counties  of  Chester  and  Philadelphia. 

"II.  And  he  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  said 
County  of  Lancaster,  shall  have  and  enjoy  all  and  singular  the  Jurisdic- 
tions, Powers,  Eights,  Liberties,  Privileges  and  Immunities  whatsoever, 
which  any  other  County  within  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  doth,  may 
or  ought  to  enjoy,  by  any  Charter  of  Privileges,  or  the  laws  of  this 
Province,  or  by  any  other  ways  or  means  whatsoever,  excepting  only  in 
the  number  of  Kepresentatives  to  serve  in  the  General  Assembly  of  this 
Province,  in  which  case,  it  is  hereby  provided  and  enacted  by  the  authority 
aforesaid,  that,  until  it  shall  be  otherwise  ordered  by  the  Governor  and 
Assembly  of  this  Province,  the  Freemen  and  Inhabitants  of  the  said 
county,  qualified  by  the  Laws  of  this  Province  to  elect,  shall  annually 
meet  at  or  near  the  Court  House  of  the  said  county,  at  the  same  time  the 
other  counties  of  this  Province  shall  meet  for  such  like  purpose,  or  at 
such  place  where  the  Courts  shall  be  held,  until  such  Court  House  shall 
be  erected,  and  there  proceed  to  choose  Inspectors,  and  to  elect  four 
Eepresentatives  or  Delegates  to  serve  them  in  Assembly,  in  the  same 
manner,  as  by  the  said  Charter  and  Laws  of  this  Province  is  directed : 
which  said  four  Eepresentatives,  when  so  chosen,  shall  be  Members  of 
the  General  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania,  and  sit  and  act  as  such,  as  fully 
and  freely,  as  any  of  the  Eepresentatives  for  the  other  counties  within 
this  Province  do,  may,  can  or  ought  to  do. 

"III.  And  be  it  furthar  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  all  taxes 
already  laid  within  the  bounds  of  the  said  County  of  Lancaster,  by  an 
Act  of  General  Assembly  of  this  Province,  which  are  not  already  paid, 
shall  be  collected  by  the  respective  collectors  within  the  bounds  afore- 
said, and  paid  into  the  hands  of  the  Treasurer  of  Cliester  County  ;  and  that 
all  persons  concerned  in  the  levying,  receiving  and  paying  of  the  said  taxes, 
shall  have  the  same  power  and  authority,  and  be  under  the  same  penal- 
ties and  restrictions,  for  the  collecting  and  paying  the  same,  as  by  the 
said  acts,  by  which  the  said  Taxes  were  assessed,  are  expressed  and 
directed,  until  the  whole  be  collected  and  paid  as  aforesaid. 

"  IV.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  several 
Courts  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  and  Goal  Deliverv,  and 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  117 

the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  for  tlie  said  County  of  Lancaster,  shall  be 
holden  and  kept  on  the  first  Tuesday  in  the  months  of  Februari/,  Mai/^ 
August  and  November^  in  every  year,  at  some  proper  place  within  the  said 
County,  until  a  convenient  Court  House  shall  be  built ;  and  when  the 
same  is  built  and  erected  in  the  county  aforesaid,  the  said  several  Courts 
shall  then  be  holden  and  kept  at  the  said  Court  Ilouse  on  the  days  be- 
forementioned :  And  the  Election  of  Eeprcsentatives  to  serve  in  General 
Assembly,  Assessors  and  all  other  officers  of  the  said  County,  who  are 
or  shall  be  appointed  to  be  annually  elected,  shall  be  made  and  elected 
at  or  near  the  said  Court  Ilouse,  at  the  same  time  and  in  the  same  man- 
ner, as  by  the  Charter  of  Privileges  and  Laws  of  the  Province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, is  directed  to  be  done  in  the  other  Counties  of  this  Province. 
And  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Freemen  of  the  said  County  for  the  first 
year,  to  choose  three  persons  for  Commissioners,  for  raising  County  Kates 
and  Levies  for  the  said  County. 

"V.  And  he  it  further  enacted  hy  the  authority  aforesaid^  That  it  shall 
and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  Galeh  Pierce,  John  Wright,  Thomas  Ed- 
wards  and  James  Mitchell,  or  any  three  of  them,  to  purchase  aud  take 
assurance  to  them  and  their  Heirs,  of  a  Piece  of  land,  situate  in  some 
convenient  place  in  the  said  County,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  Governor 
in  Trust  and  for  the  use  of  the  said  County,  and  thereon  to  erect  and 
build,  or  cause  to  be  erected  and  built,  a  Court  House  and  Prison,  suffi- 
cient to  accommodate  the  public  service  of  the  said  County,  for  the  ease 
and  conveniency  of  the  Inhabitants. 

"VI.  And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  for  the 
defraying  the  charges  of  purchasing  the  Land,  building  and  erecting  the 
Court  House  and  Prison  aforesaid,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for 
the  Commissioners  and  Assessors  of  the  said  County,  or  a  majority  of 
them,  who  are  hereby  required  to  assess  and  levy  so  much  money  as  the 
Trustees,  or  any  three  of  them,  shall  judge  necessary  for  purchasing  the 
Land  and  finishing  the  said  Court  House  and  Prison.  Provided  ahcays, 
The  sum  of  money  so  raised  do  not  exceed  Three  Hundred  Pounds,  cur- 
rent money  of  the  Province. 

"VII.  Provided  always,  and  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  cf ore- 
said.  That  no  action  or  suit  now  commenced  and  depending  in  the  county 
of  Chester,  against  any  Person  living  within  the  bounds  of  the  said 
county  of  Lancaster,  shall  be  stayed  or  discontinued  by  this  Act,  or  by 
anything  herein  contained,  but  the  same  actions  alread}^  commenced  or 
depending,  may  be  prosecuted,  and  judgment  thereupon  rendered,  as  if 
this  Act  had  not  been  made,  and  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the 
Justices  of  Chester  county  to  issue  any  judicial  process,  to  be  directed  to 
the  Sheriff'  of  Lancaster  county,  for  carrying  on  and  obtaining  the  efl;ect 
of  their  suits;  which  Sheriff'  shall  be  obliged  to  yield  obedience  in  exe- 


118  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

cuting  of  the  said  writs,  and  make  due  return  before  tlie  Justices  of  tlie 
Court  of  the  said  county  of  Chester,  as  if  the  Parties  had  been  living  and 
residing  within  the  same." 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  March  20th,  1728-29. 

PRESENT: 

The  Hon'ble.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor. 

Eichard  Hill,  AYilliam  Fishbourn,  ^ 

Isaac  Norris,  Thomas  Laurence,  f  Esq'rs. 

Samuel  Preston,        Samuel  Hazle,  J 

The  Governor  laid  before  the  Board  a  letter  he  had  yesterday  received 
from  the  Governor  of  Maryland,  touching  the  new  County  to  be  erected 
in  this  Province,  which  being  read,  and  it  appearing  that  the  same  pro- 
ceeds upon  a  misinformation,  as  if  the  persons  who  were  to  run  the 
Division  Line  were  to  begin  at  the  mouth  of  Octoraroe  Creek,  which  is 
claimed  as  within  the  limits  of  Maryland,  instead  of  the  head  of  the  said 
Creek,  as  mentioned  in  the  order  for  laying  out  the  same,  the  Board  are 
of  opinion  that  a  copy  of  said  order  be  sent  to  the  Governor  of  Maryland, 
accompanied  with  a  letter  from  the  Governor  to  show  him  what  caution 
has  been  used  in  directing  the  boundaries  of  the  said  County,  so  that  no 
umbrage  might  thereby  be  given  to  the  Government  of  Maryland. 

January  16th,  1729-30. — A  Petition  of  several  Germans  praying  to 
be  naturalized,  having  been  presented  to  the  Governor,  His  Honour  after 
a  strict  inquiry  into  their  characters  and  advising  thereon,  thought  fit  to 
send  the  following  Message  to  the  House : 

"Gentlemen:  Upon  application  made  to  me  in  behalf  ®f  several  Ger- 
mans, now  inhabitants  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  that  they  may  enjoy 
the  rights  and  privileges  of  English  subjects,  and  for  that  end  praying  to 
be  naturalized;  I  have  made  enquiry  and  find  that  those  whose  names 
are  subjoined  to  a  Petition  that  will  be  laid  before  your  House  are  princi- 
pally such  who  many  years  since  came  into  this  Province  under  a  parti- 
cular agreement  with  our  late  Honourable  Proprietor  at  London  and  have 
regularly  taken  up  lands  under  him.  It  likewise  appears  to  me  by  good 
information,  that  they  have  hitherto  behaved  themselves  well,  and  have 
generally  so  good  a  character  for  honesty  and  industry  as  deserves  the 
esteem  of  this  Government,  and  a  mark  of  its  regard  for  them.  I  am 
therefore  inclined  from  these  considerations  to  ftivor  their  request,  and 
hope  you  will  join  with  me  in  passing  a  Bill  for  their  Naturalization. 

"I  have  likewise  received  a  favorable  character  of  John  Neagley,  Ber- 
nard Reser  and  John  Wistre,  of  Philadelphia  county,  whose  munes  may 
be  inserted  in  the  said  Bill  with  those  now  recommended. 

"P.  Gordon." 


VIEW  OF  THE  COUNTRY 
round  LANCASTER  in  1730. 

Frovi  a  Sketch  mike  Office  of  the  Secretarf 
of  til  e  CoTnmonweaZth. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUXTY. 


119 


CHAPTER  IV. 

FROM  THE  ORGANIZATION  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY  TO  THE  TER- 
MINATION OF  THE  COLONIAL  GOVERNMENT. 

Opinion  was  divided  respecting  the  most  suitable  place  for  a  Court 
House.  Wright's  Ferry,  the  residence  of  the  first  Sheriff  of  the  county, 
was  strongly  recommended,  and  the  Sheriff  felt  so  confident  that  the 
Ferrj  would  be  selected  as  the  site  "that  he  had  a  strong  wooden  build- 
ing put  up  near  his  residence,  which  was  intended  for  the  county  Goal. 
It  is  only  a  few  years  since  this  building  was  pulled  down."^  [1729,] 

The  house  of  John  Postlewhait,  in  the  townshp  of  Conestogoe,  now  the 
residence  of  Jacob  Fehl,  Esq.,  being  an  old  settlement,  the  original  site 
of  an  Indian  wigwam  and  close  to  the  Indian  town  of  Conestogoe,  was 
selected  for  the  purpose,  and  a  temporary  Court  House  and  Goal,  built 
of  logs,  were  erected  there. 

The  following  extracts  from  the  Sessions  and  Road  Docket  of  the  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions  exhibit  the  state  of  things  at  that  period. 

At  a  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace,  held  at  the 
house  of  John  Postlewhait,  in  the  township  of  Conestogoe,  for  the  county 
of  Lancaster,  the  fifth  day  of  August  in  the  third  year  of  the  reign  of  our 
Sovereign  Lord  George  the  Second,  by  the  grace  of  God  of  Great  Britain, 
France  and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  etc.  Before  John 
Wright,  Tobias  Hendricks,  Andrew  Cornish,  Thomas  Read  and  Samuel 
Jones,  Esquires,  Justices  of  our  said  Lord  the  King,  the  Peace  of  our 
same  Lord  the  King  in  the  county  aforesaid  to  keep,  as  also  divers  felo- 
nies, trespasses  and  other  misdemeanors,  in  the  said  county  committed 
to  hear  and  determine  assigned,  etc. 

The  Court  being  opened,  the  Sheriff,  to  wit,  Robert  Barber,  Esq.  returns 
the  Writ  of  Venire  Facias  to  him  directed,  with  the  panel  thereunto 
annexed,  and  the  following  persons  were  sworn  and  afiirmed  on  the 
Grand  Inquest,  viz: 


James  Mitchell, 
George  Stewart, 
Edward  Smout, 
Edmond  Cartlidge, 
James  Pattison, 
Andrew  Gailbraith, 
Thomas  Baldwyn, 


t  Sworn. 


John  Hendricks, 
James  Hendricks, 
Francis  Jones, 

Samuel  Tavlor, 


1 

}-  Affirmed. 

I 
J 


1  Rev.  D.  Goheen. 


120 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


James  Roddy, 

Patrick  Campbell, 

William  Hey  ^g^^^^_ 

John  Gailbraith, 

Matthew  Attinson, 

Ephraim  Moor, 

The  following  persons  were  by  the  Court  appointed  Consta^bles,  Over- 
seers of  the  Poor,  and  Supervisors  of  the  High  Ways  for  the  respective 
Townships,  viz.: 


OVKRSEEKS  OF  THE 

SUPERVISORS   OP  THE 

TOWNSHIPS. 

CONSTABLES. 

POOR. 

HIGHWAYS. 

Hempfield 

Joshua  Low,  for 

Edward  Smout 

Joshua  Lowe 

.John  Brubaker 

Henry  Nieff 

Conestogoe 

Alb't  Hendricks 

David  Jones 

John  Linville 

Martock 

George  Middletou 

Drumore 

Patrick  Ewings 

Sadsbury 

Robert  Young 

Laycock 

Henry  Jones,  for 

Israel  Robinson 

Hans  Good 

Daniel  Feiry 

Lampeter 

John  Wall,  for 

Steijhen  Atkinson 

Edmond  Cartlidge 

Wendell  Bowman 

Adam  Brand 

Manheim 

Thomas  Gale 

Salisbury 

James  Gant 

Warwick 

Richard  Carter 

Cocalico 

Eman'l  Carpenter 

Earl 

Martin  Grove 

Lebanon 

John  McCurry 

Robinson 

Francis  Hughs 

Tulpehocken 

Michael  Shaver 

Carnarvon 

George  Hudson 

Peslitanck 

1     Thomas  Garner 

Peter  Allen 

Donegall 

j     Patrick  Campbell 

DOMINUS  REX      \    And  now  at  this  day  Morris  Cannady  being  in- 

vs.  |-  dieted  by  the  Grand  Inquest  for  this  county  for 

MORRIS  CANNADY.  )  having  feloniously  taken,  stolen,  and  carried 
away  fourteen  pounds,  seven  shillings,  the  goods  and  chattels  of  Daniel 
Cookson,  was  brought  to  the  bar  in  custody  of  the  sheriff",  and  being 
asked  how  he  would  hereof  acquit  himself,  pleaded  thereunto  instantly 
not  guilty,  and  for  trial  put  himself  upon  the  country,  and  Joseph  Grow- 
don,  Jr.,  Esq.,  who,  for  our  Sovereign  Lord,  the  King,  in  this  behalf 
prosecutes  in  like  manner;  and  thereupon  a  jury  being  called,  imme- 
diately came,  viz:  John  Lawrence,  Robert  Blackshaw,  Thomas  Gale, 
John  Mitchell,  Joseph  Burton,  Edward  Dougherty,  Richard  Hough, 
Joshua  Minshall,  Richard  Carter,  Joseph  Worke,  David  Jones,  Lawrence 
Bankson,  who  to  say  the  truth  of  and  upon  the  premises  being  duly 
elected,  tried,  sworn  or  afl&rmed  upon  their  oath  and  affirmation,  respect- 
ively do  say,  that  the  said  Morris  Cannady  is  guilty  of  the  felony  afore- 
said in  manner  and  form  as  he  stands  indicted ;  and  thereupon  it  is  con- 
sidered by  the  Court  that  the  said  Morris  Cannady  pay  to  the  Governor, 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  121 

for  the  support  of  this  Government,  (the  money  stolen  having  before 
been  restored  unto  the  said  Daniel  Cookson,  the  right  owner  thereof)  the 
sum  of  fourteen  pounds  seven  shillings,  and  that  he  further  pay  the  costs 
of  this  prosecution,  together  j^with  two  pounds  eighteen  shillings,  by  the 
court  allowed  the  said  Daniel  Cookson,  for  his  loss  of  time,  charges  and 
disbursements  in  the  apprehending  and  prosecuting  the  said  Morris  Can- 
nady,  and  that  the  said  Morris  stand  committed  to  the  custody  of  the 
sheriff  of  this  county,  until  he  make  satisfaction  for  the  sums  aforesaid 
by  the  court  in  manner  aforesaid  adjudged,  and  moreover  shall  be  ])ub- 

licly  whipped on  his  bare  back  with  twenty-one  stripes  well 

laid  on. 

Upon  the  petition  of  Morris  Cannady,  setting  forth  that  he  hath  no 
estate  or  effects  whatsoever,  to  satisfy  the  fine  to  the  Ilonorable,  the 
Governor  of  this  Province,  and  to  discharge  the  costs  of  prosecution 
against  him,  and  humbly  praying  the  relief  of  this  Court  in  the  premises ; 
it  is  therefore  ordered  j9e?'  curiam^  that  the  said  Morris  be  sold  by  the  said 
sheriff  of  this  county,  to  the  highest  bidder  for  any  term  not  exceeding 
six  years,  and  that  the  money  thence  arising  be  applied  for  or  towards 
payment  of  the  fine  and  costs  aforesaid ;  and  that  the  sheriff  make  return 
of  his  doings  herein  to  next  court. 

1730,  November  3. — At  a  court  held  at  Lancaster— Robert  Barber, 
late  sheriff  of  the  county,  reports  to  the  Court,  that  pursuant  to  a  former 
order  he  had  sold  Morris  Cannady  for  the  time  limited  by  said  order  to 
one  John  Lawrence,  of  Peshtank,  for  sixteen  pounds,  of  which  sum  he 
had  only  received  the  value  of  fourteen  pounds,  five  shillings,  and  the 
said  John  being  insolvent,  the  remainder  could  not  be  had;  he  therefore 
prays  this  court  would  order  the  Costs  of  suit  and  other  charges  against 
the  said  Cannady  to  be  settled  and  the  state  thereof  represented  to  the 
Governor,  that  the  said  sherift'  may  be  no  further  liable  than  he  hath 
effects  to  answer. 

Ordered,  i^er  cicriam,  that  Tobias  Hendricks  and  Andrew  Galbraith, 
Esqrs.,  settle  the  said  accounts  and  certify  their  proceedings  to  the  Gov- 
ernor in  behalf  of  the  said  sheriff,  according  to  his  prayer. 

Petition  presented  to  Court  by  the  subscribers,  "praying  that  they 
may  be  recommended  to  the  Governor  as  suitable  persons  to  trade  with 
the  Indians,"  was  allowed  7)1?/'  curiam. 

James  Pattjson,  Edmond  Cartledge,  Peter  Chartiere,  John  Lawrence, 
Jonas  Davenport,  Oliver  AVallis,  Patrick  Boyd,  Lazarus  Lowry,  William 
Dunlap,  William  Beswick,  John  Wilkins,  Thomas  Perrin,  John  Harris. 

At  the  same  session  petitions  were  presented  to  the  Court  praying  to 
be  recommended  to  the  Governor  as  proper  persons  to  keep  public  houses 
of  entertainment,  which  were  severally  granted  per  curicnn,  in  favor 
of  John    Postlewhait,  John   Miller,  Jacob  Funk,  Christian  Stoueman, 


122  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

Jacob  Biere,  Edward  Dougherty,  Samuel  Taylor,  Francis  Jenes,  Mary 

Denny. 

Upon  the  petition  of  divers  inhabitants  of  this  county  setting  forth  the 
necessity  of  a  high- way  through  Hempfield  township,  from  the  first  un- 
surveyed  land  near  Sasquehannah  to  Christian  Stoneman,  his  mill,  and 
from  the  said  mill  to  Daniel  Cookson's  at  the  head  of  Pequea,  and  praying 
that  fit  persons  may  be  appointed  to  view  and  lay  out  the  same  accord- 
ingly. It  is  ordered 7Jer  curiam  that  Edmond  Cartledge,  William  Hughes, 
Charles  Jones,  Henry  Neife,  John  Brubaker  and  James  Pattison,  do  view 
the  said  place,  and  if  they,  or  any  four  of  them  are  satisfied  that  there 
is  occasion  for  the  said  road,  they  lay  out  the  same  and  make  return  by 
course  and  distance  under  their  hands  to  the  next  court. 

Whereas,  At  a  meeting  of  the  magistrates  and  others  at  the  house  of 
John  Postlewhait,  on  the  ninth  of  June  past,  (1729)  it  was  agreed  that  for 
the  present  supply  of  this  county,  the  sheriff'  should  erect  a  building 
sufficient  to  hold  prisoners  and  should  be  allowed  towards  the  defraying 
the  expense,  the  sum  of  five  pounds,  public  money,  which  building  is 
now  near  built.  It  is  therefore  agreed  and  ordered  by  this  Court  that  the 
said  sheriff'  shall  witli  all  expedition  finish  the  said  building,  which  when 
finished  shall  thenceforth  be  reputed  the  common  goal  of  the  county  of 
Lancaster,  till  the  public  prison  be  built,  and  with  this  order  the  Sheriff" 
agrees. 

At  a  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  held  in  Conesto- 
goe,  the  fourth  day  of  November : 

"Upon  the  petition  of  sundry  Germans,  inhabitants  of  this  county, 
setting  forth  that  they  had  taken  the  legal  qualifications  required  of  for- 
eigners and  praying  this  Court  would  please  to  recommend  them  to  the 
Hon'ble  Governor  in  order  to  obtain  his  favor  for  Naturalization 

"  Ordered  ^^er  curimn  that  a  Kecommendation  pursuant  to  the  said  Pe- 
tition be  drawn  and  signed  by  the  Clerk  of  the  County  in  behalf  of  the 
Court  to  present  to  the  Governor  in  favor  of  of  the  above  petitioners  for 
the  Intent  abovesaid." 

"  Upon  complaint  of  the  Sheriff  to  this  Court  that  the  County  was  un- 
provided with  Locks,  Bolts  and  Irons  necessary  to  secure  felons,  etc.,  It 
is  ordered  that  the  said  Sheriff' procure  two  sufficient  Locks  and  a  Chain 
suitable  for  the  aforesaid  use,  to  be  paid  by  the  County." 

"At  the  request  of  the  Sheriff  of  the  County  to  this  Court  setting  forth 
that  he  had,  according  to  a  former  order  of  this  Court,  finished  the 
Prison  according  to  bargain,  and  that  the  Court  would  please  to  view  the 
same,  that  he  may  obtain  an  order  on  the  Treasurer  for  pay  for  the  same. 
Ordered  jyer  curimn  that  Tobias  Hendricks  and  Andrew  Gailbraith  view 
the  said  Prison  and  make  report  to  the  Commissioners  and  Assessors 
accordingly." 


OF    LAXCASTER   COUXTV.  12b 

At  a  Couwcil  held  at  Philadelphia,  Febry.  19th,  1729-30. 

PRESEXT : 

The  Honble.  Patrick  Gordox,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor. 

James  Logan,  Clement  Plumsted,       "] 

Isaac  Norris,  Thomas  Laurence,  '[ 

Samuel  Preston,  Ealph  Asheton,  .'       Esq'rs. 

William  FishLourn,  J 

The  Governor  acquainted  the  Board  that  whereas,  by  the  liaw  for 
erecting  Lancaster  County,  John  Wright,  Caleb  Pierce,  Thomas  Ed- 
wards and  James  Mitchel,  or  any  three  of  them,  are  empowered  to  pur- 
chase for  the  use  of  the  said  County,  a  convenient  piece  of  Land  to  be 
approved  of  by  the  Governor,  and  thereon  to  build  a  Court  House  and 
Prison,  and  that  now  the  said  John  Wright,  Caleb  Pierce  and  James 
Mitchel,  have  by  a  Certiiicate  under  their  hands,  signified  that  they  have 
agreed  upon  a  Lot  of  Land  for  the  uses  aforesaid,  lying  on  or  near  a 
small  run  of  water,  between  the  plantations  of  Roody  Mire,  Michael 
Shank  and  Jacob  Imble,  about  ten  miles  from  Sasquehannah  Eiver,  and 
prayed  his  approbation  of  the  same.  The  Governor  therefore  referred 
the  matter  to  the  consideration  of  the  Board,  whether  the  situation  of  the 
place  those  gentlemen  had  pitched  on  for  a  town  might  be  fit  to  be  con- 
firmed, and  that  a  town  should  accordingly  be  fi^sed  there.  But  the 
question  being  asked  to  whom  the  land  they  had  'inade  choice  of  now 
belongs,  and  who  has  the  property  of  it,  because  it  may  be  in  such  hands 
as  will  not  part  with  it,  or  at  least  on  reasonable  terms  for  that  use,  and 
this  not  being  known  by  an}^  at  the  Board,  it  was  deferred  till  such  time 
as  that  point  coidd  be  ascertained.  But  as  it  is  presumed  for  anything 
that  is  yet  known,  to  be  unsurveyed  land,  and  that  the  right  is  only  in 
the  Proprietor,  it  is  the  opinion  of  the  Board  that  it  is  more  proper  to 
be  granted  by  the  Proprietor  for  such  uses  than  by  any  other  person. 

Mem. — The  Governor  having  understood  that  the  right  to  the  Land 
pitclied  upon  for  the  Townstead  of  Lancaster  remains  yet  in  the  Proprie- 
taries, was  advised  to  approve  of  the  place  agreed  on  by  Messrs.  Wright, 
Pierce  and  Mitchell,  and  the  same  was  confirmed  accordingly,  by  a  writing 
dated  May  1st,  1730.1 

At  a  Court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  held  at  Lancaster, 
the  third  day  of  November  in  the  fourth  year  of  his  Majesty's  reign, 
Anno  1730,  before  John  Wright,  Thomas  Edwards,  Tobias  Hendricks, 
Andrew  Cornish,  Andrew  Galbraith  and  Caleb  Pearce,  Esqs.,  Justices  of 
our  Lord  the  King,  the  Peace  of  our  said  Lord  the  King  in  the  County 
aforesaid  to  keep,  as  also  divers  felonies,  trespasses  and  other  misde- 
meanors in  the  said  County  committed,  to  hear  and  determine  assigned. 

The  Court  being  opened  the  Sheriff,  with  John  Galbraith,  Esq.,  returns 

iCol.  Records. 


124  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

the  writ  of  Venire  facias  to  him  directed,  with  the  panel  thereunto  an- 
nexed, and  the  following  persons  Avere  sworn  and  affirmed  on  the  Grand 
Inquest. 

Edward  Smout,  James  Paterson,  Randel  Chambers,  Ephraim  Moore, 
Eichard  Hough,  George  Stites,  Christ.  Vanlere,  James  Gait,  James 
Whiteal,  Thomas  Johnston,  William  Wilkins,  Willitam  Richardson, 
Jut.  John  Kile,  Ilatwell  Yernon,  Daniel  Cookson,  John  Jones,  John 
Musgrove,  Afd. 

The  foregoing  persons  constituted  the  first  Grand  Jury  in  Lancaster^ 
and  here  follows  one  of  the  cases  tried  at  Lancaster  at  the  Sessions  opened 
May  2d,  1732.1 

DOMINUS  REX  \      Sur. — Indictment   for   uttering   and   paying  four 
vs.  j-  several  counterfeit  Bills,  of  the  Tenor  and  in  Imita- 

ROBERT  TEAS.  )  tion  of  genuine  bills  of  credit  of  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania,  in  value  equal  each  to  ten  shillings,  knowing  the  said  bills 
to  be  false  and  counterfeit,  comes  and  says  that  he  is  not  guilty  in  man- 
ner and  form  as  by  the  said  Indictment  is  supposed,  and  of  this  puts 
himself  upon  the  country.  And  Joseph  Crowdon,  Esq.,  who  tor  our 
Sovereign  Lord  the  King  in  their  behalf  prosecutes  in  like  manner,  etc. 
And  now  a  Jury,  who  being  called,  viz :  John  Wall,  Matthew  Atkinson, 
David  Vernor,  George  Sea,  Robert  Eyres,  Edmund  Cartlidge,  jr.,  James 
Mayes,  Aron  Price,  Francis  Neift",  jr.,  George  Middleton,  Christopher 
Fransiscus  and  Samuel  Robinson,  upon  their  oath  and  solemn  affirmation 
came  and  who  to  say  the  truth  of  and  upon  the  premises  being  chosen, 
tried,  sworn  and  affirmed  upon  their  respective  oaths  and  affirmations, 
Do  say  that  the  aforesaid  Robert  Teas  is  guilty  in  manner  and  form  as 
by  the  said  indictment  is  supposed. 

It  is  therefore  considered  by  the  Court  here  that  the  aforesaid  Robert 
Teas  shall  be  set  upon  the  Pillory  and  have  both  his  ears  cut  off  and  be 
publicly  whipped  on  his  bare  back  with  Thirty-one  lashes  well  laid  on; 
and  moreover  shall  forfeit  and  pay  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  Pounds 
current  money  of  America,  one  half  thereof  to  the  use  of  the  Govern- 
ment and  the  other  half  to  the  discoverers,  and  shall  pa}^  the  parties  grieved 
double  the  value  of  the  said  Bills,  together  with  the  costs  and  charges  of 
prosecution,  and  stand  committed  till  the  same  be  executed  and  paid. 

The  case  being  referred  to  the  Governor,  at  the  November  Sessions  of 
the  same  year,  was  disposed  of  as  follows: 

It  being  certified  to  this  Court  by  Letter  from  the  Governor  that  he  had 
consented  to  suspend  that  ]mrt  of  the  sentence  passed  against  Robert 
Teas  which  directed  the  cutting  off  his  ears  and  imposed  a  fine  of  One 
Hundred  Pounds  upon  condition  he  should  depart  the  said  province,  and 
w^as  not  found  within  any  part  of  the  same  after  a  certain  time  appointed 
1  Sessions  and  Road  Docket. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUXTY.  125 

by  this  Court.     Ordered  per  curiam,  That  the  said  Robert  Teas  depart 
out  of  this  province  by  the  tenth  day  of  December  next. 

To  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Governor  of  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania. 

Whereas,  By  an  act  of  General  Assembly  of  this  Province  for  erect- 
ing the  Upper  Part  of  the  Province  into  a  county,  called  the  county  of 
Lancaster,^  It  was  enacted  that  it  might  and  should  be  lawful  to  and  for 
Caleb  Pearce,  John  Wright,  Thomas  Edwards  and  James  Mitchell,  or 
any  three  of  them,  to  purchase  a  piece  of  land,  situate  in  some  convenient 
place,  in  the  said  county,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  Governor,  whereon 
to  build  a  Court  House  and  Prison  for  the  use  of  said  county. 

These  may  certify  the  Governor  that  we,  the  subscribers,  after  much 
pains  and  diligent  search  for  a  proper  place  for  the  aforesaid  use,  for  the 
ease  and  accommodation  of  the  majority  of  the  inhabitants,  have  agreed 
upon  a  certain  lot  of  land  lying  on  or  near  a  small  run  of  water,  between 
the  Plantations  of  Rudy  Mire,  Michael  Shank  and  Jacob  Imble,  and  being 
about  ten  miles  from  the  Susquehannah  river,  which  we  conceive  the 
most  convenient  for  the  use  aforesaid.  And  we  pray  the  Governor  would 
please  to  approve  and  confirm  the  same,  that  we  may  proceed  to  pur- 
chase and  build  as  the  said  law  directs. 

Caleb-  Peirce, 
John  Wright, 
James  Mitchell. 
Approved  by  the  Governor  on  Feb.  17th,  1729-30. 

The  bodies  of  three  Indians,  two  men  and  one  woman,  having  been 
found  buried  in  a  certain  run,^  covered  with  some  logs  and  stone,  the 
Coroner's  inquiries  showed  that  they  were  the  bodies  of  three  Indians, 
an  old  man,  his  son,  a  young  man,  and  his  daughter,  a  girl  about  14  years 
old,  and  had  been  murdered  by  the  old  man's  squaw  for  the  sole  purpose 
that  she  might  marry  another  man. 

A  letter  from  Capt.  Civility  to  the  Governor: 

May  it  Please  ye  Hon'ble  Governor :  Some  time  since  I  was  at  our 
county  town  of  Lancaster,  when  I  heard  much  talk  that  both  Dutch  and 
English  was  agoing  to  settle  on  ye  other  side  of  Susquehannah.  Likewise 
Mr.  Wright  and  Mr.  Blunston  hath  surveyed  a  great  deal  of  land  and  de- 
signs to  dispose  of  it  to  others,  which  giveth  me  and  my  brethren  a  great 
deal  of  trouble,  it  being  in  our  road  in  our  hunting,  lest  our  young  men 
should  break  the  chain  of  friendship  which  hath  long  existed  between  us. 

We  are  grieved  that  Mr.  Wright  should  not  mind  his  word,  for  when 
he  first  came  to  our  parts  he  often  said  that  no  person  should  settle  on 
that  side  of  the  river  without  our  consent,  but  now  we  find  he  to  be  ye 
first  and  to  encourage  others. 

iPenn'a.  Archives.  apenu'a.  Archives,  i.  pp.  267-200. 


126  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

When  your  Honour  was  with  us  at  Conestogoe  3^our  desire  was  that  we 
should  not  hurt  any  of  3'our  people,  which  we  carefully  have  observed, 
and  likewise  that  Ed.  Parnell  who  was  settled  there,  should  go  ofl"  which 
he  did,  which  now  grieves  our  hearts  to  see  how  little  our  counsels  is 
minded.  We  hear  that  one  of  William  Penn's  family  is  coming  in  this 
country,  but  the  truth  of  it  we  know  not;  we  long  to  hear  the  truth  of  it 
for  we  should  be  glad  to  see  any  of  William  Penn's  family. 

We  are  now  agoing  out  to  hunt,  so  desire  you  to  suppress  your  peo- 
ple from  settling  there  until  we  return  from  our  hunting  and  then  some 
of  our  chiefs  will  come  down  to  you  and  have  some  further  treaty  about 
ye  matter. 

From  your  Loving  Brother,  in  behalf  of  ye  rest  of  my  Brethren, 

Decattelees,  alias  Capt.  Civility. 

CoNESTOGCE,  Sept.  ye  28,  1730. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  January  29th,  1730-31.  Present: 
The  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieutenant  Governor,  etc. 

A  petition  of  the  Magistrates,  Grand  Jury,  and  other  inhabitants  of  the 
County  of  Lancaster,  was  presented  to  the  Board  and  read,  setting  forth 
that  not-  having  the  conveniency  of  any  navigable  water,  for  bringing 
the  produce  of  their  labors  to  Philadelphia,  they  are  obliged  at  a  great 
expense  to  transport  them  by  land  carriage,  which  burthen  becomes 
heavier  through  the  want  of  suitable  roads  for  carriages  to  pass.  That 
there  are  no  public  roads  leading  to  Philadelphia  yet  laid  out  through 
their  County,  and  those  in  Chester  County,  through  which  they  now  pass, 
are  in  many  places  incommodious.  And  therefore  praying  that  proper 
persons  may  be  appointed  to  view  and  lay  out  a  Eoad  for  the  publick 
service,  from  the  town  of  Lancaster  till  it  falls  in  with  the  High  Road  in 
the  County  of  Chester,  leading  to  the  Ferry  of  Schuylkill  at  high  street, 
and  that  a  Review  may  be  had  of  the  said  Public  Road  in  the  County  of 
Chester :  The  prayer  of  which  petition  being  granted : 

It  is  ORDERED  that  Thomas  Edwards,  Edward  Smout,  Robert  Barber, 
Hans  Graaf,  Caleb  Peirce,  Samuel  Jones  and  Andrew  Cornish  of  the 
County  of  Lancaster,  or  any  five  of  them,  view  and  lay  out  by  course 
and  distance,  a  convenient  high  Road  from  the  said  town  of  Lancaster  to 
the  Division  Line  between  the  Counties  of  Chester  and  Lancaster:  And 
that  Thomas  Green,  George  Ashton,  William  Paschal,  Richard  Buffing- 
ton,  William  March,  Samuel  Miller  and  Robert  Parke  of  the  County  of 
Chester,  or  any  five  of  them,  do  then  join  the  above  named  persons  of 
Lancaster  County,  or  any  five  of  them,  in  continuing  to  lay  out  as  afore- 
said, the  said  Road  from  the  Division  Line  aforesaid,  till  it  falls  in  with 
the  King's  high  Road  in  the  County  of  Chester,  leading  to  Philadelphia, 
and  make  Return  thereof  to  this  Board,  And  they  the  above  named 
persons  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  or  any  five  of  them,  together  with 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  127 

the  above  named  persons  of  the  County  of  Chester,  or  any  five  of  them, 
are  further  impowered  jointly  to  review  the  said  high  Eoad  within  the 
List  mentioned  County,  and  to  Report  to  this  Board  what  aherations  may 
be  necessary  to  be  made  therein,  to  suit  the  conveniency  of  carriages, 
and  for  the  better  accommodation  of  the  inhabitants  of  this  Province. 

The  vexatious  question  of  the  boundary  line  [1732-33]  between  Penn- 
sylvania and  Maryland,  at  this  period  began  to  involve  Lancaster  county 
in  serious  difiiculties,  the  nature  of  which  Avill  be  best  understood  from 
the  following  documents : 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  January  . 9th,  1732-33. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  the  Proprietary. 

The  Lieutenant  Governor. 

James  Logan,  Thomas  Laurence,  "] 

Isaac  Norris,  Ralph  Asheton,  | 

Samuel  Preston,  Samuel  Ilazle,  .'      ^^   ^^^*' 

Ilenry  Brooke,  Clement  Plumsted.  J 

The  Governor  acquainted  the  Board,  that  some  days  since  he  had  re- 
ceived a  letter  from  the  Lord  Baltimore,  complaining  of  a  riot  committed 
within  his  lordship's  Province  of  Maryland  by  people  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  the  circumstances  not  being  mentioned,  or  any  information  given 
from  whence  the  matter  might  be  clearly  understood,  he  had  thought 
proper  in  a  few  lines,  to  acknowledge  the  receipt  of  his  lordship's  letter, 
and  to  defer  giving  a  particular  answer  till  a  due  enquiry  should  be  made 
into  the  affair. 

That  having  gathered  from  the  precept  enclosed  in  his  lordship's  letter, 
that  the  persons  complained  of  were  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  County,  he 
had  dispatched  an  express  to  the  justices  there,  requiring  them  to  furnish 
him  with  an  exact  account  of  the  whole;  that  the  messenger  being  now  re- 
turned, had  brought  a  letter  from  the  justices  together  with  several  affida- 
vits, all  of  which  he  thought  highly  proper  now  to  lay  before  the  Board, 
whom  he  had  called  together  to  advise  with  on  the  answer  to  be  made  to 
Lord  Baltimore. 

The  letter  from  his  lordship  being  read  in  these  words : 

"Annapolis,  Deer,  ye  loth,  1732. 

"  Sir  :  By  the  enclosed  precept,  founded  upon  informations  given  upon 
oath  to  a  magistrate  here,  you  will  see  that  a  most  outrageous  riot  hath 
lately  been  committed  in  my  Province  by  a  great  number  of  people  call- 
ing themselves  Pennsylvanians. 

"It  appears,  by  the  same  information,  that  some  of  your  magistrates, 
instead  of  preventiag  or  discouraging  these  violences,  countenance  and 
abet  the  authors  of  them ;  whether  with  or  without  the  approbation  of 
your  government,  you  best  know. 


128  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

"For  my  own  part,  I  think  myself  in  honor  and  justice  obliged,  and  I 
am  determined  to  protect  such  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  who  are  my  own 
tenants,  in  all  their  rights;  and  therefore,  to  the  end  the  persons  com- 
plained of  may  be  punished,  if  upon  a  fair  tryal  they  shall  be  found 
guilty,  I  desire  that  they,  or  such  of  them  as  can  be  found  in  your  Pro- 
vince, may  be  sent  without  loss  of  time  into  this,  as  the  only  and  proper 
place,  where  the  fact  with  which  they  are  charged  is  cognizable,  and 
where  my  officers  will  be  ready  to  receive  them,  particularly  the  sheriffs 
and  justices  of  my  counties  of  Baltimore  and  Cecil. 

"I  also  desire  that  such  of  your  magistrates  as  shall  appear  to  have  en- 
couraged the  commission  of  these  or  any  other  violences  in  my  province 
by  the  people  of  Pennsylvania,  may  be  punished  for  their  abuse  of 
authority;  and  that  you'l  favor  me  with  a  categorical  answer  to  these  my 
just  demands  by  this  bearer.  Your  humble  servant, 

Baltimore." 

"  Addressed  thus : 
"  To  His  Excellency  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  at  Philadelphia." 

The  Precept  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  Letter,  follows  in  these  words: 

"Maryland,  ss: 

"Whereas  Charles  Jones,  James  Patison,  Alxr.  McKey,  John  Capper, 
John  Hart,  John  Pattan,  James  Pattan,  James  Patison,  jr.,  John  Trotter 
and  William  Macmanac  being,  or  pretending  themselves  to  be,  inhabi- 
tants of  Pennsylvania,  together  with  several  other  persons  unknown,  are 
charged  upon  the  oath  of  John  Lowe  of  Baltimore  county,  planter,  taken 
before  me,  Kobert  Gordon,  Esq.,  one  of  his  Lordship's  Justices  of  the 
Provincial  Court  of  Maryland,  who  having  assembled  themselves,  armed 
with  weapons,  offensive  and  defensive,  in  a  riotous  manner,  on  the  plan- 
tation of  him  the  said  John  Lowe,  in  the  said  county,  in  the  nigkt  of  the 
twenty-sixth  of  November  last,  and  violently  and  riotously  assaulting 
and  beating  the  said  John  Lowe,  his  wife  and  family,  and  imprisoning 
the  said  John  Lowe  and  his  two  sons,  to  the  great  terror  and  damage  of 
the  said  John  Lowe  and  his  family,  against  his  Lordship's  peace,  good 
rule  and  government : 

"  These  are  therefore  in  his  Lordship's  name,  to  will  and  require  all 
Sheriffs,  Coroners,  Constables,  and  other  his  Lordship's  Officers,  to  make 
diligent  search  and  enquiry  within  their  respective  Counties  and  pre- 
cincts, for  the  said  Charles  Jones,  James  Pattison,  Alexander  M'Key, 
John  Capper,  John  Hart,  James  Pattan,  James  Pattison,  Jr.,  John  Trot- 
ter and  William  Macmanac,  and  all  other  persons  concerned  in  the  said 
riot,  and  to  apprehend  them  or  any  of  them  who  shall  be  found  within 
this  Province,  and  to  carry  them  or  any  of  them  before  some  one  of  his 
Lordship's  Justices  of  the  Provincial  Court,  or  some  one  Justice  of  the 
Peace  of  the  County  where  they  or  any  of  them  shall  be  found,  in  order 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  129 

to  be  dealt  with  according  to  law;  hereof  the  said  officers  are  not  to  fail 
at  their  peril.  Given  under  my  hand  and  Seal,  at  Annapolis,  this  Four- 
teenth day  of  December,  in  the  Eighteenth  year  of  his  Lordship's  Do- 
minion, Anno  Domini,  1732." 

The  Governor's  answer  to  his  Lordship's  said  Letter,  is  as  follows : 

"Philadelphia,  Decemr.  23d,  1732. 

"My  Lord:  It  gives  me  no  small  concern  that  the  first  letter  I  have 
the  honor  to  receive  from  your  Lordship,  should  be  on  so  disagreeable  a 
subject  as  a  complaint  against  any  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  under  my 
Government,  for  disorders  committed  in  the  Province  of  Maryland ;  and 
I  must  assure  your  Lordship  you  have  been  exceedingly  misinformed  if 
you  can  imagine  it  possible  that  I  should  countenance  an  outrage  of  such 
a  sort  as  your  letter  seems  to  represent  it,  for  I  believe  I  shall  be  fully 
capable  to  satisfy  your  Lordship  that  my  conduct  in  relation  to  your 
Province,  since  I  had  the  honor  to  serve  the  Proprietors  of  Pennsylvania 
as  their  Lieutenant  Governor,  has  demonstrated  a  very  different  disposi- 
tion. 

"To  the  matter  of  the  complaint  I  am  very  much  a  stranger,  and  as 
jour  Lordship  was  not  pleased  to  transmit  copies  of  the  information,  or 
anything  else  that  might  sufficiently  enable  me  to  judge  of  it  more  clearly, 
I  shall  therefore  immediately,  notwithstanding  the  distance  and  rigor  of 
the  season,  dispatch  a  message  to  the  Magistrates  of  the  County  of  Lan- 
caster, requiring  them  without  delay  to  make  a  full  enquiry,  and  furnish 
me  with  everything  for  the  perfect  understanding  the  state  and  cir- 
cumstances of  the  whole  aftair;  and  I  have  no  reason,  from  the  past 
conduct  of  those  gentlemen,  to  believe  but  that  it  will  be  found  much 
dift'erent  from  what  has  been  represented  to  your  Lordship.  These  when 
received  shall  be  forthwith  communicated,  and  then  I  may  have  occasion 
to  make  some  further  observations  on  your  Lordship's  letter,  and  the 
nature  of  these  unhappy  disputes  which,  notwithstanding  all  possible 
caution  to  the  contrary,  may  arise  for  want  of  the  Division  Lines  being 
actually  run,  whereby  every  inhabitant  might  distinctly  know  what  Ju- 
risdiction he  lives  under. 

"This  being  all  I  am  at  present  able  to  say  on  the  subject  till  the  re- 
turn of  my  messenger,  I  am.  My  Lord, 

"Your  Lordship's 

"Very  humble  Servant, 

"P.  Gordon." 

Addressed  thus, 

"To  the  Eight  Honourable 

"The  Lord  Baltimore,  Proprietor  of  Maryland." 

Then  was  read  the  letter  of  John  Wright  and  Samuel  Blunston,  Esqrs., 
to  the  Governor,  in  the  following  words: 
10 


130  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

"May  it  please  the  Governor: 

"Being  informed  by  the  Governor's  letter  to  us,  that  the  execution  of. 
a  warrant  directed  to  Charles  Jones,  Constable  of  Hempfield,  for  appre- 
hending two  sons  of  John  Lowe,  of  this  county,  pretending  themselves 
inhabitants  of  Maryland,  hath  been  represented  to  Lord  Baltimore  as  a 
violent  and  riotous  assault  committed  against  his  Lordship's  Peace,  good 
Kule  and  Government. 

"We  have  therefore,  made  strict  inquiry  into  the  manner  of  the  exe- 
cution thereof,  which,  together  with  the  cause  of  issuing  the  said  war- 
rant, and  all  other  things  relating  thereunto,  are  herewith  faithfully 
transmitted. 

"In  the  year  1729,  when  the  Governor  was  pleased  to  issue  an  Order 
to  divide  this  part  of  the  Province  from  Ches-ter  County,  and  for  erecting 
the  same  into  a  distinct  County,  and  appointed  Magistrates  and  Officers, 
for  the  Conservation  of  the  Peace,  the  more  easy  administration  of  Jus- 
tice and  better  securing  the  sober  and  quiet  inhabitants  in  those  remote 
parts  of  the  Province,  from  the  thefts  and  abuses  committed  by  idle  and 
dissolute  persons  who  resorted  hither  to  keep  out  of  the  hands  of  Justice, 
the  Southern  boundaries  of  the  said  County  were  by  the  said  Order  to 
be,  Octoraro  Creek  and  the  Province  of  Maryland,  and  including  the  in- 
habitants, to  lie  open  to  the  Westward.  But  as  the  line  between  the 
two  Provinces  was  not  known,  no  authority  was  claimed  over  those 
few  families  settled  to  the  Northward  of  Octoraro,  by  or  under  pretence 
of  Maryland  Eights,  but  they  remained  (by  us)  undisturbed,  though 
many  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania  lived  some  miles  to  the  Southward 
of  them. 

"At  that  time  there  were  no  English  inhabitants  on  the  West  side  of 
Sasquehannah  River  in  these  parts,  for  about  two  years  before  Edward 
Parnel  and  several  other  families  who  were  settled  on  the  West  side  of 
the  River,  near  the  same,  at  a  place  called  (by  the  Indians)  Coneohela, 
(who  for  several  years  had  paid  uninterrupted  acknowledgment  to  this 
Province)  were  at  the  request  of  the  Conestogoe  Indians,  removed  by 
the  Governor's  Order  from  the  said  place ;  the  Indians  insisting  on  the 
same  to  lie  vacant  for  their  convenience,  as  their  right  by  treaties  with 
this  Government  formerly  made.  But  about  two  years  since,  Thomas 
Cressop  and  some  other  people  of  loose  morals  and  turbulent  spirits, 
came  and  disturbed  the  Indians,  our  friends  and  allies,  who  were  peace- 
ably settled  on  those  lands  from  whence  the  said  Parnel  and  others  had 
been  removed,  burnt  their  cabbins  and  destroyed  their  goods,  and  with 
much  threatening  and  ill  usage  drove  them  away,  and  by  pretending  to 
be  under  Maryland  Government.  (As  they  were  got  far  from  their  laws 
sought  to  evade  ours.)  But  as  that  land  had  been  formerly  settled  by 
the  good  people  of  this  Province,  and  none  till  Cressop  and  his  company 


■   OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  131 

had  settled  by  a  Maryland  Claim  so  far  to  the  Northward  by  near  thirty 
.  miles,  we  concluded  them  to  be  men  of  desperate  fortunes,  who  would 
rather  defend  their  actions  by  force  than  trust  them  to  the  law,  and  that 
opinion  hath  since  been  corroborated  by  others  following  their  example,, 
and  settling  on  that  side  the  river,  Avho,  when  charged  with  oftcnces  or 
debt,  would  screen  themselves  under  the  same  pretence,  yet  those  men 
Avould  fly  to  our  laws  for  redress  against  their  own  party,  and  they  who 
had  fled  from  their  creditors  and  the  Laws  of  Maryland  into  this  Pro- 
vince, when  such  creditors  pursued  them  hither,  have  refused  obedience 
to  our  officers  and  cried  Maryland.  Thus  they  proceeded  to  play  booty, 
disturbing  the  peace  of  the  Government;  carrying  people  out  of  the 
Province  by  violence;  taking  away  the  guns  from  our  friends,  the  In- 
dians ;  tying  and  making  them  prisoners  without  any  offence  given ;  and 
threatening  all  who  should  oppose  them,  and  by  underhand  and  unfair 
practices,  endeavoring  to  alienate  the  minds  of  the  inhabitants  of  this 
Province,  and  draw  them  from  obedience  to  their  party.  Their  insolence 
increasing,  they  killed  the  horses  of  such  of  our  people  whose  trade  with 
the  Indians  made  it  necessary  to  keep  them  on  that  side  of  the  river, 
for  carrying  their  goods  and  skins;  assaulted  those  who  were  sent  to 
look  after  them,  and  threatened  them  highly  if  they  should  come  there 
again. 

"  This  usage  obliged  James  Patterson  to  apply  to  us  for  a  Warrant  to 
apprehend  and  bind  to  the  Peace  two  young  men,  who  had  been  the  most 
active.  We,  well  knowing  that  according  to  the  agreement  lately  made 
between  our  Proprietors  and  Lord  Baltimore,  and  by  the  explanatory 
Maps  thereon  struck,  those  settlements  were  above  twenty  miles  to  the 
Northward  of  the  place  of  the  intended  line,  therefore  believed  it  our 
duty  as  conservators  of  the  Peace  to  use  legal  authority  for  the  security 
of  His  Majesty's  subjects,  and  curbing  the  insolence  of  lawless  and  unruly 
offenders,  and  accordingly  issued  a  Warrant  to  apprehend  Daniel  and 
William  Lowe.  The  manner  of  executing  thereof  will  best  appear  by 
the  affidavits  herewith  sent. 

"  When  they  were  brought  before  us  they  were  used  with  all  the  lenity 
the  case  would  bear,  and  dismissed  on  the  security  of  their  own  friends 
for  their  future  good  behaviour  and  appearance  at  our  next  Court  of 
General  Quarter  Sessions. 

"Could  Ave  have  supposed  such  a  procedure  would  have  given  the 
least  offence  to  Lord  Baltimore,  or  that  he  would  have  looked  upon 
those  persons  as  his  subjects,  and  under  his  protecton,  who  in  his  own 
opinion  (according  to  the  testimony  of  Thomas  Cressop)  live  beyond 
the  bound  of  this  Dominion,  we  should  not  have  acted  herein,  but  have 
represented  the  case  to  the  Governor,  and  waited   the  direction  of  his 


132  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

wiser  judgment,  to  whose  just  censure  we  submit,  and  conclude  with  all 
due  regard. 

The  Governor's  most  assured  friends, 

"  Jno,  Wright, 
"Sa.  Blunston. 

"Hempfield,  80th  December,  1732." 

Address  thus : 
"  To  the  Hon'ble  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Governor  of  Pennsylvania." 

After  which  were  read  likewise,  the  affidavits  of  James  Hendricks, 
William  McMannack,  John  Capper,  John  Brubaker,  Charles  Jones,  John 
Patten,  Alexander  McKey,  Joshua  Minshal,  Frances  Ward,  Eebecca 
Hendricks,  Joshua  Lowe  and  Tobias  Hendricks,  setting  forth :  That  James 
Patterson  being  informed  one  or  more  of  his  horses  wore  killed  near 
John  Lowe's  plantation,  and  that  his  two  sons,  Daniel  and  William,  had 
been  seen  presenting  a  gun  to  fire  at  another,  but  were  prevented  by 
being  discovered,  sent  some  persons  thither  to  enquire  into  the  truth  of 
the  matter,  who  finding  one  of  them  lying  dead  near  Lowe's  house,  made 
some  expostulations  with  his  sons  on  that  head,  who  were  so  far  from 
disowning  the  fact,  that  they  said  they  would  kill  all  the  horses  that  came 
upon  that  land,  and  having  assaulted  and  grossly  abused  Patterson's  mes- 
sengers, threatened  they  would  tie  and  whip  all  those  he  should  send  over 
thither;  that  upon  complaint  hereof  made,  a  Warrant  was  issued  for 
apprehending  the  two  persons  who  had  been  thus  guilty  of  that  Assault ; 
that  the  Constable  to  whom  the  Precept  was  directed,  having  formerly 
met  with  resistance  from  those  people,  and  fearing  new  insults,  (for 
Thomas  Cressop  and  his  associates  had  threatened  to  shoot  any  officer  of 
Pennsylvania  who  should  come  into  those  parts  to  do  his  duty,)  though 
he  only  took  his  staff  himself,  yet  thought  it  necessary  to  have  a  suitable 
strength  with  him,  and  being  assisted  by  James  Patterson,  senior  and 
junior,  William  McMannack,  Alexander  McKey,  John  Capper,  John  Hart, 
John  Patten,  James  Patten  and  Matthew  Bailey,  and  no  others,  amongst 
whom  were  only  three  guns,  and  these  not  loaded,  serving  only  as  an 
appearance  of  defence,  went  quietly  to  the  house  of  Lowe  the  Father, 
and  the  door  being  open,  he  then  apprehended  Daniel  and  William  his 
two  sons;  that  no  disturbance  was  made  but  what  was  occasioned  by  the 
resistance  of  the  prisoners,  and  those  who  came  to  their  relief,  and  in 
preventing  Lowe's  wife  from  going  out  to  raise  the  neighborhood ;  that 
in  their  return,  Thomas  Cressop,  William  Canon  and  Edward  Evans 
followed  them  to  rescue  the  prisoners,  and  wounded  John  Hart,  but  were 
obliged  to  desist;  that  Lowe's  house  where  his  sons  were  taken,  is  several 
miles  more  northerly  than  Philadelphia,  (which  appears  by  a  well  known 
Line  that  had  been  run  above  forty  years  since,  on  a  due  West  course 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  133 

from  this  City  to  Sasquebaniiah,  in  order  to  a  more  certain  discovery  of 
the  country,)  and  that  there  are  about  four  hundred  people  living  more 
Southerly  than  Lowe's  house,  who  pay  taxes  in  the  County  of  Lancaster, 
and  have  always  acknowledged  themselves  inhabitants  of  Pennsylvania, 

The  Board  having  fully  considered  the  said  Letters  and  Affidavits,  and 
making  some  observations  on  the  style  and  manner  of  the  Lord  Balti- 
more's Letter,  which  they  conceived  too  peremptory,  were  inclineable  to 
think  that  his  Lordship  had  left  room  for  no  other  Answer  than  barely 
to  acquaint  him  that  the  supposed  riot  was  committed  within  the  reputed 
and  known  bounds  of  Pennsylvania,  and  consequently,  not  cognizable 
by  him.  Yet,  since  his  Lordship's  interposition  in  this  affair  might  proba- 
bly be  owing  to  some  very  wrong  impressions,  and  that  he  might  not 
have  had  leisure  since  his  arrival,  so  thoroughly  to  consider  things  of 
this  nature,  The  Board  were  of  opinion  that  a  Letter,  stating  the  facts  as 
proved  from  the  Affidavits,  with  some  close,  consequential  reasoning 
thereon,  should  be  prepared  and  laid  before  the  Board  at  their  next 
meeting. 

The  Governor  then  proceeded  to  inform  the  Board,  that  an  unhappy 
fray  had  arisen  on  the  borders  of  Kent  County,  in  this  Government,  and 
those  of  Dorsett  in  Maryland,  of  which  Mr.  Shurmer,  the  Clerk  of  that 
County,  had  given  an  account  in  a  Letter  to  the  Clerk  of  this  Board,  and 
the  same  being  read  is  in  substance : 

That  one  John  Newton  purchased  some  land  of  a  person  who  told  him 
he  held  it  under  Maryland,  on  which  Newton,  as  a  tenant  of  that  Province, 
paid  his  Levies,  at  least  for  one  year,  to  the  officers  of  Dorsett  County, 
but  that  upon  enquiry  he  found  he  had  been  imposed  on,  for  that  the 
land  he  was  possessed  of  had  never  been  granted  by  Maryland  to  any 
person  whatsoever ;  whereupon,  believing  himself  to  be  entirely  free,  he 
chose  rather  to  belong  to  the  County  of  Kent,  and  accordingly  got  the 
Surveyor,  but  without  any  Warrant  or  other  grant,  to  run  out  some  lines, 
of  which  notice  was  taken  in  the  Surveyor's  Books  there,  and  from  that 
time  for  some  years,  had  paid  his  Levies  to  Kent  county ;  that  some  of  the 
officers  of  Dorsett  county  lately  demanding  a  levy  of  him,  as  one  of  their 
inhabitants,  he  made  his  case  known  to  some  of  the  Justices  of  Kent,  who 
appointed  a  Constable  in  his  neighborhood  for  the  preservation  of  the 
Peace ;  that  the  under  sheriff  of  Dorsett  continuing  to  insist  on  the  same 
demand,  at  length  carried  him  off  by  force;  that  the  Constable  taking  a 
sufficient  number  of  assistants  pursued  them,  and  not  without  some  vio- 
lence, rescued  the  man  and  brought  him  back  to  his  house. 

The  Board  expressed  their  concern  that  occasions  of  difference  should 
arise  between  the  two  Provinces,  especially  at  this  juncture,  when  it  is  to 
be  expected  the  execution  of  that  Agreement  concluded  between  the  Pro- 
prietors, will  soon  terminate  all  contentions  of  this  sort;  and  it  being 


134  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

moved  that  the  Justices  of  Kent  County  should  be  wrote  to  for  a  more 
particular  account  of  this  matter,  and  that  they  should  be  cautioned  to 
use  their  utmost  endeavors  to  prevent  all  broils  with  our  neighbors  of 
Maryland,  it  was  recommended  to  the  Governor  to  give  the  necessary 
directions  herein. 

This  correspondence  is  very  volumnious,  but  hardly  necessary  to  be 
transferred  to  our  columns,  as  it  narrates  only  the  beginning  of  troubles 
which  for  a  long  time  remained  uncomposed. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  Oct.  -ith,  1738. 

present: 

The  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esqr.  Lieut.  Governor,  etc. 

A  return  of  the  high  road  layed  out  from  the  town  of  Lancaster  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  pursuant  to  an  order  of  this  Board,  bearing  date 
the  29th  day  of  Januarj^,  1730-1,  being  this  day  read  in  these  words: 

"To  the  Honourable  Patrick  Gordon,  Esqr.,  Lieut.  Governor  of  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,  in  Council. 

"Whereas,  upon  the  petition  of  the  Magistrates,  Grand  Jury  and 
other  Inhabitants  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  presented  to  the  Govern- 
or in  Council,  praying '  that  proper  persons  might  be  appointed  to  view 
and  lay  out  a  road  for  the  public  service,  from  the  town  of  Lancas- 
ter, till  it  should  fall  in  with  ye  high  road  leading  to  the  Ferry  of  Schuyl- 
kill, at  High  street,  and  that  a  review  might  be  had  of  the  said  Public 
Eoad  in  the  county  of  Chester. 

"The  prayer  of  which  petition  being  granted,  it  was  ordered  that 
Thomas  Edwards,  Edward  Smout,  Eobert  Barber,  Hance  Graaff,  Caleb 
Pierce,  Samuel  Jones  and  Andrew  Cornish,  of  the  county  aforesaid,  or 
any  five  of  them,  should  view  and  lay  out  by  course  and  distance,  a  con- 
venient high  road,  from  the  town  of  Lancaster,  to  the  Division  Line  be- 
tween the  said  county,  and  the  county  of  Chester,  and  that  Thomas 
Green,  George  Aston,  William  Paschall,  Richard  Buffington,  William 
Marsh,  Samuel  Miller,  and  Robert  Parke,  of  the  county  of  Chester,  or 
any  five  of  them,  should  then  join  the  above  named  persons  of  Lancaster 
county,  or  any  five  of  them,  in  continuing  to  lay  out  the  said  road  from 
the  Division  Line  aforesaid,  till  it  should  fall  in  with  the  King's  high 
road,  in  the  county  of  Chester,  leading  to  Philadelphia,  and  make  return 
thereof  to  that  Board. 

"And  the  above  named  persons  were  also  impowered  jointly  to  review 
the  said  high  Road  within  the  county  of  Chester,  and  report  the  altera- 
tions necessary  to  be  made  therein. 

"  Now  these  may  certify,  that  pursuant  to  the  said  petition  and  order, 
Thomas  Edwards,  Edward  Smout,  Robert  Barber,  Hance  Graaff  and 
Samuel  Jones,  of  the  said  county  of  Lancaster,  met  at  the  town  of  Lan- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  135 

caster  aforesaid,  on  the  fourth  day  of  this  instant,  and  from  thence  viewed 
and  laid  out  a  road  from  the  Court  House  in  the  said  town,  along  the 
course  of  the  street  East  3  Degrees,  Northerly  144  perches,  thence  East 
8  Degrees,  North  108  perches,  thence  East,  16  Degrees,  South  282 
perches,  to  the  East  side  of  Conestogoe  creek,  thence  East  5  Degrees, 
South  25  perches,  thence  East  10  Degrees,  North  190  perches,  thence 
East  6  Degrees,  South  1271  perches,  thence  East  4  Degrees,  South  696 
perches,  thence  East  10  Degrees,  North  90  perches,  thence  East  74  per- 
ches, thence  East  6  Degrees,  South  820  perches,  thence  East  13  Degrees, 
North  80  perches,  thence  East  6  Degrees,  South  406  perches,  thence  East 
8  Degrees,  South  94  perches,  thence  East  6  Degrees,  South  80  perches, 
thence  East  32  Degrees,  South  118  perches,  thence  East  13  Degrees, 
South  160  perches,  thence  East  364  perches,  thence  East  19  Degrees, 
South  490  perches,  thence  South  41  Degrees,  East  40  perches,  thence 
East  27  Degrees,  South  68  perches,  to  the  aforesaid  Division  Line,  near 
the  English  Church,  and  then  being  joined  by  George  Aston,  Richard 
Buffington,  William  Marsh,  Samuel  Miller  and  Eobert  Parke,  of  Chester 
county,  continued  the  same  through  Chester  county.  East  27  Degrees, 
South  50  perches,  thence  East  51  Degrees,  South  54  perches,  thence  East 
5  Degress,  North  188  perches,  thence  East  25  Degrees,  South  246  perches, 
thence  East  7  Degrees,  North  80  perches,  thence  East  10  Degrees,  South 
60  perches,  thence  East  25  Degrees,  South  74  perches,  thence  East  38 
Degrees,  South  48  perches,  thence  South  44  Degrees,  East  42  perches, 
thence  East  25  Degrees,  South  190  perches,  thence  East  35  Degrees, 
South  48  perches,  thence  East  15  Degrees,  South  32  perches,  thence  East 
5  Degrees,  North  216  perches,  thence  East  17  Degrees,  South  60  perches, 
thence  East  13  Degrees,  South  60  perches,  thence  East  10  Degrees,  North 
130  perches,  thence  East  26  Degrees,  South  60  perches,  thence  South- 
cast  52  perches.  South  26  Degrees,  East  40  perches,  thence  East  35  De- 
grees, South  56  perches,  thence  East  15  Degrees,  South  36  perches,  thence 
East  5  Degrees,  South  121  perches,  to  the  West  branch  of  Brandy  wine 
creek,  thence  East  26  Degrees,  South  41  perches,  thence  East  8  Degrees, 
South  32  perches,  thence  East  82  perches,  thence  East  17  Degrees,  South 
46  perches,  thence  East  8  Degrees,  South  58  perches,  thence  East  20  De- 
grees, North  72  perches,  thence  East  5  Degrees,  South  54  perches,  thence 
East  15  Degrees,  South  54  perches,  thence  East  30  Degrees,  South  146 
perches,  thence  East  Southerly  down  the  several  Courses  of  a  hill  210 
perches,  thence  East  5  Degrees,  North  288  perches,  thence  East  13  De- 
grees, South  30  perches,  thence  East  11  Degrees,  South  100  perches, 
thence  East  26  Degrees,  South  56  perches,  thence  East  51  Degrees,  South 
20  perches,  thence  East  15  Degrees,  South  66  perches,  thence  East  10 
Degrees,  South  42  perches,  thence  East  10  Degrees,  North  194  perches, 
thence  East  15  Degrees,  North  188  perches,  thence  East  40  Degrees, 


136  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

North  100  perches,  to  the  East  Branch  of  Brandy  wine  creek,  near  Thomas 
Moore's  Mill,  thence  East  17  Degrees,  North  86  perches,  thence  East  43' 
Degrees,  North  11-1  perches,  thence  East  85  Degrees,  North  392  perches,, 
thence  East  16  Degrees,  North  216  perches  to  the  aforesaid  public 
Eoad,  near  the  house  of  John  Spruce,  containing  in  the  whole  thirty-two 
statute  miles. 

"And  we  conceive  the  same,  as  it  is  now  laid  out  through  the  said 
Counties,  is  done  the  nearest  and  most  commodious  way,  and  in  the  best 
manner  to  answer  the  purposes  intended  thereby,  which  the  situation  of 
the  Land  would  admit  of,  and  as  little  to  the  inconvenience  of  the  inhab- 
itants as  possible,  without  damaging  the  said  Eoad ;  we  therefore  hum- 
bly pray  the  same  may  be  confirmed. 

"  And  we  further  beg  leave  to  say,  that  being  unprovided  with  a  copy 
of  the  Kecords  of  the  aforesaid  Public  Road,  through  Chester  county, 
and  the  Lands  contiguous  to  the  said  Road  being  mostly  improved,  and 
at  present  under  Corn,  we  find  ourselves  uncapable  to  discover  where  the 
same  hath  been  altered  from  its  true  course,  (to  the  damage  thereof,)  and 
also  conclude  the  present  season  of  the  year  Improper  for  a  Review. 
Given  under  our  hands  the  ninth  day  of  June,  Anno  Dom.  1733. 
"  Tho.  Edwards,  Geo.  Aston, 

Edward  Smout,  Richard  Buffington, 

Robert  Barber,  William  Marsh, 

Hans  Graaft",  Samuel  Miller, 

Samuel  Jones,  Robert  Parke." 

The  Board,  on  due  consideration  had  of  the  said  return,  together  with 
the  draught  accompanying  it,  doth  approve  and  confirm  the  Road  laid 
out,  as  in  the  said  return  mentioned,  which  is  hereby  declared  to  be  the 
King's  Highway  or  Public  Road,  and  it  is  ordered  that  the  same  be 
forthwith  cleared,  and  rendered  commodious  for  the  Public  Service. 

And  to  the  end  that  the  said  Road  may  be  continued  to  the  Ferry  on 
Schuylkill  at  High  street :  It  is  further  ordered,  that  the  Records  of 
the  Public  Road  through  the  county  of  Chester,  and  till  it  falls  in  with 
the  Road  of  Philadelphia  county,  leading  to  the  said  Ferry  be  searched, 
and  that  the  same  persons  of  Chester  county,  who  have  already  laid  out 
the  Road  so  far  as  in  the  above  Return  is  mentioned,  be  continued  on  that 
service,  to  bring  the  Road  to  the  verge  of  Philadelphia  county,  and  when 
it  falls  in  therewith,  that  Richard  Harrison,  Hugh  Evans,  Robert 
Roberts,  Samuel  Humphreys,  David  George  and  John  Warner,  or  any 
four  of  them,  continue  the  said  Road  to  the  Ferry  aforesaid,  at  High 
street,  and  make  report  of  the  same  to  this  Board. 

At  a  council,  held  at  Philadelphia,  May  14,  1734,^  the  Proprietary 
(Thomas  Penn)  informed  the  Board  of  some  very  unneighborly  proceed- 

1  Col.  Rec.  3,  p.  543. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  137 

ings  of  the  province  of  Maryland  in  not  only  harassing  some  of  the  in- 
habitants of  this  Province  who  live  on  the  borders,  but  likewise  in 
extending  their  claims  much  farther  than  had  ever  heretofore  been  pre- 
tended to  by  Maryland,  and  carrying  off  several  persons  and  imprisoning 
them ;  that  some  time  since  they  carried  off  John  Hendricks  and  Joshua 
Minshall  from  their  settlements  on  Sasquehannah,  and  still  detain  them 
in  the  Goal  of  Annapolis ;  that  of  late  two  others  have  been  taken  from 
the  borders  of  Newcastle  County,  and  carried  likewise  to  Annapolis; 
that  as  these  men  will  probably  be  brought  to  a  trial  at  the  ensuing  Pro- 
vincial Court  of  Maryland,  he  had  spoke  to  Andrew  Hamilton,  Esq.,  to 
appear  for  them,  but  as  these  violent  proceedings  tend  manifestly  to  the 
breach  of  his  Majesty's  peace,  and  rendering  all  the  borderers  insecure, 
both  in  their  persons  and  estates,  he  was  now  to  advise  with  the  Council 
on  such  measures  as  are  most  fit  to  be  proposed,  for  maintaining  peace 
between  his  Majesty's  subjects  of  both  Provinces. 

Then  was  read  a  letter  from  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Maryland  to 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  this  Province,  dated  the  24:th  of  February 
last,  with  an  answer  of  the  latter  thereto,  dated  the  8th  of  March  follow- 
ing, on  which  some  observations  being  made,  the  Proprietor  said  that  he 
intended  to  make  use  of  the  opportunity  of  Mr.  Hamilton's  going  to 
Annapolis,  to  press  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Maryland  to  enter  into 
such  measures  as  should  be  most  advisable,  for  preventing  such  irregular 
proceedings  for  the  future,  and  as  he  designed  that  his  Secretary,  Mr. 
Georges,  should  accompany  Mr.  Hamilton,  he  had  drawn  up  instructions 
for  them,  which  being  laid  before  the  Board,  were  read,  as  was  likewise 
a  draught  of  a  Letter  from  the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  this  Province  to 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  Maryland,  On  consideration  thereof  had, 
the  Board  are  of  opinion  that  the  proposed  measures  are  absolutely  neces- 
sary at  this  time,  for  securing  the  peace  of  his  Majesty's  subjects,  and  the 
said  instructions,  together  with  the  foregoing  Draught,  being  approved 
and  ordered  to  be  entered  on  the  Kecords  of  Council,  the  Governor  is 
desired  to  grant  such  credentials  to  the  persons  entrusted  with  the  ne- 
gotiations, as  may  show  them  fully  authorized  by  this  Government  for 
the  purposes  in  the  said  instructions  contained. 

Messrs.  Hamilton  and  Georges,  the  persons  named  in  the  preceding 
paragraph,  had  been  appointed  Commissioners  for  the  Proprietaries  to 
execute  certain  articles  of  agreement  concluded  between  the  said  Propri- 
etaries and  Lord  Baltimore,  bearing  date  May  10,  1732,  for  the  running, 
marking  and  laying  out  the  Lines,  Limits  and  Boundaries  between  the 
two  Provinces,  visited  Annapolis,  and  on  their  return  presented  the 
report  of  their  negotiations,  which  was  far  from  satisfactory.  Thereupon 
in  consequence  of  a  Representation  addressed  to  him  by  the  Assembly, 
the  Governor  under  date  Aug.  19th,  1733,  wrote  letters  to  the  Justices 


138  AUTHEXTIC    HISTORY 

of  the  counties  of  Chester,  Lancaster,  and  of  New  Castle,  Kent,  and  Sux- 
sex,  on  Delaware,  as  follows: 

"  Gentlemen  :  You  are  not,  I  believe,  insensible  how  much  the  whole 
country  has  been  disappointed  in  the  just  hopes  which  had  been  enter- 
tained of  seeing  a  final  period  put  to  those  long  depending  disputes  be- 
tween this  Government  and  that  of  Maryland,  touching  their  respective 
boundaries,  by  the  execution  of  the  solemn  agreement  concluded  between 
the  Proprietaries  of  each.  It  is  however  no  small  satisfaction  to  me,  that 
I  can  now  acquaint  you  that  this  agreement,  with  the  proceedings  of  the 
Commissioners  thereon,  having  been  laid  before  his  Majesty's  Attorney 
and  Solicitor  General,  we  have  had  the  pleasure  of  lately  receiving  their 
opinion,  that  the  Agreement  still  remains  valid  and  binding  on  both  Pro- 
prietaries, although  their  Commissioners,  by  reason  of  difference  in  sen- 
timents, have  not  carried  it  into  execution.  Now  as  the  Northern  bounds, 
formerly  set  by  the  Lord  Baltimore  to  himself  differ  not  much  from  those 
latel}^  agreed  upon,  I  know  not  how  we  can  judge  better  or  with  more 
certainty,  of  any  bounds  by  which  we  can  limit  our  present  jurisdiction, 
than  near  the  place  where  it  is  known  they  will  fall  when  the  lines  shall 
be  actually  run. 

"  In  the  mean  time  that  a  stop  may  be  put  to  any  further  insults  on 
the  people  of  this  Government,  and  to  incroachments  on  Lands  within 
the  bounds  of  the  same,  I  am  again  to  renew  to  you  those  pressing  in- 
stances I  have  repeatedly  made,  that  agreeable  to  the  duty  of  your  sta- 
tions, you  exert  your  utmost  endeavors  for  preserving  peace  through- 
out your  county,  and  protecting  all  the  inhabitants  in  their  just  and  right 
possessions,  in  the  legal  and  necessary  defence  of  which  every  person 
ought  to  be  encouraged  to  appear  with  boldness,  and  to  be  assured  of 
receiving  all  the  countenance  that  lawful  authority  can  give.  And  as 
the  late  disturbances  have  been  in  a  great  measure  owing  to  the  unjust 
attempts  of  those,  who  pretending  right  to,  or  claiming  disputed  Lands, 
under  that  pretence  have  come  many  miles  into  this  Province,  and  with 
force  possessed  themselves  of  Lands  for  which  they  can  have  no  lawful 
grant  from  any  other  persons  but  our  Honourable  Proprietors  only,  and 
have  likewise  committed  very  great  violences  upon  sundry  of  our  inhab- 
itants, you  are  to  give  strict  orders  for  apprehending  and  securing  all 
such  who  have  been  principals  or  accessaries  therein,  as  well  as  those 
who  hereafter  shall  presume  to  offer  any  injury  to  the  persons  or  pro- 
fessions of  his  Majesty's  peaceable  subjects,  or  encroach  on  any  lands 
within  the  known  and  reputed  limits  of  your  county,  that  they  may  be 
brought  to  condign  punishment.  But  as  in  the  year  1724,  it  was  agreed 
'  that  for  avoiding  all  manner  of  contention  or  difference  between  the 
inhabitants  of  the  two  Provinces,  no  person  or  Persons  should  be  dis- 
turbed or  molested  in  their  Possessions  they  then  held  on  either  side,' 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  139 

jou  are  desired  still  to  have  a  particular  regard  to  those  entitled  to  the 
benefit  of  that  agreement,  while  they  behave  themselves  peaceably, 

"And  to  the  end  that  these  directions  be  punctually  observed  and 
complied  with,  you  are  to  order  the  Sheriff  of  the  county,  with  his  offi- 
cers, frequently  to  visit  your  Borders,  and  those  parts  where  either  late 
disturbances  have  happened,  or  anything  to  the  prejudice  of  the  people 
is  like  to  be  attempted,  giving  all  needful  assistance  wherever  it  may  be 
requisite.  I  should  likewise  promise  myself  much  good  from  some  of 
your  number  making  a  progress  through  these  parts,  when  your  conve- 
niency  would  admit,  or  any  exigency  may  require  it,  depending  on  your 
prudence,  that  whatever  measures  you  shall  take  for  the  defence  of  the 
inhabitants,  and  for  seizing  and  securing  offenders,  will  be  such  as  that 
we  may  be  at  no  loss  whenever  called  upon  to  justify  them. 

"I  am.  Gentlemen,  Your  loving  Friend,  and  humble  Servt., 

"P.  Gordon." 

The  intercourse  with  the  Indians  continued  to  be  of  an  amicable  nature, 
notwithstanding  occasional  disturbances,  almost  uniformly  caused  by  the 
too  liberal  distribution  of  rum.  A  specimen  of  the  kindliness  with 
which  the  children  of  the  forest  turned  to  the  white  man  is  furnished  in 
the  following  extract  from  a  speech  of  Hetaquantagechty : 

"  That  he  comes  hither  from  the  Six  Nations,  on  business  relating  to 
the  last  Treaty  held  between  them  and  this  Government ;  that  on  his  road 
hither  he  heard  the  melancholy  news  of  the  Governor's  loss,  by  the  death 
of  his  Spouse;  that  he  once  resolved  to  turn  back  lest  the  Governor's 
affliction  should  prevent  him  from  attending  to  business,  but  thinking  it 
better  to  proceed  forward,  he  is  pleased  to  find  the  Governor  present  with 
them ;  that  he  takes  part  in  his  griet^  and  if  he  had  a  handkerchief  good 
and  fine  enough  to  present  to  the  Governor,  he  would  give  it  to  wipe 
away  his  tears ;  then  presenting  some  strings  of  Wampum  to  the  Gov- 
ernor, he  desired  that  the  Governor  would  lay  aside  his  grief  and  turn 
his  thoughts  to  business,  as  he  had  done  before." 

The  Governor  receiving  the  Strings  of  Wampum,  thanked  him  for  the 
kind  concern  he  had  expressed  on  his  account. 

We  have  again  to  chronicle  a  riot  arising  from  the  unsettled  condition 
of  the  boundary  line  between  the  two  provinces,  [1735,]  as  set  forth  in  a 
deposition  of  John  Powell,  undersheriff"  of  Lancaster  County  made  before 
the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania  in  open  court,  where 
Daniel  Dulany,  Esqr.,  Attorney  General  of  Maryland  was  present,  as 
follows : 

"John  Powell,  Undersheriff"  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  in  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania,  being  solemnly  Sworn  on  the  Holy  Evangel- 
ists maketh  oath,  that  on  Tuesday  morning,  the  twenty-third  of  this 
instant,  September,  he  accompanied  Robert  Buchanan  Esqr.,  High  Sheriff 


140  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

of  the  said  County,  and  four  others,  to  wit :  Arthur  Buchanan,  Matthew 
George,  John  Mitchel,  and  Alexander  Mitchel,  who  the  day  before  went 
over  Sasquehannah  Kiver,  in  a  peaceable  manner,  and  without  any  arms 
whatsoever,  to  execute  His  Majesty's  Writs  on  some  debtors  living  on  the 
West  side  of  that  River,  inhabitants  of  the  said  County; -that  the  said 
Sheriff  having  served  a  Writ  on  one  Andrew  M'Gill,  who  not  being  able 
to  give  bail  to  the  action,  was  sent  under  custody  of  the  two  Mitchels  to 
Lancaster  Goal,  he,  the  said  Sheriff,  with  the  others,  went  the  day  follow- 
ing to  serve  another  Writ  at  the  suit  of  William  Branson,  of  the  City  of 
Philadelphia,  Merchant,  on  one  Jacob  Lochman,  Blacksmith,  living  about 
seven  miles  westerly  from  the  house  of  John  Hendricks,  and  about 
twenty-three  miles  to  the  Northward  of  the  Octararoe  Line,  which  this 
deponent  is  informed  was  run  by  the  Grandfather  of  the  present  Lord 
Baltimore,  as  the  Northern  boundary  of  Maryland.  That  having  served 
the  said  Writ  on  Lochman,  who  being  likewise  unable  to  give  bail  to  the 
action,  they  were  bringing  him  to  Lancaster  Goal,  when  within  about 
two  or  three  miles  west  of  John  Hendrick's  house,  one  Mark  Evans, 
planter,  met  them  and  asked  the  Sheriff  where  he  was  carrying  Lochman; 
the  Sheriff  said  he  was  carrying  him  to  Goal  unless  he  would  give  bail; 
to  this  Evans  replied  that  he  believed  bail  could  be  found,  which  he  had 
no  sooner  said,  than  about  twenty  or  thirty  men  on  horseback,  armed 
with  cutlasses  and  clubs,  appeared  at  a  little  distance  advancing  towards 
them,  and  coming  up  fell  upon  the  Sheriff  and  his  assistants,  in  a  most 
furious  and  violent  manner,  and  having  beat  and  grievously  wounded 
them,  and  rescued  Lochman,  the  said  Sheriff  and  his  company  were  forcfed 
to  betake  themselves  to  flight;  but  the  Sheriff's  horse  failing  him  he  fell 
again  into  their  hands;  upon  which  he,  this  deponent,  with  Arthur 
Buchanan  and  Matthew  George,  stopped  at  some  small  distance,  and  saw 
four  men  at  once  beating  the  said  Sheriff  with  heavy  clubs,  who  with  his 
hands  lifted  up  was  endeavoring  to  save  his  head;  that  being  overpow- 
ered by  numbers  and  violently  pulled  off  his  horse,  he  was  so  cruelly 
used  that  Arthur  Buchanan  with  this  deponent,  were  resolved  to  go  back 
and  suffer  with  him ;  but  as  they  drew  near  the  Sheriff  called  out  to  his 
Brother,  the  said  Arthur,  not  to  hazard  more  lives,  his  own  he  hoped 
would  be  suflUcient  for  them.  And  that  hereupon  some  of  those  rioters 
pursued  him,  this  deponent,  and  with  a  very  heavy  cudgell  struck  him 
so  severe  a  blow  across  his  back,  that  he  has  ever  since  been  under  very 
great  pain.  And  that  the  said  Arthur  Buchanan  and  Matthew  George 
were  so  extreamly  beat  and  bruised  likewise,  that  it  was  not  without  the 
utmost  diffiiculty  that  they  were  able  to  escape.  And  this  deponent 
further  says,  that  when  he  left  Sasquehannah  there  were  no  accounts  of 
the  High  Sherifi',  nor  was  it  known  whether  he  was  dead  or  alive,  but  this 
deponent  verily  believes  the  said  Sheriff  is  mortally  wounded,  or  at  least 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  141 

that  be  must  be  in  a  very  languishiug  coudition,  having  received  many 
wounds  and  blows.  That  most  of  the  persons  who  thus  attacked  the  said 
Sherift'  and  his  assistants  are  unknown  to  the  deponent,  except  these  seven 
following,  to  wit :  Mark  Evans,  above  named,  Michael  Rysner,  Francis 
Clapsaddle,  Christian  Croll,  Bernard  Weyman,  Nicholas  Kens  and  Mar- 
tin Schutz,  who  all  live  on  the  West  side  of  Sasquehannah  Kiver,  not 
above  one  mile  to  the  Southward  of  the  house  of  John  Hendricks. 

Jo'n.  Powell." 

The  deponent  aforesaid  being  asked  under  what  Government  these 
people  owned  themselves, 

"  Answered  that  he  knows  they  call  themselves  Marylanders,  because 
when  he  was  some  time  ago  over  Susquehannah,  he  had  taken  a  prisoner, 
one  Francis  Clapsaddle,  by  virtue  of  a  Writ  for  Debt  from  Lancaster 
County,  that  one  of  the  persons  that  rescued  the  prisoner  in  the  deposi- 
tion aforesaid  mentioned,  was  one  of  the  same  persons  who  rescued  the 
said  Francis  Clapsaddle,  and  the  same  time  presented  a  gun  at  the  de- 
ponent, and  told  him  that  they  belonged  to  Maryland,  and  would  not 
suffer  any  Ofl&cer  of  Pennsylvania  to  come  over  the  river;  and  that  in 
particular  the  man  who  presented  the  gun  at  the  deponent  when  Clap- 
saddle was  rescued,  calling  himself  a  Marylander,  and  was  one  of  the 
persons  who  assaulted  the  Sheriff  and  this  deponent,  in  the  manner  set 
forth  in  the  aforesaid  deposition. 

"The  foregoing  Deposition,  and  Interrogatory  and  Answer  thereunto, 
were  taken  in  the  Supreme  Court  of  Pennsylvania,  held  at  Philadelphia 
the  24th  day  of  7br,  1735,  Daniel  Dulany,  Esq.,  Attorney  General  of  the 
Province  of  Maryland,  being  present,  who  being  desired  to  cross-examine 
the  Deponent  (if  he  thought  fit,)  declined  the  same. 

Jos'a.  Laurence,  pton." 

The  Governor  hereupon  desired  the  advice  of  the  Board,  in  what  man- 
ner it  might  be  most  proper  to  proceed  in  the  present  case,  against  the 
rioters,  most  of  whom  though  pretending  to  be  inhabitants  of  Maryland, 
are  notwithstanding  actually  settled  on  lands  lying  I'ar  within  the  unques- 
tionable bounds  of  this  Province. 

The  Board  expressed  their  just  resentment  on  so  heinous  a  provocation, 
and  observing  that  this  procedure  is  of  the  same  nature  with  many 
others  that  of  late  have  been  countenanced  and  encouraged  by  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Maryland,  who  seem  inclined,  notwithstanding  all  the  strong 
instances  that  have  been  made  for  preserving  His  Majesty's  peace,  to 
continue  in  their  violences,  are  of  opinion  that  if  the  sheriff  of  Lan- 
caster is  detained  by  any  officer  of  Maryland,  within  the  limits  of  that 
Province,  a  demand  should  be  forthwith  made,  by  letter  to  the  Governor 
of  Maryland,  for  setting  him  at  liberty,  and  that  precepts  be  issued  by 
the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court,  before  whom  the  examinations  in 


142  AUTHENTIC   HISTOEY 

this  affair  have  been  taken,  for  apprehending  such  of  the  rioters  whose 
names  are  known,  or  can  with  certainty  be  discovered,  and  in  case  they 
cannot  be  apprehended  by  virtue  of  such  warrants,  that  a  Proclamation 
be  issued  by  the  Governor  promising  a  reward  of  twenty  pounds,  to  be 
paid  out  of  the  Public  Treasury  of  this  Province,  for  apprehending  every 
person  concerned  in  the  said  riot,  so  as  that  he  be  convicted  thereof  in  any 
Court  of  this  Province.  E. 

On  the  death  of  Governor  Gordon,  the  administration  of  the  Govern- 
ment, [1736,]  legislation  excepted,  devolved  on  the  Council,  of  which 
James  Logan,  being  the  eldest  Counsellor,  was  president.  Mr.  Logan 
entered  upon  his  functions  on  August  5th,  1736,  and  continued  in  of&ce 
until  August,  173(8,  when  he  was  superseded  by  the  appointment  of  Mr. 
Thomas.  The  only  event  to  be  chronicled  is  another  disgraceful  contest 
between  Pennsylvanians  and  Marylanders  along  the  debated  ground.^ 
"Many  palatines  had  settled  west  of  the  Susquehannah  (now  York  county) 
under  Pennsylvania  titles,  but  in  order  to  avoid  the  payment  of  taxes 
imposed  by  the  province,  they  accepted  titles  from  Maryland  and  attorned 
to  Lord  Baltimore ;  but,  becoming  satisfied  that  adhesion  to  him  might 
ultimately  prejudice  their  interests,  they  formally  renounced  their  alle- 
giance, and  sought  protection  from  Pennsylvania.  This  tergiversation 
irritated  the  Maryland  authorities,  and  the  sheriff  of  Baltimore  county, 
with  three  hundred  men,  marched  to  eject  the  palatines  from  their  pos- 
sessions. The  sheriff  of  Lancaster  county  (Samuel  Smith)  drew  out  his 
posse  for  their  protection,  and  without  violence  succeeded  in  inducing  the 
Maryland  party  to  return  without  attempting  their  purpose,  on  a  pledge 
of  the  Germans,  that  they  would  consult  together,  and  give  an  answer  to 
Lord  Baltimore's  requisition,  to  acknowledge  his  authority.  But,  an  as- 
sociation was  soon  after  formed,  with  the  knowledge  of  Governor  Ogle, 
consisting  of  at  least  fifty  persons,  headed  by  a  captain,  Thomas  Cressap, 
expressly  for  driving  out  the  Germans,  and  dividing  their  lands  among 
the  associaters,  two  hundred  acres  being  promised  to  each.  In  the  pros- 
ecution of  their  design,  they  killed  one  Knowles,  who  had  resisted  them. 
Cressap  was  in  his  turn,  assailed  by  the  sheriff  of  Lancaster,  and  after  a 
sharp  contest,  in  which  one  man  was  killed,  and  Cressap  himself  wounded, 
was  made  prisoner,  and  conveyed  to  Philadelphia  jail. 

"  Governor  Ogle,  on  receipt  of  this  intelligence,  despatched  Edmund 
Jennings  and  Daniel  Dulany  to  Philadelphia,  to  demand  reparation,  and 
the  release  of  Cressap.  Both  were  refused  by  the  President  and  Council, 
who  earnestly  remonstrated  against  the  encroachments  of  the  people  of 
Maryland,  encouraged  and  protected  by  their  Governor. 

"Governor  Ogle  immediately  ordered  reprisal.  Four  German  settlers 
were  seized  and  carried  to  Baltimore,  and  a  band  of  the  associaters,  under 

1  Gordon.     Col.  Rec. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  143 

one  Higginbotliam,  proceeded  forcibly  to  expel  the  Germans.  Again 
the  Council  ordered  out  the  Sheriff  of  Lancaster,  and  the  power  of  his 
county,  with  directions  to  dispose  detachments  in  proper  positions  to 
protect  the  people ;  and  they  despatched  Messrs.  Lawrence  and  Ashton, 
members  of  the  Board,  to  support  him  in  the  execution  of  their  orders. 
When  the  Sheriff  entered  the  field  the  invaders  retired,  but  returned  as 
soon  as  his  force  was  withdrawn.  Captures  were  made  on  both  sides; 
the  German  settlers  were  harassed  perpetually  ;  in  many  instances  driven 
from  their  farms,  and  in  others  deterred  from  every  attempt  to  plant  or 
improve. 

"In  May,  1737,  the  Council  sent  Samuel  Preston  and  John  Kiusey  on 
an  embassy  to  Governor  Ogle,  to  treat  on  some  measure  which  might 
preserve  the  quiet  of  the  border,  until  the  pleasure  of  the  King  should 
be  known,  to  whom  both  parties  had  appealed.  But  Governor  Ogle  re- 
quiring some  concessions  incompatible  with  the  rights  of  the  proprie- 
taries of  Pennsylvania,  the  deputies  returned  without  having  made  any 
agreement.  In  the  succeeding  October  a  party  of  Marylanders,  to  the 
number  of  sixteen,  under  the  direction  of  one  Eichard  Lowder,  broke 
into  the  jail  at  Lancaster,  and  released  the  rioters  who  had  been  appre- 
hended by  the  Sheriff,  among  whom  was  a  brother  of  their  leader.  For- 
tunately, when  indignation  was  prompting  the  inhabitants  on  both  sides 
of  the  line  to  further  breaches  of  the  peace,  an  order  of  the  King  in 
Council,  on  the  subject  of  the  boundary,  induced  both  parties  to  refrain 
from  further  violence,  to  drop  all  prosecutions,  and  to  discharge  their 
respective  prisoners  on  bail. 

"  This  order  was  made  on  the  report  of  the  committee  on  plantations, 
of  the  eighteenth  of  August,  1737,  and  required  the  Governors  of  the 
respective  Provinces  effectually  to  check  the  disturbances  on  the  borders, 
and  to  refrain  from  granting  lands  in  dispute,  even  in  the  territories, 
until  the  king's  pleasure  should  be  further  known.*' 

George  Thomas,  Esqr.,  a  planter  of  Antigua,  was  appointed  Governor 
of  Pennsylvania  and  territories  in  1737,  but  his  assumption  of  office  was 
delayed  by  the  remonstrance  of  Lord  Baltimore  against  the  right  of  the 
Proprietaries  to  the  lower  counties.  He  met  the  Assembly  of  the 
province  on  the  sixth  of  August,  1738. 

The  Eoyal  order  respecting  the  disturbances  on  the  border,  above  re- 
ferred to,  and  the  action  taken  on  it  by  the  Provincial  Council  on  August 
29th,  will  be  perused  with  interest  ■} 

At  the  Court  at  Kensington  the  25th  day  of  May,  1738. 

PRESEXT: 

The  King's  most  Excellent  Majesty. 
Arch  Bishop  of  Canterbury,  Earl  of  Selkirk, 

1  Col.  Reo.  IV.— p.  298,  etc. 


144  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Lord  President,  Earl  of  Ilaj, 

Lord  Steward,  Earl  Fitz  Walter, 

Lord  Chamberlain,  Viscount  Lousdale, 

Duke  of  Bolton,  Viscount  Tonington, 

Duke  of  Devonshire,  Lord  Harrington, 

Duke  of  Newcastle,  Mr.  Chancellor  of  the  Exchequer, 

Earl  of  Scarbrough,  Sr.  Charles  Wills, 

Earl  of  Granthum,  Henry  Pelham,  Esq. 

Earl  of  Cholmondeley,  Sr.  Charles  Wager. 

Upon  reading  at  the  Board  a  Report  from  the  Right  Honorable  the 
Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Council,  for  Plantation  Affairs,  dated  the  4th 
of  this  instant,  in  the  words  following,  viz  : 

"Your  Majesty  having  been  pleased  by  your  orders  in  Council  of  the 
17th  of  March,  1736-7,  and  the  21st  of  July,  1737,  to  refer  unto  this 
Committee  several  Petitions  from  the  President,  Council,  and  General 
Assembly  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  likewise  from  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council,  and  the  Commissary  and  Clergy  of  the  Province  of 
Marvland,  which  Petitions  represent  (among  other  things)  that  great  dis- 
orders and  outrages  have  been  committed  upon  the  Borders  of  the  said 
respective  Provinces,  and  humbly  praying  your  Majesty's  most  gracious 
interposition  and  commands,  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace  on  the 
said  Borders  until  the  boundaries  of  the  said  Provinces  shall  be  finally 
settled  and  adjusted,  The  Lords  of  the  Committee  of  Council  did,  on  the 
29th  of  the  said  month  of  July,  take  the  matter  of  the  said  complaints 
into  their  consideration,  and  thereupon  reported  to  your  Majesty  what  they 
thought  most  advisable  for  your  Majesty  to  do,  in  order  to  jDrevent  the 
further  continuance  of  the  said  disorders,  and  to  preserve  peace  and  tran- 
quility on  the  said  Borders  until  the  boundaries  should  be  finally  settled. 
And  your  Majesty  having  approved  of  what  was  proposed  by  the  said 
Report,  was  pleased,  by  your  order  in  Council  of  the  8th  of  August,  1737, 
to  direct  as  follows,  viz : 

"That  the  Governors  of  the  respective  provinces  of  Maryland  and 
Pennsylvania,  for  the  time  being,  do  not,  upon  pain  of  incurring  his 
Majesty's  highest  displeasure,  permit  or  suffer  any  tumults,  riots  or  other 
outrageous  disorders  to  be  committed  on  the  borders  of  their  respective 
provinces,  but  that  they  do  immediately  put  a  stop  thereto,  and  use  their 
utmost  endeavors  to  preserve  peace  and  good  order  amongst  all  his 
majesty's  subjects  under  their  government  inhabiting  the  said  borders. 
And  as  a  means  to  preserve  peace  and  tranquility  on  the  said  borders, 
his  Majesty  doth  hereby  enjoin  the  said  Governors  that  they  do  not  make 
grants  of  any  part  of  the  lands  in  contest  between  the  proprietors  res- 
pectively, nor  any  part  of  the  three  lower  counties,  commonly  called  New- 
castle, Kent  and  Sussex,  nor  permit  any  person  to  settle  there,  or  even  to 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  145 

attempt  to  make  a  settlement  thereon,  till  his  Majesty's  pleasure  shall  be 
further  signified.  And  his  Majesty  is  further  pleased  to  direct  that  this  or- 
der, together  with  duplicates  thereof,  be  delivered  to  the  Proprietors  of  the 
said  Provinces,  who  are  hereby  required  to  transmit  the  same  forthwith 
to  the  Governors  of  the  said  respective  Provinces  accordingly. 

"  That  since  the  issuing  the  said  Order,  your  Majesty  hath  been  pleased 
to  refer  unto  this  Committee  an  Address  of  the  Deputy  Governor,  and 
of  the  upper  and  lower  Houses  of  Assembly  of  the  Province  of  Marv- 
land,  relating  to  a  continuance  of  the  said  disorders,  and  also  two  Peti- 
tions, the  one  in  the  name  of  John  Thomas  and  Richard  Penn,  Esq'rs, 
proprietors  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  praying  your  majesty's 
further  pleasure  may  be  signified,  relating  to  your  Majesty's  afore-recited 
order  in  Council  of  the  18th  August,  1837,  and  the  other  in  the  name  of 
the  agent  of  the  said  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  complaining  of  fresh  dis- 
orders committed  by  the  inhabitants  of  Maryland  against  those  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Whereupon,  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  did,  on  the  23d  of 
February  last,  proceed  to  take  all  the  papers  relating  to  the  complaints 
made  by  each  of  the  said  provinces  into  their  consideration,  and  were 
attended  by  counsel  on  both  sides,  and  likewise  by  the  proprietors  of  the 
said  provinces,  and  the  counsel  desiring  that  some  reasonable  time  might 
be  allowed  the  proprietors  to  confer  together,  in  order  to  come  to  some 
agreement  amongst  themselves,  that  so  the  peace  and  tranquility  of  both 
provinces  may  be  preserved  until  such  time  as  the  boundaries  can  be 
finally  settled,  the  Lords  of  the  Committee  thought  proper  to  comply  with 
such  their  request.  And  being  again  this  day  attended  by  all  parties,  the 
counsel  acquainted  the  Committee  that  the  proprietors  of  each  province 
had  accordingly  met  and  agreed  to  the  following  propositions,  viz : 

"1st.  That  so  much  of  his  Majesty's  order  in  Council  of  the  18th  of 
August,  1737,  as  orders  the  Governors  of  the  respective  Provinces  of 
Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  for  the  time  being,  do  not,  upon  pain  of  in- 
curring his  Majesty's  highest  displeasure,  permit  or  suffer  any  tumult, 
riots  or  other  outrageous  disorders,  to  be  committed  on  the  borders  of 
their  respective  provinces,  but  that  they  do  immediately  put  a  stop 
thereto,  and  use  their  utmost  endeavors  to  preserve  peace  and  good 
order  among  all  his  Majesty's  subjects  under  their  government  inhabit- 
ing the  said  borders,  do  stand  in  force  and  be  observed. 

"2d.  That  there  being  no  riots  that  appear  to  have  been  committed 
within  the  three  lower  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  on  Del- 
aware, it  is  therefore  not  thought  necessary  to  continue  the  latter  part  of 
the  said  order  in  Council  as  to  the  said  three  lower  counties,  but  the  same 
former  order  in  Council,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  said  three  lower  counties, 
be  discharged  without  prejudice  to  either  of  the  proprietors,  as  if  the 
same  had  never  been  made. 
11 


146  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

"  3d.  That  all  other  lands  in  contest  between  the  said  proprietors  now 
possessed  by  or  under  either  of  them,  shall  remain  in  the  possession  as 
they  now  are  (although  beyond  the  temporary  limits  hereafter  men- 
tioned); and  also  the  jurisdiction  of  the  respective  proprietors  shall 
continue  over  such  lands  until  the  boundaries  shall  be  finally  settled; 
and  that  the  tenants  of  either  side  shall  not  attorn  to  the  other,  nor  shall 
either  of  the  proprietors  or  their  officers  receive  or  accept  of  attornments 
from  the  tenants  of  the  other  proprietor, 

"4th.  That  as  to  all  vacant  lands  in  contest  between  the  proprietors 
not  lying  within  either  of  the  three  lower  counties,  and  not  now  possessed 
by  or  under  either  of  them,  on  the  east  side  of  the  Kiver  Sasquehannah, 
down  so  far  South  as  fifteen  miles  and  one  quarter  of  a  mile  south  of  the 
latitude  of  the  most  southern  part  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  and  on  the 
West  side  of  the  said  river  Susquehannah,  down  so  far  South  as 
fourteen  miles  and  three-quarters  South  of  the  latitude  of  the  most 
Southern  part  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia;  the  temporary  jurisdic- 
tion over  the  same  is  agreed  to  be  exercised  by  the  proprietors 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  their  Governor,  courts  and  officers.  And  as 
to  all  such  vacant  lands  in  contest  between  the  proprietors,  and  not  now 
possessed  by  or  under  either  of  them  on  both  sides  of  the  said  River 
Sasquehannah,  south  of  the  respective  southern  limits  in  this  paragraph, 
before  mentioned,  the  temporary  jurisdiction  over  the  same  is  agreed  to 
be  exercised  by  the  proprietor  of  Maryland,  and  his  Governor,  courts 
and  officers,  without  prejudice  to  either  proprietor,  and  until  the  boun- 
daries shall  be  finally  settled. 

"5th.  That  the  respective  proprietors  shall  be  at  free  liberty  to 
grant  out  on  the  common  and  usual  terms  all  or  any  vacant  lands  within 
the  said  Provinces  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland  in  contest  between  the 
said  Proprietors  (that  is  to  say,  within  their  own  respective  sides  of  the 
said  several  limits  mentioned  in  the  last  foregoing  paragraph).  For  the 
which  lands  and  the  profits  of  the  same,  also  each  proprietor  shall  account 
to  the  other,  who  may  be  adjudged  to  be  the  proprietor  thereof,  upon 
the  final  determination  of  the  boundaries  between  the  two  Provinces. 

"6th.  That  all  prisoners  on  both  sides  on  account  of  being  con- 
cerned in  any  riots  or  disturbances  relating  to  the  bounds,  or  for  any  act 
or  thing  done  thereat,  or  for  any  other  act  touching  the  right  of  either 
of  the  said  Provinces  in  relation  to  their  bounds,  be  forthwith  released 
and  discharged  on  entering  into  their  own  respective  Recognizances  in  a 
reasonable  sum,  to  appear  and  submit  to  trial  when  called  upon  by 
further  order  from  his  Majesty. 

"  7th.  That  this  be  declared  to  be  a  provisional  and  temporary  order, 
to  continue  until  the  boundaries  shall  be  finally  settled,  and  be  declared 
to  be  without  prejudice  to  either  party. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  147 

"8th.  That  His  Majesty  be  most  humbly  moved  to  discharge  so  much 
of  the  order  of  the  18th  of  August,  1737,  as  varys  from  this  agreement, 
and  that  several  other  petitions  of  complaint  now  depending  before  His 
Majesty  in  Council  relating  to  any  disturbances,  may  be  withdrawn  by 
the  respective  petitioners. 

"  To  which  proposition  the  proprietors  of  each  Province  signified  their 
consent  before  the  Committee,  and  declared  their  readiness  to  carry  the 
same  into  execution,  if  your  Majesty  shall  be  pleased  to  approve  thereof; 
and  the  Committee  considering  that  the  agreement  may  be  a  proper  ex- 
pedient for  restoring  peace  and  tranquility  between  the  said  Provinces, 
and  for  preventing  any  of  the  like  disturbances  for  the  future,  do  there- 
fore agree  humbly  to  lay  the  same  before  your  Majesty  for  your  Eoyal 
Approbation. 

"His  Majesty  this  day  took  the  said  report  into  consideration,  and  in 
order  to  preserve  peace  and  tranquility  between  the  said  provinces,  and 
to  prevent  any  the  like  disturbances  for  the  future,  is  pleased  with  the 
advice  of  His  Privy  Council,  to  approve  of  the  said  agreement  entered 
into  between  the  proprietors  of  the  said  respective  Provinces ;  and  His 
Majesty  is  hereby  pleased  to  order  that  the  Proprietors  of  the  said  re- 
spective Provinces  of  Maryland  and  Pennsylvania  do  cause  the  said 
agreement  to  be  carried  into  execution;  Whereof  the  said  Proprietors, 
and  all  others  whom  it  may  concern,  are  to  take  notice  and  govern  them- 
selves accordingly. 

James  Vernon." 

Ordered  that  a  Proclamation  be  prepared  reciting  his  Majesty's  said 
order,  to  be  published  to-morrow  at  the  Court  House  of  this  city,  and 
that  printed  copies  be  made  of  it  to  be  transmitted  to  the  proper  officers, 
to  be  published  in  like  manner  in  the  several  counties  of  this  Province, 
and  the  counties  of  Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  on  Delaware. 

By  the  Honourable  George  Thomas,  Esq.,  Lieutenant  Governor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  Counties 
of  New  castle,  Kent  and  Sussex  upon  Delaware. 

A  PROCLAMATION. 

Whereas,  By  the  express  Orders  of  the  Hon.  the  Proprietaries,  no 
warrant  or  license  has  issued  out  of  the  Land-office  for  taking  up  or  set- 
tling any  lands  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  to  the  Westward  of  the  Kit- 
tochtinny  Hills,  otherwise  called  the  Endless  or  Blue  Mountains,  so  that 
all  such  as  have  presumed  to  possess  themselves  of  any  lands  there,  are 
manifest  Intruders ;  and,  as  such,  liable  by  the  laws  to  be  removed,  and 
in  case  of  refusal,  to  be  committed  to  Prison  and  severely  fined;  And 
Whereas,  the  Indians  at  the  Treaty  made  with  them  in  the  month  of 
July  last,  did  complain  that  they  were  greatly  disturbed  and  injured  by 


148  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

the  People's  settling  at  Juniata  and  in  other  parts  of  the  County  of  Lan- 
caster to  the  Westward  of  those  hills,  and  became  earnest  petitioners  that 
all  such  persons  might  be  made  to  remove  from  thence ;  I,  favouring  the 
request  of  the  said  Indians,  and  to  the  end  that  all  persons  concerned 
may  have  sufficient  notice  of  the  dangers  they  incur  from  their  resent- 
ment and  the  violation  of  the  Laws,  have  thought  fit  to  issue  this  my 
Proclamation,  hereby  strictly  requiring  all  persons  who  have  presumed 
to  possess  themselves  of  any  lands  situate  in  the  places  aforesaid,  or  in 
any  part  of  the  said  County  of  Lancaster  to  the  Westward  of  the  afore- 
said ridge  of  mountains,  or  who  have  seated  themselves  on  any  tracts 
appropriated  to  the  use  of  the  Indians  on  this  side  of  those  hills,  forth- 
with to  leave  their  possessions  and  to  remove  off  them  with  their  families 
and  effects,  as  they  will  answer  the  contrary  at  their  highest  Peril^  And 
as  by  reason  of  the  approaching  winter,  some  may  not  be  able  to  provide 
themselves  with  fit  habitations  or  with  the  necessaries  of  life,  if  they 
should  be  compelled  immediately  to  leave  their  houses  and  plantations, 
the  removal  of  such  as  are  in  these  circumstances  is  respited  to  the  first 
day  of  May  next,  the  longest  time  that  will  be  allowed  any  one  to  con- 
tinue in  the  possession  of  any  lands  so  situate  as  aforesaid;  And  I  do 
hereby  require  the  Sheriff  of  Lancaster  County  to  publish  this  proclama- 
tion at  the  Court  House  of  the  said  county,  and  cause  copies  thereof  to 
be  affixed  at  the  most  public  places,  and  particularly  at  Juniata,  and 
from  thence  all  along  on  the  banks  of  the  river  Sasquehanna  to  Wyomen, 
and  at  Licking  Creek  Hills  near  the  Kiver  Patowmeck,  that  none  may 
pretend  ignorance  thereof. 

Given  at  PHILADELPHIA  under  my  Hand  and  the  Great  Seal  of  the 
said  Province,  the  Fifth  Day  of  October,  1742,  in  the  Sixteenth  Year 
of  the  reign  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  GEOEGE  the  Second,  by  the  grace 
of  God  of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  KING,  Defender  of  the 
Faith,  etc. 

George  Thomas. 

God  save  the  King. 

Prior  to  the  Act  of  13  Geo.  II,  for  the  naturalization  of  persons  set- 
tling in  the  American  Colonies,  aliens  were  naturalized  in  Pennsylva- 
nia by  special  bills.  By  that  act  it  was  provided,  that  all  persons 
residing  seven  years  in  the  colonies,  taking  an  oath,  or,  if  Quakers, 
an  aSirmation,  of  allegiance  and  abjuration,  and  professing  the  Chris- 
tian religion  as  prescribed  by  the  act  of  the  first  of  William  and  Mary, 
should  be  considered  as  natural-born  subjects.  The  Dunkards,  Mora- 
vians and  Mennonites,  now  numerous  in  the  Province,  were  excluded 
from  the  benefits  of  this  act,  by  their  scruples  in  regard  to  oaths.  For 
remedy  of  this  "An  act  for  naturalizing  such  Protestants  as  are  settled, 
or  shall  settle  within  the  province,  who,  not  being  of  the  people  called 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  149 

Quakers,  do  conscientiously  refuse  the  taking  of  an  oath,"  was  passed 
Feb.  3,  1742-4:3. 

The  relation  between  the  Governor  and  the  Assembly  was  unhappily 
without  cordiality  and  characterized  by  mutual  distrust,  [1742.]  His 
policy,  at  this  stage,  was  the  removal  from  office  of  persons  opposed  to 
his  views,  and  among  the  victims  of  his  intolerance  was  John  Wright,  a 
member  of  the  Assembly,  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  and  President  of  the 
Common  Pleas  in  Lancaster  county.  He  was  noted  for  common  sense, 
and  amiability  of  character,  blended  with  firmness.  In  his  charge 
to  the  grand  jury,  before  the  publication  of  the  new  commissions,  he 
said :  ^ 

"I  was  ahvays  a  friend  to  power,  well  knowing  that  good  and  whole- 
some laws,  duly  executed,  are  so  far  from  being  a  restraint  upon  true 
liberty,  that  they  are  only  as  regulating  springs  to  the  passions,  and  pro- 
ductive of  it.  And  our  worthy  founder  and  first  proprietary  tells  us, 
that  he  composed  his  frame  of  government  with  a  view  to  support  power 
in  reverence  with  the  people,  and  to  secure  the  people  from  the  abuse  of 
power;  and  these  two  are  generally  seen  to  attend  each  other,  as  causes 
and  effects.  And  a  noted  professor  of  the  law^  in  this  Province  some 
years  ago,  when  he  espoused  the  cause  of  liberty,  and  loaded  with  age 
and  infirmities,  took  a  long  journey  in  defence  of  it,  has  these  words  on 
power:  *It  may  justly  be  compared  to  a  great  river,  which,  while  kept 
within  due  bounds,  is  both  beautiful  and  useful ;  but  when  it  overflows 
its  banks,  is  then  too  impetuous  to  be  stemmed,  it  bears  down  all  before 
it,  and  brings  destruction  and  desolation  where  it  comes.' 

"If  then,  these  are  the  ill  efiects  of  lawless  power,  every  wise  man 
ought  to  be  on  his  guard  to  prevent  them,  by  keeping  up  the  banks  of 
liberty  and  common  right,  the  only  bulwark  against  it. 

"It  was  in  defence  and  support  of  this  great  bulwark,  against  the  at- 
tempts of  power,  under  a  pretence  of  serving  his  majesty,  but  done  in 
such  a  manner,  as  I  apprehend,  cannot  be  supposed  ever  intended  or 
expected  by  our  most  gracious  sovereign,  whose  distinguishing  character 
is  to  protect,  and  not  to  oppress;  and  whatever  burden  the  necessity  of 
the  times  requires  to  be  laid  upon  the  subjects  under  his  immediate  and 
just  administration,  is  laid  equally  and  impartially.  I  say  it  was  to  the 
opposition  given  by  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  to  the  manner  in  which 
these  attempts  were  made,  and  the  just  concern  and  dislike  showed 
thereto,  that  we  may  impute  the  late  changes  made  in  the  commissions 
of  the  peace,  throughout  the  province,  whatever  other  pretences  they 
may  be  glossed  with. 

"For  this  cause,  my  friends  and  countrymen,  for  the  cause  of  English 
liberty,  for  the  standing  in  the  civil  defence  of  right  and  property,  are 
1  Gordon  2  Andrew  Hamilton,  on  the  trial  of  Zengar,  at  New  York. 


150  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

we  dismissed;  and  I  rejoice,  and  am  heartily  glad,  that  I  have  been  one 
of  those  who  are  thought  worthy  of  displeasure. 

"And  now  to  conclude,  I  take  my  leave  in  the  words  of  a  judge  in 
Israel.  '  Here  I  am,  witness  against  me ;  whom  have  I  defrauded ;  whom 
have  I  oppressed ;  or,  of  whose  hands  have  I  received  any  bribe  to  blind 
my  eyes  withal  ?  and  I  will  restore  it.' " 

During  the  war  between  France  and  Great  Britain,  declared  by  the 
two  powers  respectively  on  the  20th  and  21st  of  March,  1744,  the  public 
mind  was  much  agitated  by  the  hostile  disposition  of  the  Indians,  which 
had  been  awakened  by  several  unpleasant  rencontres  with  the  whites, 
and  affected  alike  Pennsylvania,  Maryland  and  Virginia.  Governor 
Thomas,  through  the  instrumentality  of  Conrad  Weiser,  the  provincial 
interpreter,  brought  about  a  conference  at  Lancaster  in  the  spring  of 
1744,  which  was  attended  by  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  and  agents 
from  Virginia  and  Maryland.  It  was  very  satisfactory  to  all  parties; 
differences  were  composed  and  the  alliance  of  the  Indians  against  the 
French  with  the  Indians  in  league  with  them  was  secured.  The  minutes 
of  this  conference  are  very  interesting,  particularly  from  the  circum- 
stance that  it  was  held  at  Lancaster,  and  are  given  in  full  in  Division 
X.,  No.  7. 

James  Webb  complained  to  the  General  Assembly  [1749]  of  the  undue 
election  and  return  of  a  member  from  Lancaster  County,  stating  that 
recourse  was  had  to  violence  and  fraud,  many  persons  voting  five  to  ten 
times  each,  making  2300  votes  out  of  1000.  The  election  was  confirmed, 
but  the  managing  officers  were  brought  to  the  house  and  reprimanded.  ^ 

On  August  19,  1749,  an  act  was  passed  erecting  all  and  singular  the 
lands  lying  within  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  west  of  the  Eiver  Sas- 
quehanna  and  South  and  East  of  the  South  Mountain,  into  a  County, 
called  YOEK,  bounded  Northward  and  "Westward  by  a  line  to  be  run 
from  the  Sasquehanna,  along  the  ridge  of  the  said  South  Mountain,  until 
it  shall  intersect  the  Maryland  line.  Southward  by  the  said  Maryland  line, 
and  Eastward  by  the  said  Eiver  Sasquehanna. 

On  January  27,  1749-50,  an  act  was  passed  erecting  all  and  singular 
the  lands  lying  within  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  to  the  Westward  of 
Sasquehanna,  and  Northward  and  Westward  of  the  County  of  York,  into 
a  county,  called  CUMBE ELAND,  bounded  Northward  and  Westward 
with  the  line  of  the  Province ;  Eastward  partly  with  the  Eiver  Sasque- 
hanna, and  partly  with  the  said  county  of  York,  and  partly  by  the  line 
dividing  the  said  Province  from  that  of  Maryland. 

Much  destitution  prevailed  in  the  County  during  1750  and  1751,  and 
led  to  the  following  action :  "In  pursuance  of  a  resolution  passed  at  a 
large  and  respectable  meeting  of  the  freemen  of  Lancaster  County,  in  the 

1  Watson. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  15i 

Town  of  Lancaster,  it  was  stated  that  a  number  of  the  settlers  had  severely 
suffered  both  from  the  hardships  of  a  new  settlement  and  the  hostilities 
of  the  Indians,  and  therefore  resolved.  That  a  house  of  employment  be 
provided  for  the  industrious,  in  indigent  circumstances.  The  building 
was  accordingly  erected  by  the  benevolent  spirit  which  disposed  all  sects 
and  all  countries  to  contribute  their  aid  for  so  excellent  a  purpose.  A 
farm  was  procured  and  farming  implements  provided;  also,  manufactur- 
ing articles  for  the  encouragement  of  honest  but  indigent  industry.  Lan- 
caster became  soon  remarkable  for  the  excellence  of  its  stockings,  made 
in  that  establishment."^ 

On  March  11,  1752,  an  act  was  passed  erecting  all  and  singular  the 
lands,  lying  within  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  within  the  Metes  and 
Bounds  as  is  hereinafter  described,  be  erected  into  a  County,  called 
BERKS,  bounded  as  follows:  by  a  line,  at  the  distance  of  Ten  superficial 
Miles,  South-west  from  the  Western  bank  of  the  River  Schuylkill,  oppo- 
site to  the  mouth  of  a  creek,  called  Monacasy,  to  be  run  North-west  to 
the  extremity  of  the  Province,  and  South-east,  until  it  shall  intersect  the 
line  of  Chester  County,  then  on  one  straight  line,  crossing  the  River 
Schuylkill  aforesaid,  to  the  upper  or  North-westward  Line  of  M^CalVs 
Manor,  then  along  the  said  Line  to  the  extremity  thereof,  aiid  continuing 
the  same  course  to  the  Line  dividing  Philadelphia  and  Bucks  Counties, 
then  along  the  said  Line,  North-west,  to  the  extent  of  the  County  afore- 
said. 

The  cereal  crops  were  very  abundant  in  1751  and  1752.  An  extract 
translated  from  the  German  in  the  Chron.  Ephrat.,  190,  is  quite  a  curi- 
osity. 

"The  years  1751  and  1752  have  been  so  fruitful  in  wheat  and  other 
grain,  that  men  in  wanton  carelessness  sought  to  waste  the  supply;  for 
the  precious  wheat,  which  might  have  supported  many  poor,  they  used  to 
fatten  hogs  which  afterwards  they  consumed  in  their  sumptuousness. 
Besides,  distilleries  were  erected  everywhere,  and  thus  this  great  blessing 
was  turned  into  strong  drink,  which  gave  rise  to  much  disorder." 

These  years  of  plenty  were  followed  by  a  season  of  scarceness,  cover- 
ing the  years  1753-1755,  and  on  the  heels  of  it  came  Indian  hostilities. 

News  was  received  at  Lancaster  about  October  the  20th,  that  the  In- 
dians had  massacred  and  scalped  many  of  the  inhabitants  not  more  than 
forty  miles  above  Harris'  Ferry,  (Harrisburg).  The  condition  of  things 
at  this  time  will  best  appear  from  the  subjoined  documents : 

A  letter  to  Governor  Morris  from  Conrad  Weiser,  Esquire,  of  Read- 
ing : 

"Honoured  Sir:  I  take  this  opportunity  to  inform  you  I  received 
news  from  Shamokin  that  six  families  have  been  murdered  on  John 
1  Rupp,  quoting  an  unnamed  authority. 


152  ,  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Penn's  creek  on  the  west  side  of  Sasquehannah,  about  four  miles  from 
that  river,  several  people  have  been  found  scalped  and  twenty-eight  are 
missing;  the  people  are  in  a  great  consternation  and  are  coming  down, 
leaving  their  plantations  and  corn  behind  them.  Two  of  m}^  Sons  are 
gone  up  to  help  one  of  their  cousins  with  his  family  down.     I  hear  of 

none  that  will  defend  themselves  but  George  Gabriel  and .     The 

people  down  here  seem  to  be  senseless  and  say  the  Indians  will  never 
come  this  side  of  the  Sasquehannah  river,  but  I  fear  they  will  since  they 
meet  with  no  opposition  nowhere.  I  don't  doubt  jowr  Honor  heard  of 
this  melancholy  aftair  before  now  by  the  way  of  Lancaster,  perhaps  more 
particular,  yet  I  thought  it  my  duty  to  inform  you  of  it,  and  when  my 
Sons  come  back  I  will  write  again  if  they  bring  anything  particular.  I 
have  heard  nothing  of  the  Indians  that  are  gone  out  to  fight  against  the 
French  on  Ohio.  Their  going  I  fear  has  been  the  occasion  of  this 
murder,     I  have  nothing  to  add,  but  am, 

"Honoured  Sir,  Your  very  humble  Servant, 

"  Conrad  Weiser. 

"Heading,  October  22d,  1755." 

A  petition  to  Governor  Morris  from  the  inhabitants  living  on  the  west 
side  of  the  Sasquehannah : 
"  To  the  Honourable  ROBERT  HUNTER  MORRIS,  Esquire,  Lieutenant 

Governor  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  &c. 

"  The  petition  of  we  the  Subscribers,  living  near  the  mouth  of  Penn's 
creek  on  the  west  side  of  Sasquehannah,  humbly  sheweth : 

"  That  on  or  about  the  sixteenth  of  this  instant,  (October,)  the  enemy 

came  down  upon  said  creek  and  killed,  scalped  and  carried  away 

all  the  men,  women  and  children,  amounting  to  25  persons  in  number, 
and  wounded  one  man  who  fortunately  made  his  escape  and  brought  us 
in  the  news ;  whereupon  we,  the  subscribers,  Avent  out  and  buried  the 
dead,  whom  we  found  most  barbarously  murdered  and  scalped.  We 
found  but  13  which  were  men  and  elderly  women,  and  one  child  of  two 
weeks  old,  the  rest  being  young  women  and  children  we  suppose  to  be 
carried  away  prisoners ;  the  House  (where  we  suppose  they  finished  their 
murder,)  we  found  burnt  up,  and  the  man  of  it  named  Jacob  King,  a 
Swissar,  lying  just  by  it ;  he  lay  on  his  back  barbarously  burnt  and  two 
Tomhawks  sticking  in  his  forehead;  one  of  the  Tomhawks  marked 
newly  with  W.  D.  we  have  sent  to  your  Honour.  The  terror  of  which 
has  drove  away  almost  all  these  back  inhabitants  except  us,  the  subscri- 
bers, with  a  few  more  who  are  willing  to  stay  and  endeavor  to  defend 
the  land;  but  as  we  are  not  able  of  ourselves  to  defend  it  for  want  of 
guns  and  ammunition,  and  but  few  in  number,  so  that  without  assistance 
we-  must  fly  and  leave  the  country  to  the  mercy  of  the  enemy.  We, 
therefore,  humbly  desire  your  Honour  would  take  the  same  into  your 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY,  153 

great  consideration,  and  order  some  speedy  relief  for  the  safety  of  these 
back  settlements,  and  be  pleased  to  give  us  speedy  orders  what  to  do, 
and  as  in  duty  bound  we  will  for  ever  pray,  &c., 

"George  Glewell, 
"Ar.  Gates  Auchmuty, 
"John  McCahon, 
"Abraham  Soverhill, 
"Edmund  Mathews, 
"Mark  Curry, 
"William  Doran, 
"Dennis  Mucklehenny, 
"John  Young, 
"Jacob  Simmons, 
"Conrad  Craymer, 
"George  Fry, 
"George  Snobble, 
"George  Aberheart, 
"  Dan'l.  Braugh, 
"George  Lyne, 
"  Cutfrith  Fryar. 
"October  20th,  1755. 

"  I  and  Thomas  Forster,  Esq.,  Mr.  Harris,  Mr.  McKee,  with  upwards 
of  forty  men,  went  up  tke  23d  instant  to  Captain  McKee  at  New  Provi- 
denee,  in  order  to  bury  the  dead  lately  murdered  on  Mahonia  creek,  but 
understanding  that  the  corps  were  buried  we  determined  then  to  return  im- 
mediately home.  But  being  urged  by  John  Sckalamy  and  the  old  Belt  to 
go  up  to  see  the  Indians  at  Shamokin  and  know  their  minds,  we  went  on 
the  2'ith  and  stayed  there  all  night,  and  in  the  night  I  heard  some  Dela- 
wares  talking,  about  twelve  in  number,  to  this  purpose :  '  What  are  the 
English  come  here  for?'  Says  another,  'to  kill  us  I  suppose;'  says 
another,  '  can't  we  then  send  off  some  of  our  nimble  young  men  to  give 
our  friends  notice  that  can  soon  be  here  ?'  Then  soon  after  they  sung 
the  War  Song,  and  four  Indians  went  off  in  two  Canoes  w^ell  armed;  the 
one  Canoe  went  down  the  river  and  the  other  across ;  on  the  morning  of 
the  25th  we  took  our  leave  of  the  Indians  and  set  off  homewards,  and 
were  advised  to  go  down  the  east  side  of  the  river;  but  fearing  a  snare 
might  be  laid  on  that  side,  we  marched  off  peaceably  down  the  west  side, 
having  behaved  in  the  most  civil  and  friendly  manner  towards  them 
while  with  them,  and  when  we  came  to  the  mouth  of  Mohonia  creek,  we 
were  fired  on  by  a  good  number  of  Indians  that  lay  among  the  bushes, 
on  which  we  were  obliged  to  retreat  with,  the  loss  of  several  men;  the 
particular  number  I  cannot  exactly  mention,  but  I  am  positive  I  saw 
four  fall,  and  one  man  struck  on  the  head  with  a  Tomahawk  in  his  flight 


154  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

across  the  river.  As  I  understood  the  Delaware  tongue,  I  heard  several 
of  the  Indians  that  were  engaged  against  us  speak  a  good  many  words  in 
that  tongue  during  the  action. 

"Adam  Terrence. 
"  The  above  Declaration  was  attested  by  the  Author's  voluntary  quali- 
fication, no  Magistrate  being  present,  at  Paxton,  this  26th  October,  1755, 
before  us.  "John  Elder, 

"Thos.  McArthur, 
"MiCHL.  Grahams, 
"  Alex.  McClure, 
"  Michael  Teaff, 
"William  Harris, 
"Thomas  Black, 
"Saml.  Lenes, 
"Samuel  Pearson, 
"William  McClure." 
"N.  B. — Of  all  our  people  that  were  in  the  action  there  are  but  nine  that 
are  yet  returned." 

A  Letter  to  James  Read,  Esq.,  at  Reading,  from  Conrad  Weiser,  Esq., 
at  Heidleburg. 

"Heidleburg,  October  26,  at  11  o'clock  at  night. 
"Mr.  James  Read — Loving  Friend:  This  evening,  about  an  hour  ago, 
I  received  the  news  of  the  enemy  having  crossed  Susquehannah  and 
killed  a  great  many  people,  from  Thomas  McKee  down  to  Hunter's  Mill. 
Mr.  Elder,  the  Minister  of  Paxton,  wrote  this  to  another  Presbyterian 
Minister  in  the  neighborhood  of  Adam  Read,  Esq.  The  people  were 
then  in  meeting,  and  immediately  desired  to  get  themselves  in  readiness 
to  oppose  the  enem}^,  and  to  lend  assistance  to  their  neighbors.  Mr. 
Read  sent  down  to  Tulpahoccon,  and  two  men,  one  that  came  from  Mr. 
Read,  are  just  now  gone,  that  brought  in  the  melancholy  news.  I  have 
sent  out  to  alarm  the  townships  in  this  neighborhood,  and  to  meet  me 
early  in  the  morning  at  Peter  Spicker,  to  consult  together  what  to  do, 
and  to  make  preparations  to  stand  the  enemy  with  the  assistance  of  the 
most  High.  I  writ  you  this  that  you  may  have  time  to  consult  with 
Mr.  Seely  and  other  well-wishers  of  the  people,  in  order  to  defend  your 
lives  and  others;  for  God's  sake  let  us  stand  together  and  do  what  we 
can,  and  trust  to  the  hand  of  Providence;  perhaps  we  must  in  this  neigh- 
borhood come  to  Reading,  but  I  will  send  armed  men  to  Susquehannah, 
or  as  far  as  they  can  go,  for  intelligence.  Pray  let  Sammy  have  a  copy 
of  this,  or  this  draft  for  his  Honor  the  Governor.  I  have  sent  him  about 
3  hours  ago  Express  to  Philadelphia,  and  he  lodges  at  my  son  Peter's. 
Dispatch  him  as  early  as  you  can.  I  pray  beware  of  confusion,  be  calm, 
you  and  Mr.  Seely,  and  act  the  part  as  fathers  of  the  people.     I  know 


OF    LANCASTER   COUXTY.  155 

you  are  both  able,  but  excuse  mo  for  giviug  this  caution,  time  requires 
it.     I  am,  Dear  Sir,  your  very  good  friend  and  humble  servant, 

Conrad  Weiser." 

A  Letter  to  Governor  Morris  from  James  Eead,  Esq.,  wrote  on  the 
same  sheet  of  the  foregoing  letter  from  Mr.  Weiser. 

"Sir:  I  must  not  detain  the  bearer  a  moment ;  I  have  sent  the  orio-inal 
letter  from  Mr.  Weiser,  that  no  mistakes  may  arise  by  any  doubts  of  the 
justness  of  a  copy. 

"I  shall  raise  our  Town  in  an  hour,  and  use  all  prudent  measures  for 
our  defence.  I  could  wish  your  Honour  could  order  us  two  or  three 
swivel  Guns  and  Blunderbusses,  with  a  few  Muskets  and  some  Powder, 
Swan  Shot.  Nothing  shall  be  wanting  in  me,  who  have  the  misfortune 
of  being  Major  of  two  associated  Companies ;  but  I  know  not  how  my  peo- 
ple will  behave,  as  they  are  under  an  infatuation  of  an  extraordinary  sort. 

"I  am,  may  it  please  your  Honour,  your  Honour's  most  obedient  and 
most  humble  Servant,  James  Read." 

"  Many  wagons  that  are  got  thus  far  are  bound  back  again  immedi- 
ately upon  hearing  the  news. 

Reading,  October  27th,  1755,  6  A.  M." 

A  Letter  from  Governor  Morris  to  Conrad  Weiser,  Esquire. 

"New  Castle,  October  29th,  1755. 

"Sir:  I  have  your  two  Letters  of  the  26th  instant,  that  to  Mr.  Read 
being  sent  forward  to  me  with  the  other,  and  I  am  heartily  concerned  at 
the  melancholy  situation  of  the  inhabitants  in  the  remoter  parts  of  the 
Province.  If  the  Assembl}^  had  paid  any  the  least  regard  to  my  recom- 
mendations, as  everything  that  has  happened  was  reasonably  to  be  ex- 
pected, the  people  would  not  at  this  time  have  remained  without  protec- 
tion or  such  a  quantity  of  innocent  blood  have  been  spilt.  However,  I 
have  upon  this  occasion  summoned  them  to  meet  on  Monday  next,  and 
hope  they  will  now  (though  late)  make  some  provision  for  the  safety  of 
the  Province,  and  in  the  meantime  must  commend  your  care  and  dili- 
gence, and  recommend  it  to  you  and  the  people  in  your  neighborhood  to 
do  everything  for  their  defence  that  their  circumstances  and  situation 
will  admit  of  Let  me  know  from  time  to  time  what  is  done  and  the 
motion  of  the  enemy,  and  you  may  assure  the  people  that  whenever  the 
Assembly  enables  me  to  act  vigorously  in  their  defence  I  shall  most 
readily  do  it,  and  if  they  do  not  my  best  advice  and  assistance  shall  be 
employed  in  their  protection.  I  have  neither  Arms  nor  ammunition  at 
my  disposal,  or  I  should  have  sent  you  some  of  both  before  now. 

"I  shall  set  out  for  Philadelphia  this  day  or  to-raorrow, 
"  And  am,  Sir,  your  friend  and  servant, 

Robert  Hunter  Morris." 

"Conrad  Weiser,  Esq." 


15(3  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  Friday  31st  October,  1755,  A.  M. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honorable  Robert  Hunter  Morris,  Esquire,  Lieutenant  Gov- 
ernor, &c. 

Eobert  Strettel,  \ 

Richard  Peters,  >      Esquires. 

Lynford  Lardner,        ) 

The  Minutes  of  Council  held  at  Newcastle  on  Tuesday  last  were  read, 
together  with  the  papers  there  entered. 

The  Governor  laid  before  the  Council  a  Letter  from  Dr.  Boude,  of 
Lancaster,  containing  a  Letter  sent  by  Express  from  Mr.  Elder,  Minister 
at  Paxton,  giving  an  account  of  a  large  body  of  French  and  Indians  were 
coming  against  this  Province  and  had  already  passed  the  Allegheny  Hills, 
which  was  read  in  these  words : 

A  Letter  from  Dr.  Boude,  of  Lancaster,  forwarding  one  from  the  Rev 
Mr.  Elder,  of  Paxton,  to  William  Allen,  Esq. 

"Lancaster,  26th  October,  1755. 

"Sir:  As  Mr.  Shippen  and  his  son  are  out  of  Town  I  thought  it  my 
duty  to  transmit  you  a  copy  of  a  letter  just  came  to  town,  is  as  follows: 

"Paxton,  25  October,  1755. 

"  '•Mr.  Shippen  :  Mr.  John  Harris  and  Thomas  Forster,  Esq.,  they  went 
up  the  River  last  Thursday  with  a  company  of  men  to  bury  the  dead 
murdered  there  lately,  and  sent  a  letter  to  Mr.  Carson,  the  copy  of  which 
is  as  follows :  '  Mr.  Carson  :  We  have  an  account  from  our  Indians  that 
there  is  a  large  body  of  French  and  Indians  coming  down  against  us  on 
this  side  of  the  Allegheny  Mountains.  We  are  going  this  day  to  Sha- 
mokin,  where  there  is  a  body  of  Indians  assembled,  to  know  their  minds 
and  to  send  out  Spies  to  view  the  enemy  and  know  their  numbers.  The 
running  Indians  that  came  down  and  saw  them  says  that  there  is  a  great 
number,  and  compares  them  to  the  Trees.  I  and  our  neighbors  desire 
you'll  send  our  families  word  that  we  expect  to  be  down,  God  wiUing,  on 
Sabbath  night  next,  and  it  would  be  well  done  to  send  notice  of  this  news 
to  Virginia  and  through  this  Province,  that  they  might  prepare  them- 
selves for  the  worst  event.  Sir,  please  to  disperse  copies  of  this  through 
the  Province  as  soon  as  possible,  and  you'll  oblige 
"'Your  humble  Servant, 

John  Elder.'" 

"'P.  S.— The  Letter  to  Carson  is  dated  the  21st  inst." 
"  I  am,  sir,  your  very  humble  servant, 

Sam'l.  Boude." 
"To  William  Allen,  Esq." 

Sundry  other  Letters  of  the  same  import  were  likewise  read,  and  the 
following  ones  ordered  to  be  entered : 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  157 

A  Letter  to  the  Governor  from  Mr,  John  Harris  at  Paxton : 

"Paxton,  Oct.  28tb,  1755. 

"May  it  please  your  Honor:  This  is  to  acquaint  you  that  on  the 
24:th  day  of  October  I  arrived  at  Shamokin  in  order  to  protect  our  fron- 
tiers up  that  way  till  they  might  make  their  escape  from  their  cruel  ene- 
mies, and  to  learn  the  best  intelligences  I  could.  The  Indians  on  the 
West  Branch  of  Sasquehannah  certainly  killed  our  inhabitants  on  Mr. 
Penn's  creek,  and  there  is  a  hatchet  and  two  English  scalps  sent  by  them 
up  the  North  Branch  to  desire  them  to  strike  with  them  if  they  are  men. 
The  Indians  are  all  assembling  themselves  at  Shamokin  to  Council;  a 
large  body  of  them  was  there  four  days  ago.  I  can't  learn  their  inten- 
tions, but  it  seems  Andrew  Montour  and  Monacatootha  is  to  bring  down 
news  from  them ;  there  is  not  a  sufficient  number  of  them  to  oppose  the 
enemy,  and  perhaps  they  will  join  the  enemy  against  us;  there  is  no  de- 
pendence on  Indians,  and  we  are  in  imminent  danger.  I  got  certain 
information  from  Andrew  Montour  and  others  that  there  is  a  body  of 
French  with  1,500  Indians  coming  against  us.  Picks,  Otto  ways,  Orandox, 
Delawares,  Shawonese,  and  a  number  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  are  now 
not  many  days'  march  from  this  Province  and  Virginia,  which  is  appoint- 
ed to  be  attacked  at  the  same  time;  some  of  the  Shawmokin  Indians 
seemed  friendly  and  others  appeared  like  enemies.  Montour  knew  many 
days  of  the  enemy's  being  on  their  march  against  us  before  he  informed 
me,  for  which  I  said  as  much  to  him  as  I  thought  prudent,  considering 
the  place  I  was  in.  On  the  25th  of  this  instant,  in  my  return,  with  about 
forty  men,  at  Mr.  Penn's  creek,  we  were  attacked  by  about  twenty  or 
thirty  Indians,  received  their  fire,  and  about  fifteen  of  our  men  and 
myself  took  to  trees  and  attacked  the  villains,  killed  four  of  them  on  the 
spot,  and  lost  but  three  men  retreating  about  half  a  mile  through  woods 
and  crossing  Sasquehanna,  one  of  which  was  shot  from  oft'  an  horse  riding 
behind  myself  through  the  river.  My  horse  before  was  wounded,  and 
falling  in  the  river,  I  was  obliged  to  quit  him  and  swim  part  of  the  way. 
Four  or  five  of  our  men  were  drowned  crossing  the  river.  I  hope  our 
journey,  though  with  fatigue  and  the  loss  of  our  substance,  and  some  of 
our  lives,  will  be  of  service  to  our  country  by  discovering  our  enemy, 
who  will  be  our  ruin  if  not  timely  prevented.  I  just  now  received  in- 
formation that  there  was  a  French  oflicer,  supposed  a  Captain,  with  a 
party  of  Shawonese,  Delawares,  &c.,  within  six  miles  of  Shamokin,  two 
days  ago,  and  no  doubt  intends  to  take  possessiori  of  it,  which  will  be  of 
dreadful  consequence  to  us  if  suft'ered;  therefore  I  thought  proper  to 
dispatch  this  messenger  to  inform  your  honor.  The  Indians  here  I  hope 
your  honor  will  be  pleased  to  cause  them  to  be  removed  to  some  place, 
as  I  don't  like  their  company ;  and  as  the  men  of  those  here  was  not 
against  us,  yet  did  them  no  harm  or  else  I  would  had  them  all  cut  oft". 


]^58  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  old  Belt  of  Wampum  promised  me  at  Shamokin  to  send  out  spies 
to  view  the  enemy,  and  upon  his  hearing  of  our  skirmish  was  in  a  rage, 
fathered  up  thirty  Indians  immediately  and  went  in  pursuit  of  the  enemy, 
I  am  this  day  informed.  I  expect  Montour  and  Monocatootha  down 
here  this  week  with  the  determination  of  their  Skamokin  Council.  The 
inhabitants  is  abandoning  their  plantations,  and  we  are  in  a  dreadful 
situation. 

"I  am  your  Honour's  most  obedient  and  humble  Servant, 

"  John  Harris. 

"P.  S. — The  night  ensuing  our  attack  the  Indians  burnt  all  Geo.  Ga- 
briel's House,  danced  round  them,  &c." 

A  letter  to  Edward  Shippen,  Esqr.,  of  Lancaster,  from  Mr.  John  Harris, 

of  Paxton. 

"Paxton,  October  29th,  1755. 

"  Sir  :  We  expect  the  enemy  upon  us  every  day,  and  the  inhabitants 
are  abandoning  their  Plantations,  being  greatly  discouraged  at  the  ap- 
proach of  such  a  number  of  cruel  savages,  and  no  siga  of  assistance.  The 
Indians  are  cutting  us  off  every  day,  and  I  had  a  certain  account  of  about 
1,600  Indians  beside  French  being  on  their  march  against  us  and  Vir- 
ginia, and  now  close  on  our  borders,  their  Scouts  scalping  our  Families 
on  our  Frontiers  daily.  Andrew  Montour  and  others  at  Shamokin  de- 
sired me  to  take  care  that  there  was  forty  Indians  out  many  days,  and 
intended  to  burn  my  house  and  destroy  myself  and  family.  I  have  this 
day  cut  holes  in  my  house,  and  is  determined  to  hold  out  to  the  last  ex- 
tremity if  I  can  get  some  men  to  stand  by  me,  few  of  which  I  yet  can  at 
present,  every  one  being  in  fear  of  their  own  families  being  cut  off  every 
hour  (such  is  our  situation.)  I  am  informed  that  a  French  officer  was 
expected  at  Shamokin  this  week  with  a  party  of  Delawares  and  Shawo- 
nese,  no  doubt  to  take  possession  of  our  river ;  and  as  to  the  state  of  the 
Sasquehannah  Indians,  a  great  part  of  them  are  actually  in  the  French 
interest ;  but  if  we  should  raise  a  number  of  men  immediately  as  will  be 
able  to  take  possession  of  some  convenient  place  up  Sasquehannah  and 
build  a  strong  Fort  in  spite  of  French  or  Indians,  perhaps  some  In- 
dians may  join  us,  but  it  is  trusting  to  uncertainty  to  depend  upon  them 
in  my  opinion.  We  ought  to  insist  on  the  Indians  declaring  either  for 
or  against  us.  As  soon  as  we  are  prepared  for  them  we  must  bid  up  for 
scalps  and  keep  the  woods  full  of  our  people  hunting  them  or  they  will 
ruin  our  Province,  for  they  are  a  dreadful  enemy.  We  impatiently  look 
for  assistance.  I  have  sent  out  two  Indian  spies  to  Shamokin,  they  are 
Mohawks,  and  I  expect  they  will  return  in  a  day  or  two.  Consider  our 
situation  and  rouse  your  people  downwards  and  not  let  about  1,500  vil- 
lains distress  such  a  number  of  inhabitants  as  is  in  Pennsylvania,  which 
actually  they  will  if  they  possess  our  provisions  and  frontiers  long,  as 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  159 

they  now  have  many  thousands  of  bushels  of  our  corn  and  wheat  in  pos- 
session already,  for  the  inhabitants  goes  off  and  leaves  all. 
"I  am,  sir,  your  most  humble  servant, 

"John  Harris." 

A  Letter  to  Governor  Morris  from  Conrad  Weiser,  Esqr,,  at  Reading. 

'■^  May  it  please  the  Governor:  Since  the  date  of  my  last  Letter,  which 
I  sent  Express  by  Sammy  Weiser,  dated  last  Sunday  evening,  5  o'clock, 
and  about  11  the  same  Night  I  sent  a  Letter  to  Mr.  Read  in  this  Town, 
who  forwarded  it  to  your  Honor  by  the  same  opportunity.  The  following 
account  of  what  has  happened  since  I  thought  was  proper  to  lay  before 
your  Honor  to  wit :  After  I  had  received  the  news  that  Paxton  people 
above  Hunter's  Mill  had  been  murdered,  I  immediately  sent  my  servants 
to  alarm  the  neighborhood.  The  people  came  to  my  house  by  break  of 
day.  I  informed  them  of  the  melancholy  news  and  how  I  came  by  it, 
(fee.  They  unanimously  agreed  to  stand  by  one  another  and  march  to 
meet  the  enemy  if  I  would  go  with  them.  I  told  them  not  only  myself 
but  my  sons  and  servants  should  go.  They  put  themselves  under  my 
direction.  I  gave  orders  to  them  to  go  home  and  fetch  their  Arms, 
whether  firuns,  Swords,  pitchforks,  axes,  or  whatsoever  might  be  of  use 
against  the  enemy,  and  for  three  days  provision  in  their  Knapsacks,  and 
meet  me  at  Benjamin  Spicker's  at  three  of  the  Clock  that  afternoon,  about 
six  Miles  above  my  House  in  Tulpohocon  Township,  where  I  had  sent 
word  for  Tulpohocon  people  also  to  meet.  I  immediately  mounted  my 
Horse  and  went  up  to  Benjamin  Spicker's,  where  I  found  about  one 
hundred  people  who  had  met  before  I  came  there ;  and  after  I  had 
informed  them  of  the  intelligence  I  had,  and  promised  to  go  with  them 
as  a  common  Soldier,  and  to  be  commanded  by  such  officers  and  leading 
men  whatever  they  might  call  them  as  they  should  chuse,  they  unani- 
mously agreed  to  join  Heidleberg  People,  and  accordingly  they  went 
home  to  fetch  their  Arms  and  Provisions  for  three  days,  and  came  again 
at  3  o'clock.  All  this  was  punctually  performed,  and  about  two  hundred 
men  were  at  Benjamin  Spicker's  by  two  of  the  Clock.  I  made  the  ne- 
cessary disposition,  and  the  people  were  divided  into  Companys  of  thirty 
men  each  Company ;  they  chosed  their  officers,  that  is  a  Captain  over  each 
Company  and  three  inferiors  under  him,  each  to  take  care  of  ten  men 
and  lead  them  on  or  fire  as  the  Captain  should  direct.  I  sent  privately 
for  Mr.  Kurtz,  the  Lutheran  Minister,  who  lived  about  a  Mile  off,  who 
came  and  gave  an  Exhortation  to  the  men,  and  made  a  Prayer  suitable 
to  the  time ;  and  then  we  marched  towards  Sasquehannah,  having  first 
sent  about  fifty  men  to  Tolkeo  in  order  to  possess  themselves  of  the 
Capes  or  Narrows  of  Swahatawro,  where  we  expected  the  enemy  would 
come  through,  with  a  Letter  to  Mr,  Parsons,  who  happened  to  be  at  his 
plantation.     We  marched  about  ten  Miles  that  evening;  my  Company 


IQQ  '  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

was  now  increased  to  upwards  of  Three  hundred  men,  and  mostly  well 
armed  though  about  twenty  men  had  nothing  but  axes  and  pitchforks. 
All  unanimously  agreed  to  die  together  and  engage  the  enemy  wherever 
they  should  meet  with  them — never  to  enquire  the  number  but  fight 
them,  and  so  obstruct  their  marching  further  into  the  inhabited  parts  till 
others  of  our  Brethren  should  come  up  and  do  the  same,  and  so  save  the 
Lives  of  our  Wives  and  Children.  This  night  the  Powder  and  Lead 
came  up  that  I  sent  for  early  in  the  morning  from  Eeading,  and  I  ordered 
it  to  the  care  of  the  Officers  to  divide  it  among  those  that  wanted  it  most. 
On  the  28th  by  break  of  day  we  marched,  our  Company  increasing  all 
along.  We  arrived  at  Adam  Eead's  Esqr.,  in  Hanover  Township,  Lan- 
caster County,  about  10  o'clock  ;  there  we  stopped  and  rested  till  all  came 
up.  Mr.  Bead  had  just  then  received  intelligence  from  Sasquehannah  by 
Express,  which  was  as  follows,  to  wit :  'that  Justice  Forster,  Capt.  McKee, 
John  Harris,  and  others,  to  the  number  of  forty-nine,  went  up  to  Sham- 
okin  to  bury  the  Dead  bodies  of  those  that  had  been  killed  by  the  enemy 
on  John  Penn's  Creek,  and  coming  up  to  George  Gabriel's,  about  five 
miles  this  side  Shamokin  and  on  the  West  side  Sasquehannah,  they  heard 
that  the  Dead  bodies  had  been  buried  already,  and  so  they  went  along  to 
Shamokin,  where  they  arrived  last  Friday  evening,  and  were  seemingly 
well  received,  but  found  a  great  number  of  strange  Indians,  though  Dela- 
wares,  all  painted  Black,  which  gave  suspicion,  and  Thomas  McKee  told 
his  companions  that  he  did  not  like  them,  and  the  next  morning,  that  is 
last  Saturday,  they  got  up  early  in  order  to  go  back,  but  they  did  not  see 
any  of  the  strangers ;  they  were  gone  before  them.  Andrew  Montour  was 
there  painted  as  the  rest,  advised  our  people  not  to  go  the  same  Road  they 
came,  but  to  keep  this  side  Sasquehannnah  and  go  the  old  Road,  but  when 
they  came  to  the  parting  of  the  Roads  a  majority  was  for  going  the  nighest 
and  best  road,  and  so  crossed  Sasquehannah  contrary  to  Andrew  Montour's 
counsel  in  order  to  go  down  on  the  west  side  of  that  river  as  far  as  Ma- 
honioy;  when  they  came  to  John  Pena's  creek,  in  going  down  the  bank 
they  were  fired  upon  from  this  side  by  Indians  that  had  way -laid  them; 
some  dropped  down  dead,  the  rest  fled  and  made  towards  Sasquehannah, 
and  came  to  this  side,  and  so  home  as  well  as  they  could.  Twenty-six 
of  them  were  missing  and  not  heard  of  as  yet  last  Monday  evening.  Upon 
this  we  had  a  consultation,  and  as  we  did  not  come  up  to  serve  as  guards 
to  Paxton  people,  but  to  fight  the  enemy  if  they  were  come  so  far  as  we 
first  heard,  we  thought  best  t0  return  and  take  care  of  our  own  Town- 
ships. After  I  had  given  the  necessary  caution  to  the  People  to  hold 
themselves  in  readiness  as  the  enemy  was  certainly  in  the  Country,  to 
keep  their  Arms  in  good  order,  and  so  on,  I  discharged  them,  and  so  we 
marched  back  with  the  approbation  of  Mr.  Read ;  by  the  way  we  were 
alarmed  with  a  report  that  above  five  hundred  Indians  had  come  over 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  161 

the  mountain  at  Tolkeo  to  this  side,  and  had  already  killed  a  number  of 
people.  We  stopt  and  sent  a  few  men  to  discover  the  enemy,  but  on 
their  return  it  proved  to  be  a  false  alarm,  occasioned  by  that  Company 
I  had  sent  that  way  the  day  before,  whose  Guns  getting  wet  they  fired 
them  off,  which  was  the  case  of  my  Company ;  on  their  returning  they 
fired  off  their  Guns,  nat  considering  the  ill  consequence,  and  the  whole 
Township  through  which  we  marched  were  very  much  alarmed.  In 
going  back  I  met  several  Messengers  from  other  Townships  about  Con- 
estogo,  who  came  for  intelligence  and  to  ask  me  where  their  assistance 
was  necessary,  promising  that  they  would  come  to  the  place  where  I 
should  direct.  I  met  also  at  Tulpehocon  above  one  hundred  men  well 
armed  as  to  Fire  arms,  ready  to  follow  me,  so  that  there  were  in  the 
whole  about  500  men  in  Arms  that  day  all  marching  up  towards  Sasque- 
hannah.  I  and  Mr.  Adam  Read  counted  those  that  were  with  me.  We 
found  them  320. 

"I  cannot  send  any  further  account,  being  uncommonly  fatigued.  I 
should  not  forget,  however,  to  inform  your  Honor  that  Mr.  Read  has 
engaged  to  keep  proper  persons  riding  between  his  house  and  Sasque- 
hannah,  and  if  anything  material  shall  occur  he  will  send  me  tidings  at 
Heidleburgh  or  here,  which  I  shall  take  care  to  dispatch  to  you.  I  find 
that  great  care  has  been  taken  at  Reading  to  get  people  together,  and 
near  two  hundred  were  here  yesterday  morning ;  but  upon  hearing  that 
the  people  attending  me  were  discharged,  the  people  from  the  country 
went  off  without  consulting  what  should  be  done  for  the  future,  through 
the  indiscretion  of  a  person  who  was  with  them  and  wanted  to  go  home, 
and  near  the  Town  they  met  a  large  Company  coming  up  and  gave  such 
accounts  as  occasioned  their  turning  back.  I  think  most  of  the  inhabit- 
ants would  do  their  duty,  but  without  some  Military  Regulations  we  shall 
never  be  able  to  defend  the  Province.  I  am  sure  we  are  in  great  danger, 
and  by  an  enemy  that  can  travel  as  Indians  do  we  may  be  surprised 
when  it  would  be  impossible  to  collect  any  number  of  men  together  to 
defend  themselves,  and  then  the  country  would  be  laid  waste.  I  am  quite 
tired  and  cannot  say  more  than  that 

"I  am  Your  Honor's  most  Obedient  Servant, 

"Conrad  Weiser. 

"Reading,  October  30th,  1755." 

"  This  year  an  expedition  w^as  undertaken  against  the  French  posses- 
sions in  Nova  Scotia.^  The  territorial  claims  of  the  English  extended 
northward  to  the  St.  Lawrence ;  but  the  French  endeavored  to  restrict 
them  to  the  peninsula  of  Acadie.  Whilst  the  two  crowns  were  fruitlessly 
discussing  their  several  claims  in  Europe,  the  French  occupied  and  pre- 
pared to  defend  the  disputed  territory.     Though  the  enterprise  against, 

1  Gordon. 

12 


1(32  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

it  was  planned  in  Massachusetts,  to  be  executed  by  the  troops  of  that 
colony,  in  conjunction  with  the  regiments  of  Shirley  and  Peperell,  the 
command  was  given  to  Lieutenant-colonel  Monckton,  a  British  officer. 
His  second  was  Lieutenant-colonel  Winslow,  a  major-general  of  the  pro- 
vincial militia.  The  provincial  troops,  amounting  to  near  three  thousand 
men,  embarked  at  Boston  on  the  twentieth  of  May,  and  arrived  in  the 
basin  of  Annapolis  Eoyal,  on  the  twenty-eighth  of  the  same  month. 
They  were  afterwards  joined  by  three  hundred  British  soldiers  with  a 
small  train  of  artillery.  In  little  more  than  a  month,  with  the  loss  of 
three  men  only,  they  obtained  possession  of  the  whole  province  of  Nova 
Scotia,  according  to  their  own  definition  of  its  boundaries.  This  easy 
conquest  elated  the  Colonies,  and  produced  sanguine  anticipations  from 
their  future  efforts. 

"  It  would  have  been  well  for  humanity  and  the  honor  of  the  British 
name,  had  the  victors  enjoyed  their  triumph  in  mercy.  But  they  dis- 
graced their  conquest  by  scenes  of  devastation  and  misery,  scarce  paral- 
leled in  modern  history.  The  inhabitants  of  Nova  Scotia  were  chiefly 
descendants  of  French  parentage.  By  the  treaty  of  Utrecht,  (1713)  they 
were  permitted  to  retain  their  lands,  taking  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  their 
new  sovereign,  with  the  qualification  that  they  should  not  be  compelled 
to  bear  arms  against  their  Indian  neighbors,  or  their  countrymen;  and  this 
immunity  was,  at  subsequent  periods,  assured  to  their  children.  Such  was 
the  notoriety  of  this  compact,  that,  for  near  a  half  century,  they  had  borne 
the  name,  and,  with  few  exceptions,  maintained  the  character,  of  neutrals. 
But,  at  length,  excited  by  their  ancient  love  of  France,  their  religious 
attachments,  and  their  doubts  of  the  English  rights,  some  of  these  mild, 
frugal,  industrious,  and  pious  people,  were  seduced  to  take  arms.  Three 
hundred  were  found  in  Beau  Sejour  at  its  capture;  but  it  was  stipulated 
that  they  should  be  left  in  the  same  situation  as  when  the  army  arrived, 
and  should  not  be  punished  for  any  thing  subsequently  done.  Yet  a 
Council  was  called  by  Lawrence,  lieutenant-governor  of  Nova  Scotia,  at 
which  the  admirals  Boscawen  and  Moyston  assisted,  to  determine  the  fate 
of  these  unfortunate  people.  Sound  policy  and  military  law  demanded 
the  punishment  of  the  leaders  of  the  insurgents,  but  humanity  forbade 
the  extension  of  this  punishment  wider  than  the  offence — the  involvement 
of  the  innocent  and  the  guilty.  Of  a  population  exceeding  seven  thousand, 
not  more  than  three  hundred  had  taken  arms;  and,  of  these,  some  were 
compelled  to  assume  them  by  the  enemy,  from  whom  many  had  suffered 
much  in  consequence  of  their  refusal  to  resist  the  English.  The  Council 
required  the  elders  of  the  people  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the 
British  monarch  without  the  exemption  which,  during  fifty  years,  had 
been  granted  to  them  and  their  fathers.  Upon  their  refusal,  it  was  re- 
solved to  expel  them  from  their  country,  to  confiscate  their  property, 


OF    LANCASTER    COUXTY.  163 

money  and  houseliold  goods  excepted,  to  waste  their  estates,  and  burn 
their  dwellings.  Their  public  records  and  muniments  of  title  were 
seized,  and  the  elders  treacherously  made  prisoners.  In  transporting- 
them  to  their  several  destinations,  the  charities  of  blood  and  affinity 
were  wantonly  torn  asunder;  parents  Avere  separated  from  their  child- 
ren, and  husbands  from  their  Avives:  among  many  instances  of  this 
barbarity,  was  that  of  Eene  La  Blanc,  who  had  been  imprisoned  four 
years  by  the  French  for  his  English  attachments.  The  family  of  this 
venerable  man,  consisting  of  twenty  children,  and  about  one  hundred 
and  fifty  grand-children,  were  scattered  in  different  colonies,  and  himself 
with  his  wife  and  two  children,  only,  were  put  on  shore  at  New  York. 
On  ship-board,  the  prisoners  were  without  the  necessaries  of  life,  and  so 
crowded,  that  all  could  not  lie  doAvn  at  once ;  and  many  of  the  Aveak  and 
aged  ended  their  miseries  Avith  their  lives ;  and  such  Avere  the  sufferings 
of  others,  that  of  five  hundred  allotted  to  Pennsylvania,  as  her  portion 
of  the  burthen,  more  than  one-half  died  soon  after  their  arrival.  So  far 
as  it  was  possible,  they  AA'ere  relieved  by  the  kindness  of  the  Pennsyl\''a- 
nians.  The}^  Avere  landed  at  the  lazaretto  on  Province  island,  and  placed 
in  the  hospital,  under  the  superintendence  of  Anthony  Benezet,  since  well 
known  by  his  humane  and  ardent  efforts  against  the  slave  trade.  Unjust 
and  severe  as  these  measures  were  to  the  neutrals,  the  consequences  did 
not  terminate  in  their  sufferings.  Governor  Lawrence,  Avith  great  pre- 
sumption, and  a  total  disregard  of  the  rights  of  the  neighboring  provinces, 
imposed  a  heavy  and  durable  burthen  upon  them,  in  the  maintainance  of 
this  devoted  race,  for  AA-hich  they  Avere  never  requited.  In  Philadelphia 
"the  neutrals"  long  remained  a  separate  people.  They  petitioned  the 
CroAvn  in  vain  for  redress,  refused  for  a  long  time  to  labor,  but,  finall}^, 
settled  in  Ioav  huts,  in  a  quarter  of  the  tOAvn  Avhere  a  vestige  continued 
until  the  year  eighteen  hundred."^ 

"In  this  county  the  citizens  petitioned  the  Legislature  for  the  passage 
of  an  Act  to  disperse  the  inhabitants  of  Nova  Scotia,  throAvn  upon  them. 
An  Act  was  passed  March  5, 1756,  by  Avhich  Calvin  Cooper,  James  Webb 
and  Samuel  Le  Fevre,  Avere  appointed  to  carry  its  several  provisions  into 
execution.  The  Act  empowered  and  required  them,  or  a  majority  of 
them,  or  their  survi\'ors,  and  enjoined  it,  that  Avithin  tAventy  days  after 
the  passage  of  the  Act,  to  order  and  appoint  the  disposition  of  the  inhab- 
itants of  Nova  Scotia  imported  and  permitted  to  be  landed,  in  such 
manner  and  proportions  as  to  them  appeared  most  equitable  under  certain 
limitations,  to  have  regard  to  such  lands  and  plantations,  or  other  em- 
ployment as  they  might  procure  for  them  towards  maintaining  them- 
selves and  families,  and  thereby  easing  the  Province  of  the  heaAy  charge 
of  supporting  them.     The  Act  further  provided  in  these  Avords:     And 

1  Rupp. 


164  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

for  the  more  eftectual  settling  and  employing  said  inhabitants,  it  was 
enacted  that  the  overseers  of  the  poor  of  the  several  townships  of  Lan- 
caster county  were  required  and  enjoined  to  accept  of,  provide  for,  and 
receive  into  their  respeclave  townships  such  of  the  Nova  Scotians  as  were 
to  be  allotted,  and  sent  into  their  townships,  by  an  order  under  the  hands 
and  seals  of  at  least  two  of  the  above  named  persons ;  provided,  that  not 
more  than  one  family  was  allotted  to  the  care  of  the  overseers  of  the 
poor  of  any  one  township.  They  were  to  secure  them  employment,  as 
was  most  suitable  to  the  circumstances  of  the  families  and  persons  allotted, 
and  appointed  for  their  respective  townships,  as  directed.  The  overseers 
were  directed  to  keep  just  and  true  accounts  of  all  such  unavoidable 
charges  and  expenses  as  might  have  accrued;  which  accounts  were  di- 
rected to  be  transmitted  under  oath,  or  affirmed,  to  the  persons  nomi- 
nated. 

"Those  who  had  been  bred  to  farming,  farms  at  a  reasonable  rate  were 
to  be  rented  for  them,  and  some  small  assistance  was  to  be  afforded  them 
toward  settlement  thereof.  The  commissioners  were  authorized  to  pur- 
chase or  procure  such  stock  or  utensils  of  husbandry  for  making  settle- 
ments, provided  the  supplies  allotted  to  any  single  family  did  not  exceed 
in  the  whole  ten  pounds.  The  expenses  incurred  were  to  be  defrayed 
and  paid  out  of  the  money  given  to  the  King's  use  by  an  Act  of  Assembly. 

"Their  condition  was  such  as  to  make  it  necessary  for  the  Assembly 
to  pass  another  Act,  January  18,  1757 :  Whereas,  it  has  been  found  by 
experience  that  the  Act  of  March  4,  1756,  has  not  answered  the  good 
intentions  of  the  Legislature  of  uniting  them  with  his  Majesty's  loyal 
subjects  by  granting  the  said  inhabitants  of  Nova  Scotia  equal  privileges 
and  immunities  with  the  inhabitants  and  settlers  of  the  Province,  and  the 
grievous  burdens  of  maintaining  them  in  the  manner  hitherto  used  is 
greater  than  the  good  people  of  this  province,  under  their  present  dis- 
tressed circumstances,  are  well  able  to  bear,  and  for  as  much  as  there 
are  numbers  of  children  among  them  whose  real  advantage  and  interest 
it  would  undoubtedly  prove  to  be  brought  up  in  industry  and  frugality, 
and  bound  out  to  learn  husbandry,  or  some  other  profitable  art,  whereby 
they  might  become  reputable  inhabitants,  entitled  to  the  rights  of  the 
British  subjects,  and  their  parents  thereby  eased  of  the  charge  of  their 
maintenance  as  well  as  the  public,  which  by  proper  care  may  be  in  a 
good  degree  relieved  from  the  present  heavy  expenses." 

The  overseers  of  the  poor  were  required  to  bind  out  the  children  of 
indigent  Nova  Scotians  to  kind  masters  and  mistresses,  on  condition  that 
they  were  taught  to  read  and  write  the  English  language  and  such  repu- 
table and  profitable  occupations  as  would  enable  them  at  the  expiration 
of  the  term  of  their  apprenticeship  to  support  themselves;  males  were 
bound  out  till  twenty-one,  females  till  eighteen. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  165 

It  was  also  provided  that  those  who  by  reason  of  age,  impotence,  or 
any  bodily  infirmity,  were  unable  to  support  themselves,  should,  like 
other  poor  of  the  township,  be  supported,  but  at  the  charge  of  the  Prov- 
ince. 

After  the  defeat  of  Braddock  on  the  9th  of  July,  1755,  began  the  series 
of  atrocious  and  barbarous  hostilities  which  has  already  been  described 
in  authentic  extracts.  The  Siehen  Tager  Baptists  of  Ephrata  provided 
hospitable  shelter  for  the  fugitives  from  Tulpehocken  and  Paxton, 
although  they  were  themselves  in  imminent  peril ;  the  enemy  was  only 
thirteen  miles  distant,  and  the  poor  people  were  hourly  apprehensive 
of  being  surprised  by  the  savage  foe.  The  Government  despatched  a 
company  of  infantry  to  Ephrata  for  the  protection  of  the  people. 

In  Lancaster  the  people  erected  a  block-house  early  in  December.  The 
subjoined  letters  from  Edward  Shippen  to  James  Hamilton,  supply  inter- 
esting particulars: 

"Honored  Sir:  I  received  the  favor  of  yours  of  the  24th  November, 
and  we  are  all  much  pleased  by  your  willingness  to  contribute  to  the 
building  of  a  block-house.  The  savages  who  committed  the  murders  in 
Paxton  are  now  believed  to  be  very  numerous,  perhaps  one  hundred.  A 
number  of  families,  but  thirty-five  miles  from  us,  are  entirely  cut  off. 
Farmers  are  flying  from  their  plantations  to  Heading.  An  alarm,  last 
night,  about  twelve  o'clock;  we  assembled  in  the  square,  say,  three  hun- 
dred, but  with  fifty  guns;  it  was  shocking  to  hear  at  such. a  moment, 
when  in  expectation  of  the  savages,  that  we  had  neither  a  sufficiency  of 
guns  nor  ammunition.  Thanks  be  to  God,  the  alarm  was  false.  The 
block-house  will  be  built  on  the  north  side  of  the  north  end  of  Queen 
street.  There  will  be  a  wide  ditch  around  it,  a  small  draw  bridge;  one 
important  use  is  to  place  our  wives,  girls  and  children  within,  that  they 

may  be  in  safety These  are  fearful  times.     God  only  knows 

how  they  will  end.  I  am  yours, 

Edward  Shippen." 

Another,  dated  Lancaster,  December  5,  1755: 

"Honored  Sir:  The  fort  we  have  agreed  to  build,  is  as  follows:  For 
the  stockade,  the  logs  split  in  the  middle,  and  set  on  end,  three  feet  in 
the  ground,  pMiced  on  the  north  side  of  the  town,  between  Queen  and 
Duke  street;  with  curtains  100  feet.  The  planks  of  the  bastions,  lOfeetj 
and  the  saws  of  said  bastions,  30  feet  each. 

Yours,  &c.,  Edward  Shippen." 

"t/rtmes  Hamilto7i^  Esq.,  Bush  Hill. 

The  marauding  parties  of  French  and  Indians  hung  on  the  frontiers 
during  the  winter,  and  in  the  month  of  January  [1756]  attacked  the  set- 
tlements on  the  Juniata  river,  murdering  and  scalping  such  of  the  in- 
habitants as  did  not  escape,  or  were  not  made  prisoners.     To  guard 


IQQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ao'ainst  these  devastations,  a  chain  of  forts  and  block-houses  were  erected 
at  an  expense  of  eighty-five  thousand  pounds,  by  the  Province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, along  the  Kittatiny  hills,  from  the  river  Delaware  to  the  Mary- 
land line,  commanding  the  principal  passes  of  the  mountains,  garrisoned 
with  from  twenty  to  seventy-five  Provincials,  as  the  situation  and 
importance  of  the  places  respectively  required. 

On  April  13,  [1756]  the  Governor  informed  the  Council  and  the  As- 
sembly of  intelligence  received  that  a  number  of  people  from  the  back 
counties  had  resolved  to  meet  at  Lancaster  on  the  16th  inst.,  to  march  to 
Philadelphia  and  make  some  demands  of  the  Legislature,  Benjamin 
Chew,  Alexander  Stedman,  Edward  Shippen  and  William  West  were 
sent  to  Lancaster  to  inquire  into  the  causes  of  the  proposed  meeting,  and 
these  gentlemen  reporting  their  proceedings  on  the  21st,  the  Governor 
convened  the  Assembly  for  May  10th  next  ensuing,  to  take  measures  for 
putting  the  western  part  of  the  Province  into  a  sulficient  state  of  defence, 
and  thereby  to  meet  the  demands  of  the  people. 

And  we  have  to  regret  another  instance  of  the  deliberate  inhumanity 
which  has  distinguished  the  belligerents  on  the  North  American  conti- 
nent, in  regard  to  their  employment  of  the  Indians.^  The  cruelty  of  the 
savage  was  stimulated  by  the  promise  of  reward ;  and,  by  proclamation, 
a  premium  was  ofi'ered  for  the  prisoners  and  scalps  taken  from  the  Indian 
enemy.  This  was  rather  an  invitation  to  murder,  than  to  take  and  pro- 
tect prisoners.  For  as  the  scalp  was  worth  the  living  body,  no  consid- 
eration of  religion  or  humanity  induced  the  Indians  to  suffer  the  slightest 
inconvenience  from  their  prisoners. 
The  Proclamation  ran  thus : 

"  Memorandum.  On  the  fourteenth  instant,  the  Proclamation  of  War 
against  the  Delawares  was  pubhshed  at  the  Court  House  in  the  presence 
of  the  Council,  Supreme  Judges,  Magistrates,  Officers,  &c.,  and  a  large 
concourse  of  people,  and  is  as  follows : 

"i??/  the  Honoumhle  ROBERT  HUNTER  MORRIS,  Esquire,  Lieuten- 
ant Governor  and  Commander-in-  Chief  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania, 
and  Counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  upon  Delmoare: 

"A  PROCLAMATION.  ^ 

"  Whereas,  the  Delaware  tribe  of  Indians,  and  others  in  confederacy 
with  them,  have  for  some  time  past,  without  the  least  provocation  and 
contrary  to  their  most  solemn  Treaties,  fallen  upon  this  Province,  and  in 
a  most  cruel,  savage  and  perfidious  manner,  killed  and  butchered  great 
numbers  of  the  inhabitants,  and  carried  others  into  barbarous  captivity; 
burning  and  destroying  their  habitations  and  laying  waste  the  country. 
And  Wliereas,  notwithstanding  the  friendly  remonstrances  made  to  them 

1  Gordon. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  167 

loj  this  Government,  and  the  interposition  and  positive  orders  of  our 
faithful  friends  and  allies  the  Six  Nations,  to  whom  they  owe  obedience 
and  subjection,  requiring  and  commanding  them  to  desist  from  any 
further  acts  of  hostility  against  us,  and  to  return  to  their  allegiance,  the 
said  Indians  do  still  continue  their  cruel  murders  and  ravages,  sparing 
neither  age  nor  sex;  I  have,  therefore,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  con- 
sent of  the  Council,  thought  fit  to  issue  this  Proclamation ;  and  do  hereby 
declare  the  said  Delaware  Indians  and  all  others  who,  in  conjunction  with 
them,  have  committed  hostilities  against  his  Majesty's  subjects  within 
this  Province,  to  be  enemies,  rebels  and  traitors  to  his  most  sacred 
Majesty;  and  I  do  hereby  require  all  his  Majesty's  subjects  of  this  Pro- 
vince, and  earnestly  invite  those  of  the  neighboring  Provinces,  to  embrace 
all  opportunities  of  pursuing,  taking,  killing,  and  destroying  the  said 
Delaware  Indians  and  all  others  confederated  with  them  in  committing 
hostilities,  incursions,  murders,  or  ravages  upon  this  Province.  And 
Whereas,  sundry  of  our  good  friends  and  allies,  the  Six  Nations  and 
other  friendly  Indians,  are  seated  upon  and  do  inhabit  the  country  to  the 
northward  of  the  mouth  of  a  river  falling  into  the  Sasquehannah,  called 
Cayuga  Branch,  and  those  of  the  Six  Nations  now  in  town  have  desired 
that  our  hostilities  against  the  said  enemy  Indians  might  not  therefore  be 
carried  on  more  northerly  than  a  line  extending  from  the  mouth  of  the 
.said  Cayuga  Branch,  at  an  Indian  town  called  Diahoga  or  Tohiccon,  to 
the  station  point  between  the  Provinces  of  New  York  and  Jersey,  at  the 
Indian  town  called  Cashetunk,  upon  Delaware;  the  said  Indians  promis- 
ing us  their  hearty  and  best  assistance.  I  do,  therefore,  hereby  declare 
that  the  Indians  livino-  and  being  to  the  northward  of  a  line  drawn  from 
the  mouth  of  the  said  Cayuga  Branch  to  the  said  Station  Point  are  not 
included  in  this  Declaration  of  War. 

^^And  Whei-eas,  many  Delaware  and  other  Indians,  abhorring  the  un- 
grateful, cruel  and  perfidious  behavior  of  that  part  of  the  Delaware  tribe 
and  others  that  have  been  concerned  in  the  late  inhuman  ravages,  have 
removed  into  the  settled  and  inhabited  parts  of  the  country,  put  them- 
selves under  the  protection  of  this  and  the  neighboring  governments, 
and  live  in  a  peaceable  manner  with  the  King's  subjects;  I  do  therefore 
declare,  that  the  said  friendly  Indians  that  have  so  separated  themselves 
from  our  said  enemies,  and  all  others  who  shall  join  or  act  with  us  in  the 
prosecution  of  this  just  and  necessary  war,  are  expret^sly  excepted  out  of 
this  declaration,  and  it  is  recommended  to  all  officers  and  others  to  afford 
them  protection  and  assistance.  Ayid  Whereas,  the  Commissioners  ap- 
pointed with  me  to  dispose  of  the  Sixty  Thousand  Pounds  lately  granted 
by  Act  of  General  Assembly  for  his  Majesty's  use  have,  by  their  letter 
to  me  of  the  tenth  instant,  agreed  to  pay  out  of  the  same  the  several 
rewards  for  Prisoners  and  Scalps  hereinafter  specified;   and,  therefore, 


IQQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

as  a  further  inducement  and  encouragement  to  all  his  Majesty's  liege 
people,  and  to  all  the  several  tribes  of  Indians  who  continue  in  friend- 
ship and  alliance  with  us,  to  exert  and  use  their  utmost  endeavor  to 
pursue,  attack,  take  and  destroy  our  said  enemy  Indians,  and  to  release, 
redeem  and  recover  such  of  his  Majesty's  subjects  as  have  been  taken 
and  made  prisoners  by  the  same  enemies;  I  do  hereby  declare  and 
promise  that  there  shall  be  paid  out  of  the  said  Sixty  Thousand  Pounds 
to  all  and  every  person  and  persons,  as  well  Indians  as  Christians  not  in 
the  pay  of  the  Province,  the  several  and  respective  Premiums  and  Boun- 
ties following,  that  is  to  say:  For  every  male  Indian  enemy  above  twelve 
years  old  who  shall  be  taken  prisoner  and  delivered  at  any  forts  garri- 
soned by  the  troops  in  the  pay  of  this  Province,  or  at  any  of  the  county 
towns  to  the  keepers  of  the  common  jails  there,  the  sum  of  One  Hundred 
and  Fifty  Spanish  Dollars  or  Pieces  of  Eight ;  for  the  scalp  of  every  male 
Indian  enemy  above  the  age  of  twelve  years,  produced  as  evidence  of 
their  being  killed,  the  sum  of  One  Hundred  and  Thirty  Pieces  of  Eight ; 
for  every  female  Indian  taken  prisoner  and  brought  in  as  aforesaid,  and 
for  every  male  Indian  prisoner  under  the  age  of  twelve  years  taken  and 
brought  in  as  aforesaid.  One  Hundred  and  Thirty  Pieces  of  Eight ;  for 
the  scalp  of  every  Indian  woman,  produced  as  evidence  of  their  being 
killed,  the  sum  of  Fifty  Pieces  of  Eight;  and  for  every  English  subject 
that  has  been  taken  and  carried  from  this  Province  into  captivity  that 
shall  be  recovered  and  brought  in  and  delivered  at  the  City  of  Philadel- 
phia to  the  Governor  of  this  Province,  the  sum  Of  one  Hundred  and  Fifty 
Pieces  of  Eight,  but  nothing  for  their  scalps;  and  that  there  shall  be  paid 
to  every  Officer  or  Soldier  as  are  or  shall  be  in  the  pay  of  this  Province 
who  shall  redeem  and  deliver  any  English  subject  carried  into  captivity 
as  aforesaid,  or  shall  take,  bring  in,  and  produce  any  enemy  prisoner,  or 
scalp  as  aforesaid,  one-half  of  the  said  several  and  respective  premiums 
and  bounties. 

"  Given  under  my  Hand  and  the  Great  Seal  of  the  Province,  at  Philadel- 
phia, the  Fourteenth  day  of  April,  in  the  Twenty-Ninth  year  of  His 
Majesty's  reign,  and  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven 
Hundred  and  Fifty-Six. 

"EoBT.  H.  Morris." 
"By  His  Honor's  Command, 

"  Richard  Peters,  Secretary. 

"God  Save  the  King." 
The  disposition  which  the  Province  thus  displayed  towards  the  Indians, 
alarmed  even  those  who  continued  friendly.  These  had  been  gathered 
in  from  the  Susquehannah  to  the  city,  lest  they  should  be  mistaken  for 
enemies;  and  now,  without  assigning  any  reason,  they  suddenly  resolved 
to  join  the  Six  Nations.     Their  departure  relieved  the  city  of  a  consider- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY,  169 

able  burden,  yet  care  was  taken  that  they  should  depart  in  good  humor, 
and  that  their  leaders,  Scarroyady  and  Montour,  should  be  amply  re- 
warded for  their  services.  No  opportunity  was  lost  by  the  Assembly  to 
propitiate  the  Indians.  Cayenquiloquoas,  an  influential  chief  among  the 
Six  Nations,  had  placed  two  sons  at  Philadelphia  to  be  educated,  who 
Avere  hitherto  supported  at  the  joint  expense  of  the  Province  and  Propri- 
etaries. But,  the  latter  refusing  further  to  contribute,  the  former  assumed 
the  whole  charge.  The  services  of  Montour  and  Scarroyady  merited  the 
acknowledgments  of  the  whites.  At  the  risk  of  their  lives,  they  had,  in 
December,  visited  the  several  tribes  of  Indians  seated  along  the  Susque- 
hannah,  with  a  view  to  persuade  them  from  assuming  arms;  and  thence 
proceeded,  as  the  deputies  of  the  Six  Nation  Indians  residing  in  Pennsyl- 
vania, to  the  great  Council  at  Onondago,  to  represent  the  conduct  of  the 
Delawares  and  Shawanese  to  the  confederated  nations.  In  consequence 
of  their  remonstrances,  the  Council  despatched  a  party  of  their  warriors, 
consisting  of  deputies  from  each  of  the  Six  Nations,  to  the  Susquehannah, 
to  enjoin  the  Delawares  and  Shawanese  to  desist  from  hostilities;  and,  in 
case  of  their  refusal,  to  declare  war  against  them  in  the  name  of  the  Six 
Nations. 

Soon  after  the  Governor  received  information  that  Sir  William  John- 
son, through  the  mediation  of  the  Six  Nations,  had  succeeded  in  disposing 
the  Shawanese  and  Delawares  to  an  accommodation;^  and  that  these 
tribes  had  promised  to  refrain  from  further  hostilities.  On  the  part  of  the 
Province,  the  Governor  suspended  the  war  against  the  Indians,  by  proc- 
lamation, which  he  sent  to  the  Indians  at  Diogo,  on  the  Susquehannah, 
and  the  Assembly  cheerfully  supplied  the  means  for  holding  a  treaty  of 
pacification;  and  earnestly  pressed  upon  the  Governor,  for  his  sanction, 
a  bill  for  regulating  the  trade  and  intercourse  with  the  Indians,  by  which 
they  expected  to  allay  whatever  resentment  the  Indians  might  still  feel, 
and  to  provide  against  future  discontents. 

The  return  of  the  Shawanese  and  Delawares  to  pacific  dispositions  Avas 
greatly  promoted  by  the  conduct  of  the  principal  Quakers.  Israel  Pem- 
berton  and  others  invited  some  friendly  Indians  to  their  tables,  and,  in  a 
free  and  social  converse  with  them,  through  the  instrumentality  of  Conrad 
Weiser,  awakened  their  earnest  wishes  for  peace.  These  Indians  were 
despatched  with  a  message  from  Scarroyady  to  the  hostile  tribes,  commu- 
nicating the  desires  of  the  Quakers  that  they  should  return  to  their  early 
affections.  This  coirference  was  held  with  the  permission  of  the  Governor  ; 
but,  by  the  advice  of  his  Council,  the  subject  was  left  entirely  to  the 
management  of  Friends. 

The  conference  at  Easton  had  hardly  been  concluded  when  new  acts 
of  murder  were  committed  on  the  south  side  of  the  Blue  Mountain.'-^  The 
1  Gordon.     Col.  Records.  2  Heckewelder. 


170  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

settlers  on  the  frontier  fled  in  consternation  to  the  interior,  and  so  great 
was  the  panic  that  of  3,000  able-bodied  men,  who  were  in  1755  in  the 
country  west  of  the  Susquehaunah,  there  remained  in  1756  less  than  100. 

The  necessity  of  a  militia  law  was,^  in  a  great  measure,  obviated  by 
^^  the  forces  raised  by  the  Governor  and  Provincial  Commissioners.  They 
consisted  of  twenty-five  companies  amounting  to  fourteen  hundred  men. 
Eight  companies  under  the  command  of  Major  James  Burd,  called  the 
Augusta  regiment,  were  stationed  at  Fort  Augusta ;  eight  companies  on 
the  west  side  of  the  Susquehannah,  commanded  by  Lieutenant-colonel 
Armstrong,  called  the  second  battalion  of  the  Pennsylvania  regiment, 
were  thus  divided:  two  companies  at  Fort  Lyttleton,  on  Aughwick 
creek,  which  empties  into  the  Juniata  river ;  two  companies  on  Conoco- 
cheague  creek,  which  communicates  with  the  Potomac ;  two  companies 
at  Fort  Morris,  in  Shippensburg,  and  two  companies  at  Carlisle.  Nine 
companies,  called  the  second  battalion  of  the  Pennsylvania  regiment, 
commanded  by  Lieutenant-colonel  Conrad  Weiser,  were  thus  distributed : 
one  compan}^  at  Fort  Augusta;  one  at  Hunter's  mill,  seven  miles  above 
Harrisburg,  on  the  Susquehannah;  one  half  company  on  the  Swatara,  at 
the  foot  of  the  North  Mountain ;  one  company  and  a  half  at  Fort  Henry, 
close  to  the  gap  of  the  mountain,  called  the  Tothea  gap;  one  company 
at  Fort  William,  near  the  forks  of  the  Schuylkill  river,  six  miles  beyond 
the  mountain;  one  company  at  Fort  Allen,  at  Gnadenhutten,  on  the 
Lehigh;  the  other  three  companies  were  scattered  between  the  rivers 
Lehigh  and  Delaware,  at  the  disposition  of  the  captains,  some  at  farm- 
houses, others  at  mills,  from  three  to  twenty  in  a  place.^ 

The  negotiations  for  peace,  which  had  been  commenced  with  Teedy- 
uscung,  the  chief  of  the  Delaware  and  Shawanese  tribes  on  the  Susque- 
hannah, had  neutralized  these,  but  the  Province  was  still  exposed  to  con- 
tinued devastation,  from  the  French  and  Western  Indians,  who  roamed 
in  small  parties  over  the  country,  avoiding  or  attacking  the  forts  and 
armed  Provincialists  as  they  judged  most  safe.  The  counties  of  Cumber- 
land, Berks,  Northampton,  and  Lancaster,  were,  during  the  spring  and 
summer  months  of  1757,  kept  in  continual  alarm,  and  some  of  the  savage 
scalping  parties  were  pushed  on  to  within  thirty  miles  of  Philadelphia. 
Many  of  these  wretches  paid  with  their  lives  the  just  penalty  of  their 
temerity.  But  their  sufferings  bore  no  comparison  with  those  of  the 
unfortunate  inhabitants.  Incessant  anxiety  pervaded  every  family  in 
the  counties  Ave  have  mentioned;  their  slumbers  were  broken  by  the 
yell  of  demons,  or  by  the  dread  of  an  attack,  scarce  less  horrid  than  their 
actual  presence.  The  ground  was  ploughed,  the  seed  sown,  and  the 
harvest  gathered,  under  the  fear  of  the  tomahawk  and  rifle.  Scarce  any 
outdoor  labor  was  safely  executed,  unless  protected  by  arms  in  the  hands 
1  Proud.  2  Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUXTV.  171 

of  the  laborers,  or  by  regular  troops.  Women  visiting  their  sick  neigh- 
bors were  shot  or  captured ;  children  driving  home  cattle  from  the  field 
were  killed  and  scalped ;  whilst  the  enemy,  dastardly  as  cruel,  shrunk 
from  every  equality  of  force.^  Many  of  the  richest  neighborhoods  were 
deserted,  and  property  of  every  kind  given  up  to  the  foe.  Many  in- 
stances of  heroism  were  displayed  by  men,  women,  and  children,  in 
the  defence  of  themselves  and  their  homes,  and  in  ])ursuing  and  com- 
batting the  enemy. 

In  May  [1757]  a  conference  with  the  Indians  was  held  at  Lancaster. 
It  Avas  attended  by  Governor  Denny,  six  members  of  the  Council,  the 
Speaker  and  five  members  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives,  the  Magis- 
trates of  Lancaster,  many  other  gentlemen,  and  on  the  part  of  the  Indians 
by  deputies  of  the  Mohawks,  Oneidoes,  Tuscaroroes,  Onondagoes,  Cayu- 
gas,  with  some  Senecas,  Nanticokes  and  Delawares.  Little  Abraham,  a 
Mohawk  Sachem,  and  Thomas  King,  an  Oneida  Sachem,  -were  speakers 
for  the  Indians.  During  the  conference  four  persons,  killed  at  Swatara 
by  hostile  Indians,  were  brought  to  Lancaster,  Avhereupon  the  chief 
Sachems  called  a  meeting  with  a  number  of  their  warriors  at  the  Indian 
camp,  where  they  expressed  their  condolence,  thus: 

"Brethren:  We  have  called  this  meeting,  with  tears  in  our  eyes,  on 
account  of  seeing  so  many  of  our  brethren  killed  by  the  evil  spirit ;  and 
we  take  this  opportunity,  as  Ave  have  a  good  deal  of  business  yet  to  do, 
to  Avipe  the  Tears  from  your  Eyes,  so  that  to-morrow,  Avhen  Ave  meet  in 
Council,  Ave  may  see  each  other  Avith  the  same  Good  Will  Ave  have  hith- 
erto done." 

iMai'ch  29,  1757,  the  Indians  made  a  breach  at  Rocky  Springs,  where  one  man  was 
killed  and  eleven  taken  prisoners.  April  2d,  1757,  William  McKinnie  and  his  son  were 
killed  near  Chambers'  fort.  April  17th,  Jeremiah  Jack,  near  Potomac,  was  taken  cap- 
tive, and  two  of  his  son's  killed,  and  a  man  and  a  woman  were  drowned  in  the  Poto- 
mac, while  endeavoring  to  escape.  April  23d,  Jolm  Martin  and  William  Blair  Ave  re 
killed,  and  Patrick  McClelland  wonnded  in  the  shoulder,  who  afterwards  died  of  his 
Avound,  near  Maxwell's  fort,  on  Conococheague  creek.  May  14th,  Major  Campbell  and 
one  Tussey  were  killed  or  taken  captive,  with  fourteen  others,  near  Potomac.  May 
12th,  John  Martin  and  Andrew  Paul,  both  old  men,  were  taken  from  Conococheague. 
May  13th,  tAvo  men  killed  near  McCormick's  fort,  Conodoguinet.  INIay  16th,  eleven 
Ijersons  killed  at  Paxton,  Lancaster  county.  June  9,  James  Holiday,  and  fourteen 
men  killed  and  taken;  James  Long's  son  and  another  man  killed  in  a  quarry  at  Fort 
Frederick.  Nineteen  men  killed  in  a  mill  at  Quitiphilla,  Lancaster  county,  and  four 
were  killed  in  Shearman's  valley ;  all  done  in  one  week.  June  Gtli,  two  men  Avere 
killed,  and  five  taken  prisoners,  near  Shippensburg.  July  18th,  six  men  killed  or  taken 
from  a  field,  near  Shippensburg.  July  19th,  nineteen  men  killed  and  taken  while 
reaping  in  a  field  near  Shippensburg.  August  17th,  William  Waugh's  barn  was  burnt, 
in  the  Tract,  York  county,  by  Indians.  September  9th,  one  boy  and  girl  taken  from 
Donegal,  Lancaster  county.  October  1st  and  2d,  a  very  great  slaughter,  near  Opiken, 
in  Virginia,  Avhere  more  than  sixty  were  killed  and  taken.  November  9th,  John 
Woods,  his  AA'ife  and  Mother-in-laAV,  and  John  Archer's  wife  Avere  killed,  four  children 
taken,  and  nine  men  killed,  near  McDovfeWn  (ovt.— Loudon's  JS'arrattve,  II.  200-208. 


272  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Gave  a  String  of  Wampum. 

"Beethrex:  Now  we  have  wiped  the  Tears  from  your  Eyes,  agree- 
able to  the  ancient  Custom  of  our  Fore-Fathers,  we  clean  the  blood  off 
your  Council  Seats,  that  you  may  sit  with  Comfort  and  hear  Avhat  we 
have  to  say  to  3^ou. 

"  No  doubt  but  the  French  King,  who  takes  delight  in  Mischief,  has 
taken  this  opportunity  to  send  his  children  down  to  commit  these  mur- 
ders, with  the  expectation  of  breeding  a  difference  between  you,  our  Breth- 
ren, and  us ;  but  we  desire  you  will  hold  fast  by  the  Chain  of  Friendship 
subsisting  between  us,  and  disappoint  him  in  his  designs." 

Gave  a  Belt  of  Wampum. 

On  the  next  day  Little  Abraham  spake  as  follows : 

"Brethren:  Each  of  you  made  us  a  Speech  yesterday  on  the  same 
subject,  both  which  Speeches  I  now  propose  to  answer  at  once. 

"Brothers:  Some  years  ago,  in  the  Jerseys,  one  of  the  Head  Men  of 
the  Delawares  had  been  out  a  hunting ;  on  his  return  he  called  to  see  a 
gentleman,  a  great  friend  of  his,  one  of  your  People,  who  he  found  in  his 
field.  When  the  gentleman  saw  him  he  came  to  meet  him  ;  it  was  rainy 
weather,  and  the  Delaware  Chief  had  his  gun  under  his  arm.  They  met 
at  a  Fence,  and  as  they  reached  out  their  hands  to  each  other  the  Dela- 
ware's gun  went  off  by  accident  and  shot  him  dead.  He  was  very  much 
grieved  at  the  accident,  and  went  to  the  house  and  told  the  gentleman's 
wife  what  had  happened,  and  said  he  was  willing  to  die,  and  did  not 
choose  to  live  after  his  friend.  She  immediately  sent  for  a  number  of 
the  inhabitants;  when  they  were  gathered,  some  said  it  was  an  accident . 
and  could  not  be  helped ;  but  the  greatest  number  were  for  hanging 
him,  and  he  was  taken  by  the  Sheriff  and  carried  to  Arabo}^,  where  he 
Avas  tried,  and  hanged. 

"  There  was  another  misfortune  that  happened.  A  party  of  Shawa- 
nese,  who  were  going  to  war  against  their  enemies,  in  their  way  through 
Carolina,  called  at  a  house,  not  suspecting  any  harm  as  they  were  among 
their  friends ;  a  number  of  the  inhabitants  rose  and  took  them  prisoners, 
on  account  of  some  mischief  that  was  done  there  about  that  time,  sus- 
pecting them  to  be  the  people  that  had  done  the  mischief;  and  carried 
them  to  Charles  Town  and  put  them  in  Prison,  where  the  Chief  Man, 
called  the  Pride,  died.  The  relations  of  these  people  were  much  exas- 
perated against  you  our  Brethren,  the  English,  on  account  of  the  ill- 
treatment  you  gave  their  friends,  and  have  been  continually  spiriting  up 
their  Nations  to  take  revenge. 

"Brothers:  You  desired  us  to  open  our  hearts,  and  inform  you  of 
everything  we  knew  that  might  give  rise  to  the  quarrel  between  you 
and  our  Nephews  and  Brothers. 

"We  must  now  inform  you  that,  in  former  times,  our  Forefathers  con- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  173 

quered  the  Delawares,  and  put  Petticoats  on  them.  A  long  time  after 
that,  they  lived  among  you  our  Brothers,  but  upon  some  difterence  be- 
tween you  and  them,  we  thought  proper  to  remove  them,  giving  them 
lands  to  plant  and  hunt  on,  at  Wyoming  and  Juniata,  on  Sasquehannah. 
But  you,  covetous  of  land,  made  Plantations  there  and  spoiled  their 
Hunting  Grounds;  they  then  complained  to  us,  and  we  looked  over 
those  lands,  and  found  their  complaints  to  be  true.  At  this  time  they 
carried  on  a  correspondence  with  the  French,  by  which  means  the  French 
became  acquainted  with  all  the  causes  of  complaint  they  had  against 
you ;  and  as  your  people  were  daily  increasing  their  settlements,  by  this 
means  you  drove  them  back  into  the  arms  of  the  French ;  and  they  took 
the  advantage  of  spiriting  them  up  against  you,  by  telling  them,  '  Chil- 
dren, you  see,  and  we  have  often  told  you,  how  the  English,  your  Breth- 
ren, would  serve  3^ou;  they  plant  all  the  country,  and  drive  you  back;  so 
that  in  a  little  time  you  will  have  no  land.  It  is  not  so  with  us ;  though 
we  build  Trading  Houses  on  your  land,  we  do  not  plant  it;  we  have  our 
Provisions  from  over  the  Great  Waters.' 

"  We  have  opened  our  Hearts,  and  told  you  what  complaints  we  have 
heard  they  had  against  you,  and  our  advice  to  you  is,  that  you  send  for 
the  Senecas  and  them,  treat  them  kindly,  and  rather  give  them  some 
part  of  their  fields  back  again  than  difter  with  them.  It  is  in  your  power 
to  settle  all  the  differences  with  them,  if  you  please." 

Gave  two  Belts  of  Wampum,  one  for  Sir  Wm,  Johnson,  and  the  other 
for  the  Governor. 

Little  Abraham  spoke  again  as  follows: 

"Brothers:  As  to  what  passed  between  jon  and  Teedyuscung  last 
Fall  respecting  the  purchase  of  Lands,  we  know  nothing  of.  They  are 
not  here,  and  if  we  inquire,  we  can  only  hear  what  you  say  on  that  head. 
We  should  have  been  glad  our  Nephews,  the  Delawares,  and  Brothers, 
the  Shawanese,  had  been  here  at  this  time,  that  we  might  have  heard  the 
complaints  on  both  sides ;  then  we  should  have  been  able  to  judge  who 
was  in  the  fault,  and  we  are  determined  to  see  justice  done  to  the  party 
aggrieved.  As  they  are  not  here  we  can  say  nothing  about  it ;  but  you 
yourselves,  between  whom  the  business  was  transacted,  must  be  the  best 
judges." 

Gave  a  string  of  Wampum. 

''Brothers:  You  acquaint  us  there  are  certain  persons  empowered 
by  the  King,  to  purchase  Lands  here  from  the  Indians ;  we  are  unac- 
quainted with  that.  Neither  do  we  know  how  our  Father,  the  King  of 
England,  has  divided  his  Provinces.  You  say  if  you  have  done  the 
Indians  any  injustice  you  are  willing  to  make  them  satisfaction.  We 
are  glad  to  hear  it,  and  as  you  have  writings  to  refresh  your  memories 
about  every  transaction  that  has  happened  between  you  and  our  Neph- 


274  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ews  and  Brothers,  the  Delawares  and  Sliawanese,  we  recommend  it  hear- 
tily to  you  to  do  justice.  We  are  much  concerned  to  see  how  you  are 
used  by  them  and  the  French,  every  day  having  your  people  killed,  and 
you  sitting  with  your  heads  between  your  legs,  and  receiving  the  blow 
without  resenting  it,  as  if  you  could  not  or  would  not  fight  to  defend 
yourselves. 

"Brother  Onas:  We  desire  that  you  may  not  think  of  great  expe- 
ditions far  off".  Use  your  best  endeavors  to  defend  your  Frontiers  and 
protect  the  lives  of  your  people.  It  is  better  for  you  to  give  up  some 
points  to  them  than  to  contend,  provided  they  should  be  in  the  wrong, 
and  settle  all  differences  subsisting  between  you  as  soon  as  possible." 

Gave  a  Belt. 

He  added: 

"  Brother  Onas  :  Take  pattern  by  Sir  William  Johnson ;  he  always 
keeps  large  parties  patrolling  across  the  Frontiers  where  he  lives,  and 
you  do  not  hear  of  any  murders  being  committed  there.  That  is  the 
way  to  defend  yourselves.  The  enemy  is  afraid  to  enter  the  settlements 
there  and  if  you  pursue  the  same  measures  they  will  be  afraid  to  come 
into  your  settlements." 

Thomas  King  then  spoke  as  follows: 

"Brethren  :  We  have  considered  what  you  said  to  us  about  our  re- 
questing the  Delawares  and  Shawanese  to  bring  down  and  deliver  up  all 
the  English  prisoners  they  have,  agreeable  to  their  promises  to  Sir 
William  Johnson.  We  will  do  everything  in  our  power  that  may  in- 
duce them  to  do  it,  but  perhaps  it  will  not  be  in  our  power  to  prevail  on 
them  to  give  them  up. 

"  Once  more  we  would  desire  that  you  would  send  for  the  Senecas  and 
them,  and  endeavor  to  settle  all  those  differences.  It  is  in  our  power  to 
do  it.  When  it  is  done  you  will  certainly  see  some  of  your  own  flesh 
and  blood  again," 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

"Brethren:  It  is  true,  we  were  present  when  the  Delawares  and 
Shawanese  brightened  the  chain  of  friendship  with  Sir  William  Johnson, 
and  promised  to  turn  the  edge  of  their  hatchet  against  the  French.  But 
you  must  know  that  last  Fall,  though  they  went  out  to  war  with  us,  they 
always  turned  back,  and  did  not  perform  what  they  had  promised,  so  that 
we  cannot  account  for  what  they  will  do  now.  But  for  our  parts,  the 
Six  Nations,  we  have  been  engaged  in  the  war  with  you,  and  are  always 
ready  when  we  see  an  EngHsh  Flag  to  join  our  Brothers,  and  go  with 
them  and  share  the  same  iate." 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

On  Friday  the  20th  of  May,  the  Governor  spoke  as  follows: 

"Brethren  of  the  Six  United  Nations:     I  return  you  my  hearty 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  175 

thanks  for  the  kind  and  open  manner  in  which  you  have  informed  us  of 
the  causes  from  whence  the  dissatisfaction  of  our  brethren,  the  Dela wares 
and  Shawanese,  first  arose ;  but  as  you  have  observed  they  are  not  pres- 
ent, it  must  be  deferred  until  we  have  the  pleasure  of  seeino-  them.  I 
shall  only  assure  you  that  I  think  your  advice  good,  and  shall  with  great 
satisfaction  conform  to  it,  by  sending  for  the  people  you  have  so  earn- 
estly recommended  to  be  sent  for. 

"I  think  with  you  that  our  Frontiers  should  be  carefully  and  strongly 
guarded,  and  it  shall  be  my  particular  care  to  endeavor  to  have  this 
done,  in  which  I  shall  take  kindly  any  assistance  you  Avill  give  me." 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

"Brethren:  Soon  after  the  present  troubles  first  broke  out  between 
us  and  the  French,  some  of  the  Six  Nation  Indians  requested  of  this 
Government  to  build  a  strong  house  at  Shamokin,  and  a  storehouse,  with 
Indian  Goods,  and  to  give  an  invitation  to  Indians,  as  well  of  United 
Nations  as  Delawares,  to  come  and  live  there;  I  must  now  inform  you 
that  in  compliance  with  their  request,  this  Government  has  built  a  strong 
house  where  goods  will  soon  be  sent,  and  sold  as  cheap  as  anywhere  on 
this  continent;  to  this  place  I  have  appointed  Mr.  Thomas  McKee  to 
conduct  as  many  of  you  as  shall  choose  to  return  that  way,  and  shall 
leave  it  to  you  to  settle  as  many  families  as  shall  incline  to  live  there, 
promising  you  that  care  shall  be  taken  by  this  Government  that  as  many 
as  stay  shall  be  furnished  with  such  necessaries  as  they  may  want  till 
they  can  support  themselves." 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

"  Brethren  :  I  shall  immediately  report  the  whole  that  has  passed 
at  these  Conferences  to  Sir  William  Johnson,  who  is  glad  of  all  occasions 
to  show  his  attachment  to  our  Friends,  the  Indians,  and  promote  His 
Majesty's  service.  It  is  that  gentleman's  peculiar  province  to  treat  and 
finish  all  treaties  with  the  Indians. 

"Let  me  add,  my  brethren  of  the  United  Nations,  that  you  shall  find 
no  deceit  in  me,  and  I  shall  be  happy  if  my  conduct  deserves  your  esteem 
and  approbation." 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

"  Brethren:  I  have  ordered  the  Presents  provided  by  the  good  People 
of  this  Province  to  be  carried  to  the  Indian  Camp,  early  in  the  morning, 
and  inform  you  that  a  part  of  these  Presents  is  given  by  those  who  are  the 
descendants  of  the  inhabitants  that  first  came  over  to  this  Country  with 
your  old  friend  William  Penn,  as  a  particular  testimony  of  their  regard 
and  affection  for  the  Indians." 

After  the  Governor  had  delivered  his  speech,  Mr.  Croghan  spoke  in 
behalf  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  as  follows : 

"Sachems  and  Warriors  of  the  United  Nations:     You  see 


176  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

how  the  French,  the  enemies  of  mankind,  set  on  their  Children  to 
murder,  in  a  barbarous  manner,  your  Brethren  that  are  settled  on  the 
frontiers  of  this  and  the  neighboring  Provinces.  Brethren,  I  must  now 
desire  you,  in  the  name  of  the  Great  King  of  England,  your  Father  and 
my  Master,  that,  on  your  return  to  your  own  Country,  you  will  be  active, 
and  not  suffer  any  of  the  French  or  their  Children  to  pass  over  your  lands 
to  murder  your  Brethren,  and  that  you  will  let  Teedyuscung  and  his 
people  know.  I  expect  he  will  do  the  same.  Tell  them  it  is  not  nor  will 
not  be  their  interest  to  carry  on  this  War  against  their  Brethren,  the 
English.  Their  Father,  the  French  King,  makes  fools  of  them,  and  will, 
in  the  end,  make  slaves  of  them ;  but  you.  Brethren,  are  convinced  that 
the  English  have  always  treated  you  as  their  Brethren,  and  I  expect  a 
due  regard  and  performance  to  this  request  on  your  side." 

Gave  a  belt  of  Wampum. 

Little  Abraham  made  the  following  answer  to  the  Governor : 

"Brother  Oxas:  We  return  you  our  hearty  thanks  for  accepting  of 
our  advice  in  sending  for  the  Dela wares,  Shawanese,  and  Senecas,  and  we 
hope,  when  you  meet  them,  you  will  be  able  to  settle  all  differences  to 
your  satisfaction. 

"Brother  Oxas  :  We  likewise  return  you  our  hearty  thanks  for  your 
kind  invitation  to  us  to  settle  at  Genossa,  and  your  promise  to  supply 
those  that  will  stay,  or  come  and  settle  there,  with  Provisons  and  Goods. 
We  accept  of  the  invitation,  and  will  take  it  into  consideration  as  we  go 
home,  how  many  of  us  will  stay  there  or  come  back  from  our  Towns  to 
settle  there;  and  we  return  you  thanks  for  appointing  our  Brother, 
Thomas  McKee,  to  take  care  of  us,  as  he  is  a  person  very  agreeable 
to  us." 

He  then  spoke  to  Mr.  Croghan,  in  answer  to  Sir  William  Johnson's 
speech,  as  follows: 

"Brother  Wariaighiyagey:  We  have  all  oiven  attention  to  what 
you  have  said  to  us  by  Anaquarunda,  and  you  may  depend  upon  our 
being  on  the  active,  and  doing  every  thing  in  our  power  to  prevent  the 
French  or  their  Children  coming  to  murder  our  Brethren,  and  we  will 
recommend  it  strongly  to  Teedyuscung  and  his  people  to  do  the  same. 

"Brother:  We  must  desire  you  will  assist  our  Brother  Onas  in  set- 
tling the  differences  between  him  and  our  Nephews  and  Brothers,  the 
Delawares  and  Shawanese,  which  will  be  the  only  method  to  prevent 
these  cruel  murders  daily  committed  on  our  Brethren." 

After  the  Message  for  Teedyuscung  was  delivered  to  the  Messengers, 
the  Sachems  of  the  several  Tribes  made  the  following  speech: 

"Brother :  As  we  have  finished  the  business  for  this  time,  and  we 
design  to  part  to-morrow,  you  must  be  sensible  that  we  have  a  long 
journey  and  a  hilly  country  to  pass  over,  and  several  of  our  old  men 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  177 

very  weak,  we  hope  that  you  will  not  send  us  from  your  frontiers  with- 
out a  walking  Stick.^ 

In  answer  Mr.  Croghan  acquainted  them  that  the  good  people  of  thia 
Province  had  provided  some  kegs  for  them  on  the  frontiers,  which 
would  be  given  them  by  the  persons  employed  to  conduct  them  through 
the  settlements. 
Below  are  the 
^^Instructions  from  the  Honourable  WILLIAM  DENNY,  Esquire^  Lieu- 
tenant Governor  and  Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania and  three  Lower  Counties,  to  Mr.  Thoinas  McKee. 
"  You  are  to  conduct  such  of  the  Indians  as  return  by  the  way  of  the 
Sasquehannah,  as  far  as  Shamokin.  I  understand  there  are  several  spots 
of  land  near  Fort  Augusta,  already  cleared  and  fit  for  planting.  I  would 
have  you  purchase  a  proper  quantity  of  Indian  Corn,  and  see  that  it  be 
planted  as  soon  as  you  get  there.  I  leave  it  to  you  to  choose  a  proper 
place  for  the  Indians  to  settle  at ;  you  know  what  will  be  at  first  wanted, 
and  are  to  provide  it.  You  must  not  leave  them  till  they  be  commodi- 
ously  settled  to  their  satisfaction.  You  are  to  furnish  Carriages  and 
Provisions  for  them  in  their  Journey.  You  are  to  apply  to  Mr.  Croston, 
the  Contractor  for  supplying  the  Garrison  with  Provisions,  who  is  hereby 
ordered  to  furnish  Cattle  and  Flour  for  the  use  of  the  Indians,  not  only 
in  their  journey,  but  after  they  are  settled,  in  such  quantities  as  you  shall 
demand.  In  case  of  his  not  being  able  to  do  this  at  first,  you  are  to 
apply  to  Major  Burd,  who  is  desired  to  deliver  what  is  wanted  for  their 
imimediate  use,  till  the  other  Provisions  arrive  that  are  to  be  furnished 
by  the  Contractor.  You  are  so  well  acquainted  with  the  wants  of  In- 
dians, that  I  must  leave  the  whole  to  your  management,  in  which  I  must 
recommend  it  to  you  to  be  as  frugal  as  possible.  The  more  the  Indians 
hunt,  the  more  it  will  conduce  to  their  health.  When  their  demands  are 
reasonable,  and  for  things  absolutely  necessary,  they  are  to  be  granted, 
but  not  otherwise.  Much  depends  upon  their  first  setting  out;  if  their 
Conduct  be  orderly,  and  their  Expenses  light  and  easy,  the  better  the 
Province  can  continue  it,  and  others  be  encouraged  to  come  and  settle 
there;  but  if  they  be  too  much  indulged,  and  not  laid  under  the  Neces- 
sity of  hunting,  they  will  quarrel  with  one  another,  and  no  other  Indians 
join  them,  or  at  least  not  such  as  will  be  of  service  to  the  cause.  You 
are  to  draw  upon  the  Commissioners  for  such  sums  as  you  lay  out,  giving 
them  advice  of  your  draughts,  and  a  just  and  full  account  of  the  par- 
ticulars, for  which  the  Money  has  been  laid  out. 

"All  Officers,  civil  and  military,  are  enjoined  to  be  aiding  and  assist- 
ing to  you  and  the  friendly  Indians  under  your  care,  and  to  do  you  and 
them,  all  the  good  Offices  they  shall  stand  in  need  of;  particularly,  it  is 

1  Meaning  a  keg  of  Rum. 

13 


I'lQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

hereby  required  of  all  the  Officers  and  Soldiers  in  the  Garrison  at  Augusta, 
to  give  you  all  the  assistance  possible  in  the  Execution  of  these  Orders, 
and  to  be  of  good  behaviour  to  the  Indians,  as  they  are  on  all  occasions 
to  demean  themselves  towards  His  Majesty's  Subjects  with  the  utmost 
care  and  kindness. 

"  Given  under  my  Hand  and  Seal  at  Arms,  at  Lancaster,  this  Twenty- 
first  Day  of  May,  1757. 

"  William  Denny." 

The  conference  at  Lancaster  was  followed  by  another  held  in  July 
[1757]  at  Easton,  attended  by  Teedyuscung  and  about  300  Indians,  with 
the  result  that  hostilities  should  cease  and  the  Indians  take  up  the 
hatchet  against  the  French.  A  solemn  treaty  was  held  the  following 
year  at  Easton.  It  lasted  from  Oct.  7  to  Oct.  26, 1758,  and  was  attended 
on  the  part  of  the  English  by  the  Governors  of  Pennsylvania  and  New 
Jersey,  George  Croghan,  the  agent  of  Sir  William  Johnson,  six  members 
of  the  Governor's  Council,  six  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives, 
Commissioners  from  New  Jersey,  and  a  large  number  of  Magistrates  and 
citizens  from  Pennsylvania  and  the  neighboring  Provinces,  and  on  the 
part  of  the  Indians  by  representatives  of  the  Mohawks,  Oneidoes,  Onan- 
dagoes,  Senecas,  Tuscaroras,  Nanticokes  and  Conoys,  Tuteloes,  Chugnuts, 
Delawares  and  Unamies,  Minosinks,  Mohickons,  Wapings  or  Pumptons, 
and  others,  numbering  men,  women  and  children,  all  told  509.  In  con- 
sequence of  this  treaty  peace  and  friendship  were  restored  between  the 
English  and  the  Indians,  and  Thomas  King  at  the  final  meeting  in  behalf 
of  the  United  Nations  (now  eight  in  number)  said  "that  the  Nations  were 
vastly  pleased  that  all  the  ancient  treaties  made  there,  at  Albany,  and 
elsewhere  were  renewed,  as  well  as  that  the  old  Council  Fire  at  Phila- 
delphia was  kindled  again,  and  a  good  Road  made  to  it,  that  might  be 
travelled  without  danger;  these  in  particular,  as  well  as  every  other 
matter  transacted  at  these  conferences,  we  will  make  known  to  our  own 
Nations  and  to  every  other  in  Friendship  and  Alliance  with  us,  and  we 
are  sure  they  will  be  very  well  received." 

After  the  capture  of  Fort  Du  Quesne  by  General  Forbes,  on  Novem- 
ber 25,  it  was  garrisoned  by  450  men,  chiefly  Provincial  troops,  from 
Pennsylvania,  Maryland,  and  Virginia,  under  the  command  of  Colonel 
Mercer.i  The  remainder  of  the  army  was  marched  into  the  interior,  and 
quartered  at  Lancaster,  Reading,  and  Philadelphia.  There  being  no 
barracks  at  the  former  places,  the  soldiers  were  billetted  upon  the  in- 
habitants, who  complained  grievously  of  the  irregularity  of  the  men,  and 
the  caprice,  favour,  and  oppression  of  the  officers.  The  Assembly,  having 
remonstrated  in  vain  on  these  enormities,  finally  directed  barracks  to  be 
erected  at  Lancaster. 

1  Gordon.     Hazard's  Reg. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  179 

Mr.  Bailsman  was  appointed  Barrack-Master. 

The  following  statistics  of  Lancaster  county  in  1760  will  be  read  witli 
interest. 

436,346  acres  of  land;  5,635  Taxables;  £1.  2s.  Od,  each  taxed;  amount 
of  Tax,  £6178.  10s.  Od. 

In  August  1762,  Governor  Hamilton  held  a  Treaty  with  the  Indians 
at  Lancaster,  the  purport  of  which  appears  from  the  subjoined  Message 
of  the  Governor  to  the  Assembly  : 

A  Message  fro7n  the  Governor  to  the  Asseriibbj. 

"Gentlemen:  In  pursuance  of  sundry  Invitations  from  this  Govern- 
ment to  the  Indians  living  to  the  Westward,  on  and  near  the  Waters  of 
the  Ohio,  Deputies  from  several  of  those  Nations  (whom  we  have  not 
seen  since  the  Commencement  of  the  late  War)  met  me  at  Lancaster  on 
the  ninth  of  last  month,  where,  in  divers  Conferences  held  for  that  pur- 
pose, the  peace  and  Friendship,  which  formerly  subsisted  betwixt  us,  but 
which  of  late  had  unhappily  been  interrupted,  were  fully  renewed  and 
established. 

"A  very  considerable  number  also  of  the  Six  Nation  Indians,  from  the 
Northward,  and  others  residing  on  the  river  Susquehannah  and  its  Branches, 
attended  at  the  same  time  and  place,  who  likewise  renewed  with  us  the 
ancient  Chain  of  Friendship  which  had  so  long  subsisted  between  them 
and  his  Majesty's  Subjects.  And  I  have  the  pleasure  to  acquaint  you 
that,  as  a  Testimony  of  the  Sincerity  of  the  professions  both  of  the  West- 
ern and  Northern  Indians,  sundry  of  our  people  who  had  been  taken 
Captive  during  the  late  War,  have  already  been  delivered  up  to  me,  and 
solemn  Engagements  entered  into,  on  the  part  of  the  Indians,  to  restore,  in 
a  short  time,  all  such  others  as  still  remain  in  their  Towns  and  Countries. 

"For  further  particulars  I  refer  you  to  the  Copy  of  the  Treaty  here- 
with delivered  to  you. 

"James  Hamilton."* 

"  September  21st,  1762." 

Indian  hostilities  were  general  at  this  time  [1763]  and  marked  by  every 
species  of  cruelty;  fire,  the  tomahawk  and  the  scalping-knife  Avere  the 
instruments  of  the  savages.  Scalping  parties  traversed  the  land,  sur- 
prised the  people  at  night,  at  their  meals  or  in  the  fields,  put  them  to  the 
knife  and  set  fire  to  houses,  barns,  corn,  hay  and  to  whatever  was  com- 
bustible. Under  these  circumstances  it  need  not  occasion  surprise  that 
even  the  neutral  Indians,  remnants  of  the  Delaware  and  Six  Nation 
tribes  and  dwelling  among  the  whites,  for  whom  they  professed  attach- 
ment, became  objects  of  suspicion  and  hatred,  especially  when  the  neu- 
trality of  some  of  them,  at  least,  was  justly  suspected. 

The  settlers  at  Paxton,  goaded  to  desperation  by  repeated  murders 
perpetrated  by  Indians,  resolved  to  punish  the  murderers.    Scouts  brought 


X80  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

in  the  intelligence  tliat  they  had  been  traced  to  Conestogo,  the  settlement 
of  the  professed  friendly  Indians,  who  harbored  and,  it  was  believed,  en- 
couraged and  aided  the  hostile  Indians.  Thus  was  kindled  the  implacable 
hatred  of  the  Paxton  men  against  all  Indian  blood  and  against  the  Mo- 
ravians and  Quakers,  who  were  disposed  to  conciliate  and  protect  the 
Indians,  and  as  the  Paxton  men  thought,  frequently  at  the  expense  of  the 
lives  of  the  settlers. 

The  Conestoga  Indians  lived  at  Conestogo,  in  Manor  township ;  their 
extirpation  was  the  savage  design  of  the  Paxton  men,  more  particularly 
of  the  younger  and  more  hot-blooded  men  of  the  Eev.  Colonel  Elder's 
corps  of  Eangers,  led  by  Lazarus  Stewart,  a  daring  partisan  and  a  man 
of  considerable  influence  in  the  Paxton  settlement. 

On  the  morning  of  Wednesday,  December  14th,  a  number  of  armed 
men  attacked  the  village  of  Conestogo,  massacred  some  women  and 
children  and  a  few  old  men,  among  them  the  chief  Sheehays.  The  ma- 
jority of  the  Indians  were  abroad  at  the  time  of  the  attack.  The  magis- 
trates of  Lancaster  sent  for  the  survivors  and  placed  them  for  safe  keeping 
in  the  newly  erected  workhouse. 

Below  is  the  official  account  of  the  affair  communicated  to  the  Gov- 
ernor in  a  letter  from  Edward  Shippen,  Esq. : 

"Lancaster,  14th  December,  1763,  Evening. 

"Honoured  Sir:  One  Robert  Edgar,  a  hired  man  to  Captain  Thomas 
M'Kee,  living  near  the  Borough,  acquainted  me  to-day  that  a  Company 
of  People  from  the  Frontiers  had  killed  and  scalped  most  of  the  Indians 
at  the  Conestogoe  Town  early  this  morning;  he  said  he  had  his  informa- 
tion from  an  Indian  boy  who  made  his  escape ;  Mr.  Slough  has  been  to 
the  place  and  held  a  Coroner's  Inquest  on  the  Corpses,  being  six  in 
number ;  Bill  Sawk  and  some  other  Indians  were  gone  towards  Smith's 
Iron  "Works  to  sell  brooms;  but  where  they  are  now  we  can't  under- 
stand ;  and  the  Indians,  John  Smith,  and  Peggy,  his  wife,  and  their  child, 
and  young  Joe  Hays,  were  abroad  last  night  too,  and  lodged  at  one 
Peter  Swar's,  about  two  miles  from  hence;  these  last  came  here  this 
afternoon,  whom  we  acquainted  with  what  had  happened  to  their  Friends 
and  Relations,  and  advised  them  to  put  themselves  under  our  protection, 
which  they  readily  agreed  to ;  And  they  are  now  in  our  Work  House  by 
themselves,  where  they  are  well  provided  for  with  every  necessary. 
Warrants  are  issued  for  the  apprehending  of  the  murderers,  said  to  be 
upwards  of  fifty  men,  well  armed  and  mounted.  I  beg  my  kind  Com- 
plements to  Mr.  Richard  Penn,  and  I  am  with  with  all  due  regards, 
"  Sir,  Your  Honour's  Obliged 

"  Friend,  and  most  humble  Servant, 

"  Edw'd  Shippen." 

"  The  Honorable  John  Penn,  Esqr.,  Governor." 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  181 

At  the  same  meeting  of  the  council  in  Philadelphia,  Monday,  Decem- 
ber 19th,  the  Governor  laid  before  the  Board  the  following  letter  from 
the  Conestogo  Indians : 

"  To  the  Honorable    JOHN  PENN^  Esquire^  Lieutenant   Oovernor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania^  &c.,  &c. 

"Brother:  We  (the  Conestogoe  Indians)  take  the  present  oppor-' 
tunity,  by  Capt.  Montour,  to  welcome  you  into  this  Country  by  this 
String  of  Wampum,  and  as  we  were  settled  at  this  place  by  an  Agree- 
ment of  Peace  and  Amity  established  between  your  Grandfathers  and  ours, 
we  now  promise  ourselves  your  favour  and  protection,  and  as  we  have 
always  lived  in  peace  and  quietness  with  our  brethren  and  neighbours 
round  us  during  the  last  and  present  Indian  wars,  we  hope  now,  as  we 
are  deprived  from  supporting  our  families  by  hunting,  as  we  formerly 
did,  you  will  consider  our  distressed  situation,  and  grant  our  women  and 
children  some  cloathing  to  cover  them  this  winter.  The  Government 
has  always  been  kind  enough  to  allow  us  some  provisions,  and  did  for- 
merly appoint  people  to  take  care  of  us,  but  as  there  is  no  person  to 
take  that  upon  him,  and  some  of  our  Neighbours  have  encroach'd  upon 
the  Tract  of  Land  reserved  here  for  our  use,  We  would  now  beg  our 
Brother  the  Governor  to  appoint  our  Friend  Captain  Thomas  M'Kee, 
who  lives  near  us  and  understands  our  Language,  to  take  care  and  see 

Justice  done  us. 

"  SoHAYS,  y^  his  Mark. 

"Indian,  ^^  his  Mark. 

or  Cuyanguerrycoea, 

his 
"  Saguyasotha,  IxI  or  John." 
Mark. 
"Conestogoe,  Nov.  30th,  1763." 

Upon  receiving  intelligence  of  the  outrage  committed  at  Conestogo, 
the  Governor,  on  December  19th  issued  the  following  proclamation. 

By  the  Honourable  John  Penn,  Esquire,  Lieutenant  Governor  and 
Commander-in-Chief  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  Counties  of 
New  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  upon  Delaware. 

''A  PROCLAMATION. 
"Whereas,  I  have  received  information,  that  on  Wednesday  the 
fourteenth  day  of  this  month,  a  number  of  People,  armed  and  mounted 
on  Horseback,  unlawfally  assembled  together  and  went  to  the  Indian 
Town  in  the  Conestogoe  Manor,  in  Lancaster  County,  and  without  the 
least  Reason  or  Provocation,  in  cool  blood  barbarously  killed  Six  of  the 
Indians  settled  there,  and  burnt  and  destroyed  all  their  Houses  and  Ef- 
fects. And  ivhereas^  so  cruel  and  inhuman  an  Act  committed  in  the 
Heart  of  this  Province,  on  the  said  Indians,  who  have  lived  peaceably 


182  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

and  inoffensively  among  us  during  all  our  late  Troubles,  and  for  many- 
years  before,  and  were  justly  considered  as  under  tbe  protection  of  this 
Government  and  its  Laws,  calls  loudly  for  the  vigorous  Exertion  of  the 
civil  Authority  to  detect  the  Offenders  and  bring  to  condign  Punishment, 
I  have  therefore,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Council, 
thought  fit  to  issue  this  Proclamation,  and  do  strictly  charge  and  enjoin 
all  Judges,  Justices,  Sheriffs,  Constables,  Officers,  Civil  and  Military,  and 
all  other  his  Majesty's  liege  Subjects  within  this  Province,  to  make  dili- 
gent Search  and  Enquiry  after  the  Authors  and  Perpetrators  of  the  said 
Crime,  their  Abettors  and  Accomplices,  and  to  use  all  possible  means  to 
apprehend  and  secure  them  in  some  of  the  Public  Gaols  of  this  Province, 
that  they  may  be  brought  to  their  Tryals,  and  be  proceeded  against 
according  to  Law. 

^^And  whereas^  a  number  of  Indians  who  lately  lived  on  or  near  the 
Prontiers  of  this  Province,  being  willing  and  desirous  to  preserve  and 
continue  the  ancient  Friendship  which  heretofore  subsisted  between  them 
and  the  good  People  of  this  Province,  have,  at  their  earnest  request,  been 
removed  from  their  Habitations  and  brought  into  the  County  of  Phila- 
delphia, and  seated  for  the  present,  for  their  better  Security,  on  the 
Province  Island  and  in  other  places  in  the  neighborhood  of  the  City  of 
Philadelphia,  where  Provision  is  made  for  them  at  the  Publick  Expence. 
I  do  therefore  hereby  strictly  forbid  all  Persons  whatsoever,  to  molest 
or  injure  any  of  the  said  Indians,  as  they  will  answer  the  Contrary  at 
their  Peril. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  the  Great  Seal  of  the  said  Province,  at  Phil- 
adelphia, the  twenty-second  day  of  December,  Anno  Domini,  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  sixty-three,  And  iu  the  Fourth  Year  of  His 
Majesty's  Eeign. 

"John  Penn." 
"By  His  Honour's  Command. 

"Joseph  Shippen,  Junr.,  Secretarj^ 
"God  save  the  King." 

The  proclamation  proved  waste  paper,  for  the  Paxton  men  assembled 
in  greater  numbers,  and  breathing  slaughter  and  vengeance,  drew  near 
Lancaster  on  the  evening  of  December  26th,  and  on  the  following  morn- 
ing, Avhen  the  whole  community  was  engaged  in  the  solemnities  of  the 
sanctuary,  suddenly  galloped  into  town,  "seized  the  keeper  of  the  Work 
House,  overpowered  him,  rushed  into  the  prison  and  speedily  accomplished 
the  Avork  of  death ;  the  poor  Indians,  to  the  number  of  fourteen,  were 
butchered  in  cold  blood,  and  the  Paxton  men,  elated  at  their  success,  left 
the  town  in  the  same  haste  with  which  they  had  entered  it."  Gordon  says 
that  "  it  is  not  i)ossible  to  exculpate  the  magistrates  of  the  town  from 
the  charge  of  criminal  negligence,  since  it  was  in  their  power  to  have 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  183 

prevented  this  assassination,  or  to  have  arrested  the  perpetrators.  Captain 
Robinson,  with  a  company  of  highlanders,  on  their  way  from  Pittsburg, 
being  then  at  Lancaster,  put  himself  in  the  way  to  receive  the  com- 
mands of  the  civil  authority,  which  made  no  efibrt  to  use  the  force  thus 
offered  it." 

The  foregoing  account,  we  believe,  is  substantially  accurate,  but  in 
order  that  the  reader  may  be  enabled  to  form  an  independent  opinion,  we 
subjoin  the  documentary  evidence. 

Postscript  to  a  letter  from  John  Hay,  Esqr.,  Sheriff  of  Lancaster  County , 
to  the  Governor: 

"  December  27th,  1763,  P.  M. 

"Honoured  Sir:  Since  writing  the  above,  the  poor  Indians  whom  we 
imagined  were  placed  in  safety  are  destroyed.  A  number  of  Persons  to 
the  amount  (by  their  appearance),  of  fifty  or  sixty,  armed  with  Eifies, 
Tomahawks,  &c.,  suddenly,  about  two  o'clock,  rushed  into  the  Town  and 
immediately  repaired  to  the  Work  House  where  the  Indians  were  con- 
fined, and  notwithstanding  all  opposition  of  myself  and  the  Coroner,  with 
many  others,  broke  open  the  Work  House,  and  have  killed  all  the  Indi- 
ans there,  being  the  fourteen  mentioned  in  the  List  to  have  survived  the 
former  affair  at  their  Town.  After  which  they  in  a  body  left  the  Town 
without  offering  any  insults  to  the  inhabitants,  and  without  putting  it  in 
the  power  of  any  one  to  take  or  molest  any  of  them  without  danger  of  life 
to  the  Person  attempting  it ;  of  which  both  myself  and  the  Coroner  by 
our  opposition  were  in  great  danger. 

"I  have  since  the  above  affair  taken  from  Messrs.  Miller  &  Beatty  the 
above  mentioned  Papers  and  Belts  of  Wampum,  which  I  shall  keep  till 
I  have  orders  from  your  Honour,  and  any  thing  further  that  I  can  find 
belonging  to  the  Indians,  shall  be  properly  taken  care  of. 

"  As  it  is  rumored  that  the  people  with  a  superior  force  intend  an  attack 
on  the  Province  Island,  with  a  view  to  destroy  the  Indians  there,  I  think 
proper  to  mention  it  to  your  Honour,  and  shall  do  all  in  my  power  not 
only  to  apprehend  the  offenders  but  to  preserve  the  Peace  of  the  County. 

"I  beg  your  Honours  directions,  which  I  shall  endeavour  ])unctually 
to  observe,  being 

"Your  Honours  Most  Obed't  Humble  Serv't, 

"John  Hay. 

"  To  the  Hou'ble  JOHN  PENN,  Esqr.,  Governor  of  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania,  &;c." 
•List  of  the  Indians  killed  at  the  Indian  Town  in  Conestogoe  Manor: 

Their  Indian  Names: 

Sheehays,  Sheehays, 

George,  Wa-a-shen, 

Harry,  Tee-Kau-ley, 


184  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

A  son  of  Sbeehays,  Ess-canesh, 

Sally,  an  Old  Woman,  Tea-wonsha-i-ong, 

A  Woman,  Kannenquas. 

List  of  the  Indians  belonging  to  the  Conestogoe  Town  in  the  Work 
House  at  Lancaster: 

Captain  John,  Kyunqueagoah, 

Betty,  his  Wife  Koweenasee, 

Bill  Sack  Tenseedaagua, 

Molly,  his  Wife  Kanianguas, 

John  Smith  Sasquies-hat-tah, 

Peggy,  his  Wife  Chee-na-wan, 

Little  John,  Capt.  John's  Son  Quaachow, 

Jacob,  a  Boy  Shae-e-kah, 

Young  Sheehays,  a  Boy  Ex-undas, 

Chrisly,  a  Boy  Tong-quas, 

Little  Peter,  a  Boy  Hy-ye-naes, 

Molly,  a  little  Girl  Ko-qoa-e-un-quas, 

A  Little  Girl,  Karen -do-uah, 

Peggy,  a  little  Girl  Caun-kie-sung. 

The  names  taken  from  Peggy,  Wife  of  John  Smith  )  pme. 

and  Betty,  Wife  of  Captain  John.  j     John  Hay. 

Lancaster,  27th  December,  1763. 

Letter  from  Edward  Shippen,  Esqr.,  to  the  Governor: 

"Lancaster,  27th  December,  1763,  P.  M. 
''Honoured  Sir:  I  am  to  acquaint  your  Honour  that  between  two 
and  three  of  the  clock  this  afternoon,  upwards  of  a  hundred  armed  men, 
r^^c!  1^"'^^^''^^^'  ^^^^  ^^^y  fast  into  Town,  turned  their  horses  into 
Mr.  Sloughs  (an  Lm-keeper)  yard,  and  proceeded  with  the  greatest  pre- 
cipitation to  the  Work  House,  stove  open  the  door  and  killed  all  the 
Indians,  and  then  took  to  their  horses  and  rode  off,  all  their  business  was 
done  and  they  were  returning  to  their  horses  before  I  could  get  half 
way  down  to  the  Work  House;  the  Sheriff  and  Coroner,  however,  and 
several  others,  got  down  as  soon  as  the  rioters,  but  could  not  prevail 
with  them  to  stop  their  hands;  some  people  say  they  heard  them  declare 
they  would  proceed   to  the  Province  Island,  and  destroy  the  Indiaxis 

"I  am  with  great  Eespect,  Sir, 

"Your  Honour's  most  Obedient  humble  Servant, 

'<Tu«iT  11    T       ^  "Edw'd  Shippen."" 

1  he  Honorable  Jno.  Penn,  Esqr.,  Gov'r." 

Statement  of  William  Henry,  Esqr,  of  Lancaster. 
"There  are  few,  if  any  murders  to  be  compared  with  the  cruel  murder 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  185 

oommitted  on  the  Conestogo  Indians  in  the  jail  of  Lancaster,  in  1763, 
by  the  Paxton  boys,  as  they  were  then  called.  From  fifteen  to  twenty 
Indians,  as  report  stated,  were  placed  there  for  protection.  A  regiment 
of  Highlanders  were  at  that  time  quartered  at  the  barracks  in  the  town, 
and  yet  these  murderers  were  permitted  to  break  open  the  doors  of  the 
city  jail  and  committed  the  horrid  deed.  The  first  notice  I  had  of  this 
afl'air  was,  that  while  at  my  father's  store,  near  the  court  house,  I  saw  a 
number  of  people  running  down  street  towards  the  jail,  which  enticed 
me  and  other  lads  to  follow  them.  At  about  six  or  eight  yards  from  the 
jail,  we  met  from  twenty-five  to  thirty  men,  well  mounted  on  horses, 
and  with  rifles,  tomahawks,  and  scalping  knives,  equipped  for  murder. 
I  ran  into  the  prison  yard,  and  there,  oh  what  a  horrid  sight  presented 
itself  to  my  view !  Near  the  back  door  of  the  prison  lay  an  old  Indian 
and  his  squaw,  particularly  well  known  and  esteemed  by  the  people  of 
the  town  on  account  of  his  placid  and  friendly  conduct.  His  name  was 
Will  Soc;  across  him  and  squaw  lay  two  children,  of  about  the  age  of 
three  years,  whose  heads  were  split  with  the  tomahawk,  and  their  scalps 
taken  off.  Towards  the  middle  of  the  jail  yard,  along  the  west  side  of 
the  wall,  lay  a  stout  Indian,  whom  I  particularly  noticed  to  have  been 
shot  in  his  breast;  his  legs  were  chopped  with  the  tomahawk,  his  hands 
cut  off,  and  finally  a  rifle  ball  discharged  in  his  mouth,  so  that  his  head 
was  blown  to  atoms,  and  the  brains  were  splashed  against  and  yet  hang- 
ing to  the  wall,  for  three  or  four  feet  around.  This  man's  hands  and 
feet  had  also  been  chopped  off  with  a  tomahawk.  In  this  manner  lay 
the  whole  of  them,  men,  women  and  children  spread  about  the  prison 
yard ;  shot,  scalped,  hacked  and  cut  to  pieces." 

Extract  from  an  authentic  publication^  printed  at  the  time  in  Philadel- 
phia, entitled,  ''A  NARRATIVE  of  the  late  massacres  in  LANCASTER 
COUNTY,  of  a  number  of  Indians,  friends  of  THIS  PRO  VINCE;'  etc. 

"  The  Magistrates  of  Lancaster  sent  out  to  collect  the  remaining  Indi- 
ans, brought  them  into  the  town,  for  their  better  security  against  any 
further  attempt;  and,  it  is  said,  condoled  with  them  on  the  misfortune 
that  had  happened,  took  them  by  the  hand,  and  promised  them  'protection. 

"  They  were  put  into  the  Work  House,  a  strong  building,  as  the  place 
of  greatest  safety. 

"These  cruel  men  again  assembled  themselves,  and  hearing  that  the 
remaining  fourteen  hidians  were  in  the  work  house  at  Lancaster,  they 
suddenly  appeared  before  that  town  on  the  twenty-seventh  of  December. 
Fifty  of  them,  armed  as  before,  dismounting,  went  directly  to  the  Work 
House,  and  by  violence  broke  open  the  door  and  entered  with  the  utmost 
fury  in  their  countenances.  When  the  poor  wretches  saw  they  had  no 
protection  nigh,  nor  could  possibly  escape,  and  being  without  the  least 
weapon  of  defence,  they  divided  their  little  families,  the  children  cling- 


186  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ing  to  their  parents ;  they  fell  on  their  faces,  protested  their  innocence, 
declared  their  love  to  the  English^  and  that  in  their  whole  lives,  they  had 
never  done  them  injury ;  and  in  this  posture  they  all  received  the  hatchet ! 
Men,  women  and  children  were  every  one  inhumanly  murdered  in  cold 
blood! 

"  The  barbarous  men  who  committed  the  atrocious  fact,  in  defiance  of 
government,  of  all  laws  human  and  divine,  and  to  the  eternal  disgrace  of 
their  country  and  color,  then  mounted  their  horses,  huzzaed  in  triumph, 
as  if  they  had  gained  a  victory,  and  rode  off  unmolested ! 

"  The  bodies  of  the  murdered  were  then  brought  out  and  exposed  in 
the  street,  till  a  hole  could  be  made  in  the  earth  to  receive  and  cover  them. 
But  the  wickedness  cannot  be  covered,  and  the  guilt  will  lie  on  the  whole 
land  till  justice  is  done  on  the  murderers.  The  blood  of  the  innocent  will 
cry  to  heaven  for  vengeance^ 

Statement  in  the  Lancaster  Journal,  seeking  to  exculpate  the  magis- 
trates and  to  account  for  the  unwillingness  of  the  military  to  interfere. 

"Mr.  Eeynolds,  the  writer  of  the  above  had  been  informed  by  some 
of  the  aged  and  respectable  inhabitants  of  Lancaster,  that  the  outrage 
had  been  perpetrated  upon  Sunday ;  what  gave  rise  to  this  opinion,  was 
the  circumstance  of  the  magistrates  being  in  church  when  the  alarm  was 
given.  The  25th  of  December  1763,  (Christmas  day)  was  Sunday,  but 
at  that  period  owing  principally  to  the  disturbed  state  of  the  Province 
the  Churches  were  frequently  open  for  worship  on  other  days  of  the 
week.  Tuesday  the  27th  of  December,  1763,  while  the  Eev.  Mr.  Barton 
was  ofl&ciating  in  the  Episcopal  Church,  the  doors  were  thrown  open 
with  violence,  and  several  voices  were  heard  exclaiming,  'Paxton  Boys,' 
'Murder,'  'the  prison  is  attacked,'  'They  are  murdering  the  Indians,' 
&c.,  &c.  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  then  Chief  Magistrate  of  the  Borough, 
immediately  left  the  church,  and  hastened  to  the  quarters  of  Captain 
Eobinson,  and  besought  him  to  hasten  to  the  rescue  of  the  Indians,  but 
that  officer  replied,  "D— n  them  I  would  not  care  if  the  whole  race  were 
slain,  for  my  company  has  suffered  enough  by  them  already.  I  will  not 
stir  one  step.' 

"The  magistrates  of  Lancaster  did  all  that  lay  in  their  power,  both  to 
prevent  the  murder  and  to  apprehend  the  rioters.  By  a  reference  to 
Loskiel's  Indian  Missions,  page  216,  it  appears,  that  on  November  the 
eleventh,  when  the  Indians  who  were  sent  to  Philadelphia  to  be  lodged 
in  the  Barracks,  by  the  positive  command  of  the  Governor,  that  the 
soldiers  refused  to  admit  them. 

"  On  page  220  it  is  further  stated,  that  the  Indians  were  ordered  to  New 
York  for  safety,  and  when  they  had  left  Philadelphia,  that  they  met  with 
Captain  Robertson  and  seventy  Highlanders,  who  were  ordered  to  escort 
them ;  that  these  soldiers  behaved  very  wild  and  unfriendly. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  187 

"  On  page  222  it  is  stated  that  Captain  Robertson's  company  was  now 
relieved  by  one  hundred  and  seventy  men  from  Gen.  Gage's  army,  com- 
manded by  Captain  Schlosser.  '  These  soldiers  had  suffered  much  from 
the  savages  near  Lake  Erie,  which  rendered  them  averse  to  the  Indians.' 

"These  facts  will  show  clearly  that  the  military  authority  was  unwil- 
ling to  attempt  the  avengeance  of  the  Paxton  Boys. 

"It  is  a  little  remarkable  that  three  of  the  persons  who  were  most 
deeply  concerned  in  the  murder  of  the  Indians  at  Lancaster,  William 
Hays,  the  Sheriff,  and  two  persons  of  the  name  of  Smith  and  Howard, 
met  with  an  untimely  fate;  Hays  was  killed  in  a  Saw  Mill,  Smith  drown- 
ed himself,  and  Howard  fell  on  a  knife,  which  he  had  in  his  hand,  by 
accident,  which  caused  his  death. 

"  Wm.  Hays,  jr.  the  son  of  the  Sheriff,  and  Donnelly  the  jailor,  were 
also  suspected  of  being  in  the  plot. 

"  The  Paxton  Boys,  after  the  commission  of  the  murder,  gave  three 
cheers,  and  said  'We  have  presented  the  citizens  of  Lancaster  with  a 
Christmas  Box,  and  we  shall  present  the  Philadelphians  with  a  New 
Year's  Gift.'" 

Narrative  of  Smith,  one  of  the  Paxton  Boys. 

"  I  was  an  early  settler  in  Paxton,  a  member  of  the  Congregation  of 
the  Rev.  Mr.  Elder.  I  was  one  of  the  chief  actors  in  the  destruction  of 
Conestogo  and  in  storming  the  Work  House  at  Lancaster.  I  have  been 
stigmatized  as  a  murderer.  No  man,  unless  he  were  living  at  that  time 
in  Paxton,  could  have  an  idea  of  the  sufferings  and  anxieties  of  the 
people.  For  years  the  Indians  had  been  on  the  most  friendly  terms ; 
but  some  of  the  traders  were  bought  by  the  French ;  these  corrupted  the 
Indians.  The  savages  unexpectedly  destroyed  our  dwellings  and  mur- 
dered the  unsuspicious.  When  we  visited  the  wigwams  in  the  neighbor- 
hood, we  found  the  Indians  occupied  in  harmless  sports  or  domestic  work. 
There  appeared  no  evidence  that  they  were  an}^  way  instrumental  in  the 
bloody  acts  perpetrated  on  the  frontiers. 

"  Well  do  I  remember  the  evening  when stopped  at  my  door, 

judge  my  surprise  when  I  heard  his  tale:  'Tom  followed  the  Indians  to 
the  Big  Island ;  from  thence  they  went  to  Conestogo ;  as  soon  as  we  heard 

it,  five  of  us, , , , , ,  rode  off  for  the  village.     I  left 

my  horse  under  their  care,  and  cautiously  crawled  where  I  could  get  a 
view ;  I  saw  Indians  armed ;  they  were  strangers ;  they  outnumbered  us 
by  dozens.     I  returned  without  being  discovered ;    we  meet  to-night  at 

;  we  shall  expect  you  with  gun,  knife  and*  ammunition.'     We  met, 

and  our  party,  under  the  cover  of  the  night,  rode  off  for  Conestogo.  Our 
plan  was  well  laid;  the  scout,  who  had  traced  the  Indians,  was  with  us; 
the  village  was  stormed  and  reduced  to  ashes.  The  moment  we  were 
perceived,  an  Indian  fired  at  us  and  rushed  forward,  brandishing  his 


Igg  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

tomahawk.     Tom  cried,  '  mark  him,'  and  he  fell  by  more  than  one  ball ; 

ran  up  and  cried  out,  '  it  is  the  villain  who  murdered  my  mother.' 

This  speech  roused  to  vengeance  and  Conestogo  lay  harmless  before  us. 
Our  worst  fears  had  been  realized ;  these  Indians,  who  had  been  housed 
and  fed  as  the  pets  of  the  Province,  were  now  proved  to  be  our  secret 
Ibes;  necessity  compelled  us  to  do  as  we  did. 

"We  mounted  our  horses  and  returned.     Soon  we  were  informed  that 

a  number  of  Indians  were  at  the  Work  House  at  Lancaster.     was 

sent  to  Lancaster  to  get  all  the  news  he  could.  He  reported  that  one  of 
the  Indians  concerned  in  recent  murders  was  there  in  safety.  Also,  that 
they  talked  of  rebuilding  Conestogo,  and  placing  these  Indians  in  the 
new  buildings. 

"A  few  of  us  met  to  deliberate;  Stewart  proposed  to  go  to  Lancaster, 
storm  their  castle^  and  carry  off  the  assassin.  It  was  agreed  to ;  the  whole 
plan  was  arranged.  Our  clergyman  did  not  approve  of  our  proceeding 
further.  He  thought  everything  was  accomplished  by  the  destruction  of 
Conestogo,  and  advised  us  to  try  what  we  could  do  with  the  Governor  and 
Council.  I  with  the  rest  was  opposed  to  the  measure  proposed  by  our 
good  pastor.  It  was  painful  to  us  to  act  in  opposition  to  his  will,  but 
the  Indian  in  Lancaster  was  known  to  have  murdered  the  parents  of 
,  one  of  our  party. 

"The  plan  was  made.  Three  were  chosen  to  break  in  the  doors,  five  to 
keep  the  keepers,  etc.,  from  meddling,  Capt.  Stewart  to  remain  outside 
with  about  twelve  men,  to  protect  those  within,  to  prevent  surprise,  and 
keep  charge  of  the  horses.  The  three  were  to  secure  the  Indian,  tie  him 
with  strong  cords  and  deliver  him  to  Stewart.  If  the  three  were  resisted, 
a  shot  was  to  be  fired  as  a  signal.  I  was  one  of  them  who  entered ;  you 
know  the  rest ;  we  fired ;  the  Indians  were  left  without  life,  and  we  rode 
hastily  from  Lancaster.  Two  of  the  Indians  killed  in  Lancaster  were 
recognized  as  murderers. 

"This  gave  quiet  to  the  frontiers,  for  no  murder  of  our  defenceless 
inhabitants  has  since  happened." 

The  foregoing  account  was  communicated  by  a  father  to  his  son,  in 
Carlisle,  and  by  the  latter  to  Eedmond  Conyngham. 

The  Eev.  Mr.  Elder  mentioned  in  the  preceding  statement  was  a  Pres- 
byterian minister  and  held  the  commission  of  a  Colonel.  In  a  letter  on 
this  subject  addressed  by  him  to  Governor  Penn,  dated  January  27, 1764, 
occurs  this  passage: 

"  The  storm  which  has  been  so  long  gathering,  has  at  length  exploded. 
Had  government  removed  the  Indians  from  Conestogo,  which  had 
been  frequently  urged  without  success,  this  painful  catastrophe  might 
have  been  avoided.  AVhat  could  I  do  with  men  heated  to  madness? 
All  that  I  could  do,  was  done;  I  expostulated;  but  life  and  reason  were 


OF    LANCASTER    COtTNTY.  189 

set  at  defiance,  and  yet  the  men  in  private  life  are  virtuous,  and  respect- 
able ;  not  cruel,  but  mild  and  merciful.  The  time  will  arrive  when  each 
palliating  circumstance  will  be  calmly  weighed.  This  deed,  magnified 
into  the  blackest  of  crimes,  shall  be  considered  as  one  of  those  youthful 
ebullitions  of  wrath  caused  by  momentary  excitement,  to  which  human 
infirmity  is  subjected." 

A  calm  survey  of  all  the  facts  of  the  case,  as  far  as  known,  compels  us 
to  reach  a  different  conclusion.  The  twenty  or  thirty  men  engaged  in 
the  bloody  transactions  at  Conestogo  and  Lancaster,  were  lawless  men, 
and  their  lawless  conduct  cannot  be  justified  any  more  than  their  indis- 
criminate slaughter  of  suspected  murderers  and  helpless  old  men,  women 
and  innocent  children.  The  transactions  referred  to  are  foul  blots  on 
the  page  of  our  provincial  history. 

It  should  be  stated  that  the  Eev.  Mr.  Elder,  in  a  letter  to  Col.  Burd, 
asserts  that  the  Paxton  Boj^s  did  not  cut  the  bodies  of  the  Indians  to 
pieces,  adding,  "the  inference  is  plain,  that  the  bodies  were  thus  mangleil 
after  death  by  certain  persons  to  excite  a  feeling  against  the  Paxton 
Boys.  This  fact,  Stewart  says  he  can  and  will  establish  in  a  fair  trial  at 
Lancaster,  York  and  Carlisle." 

There  is  no  doubt  that  Stewart  imposed  upon  the  amiable  Mr.  Elder, 
to  w^hose  command  of  Eangers  he  and  the  other  persons  concerned  in 
the  Lancaster  murders  belonged;  but  it  is  difiicult  to  believe  Stewart  whose 
record  by  no  means  redounds  to  his  credit.  He  was  emphatically  a  man 
of  violence  and  lawlessness;  he  joined  the  Connecticut  men,  was  a  prom- 
inent actor  in  the  civil  wars  of  Wyoming  and  slain  there,  during  the 
Eevolution,  in  the  disastrous  battle  of  July  3, 1778. 

The  bodies  of  the  murdered  Indians  were  collected  and  buried  in  oiw 
grave,  at  the  corner  of  Chestnut  and  Duke  streets,  in  Lancaster.  Peter 
Maurer  told  I.  Daniel  Rupp  that  he  sau-  them  buried  in  the  same  place, 
where  the  workmen,  engaged  in  making  excavations  for  the  Railroad, 
dug  them  up  in  May  1833.^ 

When  the  news  of  the  second  Indian  massacre  reached  the  Governor, 
he  issued  another  proclamation,  as  inefficacious  in  its  results  as  the  former, 
in  these  words: 
''By  the   Honourable  JOHK  PEN K^  Esquire,  Lieutenant   Governor  and 

Comraander-in- Chief  of  the  Province  of  Peimsylvania,  and  Counties  of 

Newcasth,  Kent,  and  Sussex,  on  Delaware. 

"A  PROCLAMATION: 

"  Whereas,  on  the  twenty-second  day  of  December  last,  I  issued  a  Proc- 
lamation for  the  apprehending  and  bringing  to  Justice  a  number  of  Persona 
who,  in  violation  of  the  Public  Faith,  and  in  defiance  of  all  Law,  had 
1  Rupp's  History  of  Lancaster  County,  p.  360. 


1QQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

inhumanly  killed  Six  of  the  Indians  who  had  lived  on  Conestogoe  Manor 
for  the  Course  of  many  Years,  peaceably  and  inoffensively,  under  the 
Protection  of  this  Government,  on  Lands  assigned  to  them  for  their 
Habitation.  Notwithstanding  which,  I  have  received  Information  that 
on  the  Twenty-seventh  of  the  same  month,  a  large  party  of  armed  men 
again  assembled  and  met  together  in  a  riotous  and  tumultuous  manner,  in 
the  County  of  Lancaster  and  proceeded  to  the  Town  of  Lancaster,  where 
they  violently  broke  open  the  Work  House,  and  butchered  and  put  to 
death  fourteen  of  the  said  Conestogoe  Indians,  Men,  Women,  and  Children, 
who  had  been  taken  under  the  immediate  Care  and  Protection  of  the 
Magistrates  of  the  said  County,  and  lodged  for  their  better  Security  in  the 
said  Work  House,  till  they  should  be  more  effectually  provided  for  by 
order  of  the  Government :  And  tvhereas,  common  Justice  loudly  demands, 
and  the  Laws  of  the  Land,  (upon  the  preservation  of  which  not  only  the 
Liberty  and  Security  of  every  Individual,  but  the  being  of  the  Govern-, 
ment  itself  depend),  require  that  the  above  offenders  should  be  brought 
to  condign  Punishment ;  I  have,  therefore,  by  and  with  the  advice  of  the 
Council,  published  this  Proclamation,  and  do  hereby  strictly  charge  and 
command  all  Judges,  Justices,  Sheriffs,  Constables,  Officers  Civil  and  Mili- 
tary, and  all  other  his  Majesty's  faithful  and  liege  Subjects  within  this 
Province,  to  make  diligent  Search  and  enquiry  after  the  Authors  and  Per- 
petrators of  the  said  last  mentioned  offence,  their  Abettors  and  Accom- 
plices ;  and  that  they  use  all  possible  means  to  apprehend  and  secure  them 
in  some  of  the  public  Gaols  of  this  Province,  to  be  dealt  with  according 
to  Law.  And  I  do  hereby  further  promise  and  engage,  that  any  Person 
or  Persons  who  shall  apprehend  and  secure,  or  cause  to  be  apprehended 
and  secured,  any  three  of  the  Ringleaders  of  the  said  party,  and  prose- 
cute them  to  conviction,  shall  have  and  receive  for  each  the  publick  reward 
of  Two  Hundred  Pounds;  and  any  Accomplice,  not  concerned  in  the 
immediate  shedding  the  Blood  of  the  said  Indians,  who  shall  make  dis- 
covery of  any  or  either  of  the  said  Ringleaders  and  apprehend  and  prose- 
cute them  to  conviction,  shall,  over  and  above  the  said  reward,  have  all 
the  weight  and  influence  of  the  government,  for  obtaining  his  Majesty's 
pardon  for  his  offence. 

"  Given  under  my  hand  and  the  great  seal  of  the  province,  at  Philadel- 
phia, January  2,  in  the  4th  year  of  his  Majesty's  reign,  A.  D.  1764. 

"John  Penn." 
"By  his  command. 

"Joseph  Shippen,  Jr.,  Sec'y. 
"  God  save  the  King." 

With  a  view  to  prevent  the  repetition  of  similar  outrages,  the  Mora- 
vian Indians  were  removed  to  Province  Island,  near  Philadelphia.  The 
insurgents  threatened  to  march  down  to  destroy  them  also ;  the  Assem- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  191 

bly  resolved  to  resist  them,  and  the  Indians,  frightened  at  the  fury  of 
their  enemies,  petitioned  the  Legislature  to  send  them,  a  hundred  and 
forty  in  number,  with  their  two  ministers,  to  England.^ 

But  this  being  impracticable,  the  Governer  furnished  them  an  escort, 
to  proceed  through  New  Jersey  and  New  York,  to  sir  William  Johnson, 
■under  whose  protection  they  were  desirous  to  place  themselves.  Wil- 
liam Franklin,  then  Governor  of  New  Jersey,  granted  them  a  passport; 
but  Governor  Golden  of  New  York,  by  advice  of  his  council,  refused  to 
admit  them  within  his  province.  The  council  of  New  York  were  offended 
by  governor  Penn  sending  so  large  a  body  of  Indians  into  their  colony 
without  their  consent ;  and  professed  themselves  more  disposed  to  punish 
than  to  protect  the  Indians  from  the  east  side  of  the  Susquehannah, 
whom  they  considered  as  their  worst  enemies,  composed  of  the  rogues, 
thieves,  and  runaways,  from  other  Indian  nations.  They  also  condemn- 
ed the  policy  which  returned  these  men  to  strengthen  their  nation.  The 
progress  of  the  Indians  being  thus  obstructed.  General  Gage,  who  had 
succeeded  General  Amherst  in  the  chief  command  of  the  English  forces 
in  America,  directed  two  companies  of  the  royal  Americans  to  re-escort 
them  to  Philadelphia,  where  they  were  secured  in  the  barracks.  Their 
return,  however,  reanimated  the  ire  of  their  enemies  in  Lancaster,  who, 
assembling  in  large  numbers,  marched  for  the  city.^  The  force  of  the 
insurgents  was  very  considerable;  since  six  companies  of  foot,  one  of 
artillery,  and  two  troops  of  horse,  were  formed  to  oppose  them ;  and 
some  thousands  of  the  inhabitants,  (including  many  Quakers)  who  did  not 
appear,  were  prepared  to  render  assistance,  in  case  an  attempt  should  be 
made  upon  the  town.  The  barracks,  also,  where  the  Indians  were  lodged, 
under  the  protection  of  the  regular  troops,  were  fortified ;  several  works 
being  thrown  up  about  them,  and  eight  pieces  of  cannon  mounted.  But 
the  Governor  would  not  venture  to  command  his  forces  to  attack  the 
insurgents,  until  he  obtained  indemnity  for  himself  and  them,  by  the 
extension  to  the  province  of  the  English  riot  act.  The  bill  extending  it 
was  passed  very  hastily  through  the  House.^ 

The  insurgents,  finding  the  ferries  over  the  Schuylkill  guarded,  pro- 
ceeded to  Germantown ;  where,  learning  the  amount  of  the  force  raised 
to  oppose  them,  they  listened  to  the  advice  of  some  prudent  persons  who 
visited  them,  and  to  the  remonstrances  of  the  agents  of  the  Governor, 
and  promised  to  return  peaceably  to  their  habitations,  leaving  two  only 
of  their  number  to  represent  their  views  to  the  government.  The  alarm 
in  the  city  was  great.  The  Governor  fled  to  the  house  of  Dr.  Franklin 
for  safety;  and  nothing  but  the  spirited  measures  of  the  inhabitants  of 
the  city,  saved  it  from  the  fury  of  an  exasperated  armed  multitude,  who 

1  Gordon.  2  January. 

3  Heckewelder.     Franklin's  Life.     Penn.  Gaz.  1764.     No.  1833. 


192  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

would  not  have  hesitated  to  extend  their  vengeance  from  the  Indians  to 
their  protectors.^ 

Matthew  Smith  and  James  Gibson  were  the  two  persons  selected  by 
the  insurgents  to  lay  their  grievances  before  the  Governor  and  Assem- 
bly, which  they  did  in  the  following  remonstrance : 
^^To  the  Honourable  JOHN  PENN^  Esquire^  Oovernor  of  the  Province  of 

Pennsylvania^  and  of  the  Counties  of  Nevj  Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  on 

Delaiuare,  and  to  the  Representatives  of  the  Freemen  of  the  said  Province, 

in  General  Assembly  met: 

"  We,  Matthew  Smith  and  James  Gibson,  in  behalf  of  ourselves  and 
His  Majesty's  faithful  and  loyal  Subjects,  the  inhabitants  of  the  frontier 
Counties  of  Lancaster,  York,  Cumberland,  Berks,  and  Northampton, 
humbly  beg  leave  to  remonstrate  and  lay  before  you  the  following  griev- 
ances, which  we  submit  to  your  wisdom  for  redress. 

"First.  We  apprehend  that  as  Freemen  and  English  Subjects,  we  have 
an  indisputable  title  to  the  same  privileges  and  immunities  with  His 
Majesty's  other  Subjects  who  reside  in  the  interior  Counties  of  Philadel- 
phia, Chester  and  Bucks,  and  therefore  ought  not  to  be  excluded  from 
an  equal  share  with  them  in  the  very  important  privilege  of  Legislation ; 
nevertheless,  contrary  to  the  Proprietor's  Charter  and  the  acknowledged 
principles  of  common  justice  and  equity,  our  five  Counties  are  restrained 
from  electing  more  than  ten  Eepresentatives,  viz :  four  for  Lancaster, 
two  for  York,  two  for  Cumberland,  one  for  Berks,  and  one  for  North- 
ampton, while  the  three  Counties  and  City  of  Philadelphia,  Chester  and 
Bucks,  elect  twenty-six.  This  we  humbly  conceive  is  oppressive,  une- 
qual and  unjust,  the  cause  of  many  of  our  grievances,  and  an  infringe- 
ment of  our  natural  privileges  of  Freedom  and  equality;  wherefore,  we 
humbly  pray  that  we  may  be  no  longer  deprived  of  an  equal  number 
with  the  three  aforesaid  Counties,  to  represent  us  in  Assembly. 

"Secondly.  We  understand  that  a  Bill  is  now  before  the  House  of 
Assembly,  wherein  it  is  provided  that  such  persons  as  shall  be  charged 
with  killing  any  Indians  in  Lancaster  County,  shall  not  be  tried  in  the 
County  where  the  Fact  was  committed,  but  in  the  Counties  of  Phila- 
delphia, Chester  or  Bucks.  This  is  manifestly  to  deprive  British  Sub- 
jects of  their  known  Privileges,  to  cast  an  eternal  Reproach  upon  whole 
Counties,  as  if  they  were  unfit  to  serve  their  Country  in  the  quality  of 
Jurymen,  and  to  contradict  the  well  known  Laws  of  the  British  Nation 
in  a  point  whereon  Life,  Liberty  and  Security  essentially  depend,  namely, 
that  of  being  tried  by  their  equals  in  the  neighborhood  where  their  own, 
their  Accusers,  and  the  Witnesses'  Character  and  Credit,  with  the  Cir- 
cumstances of  the  Fact,  are  best  known,  and  instead  thereof  putting  their 
Lives  in  the  hands  of  Strangers,  who  may  as  justly  be  suspected  of  par- 

1  Franklin's  Mem. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY,  193 

tiality  to  as  tlie  Frontier  Counties  can  be  of  prejudices  against  Indians; 
and  this,  too,  in  favour  of  Indians  only,  against  His  Majesty's  faithful 
and  loyal  Subjects.  Besides,  it  is  well  known  that  the  design  of  it  is  to 
comprehend  a  Fact  committed  before  such  a  Law  was  thought  of.  And 
if  such  practices  were  tolerated,  no  man  could  be  secure  in  his  most 
valuable  Interest.  We  are  also  informed,  to  our  great  Surprize,  that 
this  Bill  has  actually  received  the  assent  of  a  Majority  of  the  House, 
which  we  are  persuaded  could  not  have  been  the  case,  had  our  Frontier 
Counties  been  equally  represented  in  Assembly.  However,  we  hope 
that  the  Legislature  of  this  Province  will  never  enact  a  Law  of  so  dan- 
gerous a  tendency,  or  take  away  from  his  Majesty's  good  Subjects  a 
privilege  so  long  esteemed  sacred  by  Englishmen. 

"  Thirdly.  During  the  late  and  present  Indian  War,  the  Frontiers  of 
this  Province  have  been  repeatedly  attacked  and  ravaged  by  Skulking 
parties  of  the  Indians,  who  have  with  the  most  Savage  Cruelty  murdered 
Men,  Women  and  Children,  without  distinction,  and  have  reduced  near 
a  thousand  Families  to  the  most  extreme  distress.  It  grieves  us  to  the 
very  heart  to  see  such  of  our  Frontier  Inhabitants  as  have  escaped 
Savage  Fury  with  the  loss  of  their  Parents,  their  Children,  their  Wives 
or  Relatives,  left  destitute  by  the  public,  and  exposed  to  the  most  cruel 
Poverty  and  Wretchedness,  while  upwards  of  an  Hundred  and  twenty  of 
these  Savages,  who  are  with  great  reason  suspected  of  being  guilty  of 
these  horrid  Barbarities,  under  the  Mask  of  Friendship,  have  procured 
themselves  to  be  taken  under  the  protection  of  the  Government,  with  a 
view  to  elude  the  Fury  of  the  brave  Relatives  of  the  murdered,  and  are 
now  maintained  at  the  public  Expence.  Some  of  these  Indians  now  in 
the  Barracks  of  Philadelphia,  are  confessedly  a  part  of  the  Wyalousing 
Indians,  which  Tribe  is  now  at  War  with  us,  and  the  others  are  the 
Moravian  Indians,  who,  living  with  us  under  the  Cloak  of  Friendship, 
carried  on  a  Correspondence  with  our  known  Enemies  on  the  Great  Is- 
land. We  cannot  but  observe,  with  sorrow  and  indignation,  that  some 
Persons  in  this  Province  are  at  pains  to  extenuate  the  barbarous  Cru- 
elties practised  by  these  Savages  on  our  murdered  Brethren  and  Rela- 
tives, which  are  shocking  to  human  Nature,  and  must  pierce  every 
Heart,  but  that  of  the  hardened  perpetrators  or  their  Abettors;  Nor  is 
it  less  distressing  to  hear  others  pleading  that,  although  the  Wyalousing 
Tribe  is  at  War  with  us,  yet  that  part  of  it  which  is  under  the  Protec- 
tion of  the  Government,  may  be  friendly  to  the  English,  and  innocent. 
In  what  nation  under  the  Sun  was  it  ever  the  custom  that  when  a  neigh- 
boring Nation  took  up  Arms,  not  an  individual  should  be  touched  but 
only  the  Persons  that  offered  Hostilities  ?  Who  ever  proclaimed  War 
with  a  part  of  a  Nation,  and  not  with  the  Whole  ?  Had  these  Indians 
disapproved  of  the  Perfidy  of  their  Tribe,  and  been  willing  to  cultivate 
14 


294  AUTHENTIC   HISTOEY 

and  preserve  Friendship  with  iis,  why  did  they  not  give  notice  of  the 
War  before  it  happened,  as  it  is  known  to  be  the  Eesult  of  long  Deliber- 
ations, and  a  preconcerted  Combination  among  them  ?  Why  did  they 
not  leave  their  Tribe  immediately,  and  come  among  us  before  there  was 
Ground  to  suspect  them,  or  War  was  actually  waged  with  their  Tribe  ? 
No,  they  stayed  amongst  them,  were  privy  to  their  murders  and  Ravages, 
until  we  had  destroyed  their  Provisions,  and  when  they  could  no  longer 
subsist  at  home,  they  come,  not  as  Deserters,  but  as  Friends,  to  be  main- 
tained through  the  Winter,  that  they  may  be  able  to  Scalp  and  butcher 
us  in  the  Spring. 

"And  as  to  the  Moravian  Indians,  there  are  strong  Grounds  at  least  to 
suspect  their  Friendship,  as  it  isknown  they  carried  on  a  Correspondence 
with  our  Enemies  on  the  Great  Island.  We  killed  three  Indians  going 
from  Bethlehem  to  the  Great  Island  with  Blankets,  Ammunition,  and 
Provisions,  which  is  an  undeniable  Proof  that  the  Moravian  Indians 
were  in  confederacy  with  our  open  Enemies;  And  we  cannot  but  be 
filled  with  Indignation  to  hear  this  action  of  ours  painted  in  the  most 
odious  and  detestable  Colors,  as  if  we  had  inhumanly  murdered  our 
Guides,  who  preserved  us  from  perishing  in  the  Woods,  when  we  only 
killed  three  of  our  known  Enemies,  who  attempted  to  shoot  us  when  we 
surprised  them.  And  besides  all  this,  we  understand  that  one  of  these 
very  Indians  is  proved  by  the  oath  of  Stinton's  Widow,  to  be  the  very 
Person  that  murdered  her  Husband,  How  then  comes  it  to  pass,  that  he 
alone,  of  all  the  Moravian  Indians,  should  join  with  the  enemy  to  mur- 
der that  family  ?  Or  can  it  be  supposed  that  any  Enemy  Indians,  con- 
trary to  their  known  custom  of  making  War,  should  penetrate  into  the 
Heart  of  a  settled  Country,  to  burn,  plunder,  and  murder  the  Inhabitants, 
and  not  molest  any  Houses  in  their  return,  or  ever  be  seen  or  heard  of? 
Or  how  can  we  account  for  it,  that  no  ravages  have  been  committed  in 
Northampton  County,  since  the  removal  of  the  Moravian  Indians,  when 
the  Great  Cove  has  been  struck  since  ?  These  things  put  it  beyond 
doubt  with  us  that  the  Indians  now  at  Philadelphia  are  His  Majesty's 
Perfidious  Enemies,  and  therefore  to  protect  and  maintan  them  at  the 
Public  Expence,  while  our  suffering  Brethren  on  the  Frontiers  are 
almost  destitute  of  the  necessaries  of  Life,  and  are  neglected  by  the 
Public,  is  sufficient  to  make  us  mad  with  rage,  and  tempt  us  to  do  what 
nothing  but  the  most  violent  necessity  can  vindicate.  We  humbly  and 
earnestly  pray,  therefore,  that  those  Enemies  of  His  Majesty  may  be  re- 
moved as  soon  as  possible  out  of  the  Province. 

"Fourthly.  We  humbly  conceive  that  it  is  contrary  to  the  maxims  of 
good  Policy,  and  extremely  dangerous  to  our  Frontiers,  to  suffer  any 
Indians,  of  what  tribe  soever,  to  live  within  the  Inhabited  parts  of  this 
Province,  while  we  are  engaged  in  an  Indian  War,  as  Experience  has 


OP   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  195 

taught  us  that  they  are  all  perlidious,  and  their  Claim  to  Freedom  and 
Independency,  puts  it  in  their  power  to  act  as  Spies,  to  entertain  and  give 
intelligence  to  our  Enemies,  and  to  furnish  them  with  Provisions  and 
Warlike  Stores.  To  this  fatal  intercourse,  between  our  pretended  Friends 
and  open  Enemies,  we  must  ascribe  the  greatest  of  the  Eavages  and 
Murders  that  have  been  committed  in  the  course  of  this  and  the  last  In- 
dian War.  We,  therefore,  pray  that  this  grievance  be  taken  under  con- 
sideration and  remedied. 

"Fifthly.  We  cannot  help  lamenting  that  no  Provision  has  been  hith- 
erto made,  that  such  of  our  Frontier  Inhabitants  as  have  been  wounded 
in  defence  of  the  Province,  their  Lives  and  Liberties,  may  be  taken  care 
of,  and  cured  of  their  Wounds  at  the  publick  Expense.  We,  therefore, 
pray  that  this  grievance  may  be  redressed. 

"Sixthly.  In  the  late  Indian  War  this  Province,  with  others  of  his 
Majesty's  Colonies,  gave  rewards  for  Indian  Scalps,  to  encourage  the 
seeking  them  in  their  own  Country,  as  the  most  likely  means  of  destroy- 
ing or  reducing  them  to  reason,  but  no  such  Encouragement  has  been 
given  in  this  War,  which  has  damped  the  Spirits  of  many  brave  Men, 
who  are  willing  to  venture  their  Lives  in  parties  against  the  Enemy. 
We,  therefore,  pray  that  public  rewards  may  be  proposed  for  Indian 
Scalps,  which  may  be  adequate  to  the  Dangers  attending  Enterprizes  of 
this  nature. 

"Seventhly.  We  daily  lament  that  numbers  of  our  nearest  and  dearest 
relatives  are  still  in  Captivity  among  the  Savage  Heathen,  to  be  trained 
up  in  all  their  ignorance  and  barbarity,  or  to  be  tortured  to  death  with 
all  the  contrivances  of  Indian  cruelty,  for  attempting  to  make  their  escape 
from  bondage ;  we  see  they  pay  no  regard  to  the  many  solemn  Promises 
which  they  have  made  to  restore  our  Friends  who  are  in  Bondage  amongst 
them.  We,  therefore,  earnestly  pray  that  no  trade  may  hereafter  be  per- 
mitted to  be  carried  on  with  them,  until  our  Brethren  and  Relatives  are 
brought  home  to  us. 

"Eighthly.  We  complain  that  a  certain  Society  of  People  in  this 
Province,  in  the  late  Indian  War,  and  at  several  Treaties  held  by  the 
King's  representatives,  openly  loaded  the  Indians  with  Presents,  and  that 
J.  P.,  a  leader  of  the  said  Society,  in  deliance  of  all  Government,  not  only 
abetted  our  Indian  Enemies,  but  kept  up  a  private  intelligence  with  them, 
and  publickly  received  from  them  a  Belt  of  Wampum,  as  if  he  had  been 
our  Governor,  or  authorized  by  the  King  to  treat  with  his  Enemies.  By 
this  means  the  Indians  have  been  taught  to  despise  us  as  a  weak  and  dis- 
united people,  and  from  this  fatal  Source  have  arose  mauy  of  our  Calami- 
ties under  which  we  groan.  We  humbl}^  pray,  therefore,  that  this 
Grievance  may  be  redressed,  and  that  no  private  subject  be  hereafter  per- 
mitted to  treat  with,  or  carry  on  a  Correspondence  with  our  Enemies. 


196  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

*'  Ninthly.  We  cannot  but  observe  with  sorrow,  that  Fort  Augusta, 
which  has  been  very  expensive  to  this  Province,  has  afiforded  us  but  little 
assistance  during  this,  or  the  last  War.  The  men  that  were  stationed 
at  that  place  neither  helped  our  distressed  Inhabitants  to  save  their 
Crops,  nor  did  they  attack  our  Enemies  in  their  Towns,  or  patrole  on 
our  Frontiers.  We  humbly  request  that  proper  measures  may  be  taken 
to  make  that  Garrison  more  serviceable  to  us  in  our  Distress,  if  it  can 
be  done. 

"N.  B.  We  are  far  from  intending  any  Eeflection  against  the  Com- 
manding Officer  stationed  at  Augusta,  as  we  presume  his  Conduct  was 
always  directed  by  those  from  whom  he  received  his  Orders. 

"Signed  on  behalf  of  ourselves,  and  by  appointment  of  a  great  number 

of  the  Frontier  Inhabitants. 

"  Matthew  Smith, 

"James  Gibson." 

"February  13th,  1764." 

"  The  memorial  of  Gibson  and  Smith  was  sustained  by  another,  having 
fifteen  hundred  signatures.^  But  the  county  of  Berks,  by  its  grand  jury, 
protested  against  it.  The  Assembly  sent  both  memorial  and  protest  to  a 
committee,  which  recommended  a  conference  with  the  insurgents,  in  order 
to  convince  them  and  the  people  that  their  complaints  were  unfounded. 
The  House  invited  the  Governor  to  participate  in  this  conference,  but 
he  declined  the  measure,  as  incompatible  with  the  dignity,  and  subver- 
sive of  the  order,  of  the  government.  He  recommended  them  to  inves- 
tigate the  merits  of  the  petitions,  and  should  any  bill  grow  out  of  the 
investigation,  he  promised  to  give  it  due  attention.  The  Assembly  took 
no  further  steps.  The  bill  directing  persons  charged  with  murdering  an 
Indian  in  Lancaster  county,  to  be  tried  in  Philadelphia,  Bucks,  or  Ches- 
ter, became  a  law,  but  no  conviction  for  that  oflense  was  ever  had,  the 
number  and  power  of  the  guilty  protecting  them  from  punishment." 

The  friendly  relations  between  England  and  the  colonies  would  doubt- 
less have  continued,  had  the  former  not  seen  fit  to  pursue  a  new  policy 
towards  the  latter  with  respect  to  revenue  and  taxation.  The  colonies 
until  then  had  been  permitted  to  tax  themselves.  The  first  act  of  Par- 
liament aiming  at  the  drawing  of  a  revenue  from  the  colonies,  was  passed 
Sept.  29,  1764,  the  preamble  running  thus: 

"Whereas,  it  is  just  and  necessary  that  a  revenue  be  raised  in  America 
for  defraying  the  expenses  of  defending,  protecting  and  securing  the 
same,  we  the  Commons,"  etc.  This  act  imposed  a  duty  on  "  clayed  sugar, 
indigo,  coffee,  etc.,  etc.,  being  the  produce  of  a  colony  not  under  the 
dominion  of  his  Majesty." 

"On  the  subject  of  the  right  of  the  British  parliament  to  tax  the  colo- 

1  Gordon. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  197 

nies/  it  was  asserted  in  the  mother  country  'to  be  essential  to  the  unity, 
and  of  course  to  the  prosperity,  of  the  empire,  that  the  British  parha- 
ment  should  have  a  right  of  taxation  over  every  part  of  the  royal  do- 
minions.' In  the  colonies  it  was  contended,  '  that  taxation  and  representa- 
tion were  inseparable,  and  that  they  could  not  be  safe,  if  their  property 
might  be  taken  from  them,  without  their  consent."  This  claim  of  the 
right  of  taxation  on  the  one  side,  and  the  denial  of  it  on  the  other,  was 
the  very  hinge  on  which  the  revolution  turned. 

"In  accordance  with  the  policy  to  be  observed  towards  America,  the 
next  year,  1765,  the  famous  stamp  act  passed  both  houses  of  parliament. 
This  ordained  that  instruments  of  writing,  such  as  deeds,  bonds,  notes, 
&c.  among  the  colonies,  should  be  null  and  void,  unless  executed  on 
stamped  paper,  for  which  a  duty  should  be  paid  to  the  crown," 

"The  efforts  of  the  American  colonies  to  stay  the  mad  career  of  the 
English  ministry  proved  unavailing.  The  stamp  act  was  passed  with 
slight  opposition  by  the  commons,  and  with  unanimity  by  the  lords. 
Dr.  Franklin  laboured  earnestly  to  avert  a  measure  which  his  sagacity 
and  extensive  acquaintance  with  the  American  people  taught  him  was 
pregnant  with  danger  to  the  British  empire;  but  he  entertained  not  the 
idea  that  it  would  be  forcibly  resisted.  He  wrote  to  Mr.  Charles  Thomp- 
son, '  The  sun  of  liberty  is  set,  you  must  light  up  the  candles  of  industry 
and  economy.'  To  which  Mr.  Thompson  replied,  '  he  was  apprehensive 
that  other  lights  would  be  the  consequence.'  To  Mr.  Ingersol,  the 
doctor  said,  '  Go  home  and  tell  your  people  to  get  children  as  fast  as  they 
can,'  intimating  that  the  period  for  successful  opposition  had  not  yet 
arrived."^ 

The  opposition  to  the  stamp  act  in  America  was  so  decided  and  uni- 
versal that  Parliament  had  only  the  alternative  to  compel  submission  or 
to  repeal  the  act.  It  was  repealed  on  February  22,  1766,  but  accom- 
panying it  was  one  known  as  the  declaratory  act^  more  hostile  to  American 
rights  than  any  of  its  predecessors.  The  act  affirmed  "that  Parliament 
have,  and  of  right  ought  to  have,  power  to  bind  the  colonies  in  all  cases 
whatsoever^ 

In  1767  a  Bill  passed  Parliament,  imposing  certain  duties  on  tea,  glass, 
paper,  and  painters'  colors,  imported  into  the  Colonies  from  Great  Britain. 
This  act  with  several  others  rekindled  the  opposition  of  the  Colonies. 
Again  associations  were  formed  to  prevent  the  importation  of  British 
goods,  and  meetings  called  to  resolve,  petition  and  remonstrate.  The 
British  ministers,  [1769]  deluded  into  the  belief  that  a  reduction  of  the  tax 
would  restore  tranquility,  promised  that  five-sixths  of  the  taxes  imposed 
in  1767  should  be  repealed;  and  in  1770  all  were  abolished,  save  three 
pence  a  pound  on  tea. 

1  Goodrich.  2  Gordon. 


198  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

In  1769  both  houses  of  Parliament  in  an  address  to  the  King  requested 
him  to  order  the  Governor  of  Massachusetts  to  take  notice  of  such  as 
might  be  guilty  of  treason  that  they  might  be  sent  to  England  and  tried 
there. 

The  recommendations  of  meetings  and  associations  to  suspend  the 
importation  of  tea,  [1778]  ^  had  been  so  strictly  complied  with  that  but 
Httle  had  been  brought  into  the  country.  The  consequence  was,  that 
vast  quantities,  seventeen  millions  of  pounds,  had  accumulated  on  the 
hands  of  the  East  India  Company.  For  their  relief  Parliament  now  au- 
thorized them  to  export  this  tea  to  any  part  of  the  world,  free  of  duty. 
Confident  of  now  finding  a  market  for  their  tea  in  America,  the  East 
India  Company  freighted  several  ships  with  that  article  for  the  different 
Colonies  and  appointed  agents  to  dispose  of  it  [1774.]  The  colonists 
resolved  to  obstruct  the  sale  of  that  tea  and  to  refuse  the  payment  of 
even  three  'pence  by  way  of  duty. 

"  On  the  approach  of  the  tea  ships  destined  for  Philadelphia,  the  pilots 
in  the  river  Delaware  were  warned  not  to  conduct  them  into  harbour ; 
and  their  captains,  apprized  of  the  foregoing  resolutions,  deeming  it 
unsafe  to  land  their  cargoes,  consented  to  return  without  making  an  entry 
at  the  custom  house;  the  owners  of  goods,  ordered  from  England,  on 
board  these  vessels,  cheerfully  submitting  to  the  inconvenience  of  having 
their  merchandise  returned  to  Great  Britain.  The  captains  of  vessels 
addressed  to  New  York  wisely  adopted  the  same  resolution.  The  tea 
sent  to  Charleston  was  landed  and  stored,  but  not  offered  for  sale ;  and 
having  been  placed  in  damp  cellars,  became  rotten,  and  was  entirely  lost. 
The  ships  designed  for  Boston  entered  that  port,  and  the  energy  of 
Governor  Hutchinson  prevented  their  return ;  but  before  the  tea  could 
be  landed,  a  number  of  colonists,  pursuant  to  a  concerted  plan,  dressed 
as  Indians,  entered  the  vessels,  and,  without  doing  other  damage,  broke 
open  three  hundred  and  forty-two  chests  of  tea,  and  emptied  their  con- 
tents into  the  water.  Such  was  the  union  of  sentiment  among  the  people, 
and  so  systematic  their  opposition,  that  not  a  single  chest  of  the  cargoes 
sent  out  by  the  East  India  company  was  sold  for  its  benefit." 

These  proceedings  were  communicated  by  the  King  to  Parliament  on 
March  7th,  1774,  and  measures  were  speedily  adopted  contemplating  the 
submission  of  the  rebellious  colonists.  An  act  was  passed  called  the 
"  Boston  Port  Bill,"  by  which  the  port  of  Boston  was  closed  and  the 
custom  house  transferred  to  Salem ;  by  another  act  the  charter  of  Massa- 
chusetts was  subverted,  the  nomination  of  counsellors,  magistrates  and 
other  officers  being  vested  in  the  crown  during  the  royal  pleasure ;  by 
a  third  act  the  Governor  of  that  province  was  directed  and  authorized 
to  send  persons  indicted  for  murder  or  any  other  capital  offence,  to  any 

1  Goodrich.     Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  199 

Other  colony,  or  to  Great  Britain,  for  trial.     A  bill  was  also  passed  for 
quartering  soldiers  upon  the  inhabitants. 

"  The  inhabitants  of  Boston  had  foreseen  the  present  crisis,  and  they 
met  it  with  undaunted  spirit.  Information  of  the  passage  of  the  port 
act  was  received  on  the  tenth  of  May,  and  on  the  thirteenth,  the  town 
resolved,  '  that,  if  the  other  colonies  would  unite  with  them  to  stop  all 
importations  from  Great  Britain  and  the  West  Indies  until  that  act 
should  be  repealed,  it  would  prove  the  salvation  of  North  America  and 
her  liberties;  but  should  they  continue  their  exports  and  imports,  there 
was  reason  to  fear  that  fraud,  power,  and  the  most  odious  oppression  would 
triumph  over  justice,  right,  social  happiness,  and  freedom.'  A  copy  of 
this  resolution  was  transmitted  to  the  other  colonies,  the  inhabitants  of 
which,  expressed  deep  sympathy  in  the  sufferings  of  their  brethren  in 
Boston,  endured  in  the  common  cause;  and  concurring  in  opinion  with 
them  on  the  propriety  of  convening  a  provincial  congress,  delegates  for 
that  purpose  were  generally  chosen. 

"  Throughout  the  continent,  the  first  of  June,  the  day  on  which  the 
Boston  port  act  was  to  take  effect,  on  the  resolution  of  the  Assembly  of 
Virginia,  was  adopted  as  a  day  of  fasting,  humiliation,  and  prayer,  to 
implore  the  divine  interposition  to  avert  the  heavy  calamity  which 
threatened  destruction  to  their  civil  rights,  and  the  evils  of  civil  war, 
and  to  give  one  heart  and  one  mind  to  the  people,  firmly  to  oppose  every 
invasion  of  their  liberties." 

The  terms  "  Whigs'^  and  "  Tories'^  were  introduced  at  this  time,  the 
former  to  describe  those  in  sympathy  with  the  cause  of  Boston  and 
arrayed  on  the  side  of  the  colonies  against  Parliament,  the  latter  to  desig- 
nate those  whose  sympathies  were  with  Great  Britain  against  the  colonies. 

Throughout  the  country  the  warmest  interest  and  most  cordial  sym- 
pathy were  manifested  for  the  Bostonians.  The  subjoined  documents  are 
drawn  from  the  minutes  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  deposited  in  the 
Prothonotary's  office  at  Lancaster,  and  Hazard's  Register  of  Pennsylvania. 

Copy  of  a  letter  from  the  committee  of  correspondence  for  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  directed  to  the  freeholders  and  other  inhabitants  of  this 
place,  dated  about  the  12th  of  June,  1771: 

Philadelphia. 

Gentlemen  :  We  beg  leave  to  refer  you  to  the  enclosed  paper  for  the 
steps  we  have  taken  on  the  present  alarming  occasion.  The  Governor 
declining  to  call  the  Assembly,  renders  it  necessary  to  take  the  sentiments 
of  the  Inhabitants;  and  for  that  purpose  it  is  agreed  to  call  a  Meeting  of 
the  Inhabitants  of  this  city  and  the  county  at  the  State  House,  on  Wed- 
nesday, the  15th  instant.  And  as  we  would  wish  to  have  the  sentiments 
and  concurrence  of  our  brethren  in  the  several  counties,  who  are  equally 
interested  with  us  in  the  General  Cause,  we  earnestly  desire  you  to  call 


200  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

together  the  principal  Inhabitants  of  your  county  and  take  their  senti- 
ments. We  shall  forward  to  you  by  every  occasion,  any  matters  of  con- 
sequence that  come  to  our  knowledge,  and  we  should  be  glad  you  would 
choose  and  appoint  a  Committee  to  Correspond  with  us. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence,  for  the 
City  of  Philadelphia. 

Charles  Thompson,  Clerk. 

In  pursuance  of  which,  and  also  of  another  large  letter  written  by  Mr. 
Charles  Thompson,  and  sent  to  the  inhabitants  of  this  borough,  directed 
to  the  care  of  Mr.  William  Atlee,  a  meeting  was  held  on  the  15th  day  of 
June,  1774,  and  the  following  Resolves  were  agreed  on,  viz:  At  a 
meeting  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  at  the  court 
house  in  the  said  borough,  on  Wednesday,  the  15th  day  of  June,  1774: 
Agreed — that  to  preserve  the  Constitutional  rights  of  the  inhabitants  of 
America,  it  is  incumbent  on  every  colony,  to  unite  and  use  the  most 
effectual  means  to  procure  a  repeal  of  the  late  act  of  Parliament  against 
the  town  of  Boston. 

That  the  act  of  Parliament  for  blocking  up  the  port  and  harbor  of 
Boston,  is  an  invasion  of  the  rights  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  town, 
as  subjects  of  the  crown  of  Great  Britain.  That  it  is  the  opinion  of  the 
inhabitants  at  this  meeting  that  the  proper  and  effectual  means  to  be  used 
to  obtain  a  repeal  of  the  said  act,  will  be  to  put  an  immediate  stop  to  all 
imports  and  exports,  to  and  from  Great  Britain,  until  the  same  act  be 
repealed. 

That  the  traders  and  inhabitants  of  this  town  will  join  and  concur  with 
the  patriotic  merchants,  manufacturers,  tradesmen,  and  freeholders,  of  the 
city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  and  other  parts  of  this  province,  in  an 
association  or  solemn  agreement  to  this  purpose,  if  the  same  shall  be  by 
them  thought  necessary. 

That  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq., 
Matthias  Slough,  Esq.,  James  Webb,  Esq.,  William  Atlee,  Esq.,  William 
Henry,  Esq.,  Mr.  Ludwig  Lauman,  Mr.  William  Bausman  and  Mr.  Charles 
Hall,  be  a  committee  to  correspond  with  the  general  committee  of  Phila- 
delphia; that  these  sentiments  be  immediately  forwarded  to  the  commit- 
tee of  correspondence  at  Philadelphia. 

The  gentlemen  above  named,  after  being  chosen  and  appointed  a  com- 
mittee of  correspondence,  resolved  upon  the  following  letter  to  be  trans- 
mitted to  the  committee  of  Philadelphia,  directed  to  Mr.  Charles  Thompson, 
and  is  as  follows,  viz : 

Lancaster,  the  15th  June,  1774. 

Sir:  Agreeable  to  the  request  of  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  for 
the  city  of  Philadelphia,  signified  to  some  of  the  Inhabitants  here,  by 
your  letter,  we  have  this  evening  had  a  Meetinoj  of  the  Inhabitants  of 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  201 

this  Town,  (at  whicli  a  very  great  number  attended)  at  the  Court  House, 
and  unanimously  gave  their  assent  to  the  Resolves  or  Agreement  inclosed. 
As  taking  the  sentiments  of  the  county  could  not  be  so  expeditiously 
done  by  having  a  general  Meeting  of  the  Inhabitants,  we  thought  best 
to  give  you  those  of  the  Town,  and  have  the  pleasure  now  to  assure  you 
that  the  Inhabitants  of  the  county  in  general  begin  to  entertain  similar 
opinions  within  as  to  this  matter,  and  will  no  doubt  heartily  concur  in  them 
at  a  Meeting  which  we  shall  endeavor  as  soon  as  possible  to  have  with 
them.  We  hope  you  will  give  us  intelligence  of  any  matters  worthy  of 
notice,  and  be  assured  we  shall  do  everything  in  our  power  to  promote 
the  General  Interest.  We  are,  &c. 

[Signed  by  Edward  Shippen,  James  Webb,  Matthias  Slough,  William 
Atlee,  William  Henry,  Bsqrs.,  and  Messrs.  Lud wig  Lauman,  William  Baus- 
man,  Charles  Hall.] 

Ordered  that  Eherhart  Michael^  the  clerk  of  this  committee,  do  forward 
a  copy  of  this  day's  resolves  to  Mr.  Charles  Thompson,  the  clerk  of  the 
committee  at  Philadelphia,  with  a  copy  of  this  letter,  signed  by  him. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  committee  of  correspondence,  appointed  for 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  the  2d  of  July,  1774,  Edward  Shipen,  Esq. 
being  chosen  chairman:  The  committee  taking  into  consideration  the 
resolves  of  the  respectable  inhabitants  of  the  city  and  county  of  Phila- 
delphia, on  the  18th  of  June  last ;  as  also,  the  circular  letters  signed 
by  the  chairman  of  their  said  committee,  the  Honorable  Thomas  Will- 
ing, Esq. 

Resolved,  That  they  do  most  heartily  concur  with  their  brethren  of 
Philadelphia,  in  the  mode  proposed  for  taking  the  sentiments  of  the  good 
people  of  this  province,  on  the  present  alarming  and  critical  situation  of 
the  American  colonies;  therefore, 

Resolved,  That  notice  be  given  to  the  freemen  and  inhabitants  of  this 
county  with  the  utmost  expedition,  to  choose  a  committee  to  join  with 
the  committees  of  the  other  counties  of  this  province  to  meet  at  Phila- 
delphia, for  the  very  great  and  useful  purposes  mentioned  in  the  said 
resolves  and  circular  letters :  and  therefore. 

Resolved,  That  the  freemen  and  inhabitants  of  this  county  be  re- 
quested to  meet  on  Saturday,  the  ninth  day  of  this  instant,  at  2  o'clock 
in  the  afternoon,  at  the  court  house,  in  Lancaster,  for  the  purpose  afore- 
said. 

N.  B.  The  said  resolves  of  the  committee  at  this  meeting,  being  order- 
ed to  be  printed,  and  the  same  after  they  were  printed,  signed  by  Edward 
Shippen,  Esq.,  the  chairman,  were  sent  and  put  up  at  all  public  places  in 
the  county. 

The  followins;  are  the  resolves  and  circular  letter  referred  to  in  the 
foregoing  resolutions : 


202  AUTHEXTIC   HISTORY 

MEETING  ON  BOSTON  PORT  BILL. 

Philadelphia^  June^  1774. 
At  a  very  large  and  respectable  meeting  of  the  free-holders  and  freemen 
of  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  on  Saturday,  June  18,  1774, 
Thomas  Willing^  and  John  Dichinson,  Usqrs.,  Chairmen. 

I.  Resolved^  That  the  act  of  parliament,  for  shutting  up  the  port  of 
Boston,  is  unconstitutional;  oppressive  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  town; 
dangerous  to  the  liberties  of  the  British  colonies;  and  that,  therefore,  we 
consider  our  brethren,  at  Boston,  as  suffering  in  the  common  cause  of 
America. 

II.  That  a  congress  of  deputies  from  the  several  colonies  in  North 
America,  is  the  most  probable  and  proper  mode  of  procuring  relief  for 
our  suffering  brethren,  obtaining  redress  of  American  grievances,  secur- 
ing our  rights  and  liberties,  and  re-establishing  peace  and  harmony 
between  Great  Britain  and  these  colonies,  on  a  constitutional  foundation. 

III.  That  a  large  and  respectable  committee  be  immediately  appointed 
for  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  to  correspond  with  the  sister 
colonies  and  with  the  several  counties  in  this  province,  in  order  that  all 
may  unite  in  promoting  and  endeavoring  to  attain  the  great  and  valuable 
ends,  mentioned  in  the  foregoing  resolution. 

IV.  That  the  committee  nominated  by  this  meeting  shall  consult 
together,  and  on  mature  deliberation  determine  what  is  the  most  proper 
mode  of  collecting  the  sense  of  this  province,  and  appointing  deputies 
for  the  same,  to  attend  a  general  congress ;  and  having  determined  there- 
upon, shall  take  such  measures,  as  by  them  shall  be  judged  most  expe- 
dient, for  procuring  this  province  to  be  represented  at  the  said  congress, 
in  the  best  manner  that  can  be  devised  for  promoting  the  public  welfare. 

V.  That  the  committee  be  instructed  immediately  to  set  on  foot  a 
subscription  for  the  relief  of  such  poor  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Bos- 
ton, as  may  be  deprived  of  the  means  of  subsistence  by  the  operation  of 
the  act  of  parliament,  commonly  styled  the  Boston  Port  Bill — the  money 
arising  from  such  subscriptions  to  be  laid  out  as  the  committee  shall 
think  will  best  answer  the  ends  proposed. 

VI.  That  the  committee  consist  of  forty-three  persons,  viz.  John  Dick- 
inson, Edward  Pennington,  John  Nixon,  Thomas  Willing,  George  Cly- 
mer,  Samuel  Howell,  Joseph  Keed,  John  Eoberts,  (miller)  Thomas  Whar- 
ton, junr.,  Charles  Thompson,  Jacob  Barge,  Thomas  Barclay,  William 
Eush,  Eobert  Smith,  (carpenter,)  Thomas  Fitzsimons,  George  Eoberts, 
Samuel  Ervin,  Thomas  Mifflin,  John  Cox,  George  Gray,  Eobert  Morris, 
Samuel  Miles,  John  M.  Nesbit,  Peter  Chevalier,  Wm.  Moulder,  Joseph 
Moulder,  Anthony  Morris,  junr.,  John  Allen,  Jeremiah  Warder,  junr., 
Eev.  Dr.  William  Smith,  Paul  Engle,  Thomas  Penrose,  James  Mease, 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY.  208 

Benjamin  Marslaall,  Eeuben  Haines,  John  Bayard,  Jonathan  B.  Smith, 
Thomas  Wharton,  Isaac  Howell,  Michael  Hillegas,  Adam  Hubley,  George 
Schlosser,  and  Christopher  Ludwick.  And  after  the  first  reading  of  the 
propositions  that  had  been  prepared  for  the  meeting  on  Saturday  the 
18th  inst.,  and  before  they  were  put  up  separately,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Smith 
made  the  following  short  address,  which  is  published  at  the  desire  of 
many. 

Gentlemen:  The  occasion  of  this  meeting  has  been  fully  explained 
to  you,  and  sundry  propositions  read,  which  are  now  to  be  separately 
offered  for  your  approbation  or  disapprobation.  But  before  you  pro- 
ceed to  this  business,  it  has  been  thought  proper  to  submit  a  few  things 
to  your  good  judgment,  with  respect  to  the  order  and  decorum  necessary 
to  be  observed,  in  the  discussion  of  every  question. 

It  need  not  be  repeated  to  you,  that  matters  of  the  highest  conse- 
quence to  the  happiness  of  this  province,  nay  of  all  British  America, 
depend  upon  your  deliberations  this  day — perhaps  nothing  less  than 
whether  the  breach  with  the  country  from  which  we  descended  shall  be 
irreparably  widened,  or  whether  ways  and  means  upon  constitutional 
grounds,  may  not  yet  be  devised,  for  closing  that  breach ;  and  restoring 
that  harmony  from  which,  in  our  better  days,  Great  Britain  and  her 
colonies  derived  mutual  strength  and  glory,  and  were  exalted  into  an 
importance  that,  both  in  peace  and  war,  made  them  the  envy  and  terror 
of  the  neighbouring  nations? 

While  subjects  such  as  these  are  agitated  before  us,  everything  that 
may  inflame  and  mislead  the  passions  should  be  cast  far  behind  us.  A 
cause  of  such  importance  and  magnitude  as  that  now  under  our  delibera- 
tion, is  not  to  be  conducted  to  its  true  issue  by  any  heated  or  hasty 
resolves,  nor  by  any  bitterness  and  animosities  among  ourselves,  nor 
even  perhaps  by  too  severe  a  recapitulation  of  past  grievances;  but  re- 
quire the  temperate  and  enlightened  zeal  of  the  i^atriot,  the  prudence 
and  experience  of  the  aged,  the  strength  of  mind  and  vigour  of  those 
who  are  in  their  prime  of  life ;  and,  in  short,  the  united  wisdom  and 
efforts  of  all,  both  high  and  low,  joining  hand  in  hand,  and  setting  foot 
to  foot,  upon  the  firm  ground  of  reason  and  the  constitution. 

Whenever  party  distinctions  begin  to  operate,  we  shall  give  cause  of 
triumph  to  those  who  may  be  watchful  as  well  as  powerful  to  abridge 
us  of  our  native  right.  There  ought  to  be  no  party,  no  contention  here, 
but  who  shall  be  firmest  and  foremost  in  the  common  cause  of  America. 
Every  man's  sentiments  should  be  freely  heard,  and  without  prejudice. 
While  we  contend  for  liberty  with  others,  let  us  not  refuse  liberty  to 
each  other. 

Whatever  vote  is  known  to  be  now  passed,  upon  full  deliberation,  and 
by  the  unanimous  voice  of  this  great  city  and  county,  will  not  only  be 


204  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

respected  through  all  America,  but  will  have  such  a  weight  as  the  proudest 
Minister  in  England  may  have  reason  to  respect.  But  if  it  is  known  to 
be  a  divided  vote,  or  adopted  hastily  on  some  angry  day,  it  will  only  be 
injurious  to  our  own  cause. 

What  I  have  in  charge  to  request  of  you  is  this — that  if,  on  any  point, 
we  should  have  a  difference  of  sentiments,  every  person  may  be  allowed 
to  speak  his  mind  freely,  and  to  conclude  what  he  has  to  oSer,  without 
any  such  outward  marks  of  approbation  or  disapprobation,  as  clapjnng 
or  hissing;  and  that  if  a  division  should  be  necessary  (which  it  is  hoped 
may  not  be  the  case  this  day)  such  division  may  be  made  in  the  manner 
desired  by  the  chairmen,  with  all  possible  order  and  decorum. 
The  following  is  a  copy  of  the  Circular  Letter  sent  by  the  Committee  for 

this  city  and  county,^  to  the  different  counties  in  this  province. 

Philadelphia,  June  28,  1774. 

Gentlemen  :  The  Committee  of  Correspondence  for  this  city  and  county, 
beg  leave  to  enclose  you  printed  copies  of  the  resolves,  passed  at  a  very 
large  and  respectable  meeting  of  the  Freeholders  and  Freemen  in  the 
State  House  Square,  on  Saturday  the  18th  inst.  By  the  4th  of  those 
resolves,  you  will  observe  that  it  was  left  for  the  Committee  "To  deter- 
mine on  the  most  proper  mode  of  collecting  the  sense  of  this  province  in 
the  present  critical  situation  of  our  affairs,  and  appointing  Deputies  to 
attend  the  proposed  Congress]''  In  pursuance  of  this  trust,  we  have,  upon 
the  maturest  deliberation,  determined  upon  the  mode  contained  in  the 
two  following  propositions,  which  we  hope  may  meet  with  the  approba- 
tion and  concurrence  of  your  respectable  county,  viz : 

"1.  That  the  Speaker  of  the  Honourable  House  of  Eepresentatives  be 
desired  to  write  to  the  several  members  of  Assembly  in  this  province, 
requesting  them  to  meet  in  this  city  as  soon  as  possible,  but  not  later 
than  the  1st  of  August  next,  to  take  into  their  consideration  our  very 
alarming  situation. 

"  2.  That  letters  be  written  to  proper  persons  in  each  county,  recom- 
mending it  to  them  to  get  Committees  appointed  for  their  respective 
counties,  and  that  the  said  Committees,  or  such  number  of  them  as  may 
be  thought  proper,  may  meet  in  Philadelphia  at  the  time  the  Eepresen- 
tatives are  convened,  in  order  to  consult  and  advise  on  the  most  expedi- 
ent mode  of  appointing  Deputies  for  the  general  Congress,  and  to  give 
their  weight  to  such  as  may  be  appointed." 

The  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  in  a  very  obliging  and  ready  manner, 
had  agreed  to  comply  with  the  request  in  the  former  of  these  proposi- 
tions ;  but  we  are  now  informed  that,  on  account  of  the  Indian  disturb- 
ances, the  Governor  has  found  it  necessary  to  call  the  Assembly  to  meet 
in  their  legislative  capacity  on  Monday,  July  18,  being  about  the  same 

1  i.  e.  Philadelphia. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  205 

time  the  Speaker  would  probably  have  invited  them  to  a  conference  or 
convention  in  tlieir  private  capacity. 

What  we  have  therefore  to  request  is,  that  if  you  approve  of  the  mode 
expressed  in  the  second  proposition,  the  whole  or  part  of  the  Committee 
appointed,  or  to  be  appointed  for  your  county,  will  meet  the  Committees 
from  the  other  counties  at  Philadelphia,  on  Friday  the  15th  of  July,  in 
order  to  assist  in  framing  instructions,  and  preparing  such  matters  as  may 
be  proper  to  recommend  to  our  Eepresentatives  at  their  meeting  the 
Monday  following. 

"We  trust  no  apology  is  necessary  for  the  trouble  we  propose  giving 
your  Committee,  of  attending  at  Philadelphia ;  as  we  are  persuaded  you 
are  fully  convinced  of  the  necessity  of  the  closest  union  among  our- 
selves both  in  sentiment  and  action;  nor  can  such  union  be  obtained  so 
well  by  any  other  method,  as  by  a  meeting  of  the  county  Committees  of 
each  particular  province,  in  one  place,  preparatory  to  the  general  con- 
gress. 

We  would  not  offer  such  an  affront  to  the  well  known  public  spirit  of 
Pennsylvanians,  as  to  question  your  zeal  on  the  present  occasion.  Our 
very  existence  in  the  rank  of  Freemen,  and  the  security  of  all  that  ought 
to  be  dear  to  us,  evidently  depend  upon  our  conducting  this  great  cause 
to  its  proper  issue  by  firmness,  wisdom  and  unanimity.  We  cannot 
therefore  doubt  your  ready  concurrence  in  every  measure  that  may  be 
conducive  to  the  public  good ;  and  it  is  with  pleasure  we  can  assure  you, 
that  all  the  colonies,  from  S.  Carolina  to  N.  Hampshire,  seem  animated 
with  one  spirit  in  the  common  cause,  and  consider  this  as  the  proper 
crisis  for  having  our  differences  with  the  Mother  Country  brought  to 
some  certain  issue,  and  our  liberties  fixt  upon  a  permanent  foundation. 
This  desirable  end  can  only  be  accomplished  by  a  free  communion 
of  sentiments,  and  a  sincere  fervent  regard  to  the  interests  of  our  com- 
mon country.  We  beg  to  be  favoured  with  an  answer  to  this  and 
whether  the  Committee  for  your  county  can  attend  at  Phila.,  at  the  time 
proposed. 

Signed  by  order  of  the  Committee, 

Thomas  Willing,  Chairman. 

Pursuant  to  the  publication  of  the  resolves  of  the  Committee  before 
mentioned,  there  was  held  a  meeting  of  a  very  respectable  number  of 
the  freemen  and  inhabitants  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  on  Saturday 
the  9th  of  July,  1774.     George  Ross,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

This  assembly,  taking  into  their  serious  consideration  the  several  late 
acts  of  the  British  parliament  relative  to  America,  came  unanimously  to 
the  following  Declarations  and  Resolves,  viz : 

1.  We  do  sincerely  profess  and  declare,  that  his  most  gracious  Majesty 
King  George  the  Third,  is  our  rightful  and  lawful  sovereign,  and  that 


206  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

we  will  at  all  times  support  and  defend  him  to  the  utmost  of  our  power, 
with  our  lives  and  fortunes,  against  his  enemies. 

2.  We  do  further  declare,  that  no  power  is  constitutionally  lodged  in 
the  hands  of  any  body  of  men,  to  give  and  grant  our  money,  save  only 
our  representatives  in  assembly,  who  have  at  all  times  cheerfully  grant- 
ed aids  to  his  Majesty,  whenever  he  has  made  a  requisition  from  them. 

3.  That  the  acts  of  the  British  parliament  for  divesting  us  of  such 
right,  and  assuming  such  power  to  themselves,  are  unconstitutional,  un- 
just and  oppressive. 

4.  That  it  is  an  indispensable  duty  we  owe  to  ourselves  and  posterity, 
to  oppose  with  decency  and  firmness,  every  measure  tending  to  deprive 
us  of  our  just  rights  and  privileges. 

5.  That  a  close  union  of  the  colonies,  and  their  faithful  adhering  to 
such  measures  as  a  general  Congress  shall  judge  proper,  are  the  most 
likely  means  to  procure  redress  of  American  grievances,  and  settle  the 
rights  of  the  colonies  on  a  permanent  basis. 

6.  That  it  is  highly  expedient  to  appoint  a  Committee,  to  meet  the 
Committee  of  the  other  counties  of  this  province  at  Philadelphia,  on  the 
15th  instant,  to  confer  Avith  them  on  the  important  matters  mentioned  in 
the  letter  from  the  chairman  of  the  Committee  of  Philadelphia. 

7.  That  we  will  sincerely  and  heartily  agree  to,  and  abide  by  the  mea- 
sures which  shall  be  adopted  by  the  members  of  the  general  congress  of 
the  colonies. 

8.  That  we  do  tenderly  sympathize  with  our  brethren  of  Boston,  who 
are  suffering  in  the  American  cause  by  an  unconstitutional  and  oppres- 
sive act  of  the  British  parliament,  called  the  Boston  Port  Bill. 

9.  That  a  subscription  be  opened  for  the  relief  of  our  suffering 
brethren  there. 

10.  That  the  subscription  be  put  into  the  hands  of  the  Committee  of 
this  county,  to  be  by  them  laid  out  in  the  purchase  of  provisions  and 
sent  to  Boston  towards  the  relief  of  their  distresses. 

11.  That  the  Committee  for  the  borough  of  Lancaster  already  appoint- 
ed, be  a  Committee  of  correspondence;  and  that  George  Eoss,  James 
Webb,  Matthias  Slough,  Joseph  Ferree,  Emanual  Carpenter,  and  Wil- 
liam Atlee,  Esquires,  Mr.  Alexander  Lowry,  and  Mr.  Moses  Erwin,  be 
the  Committee  to  meet  and  consult  with  the  Committees  of  the  other 
counties  of  this  province  at  Philadelphia,  the  15th  instant,  and  also  to 
join  with  the  Committee  of  correspondence  in  receiving  subscriptions. 

It  was  then  moved,  that  the  thanks  of  the  Freemen  and  inhabitants 
present  should  be  rendered  to  the  worthy  chairman,  for  the  very  proper 
and  spirited  address  made  by  him  to  this  assembly,  replete  with  the 
warmest  expressions  of  loyalty  to  his  Majesty,  and  fervent  zeal  for  the 
common  interests  of  America,  which  motion  was  agreed  to  by  a  general 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY,  207 

holding  up  of  hands,  and  the  thanks  of  the  assembly  were  then  presented 
to  Mr,  Eoss  for  his  patriotic  conduct  upon  this  occasion, 

Eberiiart  Michael,  Clk: 

A  subscription  was  then  immediately  opened  by  the  Committee,  for 
the  benefit  of  our  suffering  brethren  of  the  town  of  Boston,  and  very 
handsome  sums  subscribed  by  several  of  the  persons  present :  And  at 
the  request  of  numbers  of  the  reputable  inhabitants,  papers  are  printed 
and  sending  to  the  different  townships  to  receive  the  subscriptions  of 
the  inhabitants  of  this  county,  which  it  is  expected  will  amount  to  a  con- 
siderable sum,  and  will  be  collected  as  expeditiously  as  possible  by  the 
Committee,  and  laid  out  as  shall  be  thought  best  to  answer  the  good 
purpose  intended. 

A  paper  was  delivered  by  Mr.  Elijah  Weikersham,  to  the  Chairman 
at  this  meeting,  and  read  by  him,  containing  similar  resolves  (with  the 
above)  of  the  freemen  of  the  townships  of  Paxton  and  Derry,  at  their 
meeting  at  the  town  of  Middletown  on  the  8th  last  past,  and  signed 
by  James  Bird,  Esq.,  chairman. 

Agreeably  to  the  suggestions  made  in  the  circular  letter  from  the  Com- 
mittee of  correspondence  for  this  city  and  county,^  a  convention  of  Dele- 
gates from  the  different  counties  assembled  in  this  city  on  the  15th  of 
July,  1774.     The  following  is  an  account  of  their  proceedings: 

Philadelphia,  July  25, 
At  a  Provincial  Meeting  of  Deputies  chosen  by  the  several  Counties  in  Penn- 
sylvania,   held  at   Philadelphia,   July   15th,    1774,   a7id  continued  by 

adjournments  from  day  to  day. 

Present,  For  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia :  Thomas  Willing, 
John  Dickinson,  Peter  Chevalier,  Edward  Penington,  Thomas  Whar- 
ton, John  Cox,  Joseph  Eeed,  Thomas  Wharton,  Jun,,  Samuel  Erwin, 
Thomas  Fitzsimons,  Doctor  William  Smith,  Isaac  Howell,  Adam  Hub- 
ley,  George  Schlosser,  Samuel  Miles,  Thomas  Mifflin,  Christopher  Lud- 
wic,  Joseph  Moulder,  Anthony  Morris,  Jun,,  George  Gray,  John  Nixon, 
Jacob  Barge,  Thomas  Penrose,  John  M,  Nesbit,  Jonathan  B.  Smith, 
James  Mease,  Thomas  Barclay,  Benjamin  Marshall,  Samuel  Howell, 
William  Moulder,  John  Eoberts,  John  Bayard,  William  Eush  and 
Charles  Thompson. 

Bucks — John  Kidd,  Henry  Wynkoop,  Joseph  Kirkbride,  John  Wilk- 
inson and  James  Wallace. 

Chester — Francis  Eichardson,  Elisha  Price,  John  Hart,  Anthony 
Wayne,  Hugh  Loyd,  John  Sellers,  Francis  Johnson  and  Eichard  Eeiley. 

Lancaster — George  Eoss,  James  Webb,  Joseph  Ferree,  Matthias  Slough, 
Emanuel  Carpenter,  William  Atlee,  Alexander  Lowry  and  Moses  Erwin, 

York — James  Smith,  Joseph  Donaldson  and  Thomas  Hartley, 

H.  e.  Philadelphia. 


203  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Cumberland— Umes  Wilson,  Robert  Magaw  and  William  Irvine. 
^e^/.5_Edward  Biddle,  Daniel  Broadhead,  Jonathan  Potts,  Thomas 
Dundas  and  Christopher  Schultz. 

Northampton~V^i\\\2.m  Edmunds,  Peter  Kechlein,  John  Okeley  and 

Jacob  Arndt. 

Northuniherland—WiWidim  Scull  and  Samuel  Hunter. 
Bedford — George  Woods. 

Westmoreland— Rohen  Hannah,  James  Cavett. 
Thomas  Willing  was  chosen  Chairman. 
Charles  Thompson,  Clerk. 

Agreed  that,  in  case  of  any  difference  in  sentiment,  the  question  be 
determined  by  the  Deputies  voting  by  counties. 

The  letters  from  Boston  of  the  13th  of  May  were  then  read,  and  a 
short  account  given  of  the  steps  taken  in  consequence  thereof,  and  the 
measures  now  pursuing  in  this  and  the  neighboring  provinces;  after 
which  the  following  resolves  were  passed: 

Unan.  1.  That  we  acknowledge  ourselves  and  the  inhabitants  of  this 
province,  liege  subjects  of  his  Majesty  King  George  the  third,  to  whom 
they  and  we  owe  and  will  bear  true  and  faithful  allegiance. 

Unan.  II.  That  as  the  idea  of  an  unconstitutional  independence  on 
the  parent  state  is  utterly  abhorrent  to  our  principles,  we  view  the  un- 
happy differences  between  Great  Britain  and  the  Colonies  with  the  deep- 
est distress  and  anxiety  of  mind,  as  fruitless  to  her,  grievous  to  us,  and 
destructive  of  the  best  interests  of  both. 

Unan.  III.  That  it  is  therefore  our  ardent  desire,  that  our  ancient  har- 
mony with  the  mother-country  should  be  restored,  and  a  perpetual  love 
and  union  subsist  between  us,  on  the  principles  of  the  constitution,  and 
an  interchange  of  good  offices,  without  the  least  infraction  of  our  mutual 
rights. 

Una7i.  lY.  That  the  inhabitants  of  these  colonies  are  entitled  to  the 
same  rights  and  liberties  within  these  colonies,  that  the  subjects  born 
in  England  are  entitled  to  within  that  realm. 

Unan.  V.  That  the  power  assumed  by  the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain 
to  bind  the  people  of  these  colonies,  by  statutes,  "  IN  ALL  cases  what- 
soever," is  unconstitutional ;  and  therefore  the  source  of  these  unhappy 
difl'erences. 

Unan.  VI.  That  the  act  of  Parliament  for  shutting  up  the  port  o^  Boston 
is  unconstitutional;  oppressive  to  the  inhabitants  of  that  town;  danger- 
ous to  the  liberties  of  the  British  Colonies  ;  and  therefore,  that  we  con- 
sider our  brethren  at  Boston  as  suffering  in  the  common  cause  of  these 
colonies. 

Unan.  VII.  That  the  bill  for  altering  the  administration  of  justice  in 
certain  criminal  cases  within  the  province  of  Massachusetts  Bay,  if  passed 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

into  an  act  of  Parliament,  will  be  as  unconstitutional,  oppressive  and 
dangerous  as  the  act  above  mentioned. 

Unan.  VIII.  That  the  bill  for  changing  the  constitution  of  the  prov- 
ince of  Massachusetts  Bay,  established  by  charter,  and  enjoyed  since  the 
grant  of  that  charter,  if  passed  into  an  act  of  Parliament,  will  be  uncon- 
stitutional and  dangerous  in  its  consequences  to  the  American  Colonies. 

Unan.  IX.  That  there  is  an  absolute  necessity,  that  a  congress  of  De- 
puties from  the  several  colonies  be  immediately  assembled,  to  consult 
together,  and  form  a  general  plan  of  conduct  to  be  observed  by  all  the 
colonies,  for  the  purposes  of  procuring  relief  for  our  grievances,  pre- 
venting future  dissensions,  firmly  establishing  our  rights,  and  restoring 
harmony  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies  on  a  constitutional 
foundation. 

Unan.  X.  That,  although  a  suspension  of  the  commerce  of  this  large 
trading  province,  with  Great  Britain,  would  greatly  distress  multitudes 
of  our  industrious  inhabitants,  yet  that  sacrifice  and  a  much  greater  we 
are  ready  to  offer  f»r  the  preservation  of  our  liberties;  but,  in  tender- 
ness to  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  as  well  as  this  country,  and  in  hopes 
that  our  just  remonstrances  will  at  length  reach  the  ears  of  our  gracious 
Sovereign,  and  be  no  longer  treated  with  contempt  by  any  of  our  fellow 
subjects  in  England,  it  is  our  earnest  desire  that  the  congress  should  first 
try  the  gentler  mode  of  stating  our  grievances,  and  making  a  firm  and 
decent  claim  of  redress. 

XI.  Resolved,  by  a  great  majority,  That  yet  notwithstanding,  as  an  un- 
animity of  councils  and  measures  is  indispensably  necessary  for  the  com- 
mon welfare,  if  the  congress  shall  judge  agreements  of  non-importation 
and  non-exportation  expedient,  the  people  of  this  province  will  join  with 
the  other  principal  and  neighbouring  colonies,  in  such  an  association  of 
non-importation  from  and  non-exportation  to  Great  Britain,  as  shall  be 
agreed  on  at  the  congress. 

XII.  Resolved,  by  a  majority.  That  if  any  proceedings  of  the  Parlia- 
ment, of  which  notice  shall  be  received  on  this  continent,  before  or  at 
the  general  Congress,  shall  render  it  necessary  in  the  opinion  of  that 
Congress,  for  the  colonies  to  take  farther  steps  than  are  mentioned  in  the 
eleventh  resolve;  in  such  case,  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  shall 
adopt  such  farther  steps,  and  do  all  in  their  power  to  carry  them  into 
execution. 

Unan.  XIII.  That  the  venders  of  merchandize  of  every  kind  within 
this  province,  ought  not  to  take  advantage  of  the  resolves  relating  to 
non-importation  in  this  province  or  elsewhere;  but  that  they  ought  to 
sell  their  merchandize,  which  they  now  have  or  may  hereafter  import, 
at  the  same  rates  they  have  been  accustomed  to  do  within  three  months 
last  past. 

15 


210  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

Unan.  XIV.  That  the  people  of  this  province  will  break  off  all  trade, 
commerce  or  dealing  of  any  kind  with  any  colony  on  this  continent,  or 
with  any  city  or  town  in  such  colony,  or  with  any  individual  in  any 
such  colony,  city  or  town,  which  shall  refuse,  decline  or  neglect  to  adopt 
and  carry  into  execution,  such  general  plan  as  shall  be  agreed  in  the 
Congress. 

Una7i.  XV.  That  it  is  the  duty  of  every  member  of  this  Committee  to 
promote,  as  much  as  he  can,  the  subscription  set  on  foot  in  the  several 
counties  of  this  province,  for  the  relief  of  the  distressed  inhabitants  of 
Boston. 

Unan.  XVI.  That  this  Committee  give  instructions  on  the  present 
situation  of  public  affairs  to  their  representatives,  who  are  to  meet  next 
week  in  Assembly,  and  request  them  to  appoint  a  proper  number  of 
persons  to  attend  a  Congress  of  Deputies  from  the  several  colonies,  at 
such  time  and  place  as  may  be  agreed  on,  to  effect  one  general  plan  of 
conduct,  for  attaining  the  ninth  resolve. 

That  John  Dickinson,  Doctor  William  Smith,  Joseph  Reed,  John  Kidd^ 
Elisha  Price,  William  Atlee,  James  Smith,  James  Wilson,  Daniel  Broad- 
head,  John  Oakley,  and  William  Scull,  be  appointed  to  prepare  and  bring 
in  a  draught  of  instructions. 
Tfie  COMMITTEE  above  named  having  brought  in  a  draught  of  INSTR  UC- 

TIONiSj  the  same  was  debated  and  amended^  and  being  agreed  to,  were 

ordered  to  be  signed  by  the  Chairman.     On  the  21si  the  COMMITTEE  in 

a  body  waited  on  the  ASSEMBL  Y^  then  sitting^  and  -presented  the  same. 

Gentlemen  :  The  dissensions  between  Great  Britain  and  her  Colonies 
on  this  continent,  commencing  about  ten  years  ago,  since  continually 
increasing,  and  at  length  grown  to  such  an  excess  as  to  involve  the  latter 
in  deep  distress  and  danger,  have  excited  the  good  people  of  this  pro- 
vince to  take  into  their  serious  consideration  the  present  situation  of 
public  affairs. 

The  inhabitants  of  the  several  counties  qualified  to  vote  at  elections, 
being  assembled  on  due  notice,  have  appointed  us  their  Deputies ;  and  in 
consequence  thereof,  we  being  in  Provincial  Committee  met,  esteem  it 
our  indispensable  duty,  in  pursuance  of  the  trust  reposed  in  us,  to  give 
you  such  instruction,  as,  at  this  important  period,  appear  to  us  to  be 
proper. 

We,  speaking  in  their  names  and  our  own,  acknowledge  ourselves 
liege  subjects  to  his  Majesty  King  George  the  third,  to  whom  "  we  will 
be  faithful  and  bear  true  allegiance." 

Our  judgments  and  affections  attach  us,  with  inviolable  loyalty,  to  his 
Majesty's  person,  family  and  government. 

We  acknowledge  the  prerogatives  of  the  sovereign,  among  which  are 
included  the  great  powers  of  making  peace  and  war,  treaties,  leagues 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  211 

and  alliances  binding  us — of  appointing  all  officers,  except  in  cases  -where 
other  provision  is  made,  by  grants  from  the  Crown,  or  laws  approved  by 
the  Crown — of  confirming  or  annulling  every  act  of  our  Assembly 
within  the  allowed  time — and  of  hearing  and  determining  finally,  in 
council,  appeals  from  our  courts  of  justice.  "  The  prerogatives  are 
limited,"^  as  a  learned  judge  observes,  "by  bounds  so  certain  and  noto- 
rious, that  it  is  impossible  to  exceed  them,  without  the  consent  of  the 
people  on  the  one  hand,  or  without,  on  the  other,  a  violation  of  that 
original  contract,  which,  in  all  states  implicitly,  and  in  ours  most  expressly, 
subsists  between  the  Prince  and  Subject— For  these  prerogatives  are 
vested  in  the  Crown  for  the  supjMrt  of  society,  and  do  not  intrench  any 
farther  on  our  natural  liberties,  than  is  expedient  for  the  maintenance  of 
our  civiiy 

But  it  is  our  misfortune,  that  we  are  compelled  loudly  to  call  your 
attention  to  the  consideration  of  another  power,  totally  different  in  kind 
— limited,  as  it  is  alleged,  by  no  "  bounds,"^  and  "  wearing  a  most  dread- 
ful aspect"  with  regard  to  America.  We  mean  the  power  claimed  by 
Parliament,  of  right  to  bind  the  people  of  these  colonies  by  statutes,  '  IN 
ALL  CASES  whatsoever' — a  power,  as  we  are  not,  and,  from  local  cir- 
cumstances, cannot  be  represented  there,  utterly  subversive  of  our  natu- 
ral and  civil  liberties — past  events  and  reason  convincing  us,  that  there 
never  existed,  and  never  can  exist,  a  state  thiLs  subordinate  to  another, 
and  yet  retaining  the  slightest  portion  of  freedom  or  happiness. 

The  import  of  the  words  above  quoted  needs  no  descant ;  for  the  wit 
of  man,  as  we  apprehend,  cannot  possibly  form  a  more  clear,  concise, 
and  comprehensive  definition  and  sentence  of  slavery,  than  these  expres- 
sions contain. 

This  power  claimed  by  Great  Britain,  and  the  late  attempts  to  exercise 
it  over  these  Colonies,  present  to  our  view  two  events,  one  of  which  must 
inevitahhj  take  place,  if  she  shall  continue  to  insist  on  her  pretensions. 
Either,  the  Colonists  will  sink  from  the  rank  of  freemen  into  the  class  of 
slaves,  overwhelmed  with  all  the  miseries  and  vices,  proved  by  the  his- 
tory of  mankind  to  be  inseparably  annexed  to  that  deplorable  condition: 
Or,  if  they  have  sense  and  virtue  enough  to  exert  themselves  in  striving 
to  avoid  this  perdition,  they  must  be  involved  in  an  opposition  dreadful 
even  in  contemplation. 

Honor,  justice,  and  humanittj  call  upon  us  to  hold,  and  to  transmit  to 
our  posterity,  that  liberty,  which  we  received  from  our  ancestors.  It  is 
not  our  duty  to  leave  wealth  to  our  children :  But  it  is  our  duty  to  leave 
liberty  to  them.  No  infamy,  iniquity,  or  cruelty,  can  exceed  our  own,  if 
we,  born  and  educated  in  a  country  of  freedom,  entitled  to  its  blessings, 
and  knowing  their  value,  pusillanimously  deserting  the  post  assigned  us 
iBlackstone,  237.  '^  Ibid  370. 


212  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

by  divine  Providence,  surrender  succeeding  generations  to  a  condition  of 
wretchedness,  from  which  no  human  efforts,  in  all  probability,  will  be 
sufficient  to  extricate  them ;  the  experience  of  all  states  mournfully  de- 
monstrating to  us,  that  when  arbitrary  power  has  been  established  over 
them,  even  the  wisest  and  bravest  nations,  that  ever  flourished,  have,  in 
a  few  years,  degenerated  into  abject  and  wretched  vassals. 

So  alarming  are  the  measures  already  taken  for  laying  the  foundations 
of  a  despotic  authority  of  Great  Britain  over  us,  and  with  such  artful 
and  incessant  vigilance  is  the  plan  prosecuted,  that  unless  the  present 
generation  can  interrupt  the  work,  while  it  is  going  forward,  can  it  be 
imagined,  that  our  children,  debilitated  by  our  imprudence  and  supine - 
ness,  will  be  able  to  overthrow  it,  when  completed?  Populous  and  power- 
ful as  these  Colonies  may  grow,  they  will  still  find  arbitrary  domination 
not  only  strengthening  with  their  strength,  but  exceeding,  in  the  swift- 
ness of  its  progression,  as  it  ever  has  done,  all  the  artless  advantages, 
that  can  accrue  to  the  governed.  These  advance  with  a  regularity,  which 
the  divine  author  of  our  existence  has  impressed  on  the  laudable  pursuits 
of  his  creatures :  But  despotism,  unchecked  and  unbounded  by  any  laws — 
never  satisfied  with  what  has  been  done,  while  any  thing  remains  to  be 
done  for  the  accomplishment  of  its  purposes — confiding,  and  capable  of 
confiding,  only  in  the  annihilation  of  all  opposition — holds  its  course  with 
such  unabating  and  destructive  rapidity,  that  the  world  has  become  its 
prey,  and  at  this  day.  Great  Britain  and  her  dominions  excepted,  there  is 
scarce  a  spot  on  the  globe  inhabited  by  civilized  nations,  where  the  ves- 
tiges of  freedom  are  to  be  observed. 

To  us  therefore  it  appears,  at  this  alarming  period,  our  duty  to  God, 
to  our  country,  to  ourselves,  and  to  our  posterity,  to  exert  our  utmost 
ability,  in  promoting  and  establishing  harmony  between  Great  Britain 
and  these  Colonies,  on  a  constitutional  foundation. 

For  attaining  this  great  and  desirable  end,  we  request  you  to  appoint 
a  proper  number  of  persons  to  attend  a  Congress  of  Deputies  from  the 
several  Colonies,  appointed,  or  to  be  appointed,  by  the  Representatives 
of  the  people  of  the  Colonies  respectively  in  assembly,  or  convention,  or 
by  Delegates  chosen  by  the  counties  generally  in  the  respective  colonies 
and  met  in  Provincial  Committee,  at  such  time  and  place  as  shall  be 
generally  agreed  on :  and  that  the  Deputies  from  this  province  may  be 
induced  and  encouraged  to  concur  in  such  measures,  as  may  be  devised 
for  the  common  welfare,  we  think  it  proper,  particularly  to  inform,  how 
far,  we  apprehend,  they  will  be  supported  in  their  conduct  by  their  con- 
stituents. 

The  assumed  parliamentary  power  of  internal  legislation,  and  the 
power  of  regulating  trade,  as  of  late  exercised,  and  designed  to  be  e-xer- 
cised,  we  are  thoroughly  convinced,  will  prove  unfailing  and  plentiful 


OP   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  213 

sources  of  dissensions  to  the  Mother  Country  and  these  Colonies,  unless 
some  expedients  can  be  adopted  to  render  her  secure  of  receiving  from  us 
every  emolument,  that  can  in  justice  and  reason  be  expected  and  us  secure 
in  our  lives,  liberties,  properties,  and  an  equitable  share  of  commerce. 

Mournfully  revolving  in  our  minds  the  calamities,  that,  arising  from 
these  dissensions,  will  most  probably  fall  on  us  or  our  children,  we  will 
now  lay  before  you  the  particular  points  we  request  of  you  to  procure, 
if  possible,  to  be  finally  decided :  and  the  measures  that  appear  to  us 
most  likely  to  produce  such  a  desirable  period  of  our  distresses  and 
dangers.     We  therefore  desire  of  you — 

First — that  the  Deputies  you  may  appoint,  may  be  instructed  by  you 
strenuously  to  exert  themselves,  at  the  ensuing  Congress,  to  obtain  a  re- 
nunciation on  the  part  of  Great  Britain^  of  all  powers  under  the  statute 
of  the  35  Henry  the  8th,  chapter  the  2d.  Of  all  powers  of  internal  legis- 
lation— of  imposing  taxes  or  duties  internal  or  external — and  of  regu- 
lating trade,  except  with  respect  to  any  new  articles  of  commerce,  which 
the  Colonies  may  hereafter  raise,  as  silk,  wine,  &c.,  reserving  a  right  to 
carry  these  from  one  colony  to  another — a  repeal  of  all  statutes  for  quar- 
tering troops  in  the  Colonies,  or  subjecting  them  to  any  expense  on  ac- 
count of  such  troops — of  all  statutes  imposing  duties  to  be  paid  in  the 
Colonies,  that  were  passed  at  the  accession  of  his  present  Majesty,  or 
before  this  time ;  which  ever  period  shall  be  judged  most  advisable — 
of  the  statutes  giving  the  Courts  of  Admiralty  in  the  Colonies  greater 
power  than  Courts  of  Admiralty  have  in  England — of  the  statutes  of 
the  5th  of  George  the  2d,  chapter  the  22d,  and  of  the  23d  of  George  the 
2d,  chapter  the  29th — of  the  statute  for  shutting  up  the  port  of  Boston 
— and  of  every  other  statute  particularly  affecting  the  province  of  Mas- 
sachusetts Bay^  passed  in  the  last  session  of  Parliament. 

In  case  of  obtaining  these  terms,  it  is  our  opinion,  that  it  will  be  rea- 
sonable for  the  colonies  to  engage  their  obedience  to  the  acts  of  Parlia- 
ment declared  to  have  force,  at  this  time,  in  these  Colonies,  other  than 
those  above-mentioned,  and  to  confirm  such  statutes  by  acts  of  the 
several  assemblies.  It  is  also  our  opinion,  that  taking  example  from 
our  Mother  Country,  in  abolishing  the  "Courts  of  Wards  and  Liveries, 
Tenures  in  capite,  and  by  Knights  service  and  purveyance,"  it  will  be 
reasonable  for  the  Colonies,  in  case  of  obtaining  the  terms  before  men- 
tioned, to  settle  a  certain  annual  revenue  on  his  Majesty,  his  heirs  and 
successors,  subject  to  the  control  of  Parliament,  and  to  satisfy  all  dama- 
ges done  to  the  East-India  Company. 

This  our  idea  of  settling  a  revenue,  arises  from  a  sense  of  duty  to  our 
Sovereign,  and  of  esteem  for  our  Mother  Country.  We  know  and  have 
felt  the  benefits  of  a  subordinate  connexion  with  her.  We  neither  are 
so  stupid  as  to  be  ignorant  of  them,  nor  so  unjust  as  to  deny  them.     We 


214  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

have  also  experienced  the  pleasures  of  gratitude  and  love,  as  well  as 
advantages  from  that  connexion.  The  impressions  are  not  yet  erased. 
We  consider  her  circumstances  with  tender  concern.  We  have  not  been 
wanting,  when  constitutionally  called  upon,  to  assist  her  to  the  utmost 
of  our  abilities ;  insomuch  that  she  has  judged  it  reasonable  to  make  us 
recompenses  for  our  overstrained  exertions :  And  we  now  think  we  ought 
to  contribute  more  than  we  do,  to  the  alleviation  of  her  burthens. 

Whatever  may  be  said  of  these  proposals  on  either  side  of  the  Atlantic, 
this  is  not  a  time,  either  for  timidity  or  rashness.  We  perfectly  know, 
that  the  great  cause  now  agitated,  is  to  be  conducted  to  a  happy  conclu- 
sion, only  by  that  well  tempered  composition  of  Counsels,  which  firm- 
ness, prudence,  loyalty  to  our  Sovereign,  respect  to  our  parent  State, 
and  affection  to  our  native  country,  united  must  form. 

By  such  a  compact,  Great  Britain  will  secure  every  benefit  that  the 
Parliamentary  wisdom  of  ages  has  thought  proper  to  attach  to  her. 
From  her  alone  we  shall  continue  to  receive  manufactures.  To  her  alone 
we  shall  continue  to  carry  the  vast  inultitude  of  enumerated  articles  of 
commerce,  the  exportation  of  which  her  policy  has  thought  fit  to  confine 
to  herself.  With  such  parts  of  the  ivorld  only,  as  she  has  appointed  us  to 
deal,  we  shall  continue  to  deal ;  and  such  commodities  only,  as  she  has 
permitted  us  to  bring  from  them,  we  shall  continue  to  bring.  The 
executive  and  controling  powers  of  the  Crown  will  retain  their  present  full 
force  and  operation.  We  shall  contentedly  labour  for  her  as  affectionate 
friends,  in  time  of  tranquility;  and  cheerfully  spend  for  her,  as  dutiful 
children,  our  treasure  and  our  blood,  in  time  of  war.  She  will  receive  a 
certain  income  from  us,  without  the  trouble  or  expense  of  collecting  it — 
without  being  constantly  disturbed  by  complaints  of  grievances,  which 
she  cannot  justify  and  will  not  redress.  In  case  of  war,  or  any  emer- 
gency of  distress  to  her,  we  shall  also  be  ready  and  willing  to  contribute 
all  aids  within  our  power :  And  we  solemnly  declare,  that  on  such  occa- 
sions, if  we  or  our  posterity  shall  refuse,  neglect,  or  decline  thus  to  con- 
tribute, it  will  be  a  mean  and  manifest  violation  of  a  plain  duty,  and  a 
weak  and  wicked  desertion  of  the  true  interests  of  this  province,  which 
ever  have  been  and  must  be  bound  up  in  the  prosperity  of  our  Mother 
Country.  Our  union,  founded  on  mutual  compacts  and  mutual  benefits, 
will  be  indissoluble,  at  least  more  firm  than  an  union  perpetually  dis- 
turbed by  disputed  rights,  and  retorted  injuries. 

Secondly.  If  all  the  terms  above-mentioned  cannot  be  obtained,  it  is 
our  opinion,  that  the  measures  adopted  by  the  Congress  for  our  relief 
should  never  be  relinquished  or  intermitted,  until  those  relating  to  the 
troops— internal  legislation— imposition  of  taxes  or  duties  hereafter,— 
the  35th  of  Henry  the  8th,  Chapter  the  2d.— the  extension  of  Admiralty 
Courts— the  port  of  Boston  and  the  province  of  Massachusetts- Bay  are 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  215 

obtained.  Every  modification  or  qualification  of  these  points,  in  our 
judgment,  should  be  inadmissible.  To  obtain  them,  we  think  it  may  be 
prudent  to  settle  some  revenue  as  above-mentioned,  and  to  satisfy  the 
East  India  Company. 

Thirdly.  If  neither  of  these  plans  should  be  agreed  to,  in  Congress, 
but  some  other  of  a  similar  nature  shall  be  framed,  though  on  the  terms 
of  a  revenue,  and  satisfaction  to  the  East  India  Company,  and  though  it 
shall  be  agreed  by  the  Congress  to  admit  no  modification  or  qualification 
in  the  terms  they  shall  insist  on,  we  desire  your  Deputies  may  be  in- 
structed to  concur  with  the  other  Deputies  in  it ;  and  we  will  accede  to, 
and  carry  it  into  execution  as  far  as  we  can. 

Fourthly,  As  to  the  regulation  of  trade — we  are  of  opinion,  that  by 
making  some  few  amendments,  the  commerce  of  the  colonies  might  be 
settled  on  a  firm  establishment,  advantageous  to  Great  Britain  and  them, 
requiring  and  subject  to  no  future  alterations,  without  mutual  consent. 
We  desire  to  have  this  point  considered  by  the  Congress;  and  such  meas- 
ures taken,  as  they  may  judge  proper. 

In  order  to  obtain  redress  of  our  common  grievances,  we  observe  a 
general  inclination  among  the  Colonies  of  entering  into  agreements  of 
non-importation  and  non-exportation.  We  are  fully  convinced  that  such 
agreements  would  withhold  very  large  supplies  from  Great  Britain,  and 
no  words  can  describe  our  contempt  and  abhorrence  of  those  Colonists, 
if  any  such  there  are,  who,  from  a  sordid  and  ill-judged  attachment  to 
their  own  immediate  profit,  would  pursue  that,  to  the  injury  of  their 
country,  in  this  great  struggle  for  all  the  blessings  of  liberty.  It  would 
appear  to  us  a  most  wasteful  frugality,  that  would  lose  every  important 
possession  by  too  strict  an  attention  to  small  things,  and  lose  also  even 
these  at  the  last.  For  our  part,  we  will  cheerfully  make  any  sacrifice, 
when  necessary,  to  preserve  the  freedom  of  our  country.  But  other  con- 
siderations have  weight  with  us.  We  wish  every  mark  of  respect  to  be 
paid  to  his  Majesty's  administration.  We  have  been  taught  from  our 
youth  to  entertain  tender  and  brotherly  aftections  for  our  fellow  subjects 
at  home.  The  interruption  of  our  commerce  must  distress  great  num- 
bers of  them.  This  we  earnestly  desire  to  avoid.  We  therefore  request, 
that  the  Deputies  you  shall  appoint  may  be  instructed  to  exert  them- 
selves, at  the  Congress,  to  induce  the  members  of  it,  to  consent  to  make 
a  full  and  precise  state  of  grievances  and  a  decent  yet  firm  claim  of 
redress,  and  to  wait  the  event,  before  any  other  step  is  taken.  It  is  our 
opinion,  that  persons  should  be  appointed  and  sent  home  to  present  this 
state  and  claim,  at  the  court  of  Great  Britain. 

If  the  Congress  shall  choose  to  form  agreements  of  non-importation 
and  non-exportation  immediately,  we  desire  the  Deputies  from  this 
province  will  endeavor  to  have  them  so  formed  as  to  be  binding  upon 


216  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

all  and  that  they  may  be  permanent,  should  the  public  interest  require 
it.  They  cannot  be  efficacious,  unless  they  can  be  permanent;  and  it 
appears  to  us  that  there  will  be  a  danger  of  their  being  infringed,  if  they 
are  not  formed  with  great  caution  and  deliberation.  We  have  determined 
in  the  present  situation  of  public  affairs  to  consent  to  a  stoppage  of  our 
commerce  with  Great  Britain  only;  but  in  case  any  proceedings  of 
the  Parliament,  of  which  notice  shall  be  received  on  this  continent,  before^ 
or  at  the  Congress,  shall  render  it  necessary,  in  the  opinion  of  the  Con- 
gress to  take  further  steps,  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  will  adopt 
such  steps,  and  do  all  in  their  power  to  carry  them  into  execution. 

This  extensive  power  we  commit  to  the  Congress,  for  the  sake  of  pre- 
serving that  unanimity  of  counsel  and  conduct,  that  alone  can  work  out 
the  salvation  of  these  Colonies,  with  a  strong  hope  and  trust  that  they 
will  not  draw  this  province  into  any  measures  judged  by  us,  who  must 
be  better  acquainted  with  its  state  than  strangers,  highly  inexpedient. 
Of  this  kind,  we  know  any  other  stoppage  of  trade,  but  of  that  with 
Great  Britain  will  be.  Even  this  step  we  should  be  extremely  afflicted 
to  see  taken  by  the  Congress,  before  the  other  mode  above  pointed  out 
is  tried.  But  should  it  be  taken,  we  apprehend  that  a  plan  of  restric- 
tions may  be  so  framed,  agreeable  to  the  respective  circumstances  of  the 
several  colonies,  as  to  render  Great  Britain  sensible  of  the  imprudence 
of  her  counsels,  and  yet  leave  them  a  necessary  commerce.  And  here 
it  may  not  be  improper  to  take  notice,  that  if  redress  of  our  grievances 
cannot  be  wholly  obtained,  the  extent  or  continuance  of  our  restrictions 
may,  in  some  sort,  be  proportioned  to  the  rights  we  are  contending  for, 
and  the  degree  of  relief  afforded  us.  This  mode  will  render  our  oj^posi- 
tion  Q.S,  perpetxial  as  our  oppression,  and  will  be  A  continual  claim  and 
ASSERTION  OF  OUR  RIGHTS.  We  cannot  express  the  anxiety  with  which 
we  wish  the  consideration  of  these  points  to  be  recommended  to  you. 
We  are  persuaded,  that  if  these  Colonies  fail  of  vmanimity  or  prudence 
in  forming  their  resolutions,  or  of  fidelity  in  observing  them,  the  op- 
position by  non-importation  and  non-exportation  agreements  will  be 
ineffectual ;  and  then  we  shall  have  only  the  alternative  of  a  more  dan- 
gerous contention,  or  of  a  tame  submission. 

Upon  the  whole,  we  shall  repose  the  highest  confidence  in  the  wisdom 
and  integrity  of  the  ensuing  Congress :  And  though  we  have,  for  the 
satisfaction  of  the  good  people  of  this  province,  who  have  chosen  us  for 
this  express  purpose,  offered  to  you  such  instructions,  as  have  appeared 
expedient  to  us,  yet  it  is  not  our  meaning,  that  by  these  or  by  any  you 
may  think  proper  to  give  them,  the  Deputies  appointed  by  you  should 
be  restrained  from  agreeing  to  any  measures,  that  shall  be  approved  by 
the  Congress.  We  should  be  glad  the  Deputies  chosen  by  you  could, 
by  their  influence,  procure  our  opinions  hereby  communicated  to  you 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  217 

to  be  as  nearly  adhered  to,  as  may  be  possible;  but  to  avoid  difficulties, 
we  desire  tliat  they  may  be  instructed  by  you,  to  agree  to  any  measures 
that  shall  be  approved  by  the  Congress;  the  inhabitants  of  this  province 
having  resolved  to  adopt  and  carry  them  into  execution.  Lastly — We 
desire  the  deputies  from  this  province,  may  endeavor  to  procure  an  ad- 
journment of  the  Congress,  to  such  a  day  as  they  shall  judge  proper,  and 
the  appointment  of  a  standing  Committee. 

Agreed,  that  John  Dickinson,  Joseph  Read,  and  Charles  Thomson,  be 
a  Committee  to  write  to  the  neighboring  Colonies,  and  communicate  to 
them  the  resolves  and  instructions. 

Agreed,  that  the  Committee  for  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia, 
or  any  fifteen  of  them,  be  a  Committee  of  Correspondence  for  the  general 
Committee  of  this  province. 

Extract  from  tlie  Alinutes. 

Charles  Thomson,  Clk.  of  the  Com. 

At^  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  at  Lan- 
caster, on  the  9th  September,  1774,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

The  subscriptions  received  for  the  relief  of  the  distresses  of  the  poor 
inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Boston,  were  laid  before  the  Committee,  and 
it  appeareth  that  the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty-three  pounds,  fifteen 
shillings  and  two  pence,  has  been  collected  in  the  Borough  of  Lancaster 
for  the  purposes  aforesaid,  that  it  being  put  to  the  vote  whether  the  said 
sum  should  not  be  immediately  remitted  to  Philadelphia  to  Mr.  John 
Nixon,  the  Treasurer  of  the  city  and  county  of  Philadelphia,  to  be  laid  out 
in  such  manner  as  the  Committee  for  the  said  city  and  county  should  think 
proper  for  the  relief  of  our  distressed  poor  brethren  of  the  town  of 
Boston,  the  same  was  carried  in  the  affirmative,  and  Edward  Shippen, 
Esq.,  the  chairman,  is  requested  to  forward  the  said  sum  of  money  forth- 
with to  Philadelphia  for  the  purpose  aforesaid. 

At  this  time  no  proper  account  could  possibly  be  had  of  the  subscrip- 
tion papers  of  the  several  townships  in  this  county. 

The  following  letter  was  omitted  entering  in  its  proper  place,  and  is  as 
follows,  to  wit: 

Gentlemen:  Enclosed  you  will  receive  a  printed  circular  letter  signed 
by  the  chairman  of  our  Committee,  and  the  resolves  therein  referred  to, 
with  some  other  printed  papers.  The  use  to  be  made  of  them,  your  own 
prudence  and  good  judgment  will  suggest;  we  would  be  glad  to  hear  as 
soon  as  possible  from  the  Committee  for  your  county,  and  are 

Your  most  humble  servant, 

William  Smith. 
Your  assured  friend, 

Philadelphia,  June  29, 1774.  Isaac  Kowell. 

1  Rupp,  History  of  Lancaster  County. 


218  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

To  Edward  Shippen  and  George  Eoss,  Esq'rs.,  who  are  requested 
to  communicate  the  enclosed  papers  to  the  other  gentlemen  of  the  Com- 
mittee. 

Those  gentlemen  named  and  appointed  at  the  meeting  of  the  9th  of 
July  last,  attended  the  provincial  convention  at  Philadelphia,  on  Mon- 
day the  15th  then  next.  And  the  proceedings  together  with  the  resolves 
of  that  provincial  committee,  hath  been  inserted  in  the  public  papers. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  August  11th,  they  were  informed  that 
Joshua  and  Robert  Lockharts,  of  this  borough,  shopkeepers,  had  brought 
to  this  town  a  quantity  of  tea,  that  have  paid  duty  under  the  late  act  of 
parliament.  A  note  was  therefore  sent  to  them  by  the  committee  re- 
quiring their  immediate  attendance.  In  consequence  thereof  one  of  the 
partners  called  on  the  Committee,  but  denied  their  having  received  any 
tea,  but  as  this  account  by  no  means  appeared  satisfactory  from  several 
matters  which  escaped  the  partner  attending,  the  Committee  did  inspect 
their  shop,  and  with  some  difficulty  learned  of  a  chest  of  Bohea  tea, 
weight  349,  neat  weight,  which  they  had  bought  from  a  certain  merchant 
in  Philadelphia.  The  committee  taking  an  account  of  all  the  marks  of 
the  case  in  which  it  was  packed,  removed  the  tea,  and  wrote  to  the 
committee  of  Philadelphia,  who  examined  the  matter,  and  it  appeareth 
that  this  tea  never  had  paid  any  duty,  but  was  part  of  a  seizure  made 
by  the  Custom  House  and  was  afterwards  purchased  at  a  public  sale 
by  the  original  owner  of  it,  as  by  a  letter  from  the  committee  of  Phil- 
adelphia, dated  August  25th,  wrote  and  signed  by  the  Honorable 
Thomas  Willing,  the  chairman,  directed  to  this  Committee,  appears ; 
upon  which,  the  said  teas  were  returned  again,  and  the  said  Lockharts 
were  acquitted. 

The  Continental  Congress  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  5th  of  September, 
1774,  continued  to  the  25th  of  October;  the  votes  and  proceedings  of 
which,  have  since  been  published  in  the  pubKc  papers,  and  printed  also 
by  a  pamphlet  containing  the  bill  of  rights,  list  of  grievances,  occasional 
resolves,  the  association,  an  address  to  the  people  of  Great  Britain,  a 
memorial  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  British  American  Colonies,  and  peti- 
tion to  the  King. 

November  22d,  1774.  The  Committee  of  this  borough  met  and  the 
followmg  hand-bill  by  them  ordered  to  be  printed,  and  sent  to,  and  put 
up  at  all  the  public  places  in  this  county,  viz  : 

"To  the  freeholders  and  electors  of  the  county  of  Lancaster: 
"  The  committee  for  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  taking  in  their  considera- 
tion the  resolves  and  recommendations  of  the  American  Continental  Con- 
gress, request  that  the  freeholders  and  others  qualified  to  vote  for  Repre- 
sentatives in  Assembly  for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  would  meet  at  the 
Court  house,  in  Lancaster,  on  Thursday  the  fifteenth  dav  of  December 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  219 

next,  to  choose  by  ballot  sixty  proper  persons  for  a  committee,  to  observe 
the  conduct  of  all  persons  touching  the  general  Association  of  the  gen- 
eral Congress ;  which  committee,  it  is  proposed,  when  elected,  shall  divide 
the  county  into  different  districts,  and  appoint  members  of  the  commit- 
tee to  superintend  each  district,  and  any  six  of  the  members  so  appointed 
for  a  district  to  be  a  quorum  for  transacting  business. 

"It  will  be  necessary,  previous  to  the  general  election,  that  each  town- 
ship shall  elect  a  proper  person  to  act  as  inspector,  and  receive  the  tickets 
of  the  electors  on  that  day." 

On  the  said  15th  day  of  December,  in  pursuance  to  the  notice  above 
mentioned,  a  general  election  was  held  at  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  for 
this  county,  and  the  following  persons  Avere  chosen  as,  and  for,  a  commit- 
tee, viz : 

Lancaster  borough — Edward  Shippen,  George  Ross.  James  Webb, 
Adam  Sim.  Kuhn,  Jasper  Yeates,  William  Atlee,  Adam  Reigart,  William 
Bausman,  Christian  Yoght,  Eberhart  Michael,  Charles  Hall,  Casper  Shaflf- 
ner.  Conestoga — Martin  Bare.  Manor — John  Killhafer,  Jacob  Wistler, 
*James  Jacks.  Hempfield — Yal.  Breneman.  Manheim — Samuel  Bear, 
Sebastian  Graff.  (As  the  first  district.)  Upp^Paxton,  Londonderry, 
Derry,  Hanover  and  Paxton,  (the  second  district).  Paxton — James  Burd, 
do.  Joseph  Sherer — Hanover,  Timothy  Green — Derry,  Castle  Byers,  do. 
*William  Laird,  do.  *Robert  McKee — Londonderry,  John  Campbell — 
Paxton,  John  Bakestose — Upper  Paxton,  William  Patterson — Hanover, 
William  Brown,  do.  James  Crawford.  Warwick,  Rapho,  Mountjoy  and 
Donegal,  (the  3d  district).  Mountjoy,  *James  Cunningham,  do.  Abraham 
Frederick — Rapho,  Jacob  Erisman,  do.  Patrick  Hay — Donegal,  *Bartram 
Galbraith,  do.  Alexander  Lowrey,  do.  Frederick  Mumma — Warwick,  Ja- 
cob Erb,  do.  Peter  Grubb.  Bethel,  Heidelberg,  Elizabeth  and  Lebanon, 
(the  4th  district).  Lebanon,  Thomas  Clark,  do.  Curtis  Grubb,  do.  Henry 
Light — Bethel,  *Ludwig  Shuy,  do.  *Casper  Corr,  do.  *John  Bishon — 
Heidleburg,  John  Weiser — Bethel,  ^Killian  Long,  do.  Samuel  Jones — 
Elizabeth,  Hans  Frantz,  Lebanon,  Henry  Bealor.  Brecknock,  Carnar- 
von, Cocalico  and  Earl,  (the  5th  district).  Earl,  ^Alexander  Martin,  do. 
*Emanuel  Carpenter,  do.  *Anthony  Ellmaker,  do.  William  Smith,  do. 
*Zacheus  Davjs,  do.  George  Rein,  do.  Jehn  Brubaker — Cocalico,  John 
Jones — Brecknock,  Benjamin  Lessley — Carnarvon,  David  Jenkins.  Lam- 
peter, Strasburg,  Leacock  and  Salisbury,  (the  6th  district).  Salisbury, 
*James  Clemson,  do.  *John  Whitehill— Leacock,  David  Watson,  do. 
Nathaniel  Lightner— Strasburg,  Eberhart  Grube,  do.  Michael  Witter— 
Lampeter,  John  Witmer,  Jr.  Martick,  Bart,  Sadsbury,  Colerain,  Little 
Britain  and  Drumore,  (the  7th  district.)  Sadsbury,  Robert  Bailey— Lit- 
tle Britain, John  Alton— Drumore,  *Thomas  Porter— Bart,  Jacob  Bare— 
Colerain,  Joshua  Anderson— Martick,  John  Snodgrass— Drumore,  *Wil- 


220  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

liam  McEntire — Little  Britain,  Thomas  Whitesides — Bart,  Hieronimus 
Hickman. 

N.  B.  The  names  with  Asterisks  (*)  before  them,  were  elected  in  their 
respective  townships,  and  upon  proper  certificates  by  them  produced  of 
their  having  been  duly  elected,  their  names  were  added  to  committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster.  Present, 
Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  Wm.  Bausman,  Charles  Hall,  Christian  Voght, 
Sebastian  Graff,  Adam  Eeigart,  Casper  Shaffner,  William  Atlee,  Peter 
Grubb,  and  Eberhart  Michael,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  in  the  chair. 

Several  of  the  reputable  inhabitants  of  this  borough  of  Lancaster, 

having  mentioned  their  dislike  to  Mr.  Francis ,  having  opened  a 

dancing  school  in  this  borough,  (at  the  present  time)  and  that  in  their 
opinion  the  same  was  contrary  to  the  eighth  article  of  the  Association  of 
the  Continental  Congress,  and  requesting  a  meeting  of  this  Committee  and 
their  sentiments  on  the  occasion.     Upon  consideration  of  the  matter,  it 

is  the  opinion  of  this  Committee,  that  the  said  Mr.  Francis ,  opening 

and  keeping  a  dancing  school  in  the  said  borough,  comes  within  the  mean- 
ing of  the  eighth  article  of  the  Association  of  the  Continental  Congress, 
and  that  the  same  ought,  at  the  present  time,  during  the  unhappy  dis- 
pute with  the  mother  country,  to  be  discontinued.     And  Mr.  Francis 

,  being  sent  for,  waited  upon  the  Committee,  and  being  informed  of 

the  sentiments  of  this  Committee,  agreed  and  promised  to  break  up  and 
discontinue  his  said  school. 

Signed  by  the  members  above  named. 

A  letter  received  from  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  of  the  city  of 
Philadelphia,  dated  the  22  December,  1774,  directed  to  the  Committee 
of  this  place,  of  which  the  following  is  a  copy,  viz : 

Gentlemen  :  By  order  of  the  committee  of  the  City  and  Liberties  of 
Philadelphia,  we  have  the  pleasure  to  transmit  you  the  following  re- 
solves, passed  this  day  with  great  unanimity,  viz : 

"  That  this  committee  think  it  absolutely  necessary  that  the  commit- 
tees of  the  counties  of  this  province,  or  such  deputies  as  they  may  ap- 
point for  this  purpose,  be  requested  to  meet  together  in  provincial  con- 
vention as  soon  as  convenient. 

"  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  county  committees  to  meet  in  said 
convention,  on  Monday,  the  23d  day  of  January  next,  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia." 

From  a  view  of  the  present  situation  of  public  affairs,  the  Committee 
have  been  induced  to  propose  this  convention,  that  the  sense  of  the  prov- 
ince may  be  obtained;  and  that  the  measures  to  be  taken  thereupon, 
may  be  the  result  of  the  united  wisdom  of  the  colony. 

The  obvious  necessity  of  giving  an  immediate  consideration  to  many 
matters  of  the  greatest  importance  to  the  general  welfare,  will,  we  hope, 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  221 

sufficiently  apologize  to  you  for  naming  so  early  a  day  as  the  23d  of 
January. 

We  are,  gentlemen,  respectfully, 

Your  humble  servants,  [Signed] 

Jos.  Reed,  Charles  Thomson,  Geo.  Clymer,  John  Nixon,  John  Benezet, 
Sam'l.  Meredith,  Thos.  Mifflin,  Jona.  B.  Smith,  Committee  of  Correspond- 
ence. 

The  following  letter  from  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  for  the 
county  of  Berks,  was  sent  to  the  committee  of  this  place,  viz : 

Reading,  2d  January,  1775. 

This  day  the  Committee  of  this  county  met  here.  A  letter  from  the 
Committee  of  Correspondence  of  the  City  and  Liberties  of  Philadelphia, 
(meaning  the  same  above,)  was  laid  before  them  proposing  a  provincial 
convention,  to  be  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  22d  instant.  The  letter  being 
duly  considered,  the  Committee  unanimously  agreed  to  the  proposed 
convention,  and  appointed  Edward  Biddle,  Jonathan  Potts,  Mark  Bird, 
Christopher  Shultz,  John  Patton,  Sebastian  Levan,  and  Balzer  Gehr,  a 
committee  to  attend  the  said  convention,  in  behalf  of  this  county.  The 
Committee  then  proceeded  to  choose  a  Committee  of  Correspondence, 
and  Edward  Biddle,  William  Reerer,  Mark  Bird,  Jonathan  Potts,  and 
Christopher  Wittman,  were  duly  elected  a  Committee  of  Correspondence 
for  this  county. 

Extract  from  the  proceedings  of  the  Committee. 

Jonathan  Potts,  Clerk. 

Another  letter  from  the  same  Committee  of  Correspondence  of  the 
county  of  Berks,  to  the  committee  of  this  place,  viz: 

Gentlemen:  Enclosed  is  an  extract  from  the  proceedings  of  the 
Committee  of  this  county,  by  which  you  will  see  that  deputies  are 
appointed  to  attend  theproposed  provincial  convention. 

When  we  consider  that  our  disputes  are  drawing  fast  to  a  crisis,  and 
that  the  most  cordial  unanimity  is  absolutely  necessary  for  our  preser- 
vation; we  cannot  doubt  but  that  your  respectable  committee  will  with- 
out hesitation  appoint  deputies  to  attend  the  provincial  Congress.  The 
neglect  of  any  one  county  may  have  the  most  fatal  consequences.  And 
we  well  know  the  pleasure  it  would  give  our  enemies  to  see  even  the 
appearance  of  a  disunion  at  this  very  important  time. 

The  great  consequence  of  this  subject  will,  we  hope,  apologize  for  thi.s 
freedom. 

We  are,  gentlemen,  with  the  greatest  respect. 

Your  most  obedient  humble  servants,  [Signed] 

Edward  Biddle,  Jonathan  Potts,  William  Reerer,  Christopher  Wit- 
man,  Mark  Bird,  Committee  of  Correspondence. 

Reading,  5th  January,  1775. 


222  AUTHENTIC    HISTOEY 

N.  B.  The  above  mentioned  extracts,  &c.  are  put  among  the  files  of 
other  papers  relative  to  the  Committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Inspection  of  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, at  the  Court  House,  in  Lancaster,  on  Saturday,  the  14th  day  of 
January,  1775,  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.  was  chosen  chairman. 

It  was  unanimously  agreed  that  in  case  of  any  difference  in  sentiments, 
the  question  proposed  be  determined  by  the  members  of  the  committee, 
voting  by  townships. 

A  letter  from  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  of  the  City  and 
Liberties  of  Philadelphia,  and  another  letter  from  the  Committee  of 
Correspondence  of  Berks  county,  were  then  read;  and  it  being  put  to 
vote,  whether  this  Committee  would  appoint  deputies  to  meet  the  other 
counties  of  this  province  in  provincial  convention,  on  Monday,  the  23d 
January  instant,  the  same  was  carried  in  the  affirmative : 

Yeas ;  Borough  of  Lancaster,  Ilempfield  township,  Manheim  township, 
Paxton  township,  Hanover  township,  Londonderry  township,  Mountjoy 
township,  Rapho  township,  Donegal  township,  Warwick  township,  Leba- 
non township.  Bethel  township,  Elizabeth  township.  Earl  township, 
Brecknock  township,  Caernarvon  township,  Salisbury  township,  Leacock 
township,  Lampeter  township,  Sadsbury  township.  Little  Britain  town- 
ship, Drumore  township,  Colerain  township. 

Nays;  Lancaster  township,  Derry  township,  Strawsburg  township, 
Bart  township. 

Absent;  Conestoga  township.  Upper  Paxton  township,  Heidleberg 
township,  Cocalico  township,  Martick  township.  Manor  township. 

The  committee  then  proceeded  to  appoint  deputies,  and  the  following 
gentlemen,  to  wit:  Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  James  Burd,  James  Clemson, 
Esq.,  Peter  Grubb,  Sebastian  Graff,  David  Jenkins  and  Bartram  Gal- 
braith,  or  any  five  of  them,  were  nominated  to  attend  the  said  provincial 
convention,  in  behalf  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

Edward  Shippen,  Chairman. 
The  foregoing  proceedings  of  the  Committees  and  occurrences,  are 
recorded  by  E.  M.  (June  3d,  1775.) 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Inspection  and  Observation,  of  the 
borough  of  Lancaster,  the  27th  of  April,  1775,  at  the  house  of  Adam 
Reigart. 

Present;  Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  William  Atlee,  William  Bausman, 
Charles  Hall,  William  Patterson,  Casper  Shaffner,  Eberhart  Michael, 
Adam  Reigart. 

Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  was  chosen  president. 

It  appearing  by  intelligence  from  divers  places  and  by  the  papers, 
that  General  Gage  hath  at  length  attacked  the  inhabitants  of  Massachus- 
etts Bay,  and  killed  and  wounded  many  of  them,  and  the  latest  accounts 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  223 

from  England  confirming  the  accounts  that  the  Parliament  of  Great 
Britain  are  determined  by  force  of  arms  to  compel  the  colonies  to  an 
abject  submission  to  the  late  acts  of  the  British  Parliament,  calculated 
to  deprive  the  inhabitants  of  the  colonies  of  their  inestimable  rio-hts  and 
privileges;  and  that  a  formidable  fleet  and  army  are  preparing  to  invade 
the  colonies  or  some  of  them ;  it  is  therefore  thought  proper  to  request 
a  general  meeting  of  the  Committee  for  this  county,  to  consult  and  de- 
termine upon  such  measures  as  may  be  necessary  to  be  pursued  at  this 
alarming  crisis;  and  it  is  unanimously  agreed  that  handbills  be  immedi- 
ately printed  and  distributed  throughout  the  county,  requesting  the 
members  of  the  Committee  to  meet  at  the  house  of  Adam  Reigart,  in 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  on  Monday,  the  first  day  of  May  next,  at  two 
o'clock  in  the  afternoon  for  those  purposes ;  and  Mr.  Bailey  is  requested 
to  print  a  sufficient  number  of  handbills  for  this  purpose,  in  the  follow- 
ing words,  to  wit : 

The  members  of  the  Committee  of  Observation  for  the  respective  dis- 
tricts and  townships,  are  desired  to  meet  at  the  borough  of  Lancaster, 
at  the  house  of  Adam  Reigart,  in  the  said  borough,  on  Monday,  the  first 
day  of  May  next,  at  two  o'clock  in. the  afternoon,  to  consult  and  deter- 
mine upon  proper  and  necessary  measures  to  be  taken  for  the  general 
good  in  the  present  alarming  situation  of  afi:airs. 

At  the  request  of  the  committe  of  observation,  in  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster. (Signed.)   '  Edward  Shippen,  Chairman. 

Lancaster,  the  27th  April,  1775. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Observaton,  at  the  house  of  Adam 
Reigart,  the  thirtieth  day  of  March,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred  and  seventy-five. 

Present,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.,  Wm.  Atlee,  Esq., 
Adam  Reigart,  William  Bausman,  Esq.,  Charles  Hall,  Casper  Shaffner, 
Samuel  Bare,  Eberhart  Michael,  James  Cunningham,  Alexander  Martin, 
Wm.  Smith : — George  Ross,  Esq.,  chosen  chairman ;  George  Ross,  jr., 
chosen  clerk. 

A  complaint  being  made  to  the  Committee,  that  Charles  Hamilton  had 
sold  tea  contrary  to  the  association  of  the  Continental  Congress.  Or- 
dered that  notice  be  given  to  said  Charles  Hamilton.  Thereupon  a  copy 
of  the  following  notice  was  sent  to  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton. 

"Sir:  You  are  charged  before  the  Committee  for  this  county  of  having 
vended  a  quantity  of  tea  since  the  first  instant,  contrary  to  the  Associa- 
tion of  the  Continental  Congress.     The  committee  arc  now  sitting  at  Mr. 
Adam  Reigart's,  and  desire  your  attendance  to  answer  to  the  charge." 
(Signed)  "Geo.  Ross,  jun.,  Clerk." 

"To.  Mr.  Charles  Hamilton,  shopkeeper. 

"March  30,  1775." 


224  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Mr.  Hamilton  having  attended,  and  it  appearing  by  the  oath  of  John 
Taylor,  the  clerk,  that  the  tea  was  sold  in  Mr,  Hamilton's  absence  at 
Philadelphia,  contrary  to  the  express  orders  given  by  him  in  his  store 
since  the  first  of  March  instant ;  and  Mr.  Hamilton,  upon  knowing  of  the 
said  tea  being  sold,  immediately  disapproved  of  the  sale  thereof.  And 
Mr.  Hamilton  himself,  upon  oath,  declaring  that  ever  since  the  first  of 
March,  instant,  his  orders  in  the  store  have  been  to  his  clerk,  that  they 
should  sell  no  tea  whatsoever,  and  that  the  said  sale  was  in  his  absence, 
and  that  he  disapproves  thereof.  Upon  consideration  of  the  premises  by 
the  Committee,  it  is  their  unanimous  opinion,  that  Mr.  Hamilton  stands 
acquitted  of  the  charge  against  him,  and  that  he  hath  not  counteracted 
the  association  of  the  Continental  Congress. 

"I,  Charles  Hamilton,  of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  shopkeeper,  do 
hereby  declare  and  assert,  that  I  utterly  disapprove  of  the  sales  of  any 
tea  in  my  store  since  the  first  day  of  March,  instant,  and  it  is  and  always 
hath  been  my  fixed  intention  and  determination  to  adhere  inviolably  to 
the  association  of  the  American  Continental  Congress,  being  fully  con- 
vinced that  the  measures  proposed  thereby  are  the  only  probable  modes 
of  rescuing  America  from  British  Parliamentary  despotism.  Witness 
my  hand,  the  thirtieth  day  of  March,  A.  D.  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  seventy-five.  (Signed) 

"Charles  Hamilton." 

Edward  Shippen,  Esq.,  George  Ross,  Esq.,  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.,  William 
Atlee,  Esq.,  Adam  Simon  Kuhn,  Esq.,  and  William  Bausman,  Esq.,  or 
any  four  of  them,  are  appointed  a  standing  Committee  of  Correspondence 
for  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

The  members  of  the  Committee  for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  now 
present,  taking  into  consideration  the  conduct  of  George  Ross,  Esq.,  in 
the  late  interesting  dispute  in  the  House  of  Assembly  of  this  province, 
respecting  the  answer  given  to  his  honor,  the  Governor's  message,  re- 
commending a  separate  petition  to  his  Majesty  from  the  said  House  of 
Assembly,  do  unanimously  approve  of  the  active  part  taken  by  the  said 
Mr.  Ross  in  opposition  to  that  measure,  as  the  same  would  tend  to  intro- 
duce disunion  amongst  the  colonies ;  and  do  return  the  thanks  of  the 
committee  to  Mr.  Ross,  and  the  other  worthy  members  of  the  honorable 
house,  who  have  so  steadily  adhered  to  the  true  welfare  of  their  constit- 
uents in  opposing  a  deep-laid  plan  to  disunite  us. 

May  1st:  The  association  of  the  freemen  and  inhabitants  of  the  county 
of  Lancaster,  the  1st  May,  1775. 

Whereas,  the  enemies  of  Great  Britain  and  America  have  resolved  by 
force  of  arms  to  carry  into  execution  the  most  unjust,  tyrannical,  and 
cruel  edicts  of  the  British  Parliament,  and  reduce  the  freeborn  sons  of 
America  to  a  state  of  vassalage,  and  have  flattered  themselves,  from  our 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  225 

unacqnaintance  with  military  discipline,  that  we  should  become  an  easy 
prey  to  them,  or  tamely  submit  and  bend  our  necks  to  the  yoke  prepared 
for  us:  We  do  most  solemnly  agree  and  associate  under  the  deepest 
sense  of  our  duty  to  God,  our  country,  ourselves  and  posterity,  to  de- 
fend and  protect  the  religious  and  civil  rights  of  this  and  our  sister  colo- 
nies, with  our  lives  and  fortunes,  to  the  utmost  of  our  abilities,  against 
any  power  whatsoever  that  shall  attempt  to  deprive  us  of  them. 

And  the  better  to  enable  us  so  to  do,  we  will  use  our  utmost  diligence 
to  acquaint  ourselves  with  military  discipline  and  the  art  of  war. 

We  do  furtlier  agree  to  divide  ourselves  into  companies  not  exceeding 
one  hundred  men,  each,  so  as  to  make  it  most  convenient  to  our  situation 
and  settlement,  and  to  elect  and  choose  such  persons  as  the  majority  of 
each  company  shall  think  proper  for  officers,  viz :  for  each  company  a 
captain,  two  lieutenants  and  one  ensign,  who  shall  have  the  power  of 
appointing  the  other  officers  under  them,  necessary  for  the  companies. 

That  when  the  companies  are  formed  and  the  officers  chosen  and  ap- 
pointed, an  association  shall  be  signed  by  the  officers  and  soldiers  of  each 
company,  for  the  good  order  and  government  of  the  officers  and  soldiers. 

May  3d :  Eesolved,  That  the  members  of  the  Committee  of  the  County 
of  Lancaster  do,  with  the  utmost  expedition,  take  an  account  of  the 
number  of  whites — men,  women  and  children — to  the  respective  town- 
ships of  this  county,  and  transmit  the  same  to  the  members  of  the  Com- 
mittee, residing  in  Lancaster,  to  be  forwarded  to  the  members  of  the 
general  Congress  for  the  province  of  Pennsylvania. 

Eesolved,  That  the  members  of  the  committee  do  examine  the 
quantity  of  powder  and  lead  the  storekeepers  have  in  their  hands,  in  the 
respective  townships,  and  that  the  storekeepers  be  required  that  they 
sell  no  powder  or  lead  before  the  first  of  June  next,  as  they  tender  the 
trade  and  custom  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  respective  townships,  provi- 
ded that  it  be  sold  only  by  such  storekeepers  having  a  license  from  two 
members  of  the  Committee. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Observation,  on  the  -ith  day  of 
May,  1775,  the  Commissioners  of  the  county  being  also  present,  Mr. 
Charles  Hamilton  agrees,  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder,  being 
twenty-six  casks,  at  the  rate  of  £14  per  cwt.  and  they  paying  the  carriage; 
and  that  the  county  shall  have  his  lead,  being  about  eight  hundred  weight, 
at  45  pence  per  cwt.^ 

Messrs.  Josiah  and  Eobert  Lockhart  agree  that  the  county  shall  have 

1  January  32,  1774,  an  act  was  passed  by  the  General  Assembly,  that  no  person  or 
persons  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  borough,  shall  keep  in  any  house  or  shop,  cel- 
lar, store,  or  other  place  more  thantwenty-five  pounds  weight  of  gunpowder,  and  that 
was  to  be  kept  in  the  highest  story  of  the  house,  at  any  one  time,  unless  it  had  been 
fifty  yards  distant  from  any  dwelling  house,  under  the  penalty  of  five  pounds. 
16 


226  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

their  powder,  being  five  quarter  casks,  at  £15  per  cwt.,  they  paying  the 
carriage;  and  their  lead  at  45  pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Matthias  Slough  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder, 
being  four  quarter  casks,  at  £15  per  cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage;  and 
his  lead  at  45  pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Simons,  by  Mr.  Levy,  Andrew  Levy,  agrees  that  the  county  shall 
have  his  powder,  being  two  quarter  casks,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt,, 
they  paying  the  carriage;  and  his  lead,  being  about  200  pounds,  at  45 
pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Christian  Wirtz  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder, 
being  five  quarter  casks  and  some  pounds  loose,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per 
cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage;  and  his  lead,  being  about  150  pounds,  at 
45  pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  John  Hopson  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder,  being 
two  quarter  casks,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.,  they  paying  the  carriage. 

Mr.  Crawford  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder,  being  10 
or  12  pounds,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.  and  carriage. 

Mr.  Bickham  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder,  being  one 
quarter  cask  and  some  loose  powder,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.  and 
carriage ;  and  his  lead  at  45  pence  per  cwt. 

Mr.  Grafi"  agrees  that  the  county  shall  have  his  powder,  being  about  a 
quarter  cask,  at  the  rate  of  £15  per  cwt.,  paying  carriage. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Committee  of  Observation  for  the  borough  and 
county  of  Lancaster,  at  the  house  of  Adam  Reigart,  the  15th  May,  1775. 

PRESENT: 

George  Ross,  Esq.,  chairman,  Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.,  William  Atlee,  Esq., 
Charles  Hall,  Eberhart  Michael,  Casper  Shaffner,  Adam  Reigart,  Sebas- 
tian Grafi",  Esq.,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  Esq.,  James  Clemson,  Esq.,  Alex- 
ander Lowry,  James  Cunningham,  Samuel  Bare,  James  Burd,  Esq., 
Christian  Voght  and  Jacob  Erb. 

The  question  being  put  whether  the  powder,  lead,  and  other  military 
stores,  which  can  be  collected  in  the  county,         *         *         *         * 
[Here  the  connection  is  broken.] 

Wednesday,  November  8th,  1775. 

A  number  of  the  members  of  Committee,  chosen  and  appointed  by  the 
several  townships  in  Lancaster  county,  to  serve  as  committee-men  for  the 
ensuing  year,  assembled  at  the  Court  House,  in  Lancaster. 

present : 

For  the  borough  of  Lancaster — William  Bausman,  Jacob  Clatz,  Cas- 
per Shafther,  Christian  Voght,  Abraham  Dehufi",  Michael  Musser.  For 
Lancaster— Andrew  Graff,  Michael  Shank.  For  Manheim — Peter  Bach- 
man,  Sebastian  Grafi",  Jasper  Yeates.  For  Manor— Leonard  Rodfunk. 
For  Conestoga— William  Atlee,  Michael  Haberstick,   Abraham  New- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  227 

comer.  For  Strasburg — Everhard  Gruber,  John  Breckbill.  For  War- 
wick— John  Erb,  Peter  Kratzer.  For  Cocalico — Michael  Witmer.  For 
Lampeter — John  Whitman,  jr.,  Henry  Kendig.  For  Caernarvon — David 
Jenkins,  Joshua  Evans,  Henry  Weaver.  For  Lebanon — John  Philip  de 
Haas,  Philip  Greenwalt.  For  Bethel — Casper  Kohr,  John  Beshore,  Kil- 
lian  Long.  For  Hanover — John  Eogers,  John  McKewn.  For  London- 
derry— William  Hays.  For  Donegal — Alexander  Lowry,  Robert  Craig. 
For  Mountjoy — James  Cunningham,  John  Jamison,  Abraham  Scott. 
For  Upper  Paxtang — Samuel  Taylor,  James  Murray.  For  Brecknock — 
Benjamin  Leslie. 

The  members  present  proceeded  to  the  choice  of  a  chairman,  wheij 
Jasper  Yeates,  Esq.,  was  elected  and  took  his  seat  accordingly. 

George  Ross,  junior,  Esq.,  was  chosen  Secretary. 

Peter  Riblet  was  appointed  door-keeper  and  messenger  to  this  Com- 
mittee. 

The  returns  of  the  elections  in  the  several  townships  were  produced, 
and  read,  and  approved  of  by  this  Committee ;  the  following  gentlemen 
thereby  appearing  to  have  been  duly  chosen  in  the  respective  townships 
as  members  of  Committee  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  viz : 

In  the  borough  of  Lancaster — Edward  Shippen,  George  Ross,  William 
Bausman,  Jacob  Clatz,  Casper  Shaffner,  George  Moore,  Christian  Voght, 
Abraham  Dehuft",  Jacob  Krug,  Michael  Musser,  Adam  Reigart.  In  Lan- 
caster township — Matthias  Slough,  Andrew  Graff,  Michael  Shank.  In 
Hempfield — Peter  Brubaker,  Robert  Spear,  John  Hoover.  In  Manheim — 
Peter  Bachman,  Sebastian  Graff,  Jasper  Yeates.  In  Manor — Leonard 
Rodfunk,  Jacob  Rupley,  Henry  Funk.  In  Conestogo — William  Atlee, 
Michael  Haberstick,  Abraham  Newcomer.  In  Drumore — John  Long, 
William  McEntire,  John  Smiley.  In  Strasburg — Samuel  Lefevre,  Ever- 
hard  Gruber,  John  Breckbill.  In  Lampeter — John  Whitman,  jr.,  Henry 
Kendig,  John  Kirk.  In  Warwick — Valentine  Griner,  Jacob  Erb,  Peter 
Kratzer.  In  Elizabeth — George  Hoyle,  Christian  Staley,  Christian  Royer. 
In  Cocalico — Michael  Witman,  Adam  Grill,  George  Elick.  In  Earl — 
Gabriel  Davis,  George  Rhine,  Jonathan  Roland.  In  Carnarvon — David 
Jenkins,  Joshua  Evans,  Henry  Weaver.  In  Brecknock — Benjamin  Les- 
lie, Peter  Good,  Conrad  Popp.  In  Heidleberg — Henry  Eckert,  George 
Hudson,  Michael  Ley.  In  Lebanon — John  Philip  de  Haas,  Philip  Green- 
wait,  John  Light.  In  Bethel — Casper  Kohr,  John  Beshore,  Killian  Long. 
In  Ilanover^John  JVIcKewu,  John  Rogers,  William  Cathcart.  In  Lon- 
donderry— William  Hays,  Robert  Clark,  Jacob  Cook.  In  Donegal — 
Bartram  Galbraith,  Alexander  Lowry,  Robert  Craig.  In  Mountjoy — 
James  Cunningham,  Abraham  Scott,  John  Jamison,  In  Rapho — James 
Patterson,  Jacob  Haldeman,  Joseph  Lytle.  In  LTpper  Paxtang — Adam 
Warts,  James  Murray,  Samuel  Taylor. 


228  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  return  from  the  township  of  Paxtang  being  produced  in  these 
words,  to  wit : 

"At  an  election  held  at  Mr.  William  Dickey's,  in  Paxton  township, 
the  17th  October,  1775,  the  following  six  persons  were  elected  as  mem- 
bers of  the  County  Committee  for  the  county  of  Lancaster,  to  wit : 
James  Burd,  Joseph  Sherer,  William  Brown,  John  Harris,  James  Crouch, 
and  Jacob  Awl,  or  any  three  of  these  men  to  be  admitted  into  the  Com- 
mittee from  time  to  time." 

Certified  by  James  Burd  and  Joseph  Sherer.  The  same  was  objected 
to,  and  it  being  put  to  vote  whether  the  same  return  should  be  received, 
as  it  contained  a  return  of  six  persons  instead  of  three,  it  passed  in  the 
negative  unanimously. 

Resolved,  That  in  determining  a  question  in  this  Committee,  the 
borough  of  Lancaster  and  the  several  townships  in  this  county  shall 
have  each  one  vote,  and  the  majority  of  the  townships  or  borough  and 
townships  so  voting  shall  determine  the  question. 

Resolved,  That  no  person  shall  speak  more  than  twice  on  the  same 
point,  without  leave  of  the  Committee. 

The  letters  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  of  this  province,  to  the  Com- 
mittee of  this  county,  respecting  J.  Brooks  and  Doctor  John  Kearsley, 
(which  were  received  at  Lancaster,  between  the  time  of  the  election  of 
this  Committee,  and  at  this  meeting,)  were  read;  and  the  proceedings  of 
the  gentlemen  of  the  Committee  who  negotiated  that  business,  and  escorted 
Doctor  Kearsley  to  York,  being  taken  into  consideration,  their  conduct 
is  approved  of  by  this  Committee.  And  the  following  persons,  to  wit : 
George  Ross,  Jasper  Yeates,  William  Atlee,  William  Bausman,  Matthias 
Slough,  Christian  Voght,  Jacob  Glatz,  Abraham  Dehuif,  Sebastian  Graft, 
Andrew  Graff",  John  Whitman,  jun.,  and  Jacob  Krug  are  appointed  by 
the  members  of  the  Committee  now  present,  a  sub-committee  to  see  the 
sentence  and  resolves  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  respecting  J.  Brooks, 
a  prisoner  in  the  goal  of  this  county,  strictly  carried  into  execution.  And 
it  is  ordered  that  no  person  be  admitted  into  the  company  of  the  said  J. 
Brooks,  but  in  the  presence  of  one  or  more  of  the  sub  committee  afore- 
said, of  which  the  goaler  is  to  have  notice. 

Adjourned  until  to-morrow  morning,  eleven  o'clock. 

Thursday,  November  9th,  1775. 

The  Committee  met  according  to  adjournment. 

PRESENT : 

The  same  members  who  attended  yesterday,  and  moreover  George 
Ross,  Jacob  Krug,  George  Moon  and  Adam  Reigart,  for  the  borough  of 
Lancaster:  Henry  Eckert  and  Michael  Ley  for  Heidleberg  township; 
and  Gabriel  Davis  for  Bart  township. 

Anew  return  of  members  elected  for  Paxtang  township  being  pro- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  229 

duced  to  the  committee,  certifying  that  Joseph  Sherer,  William  Brown 
and  John  Harris  were  duly  chosen  to  serve  as  members  of  the  Committee 
for  the  said  township,  the  said  return  is  approved  of,  and  they  took 
their  seats  accordingly. 

A  letter  from  the  Committee  of  Safety  to  the  late  Committee  of  this 
county,  dated  October  7th,  1775,  respecting  some  provincial  muskets 
supposed  to  be  in  the  hands  of  the  military  associators  and  others  in  this 
county,  being  produced  and  read: 

Eesolved,  That  William  Atlee,  Alexander  Lo wry  and  Sebastian  Graff, 
be  a  committee  for  preparing  the  draft  of  an  answer  to  the  said  letter, 
and  that  they  report  the  same  to  this  Committee  in  the  afternoon- 

Eesolved,  Unanimously,  that  this  committee  will  use  their  endeavors 
to  carry  into  immediate  execution  the  resolves  of  the  honourable  House 
of  Assembly  respecting  the  six  hundred  stand  of  arms  and  other  military 
accoutrements  to  be  furnished  by  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

The  question  being  put  whether  the  gun-smiths  residing  in  the  bor- 
ough of  Lancaster  should  not  be  immediately  sent  for  to  give  their  rea- 
sons to  this  Committee,  why  they  have  not  set  about  making  the  arms 
directed  by  the  honourable  House  of  Assembly  to  be  made  in  the  county 
of  Lancaster,  agreeable  to  the  application  of  the  Commissioners  and  Asses- 
sors of  the  said  county,  the  same  was  unanimously  carried  in  the  affirma- 
tive, and  the  gun-smiths  were  sent  for  accordingly. 

A  petition  signed  by  Henry  Zericher  being  presented  to  the  Committee, 
upon  inquiry  into  the  facts  therein  contained,  it  is  ordered  by  this  Com- 
mittee, (three  townships  dissenting)  that  the  said  Henry  Zericher  be  al- 
lowed five  pounds  of  powder,  and  no  more,  out  of  the  public  magazine, 
for  the  purposes  expressed  in  the  petition,  he  paying  for  the  same  into 
the  county  treasury  at  the  rate  of  four  shillings  per  pound. 

The  sub-committee  appointed  to  essay  the  draft  of  an  answer  to  the 
letter  of  the  Committee  of  Safety  respecting  the  provincial  muskets,  do 
now  report  to  this  Committee,  the  draft  of  the  answer  which  they  had 
prepared,  in  these  words,  to  wit : 

Lancaster,  November  9th,  1775. 

Gentlemen  :  Your  letter  of  the  7th  day  of  October  last,  directed  to 
the  Committee  of  Lancaster  county  respecting  the  provincial  muskets, 
in  the  hands  of  the  military  associators  and  others  in  this  county,  has 
been  laid  before  this  Committee  and  taken  into  consideration. 

We  find  that  the  gentlemen  who  were  the  Committee  of  Correspon- 
dence, appointed  by  the  late  County  Committee,  had  upon  the  receipt  of 
your  letter,  published  and  dispersed  hand-bills  throughout  the  county 
requiring  the  persons  possessed  of  such  muskets  to  bring  them  in  at  this 
time.  As  none  are  brought  in,  we  beg  leave  to  suggest  to  you  some 
facts,  relative  to  those  arms,  and  wait  your  further  directions. 


230  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

After  the  troops  raised  by  the  province  in  the  late  war  were  disbanded, 
a  number  of  muskets  and  military  accoutrements  were  lodged  at  a  Mr. 
Carson's  in  Paxtang,  where  they  remained  without  any  notice  or  care 
being  taken  of  them,  until  the  unhappy  disputes  between  Great  Britain 
and  the  Colonies  rendered  it  indispensably  necessary  for  our  safety  to 
associate  and  arm  in  defence  of  our  rights.  The  then  Committee  of  this 
county,  upon  hearing  of  those  arms,  requested  some  of  their  members  to 
examine  and  send  them  down,  intending  an  application  to  the  Assembly 
to  have  them  repaired  at  the  public  expense,  and  put  into  the  hands  of 
such  associators  as  were  unable  to  furnish  themselves,  and  who  were  to 
give  receipts  for  them  to  be  returned,  if  not  lost  in  actual  service.  At 
this  time  arms  were  sought  for  with  great  assiduity  by  every  one,  who 
wished  to  be  instructed  in  the  military  discipline.  The  inhabitants  of 
Cumberland  county,  knowing  also  of  the  provincial  muskets,  were  be- 
forehand with  us,  and  having  the  first  choice,  took  between  sixty  and 
seventy  of  the  best  of  them  (for  which  Mr.  Carson  has  a  receipt)  leaving 
a'  parcel  of  rubbish  which  were  sent  to  this  town,  consisting  of  barrels 
mostly  without  locks  and  stocks,  and  all  of  them  so  covered  with  rust 
that  they  were  thought  almost  unfit  for  use,  and  scarcely  worth  repair- 
ing. Many  of  them  were  loaded  and  had  probably  been  so  for  many 
years.  Some  of  the  poor  associators  here  took  the  barrels,  and  with 
much  labor  had  them  cleaned.  By  the  help  of  some  old  locks  which 
about  this  time  were  found  in  a  garret  in  this  town  (without  an  owner) 
and  were  distributed  amongst  them,  they  had  them  put  into  such  repair, 
as  to  serve  them  to  exercise  with.  These  persons  have  been  at  a  con- 
siderable expense  in  putting  them  in  the  order  they  now  are ;  and  if  they 
are  deprived  of  them,  are  not  able  to  purchase  others.  There  are  a  few 
indeed  of  the  best  of  the  firelocks  which  we  think  could  safely  be  trusted 
to  for  real  service.  To  take  the  arms  from  the  poor  people  under  such 
circumstances  would  greatly  damp  their  martial  spirit. 

We  conceive  it  our  duty  to  mention  these  things  to  the  Committee  of 
Safety.  If  that  honorable  Board,  nevertheless,  shall  be  of  opinion  that 
such  firelocks  will  be  of  use  and  will  direct  in  what  manner  the  people 
who  have  been  at  expense  in  repairing  them  are  to  be  reimbursed,  we 
shall  cheerfully  exert  ourselves  to  the  utmost  of  our  power  in  calling 
them  in,  and  forwarding  them  to  Philadelphia. 

This,  gentlemen,  is  the  first  opportunity  we  have  had  of  answering 
your  letter  relative  to  the  arms.  Give  us  leave  to  assure  you,  it  will  afford 
us  great  pleasure  to  be  instrumental  in  any  degree  to  the  safety  of  the 
city  of  Philadelphia.  We  feel  very  sensibly  the  situation  of  your  citi- 
zens ;  we  deem  ourselves  most  strongly  bound  to  give  every  assistance 
in  our  power  to  repel  any  attack  which  may  be  attempted  against  you, 
and  humbly  trust  we  shall  not  be  deficient  in  the  day  of  danger. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  231 

Your  letter  of  the  19th  October,  carae  to  our  hands.  According  to 
your  desire  a  proper  guard  from  hence  conducted  Dr.  Kearsley  to  York, 
and  took  a  receipt  for  his  safe  delivery  to  the  Committee  there.  J. 
Brooks  remains  confined  in  our  goal.  A  sub-committee  of  twelve  gen- 
tlemen residing  in  and  near  this  town,  has  been  appointed  to  see  that 
your  sentence  and  resolves  respecting  Brooks  be  carried  into  execution, 
and  no  person  is  permitted  to  visit  him  but  in  the  presence  of  one  or 
more  of  those  gentlemen. 

By  order  of  the  Committee  of  Lancaster  county. 

The  foregoing  answer  read  at  the  table,  was  unanimously  approved 
of,  and  it  is  ordered  that  the  same  be  transmitted  to  the  Committee  of 
Safety  by  the  first  conveyance. 

Adjourned  until  to-morrow,  eight  o'clock. 

Friday,  November  10th,  1775. 

The  Committee  met  according  to  adjournment. 

present: 

The  same  members  who  attended  yesterday,  and  moreover  Joseph 
Lytle  for  Eapho  township. 

Upon  motion,  Resolved,  That  in  case  any  of  the  gun-smiths,  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster,  upon  application  made  to  them  by  the  members  of 
the  Committees  of  the  respective  townships  to  which  they  belong,  shall 
refuse  to  go  to  work  and  make  their  proportion  of  the  firelocks  and  bay- 
onets required  of  this  county,  by  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly, 
within  two  weeks  from  such  application  agreeable  to  the  patterns,  at  the 
Philadelphia  prices;  such  gun-smiths  shall  have  their  names  inserted  in 
the  minutes  of  this  Committee  as  enemies  to  their  country,  and  published 
as  such,  and  the  tools  of  the  said  gun-smiths  so  refusing  shall  be  taken 
from  them,  and  moreover  the  said  gun-smiths  shall  not  be  permitted  to 
carry  on  their  trades,  until  they  shall  engage  to  go  to  work  as  aforesaid, 
nor  shall  leave  their  respective  places  of  residence  until  the  arms  are 
completed.     And  it  is  further 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  of  Correspondence  and  Observation  do 
take  especial  care  that  their  resolves  be  carried  into  execution. 

Christian  Isch  and  Peter  Reigart  appeared  in  Committee,  and  agreed 
to  set  to  work  on  Monday,  the  twentieth  day  of  November  instant,  and 
make  muskets  and  bayonets  for  this  county,  (part  of  the  number  re- 
quired from  this  county,  by  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly,)  at  the 
Philadelphia  prices ;  and  that  they  will  confine  themselves  to  that  work 
entirely  from  that  time  to  the  first  day  of  March  next,  and  furnish  as 
many  as  they  can  possibly  complete  in  the  time,  and  deliver  the  same  to 
the  Commissioners  of  the  county  »r  this  Committee. 

Michael  Withers  appeared  in  Committee,  and  agreed  to  set  to  work  as 
soon  as  he  hath  completed  a  few  guns  which  he  hath  now  in  hand,  and 


232  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

make  muskets  and  bayonets  for  this  county  (part  of  the  number  required 
from  this  county  by  the  honorable  House  of  Assembly,)  at  the  Philadel- 
phia prices ;  that  he  will  confine  himself  and  his  workmen  to  that  work  and 
carry  on  the  same  as  expeditiously  as  he  can,  and  that  he  will  deliver  in  to 
the  Commissioners  and  Assessors  of  this  county  or  to  this  Committee  as 
many  muskets. — [If  further  proceedings  were  had,  they  cannot  be  found.] 

As  it  does  not  lie  within  the  compass  of  this  work  to  narrate  the  stir- 
ring events  of  the  Eevolution,  but  simply  to  record  matters  connected 
with  the  History  of  Lancaster  County,  which  are  of  permanent  interest, 
we  have  to  pass  over  the  meeting  of  the  Continental  Congress  which  met 
at  Philadelphia,  September  4,  1774,  agreed  upon  a  declaration  of  the 
rights  of  the  Colonies,  recommended  the  non-importation  of  British  goods 
iato  the  country  and  the  non-exportation  of  American  produce  to  Great 
Britain,  voted  addresses  to  the  King  and  the  people  of  Great  Britain  and 
to  the  French  Canadians,  and  urged  another  Congress  to  be  convened  on 
May  10, 1775,  unless  the  redress  of  their  grievances  should  be  previously 
obtained.^ 

On  April  19,  1775,  the  bloody  affair  at  Lexington  opened  the  war  of 
the  Revolution  and  on  June  17th  following,  the  Battle  of  Bunker  Hill 
was  fought,  an  account  of  which,  as  published  on  a  folio  sheet  by  Francis 
Bailey,  Printer,  of  Lancaster,  is  here  reproduced : 
By  an  Express  arrived  at  Philadelphia  on  Saturday  evening  last^  ive  have 

the  following  account  of  the  battle  at  Charlestown,  on  Saturday  the  18th  of 

tlune^  Instaiit. 

On  Friday  night,  the  17th  instant,  fifteen  hundred  of  the  Provincials 
went  to  Bunker^ s  Hill,  in  order  to  intrench  there,  and  continued  intrench- 
ing till  Saturday  ten  o'clock,  when  2,000  Regulars  marched  out  of  Bos- 
ton, landed  in  Charlestown,  and  plundering  it  of  all  its  valuable  effects, 
set  fire  to  it  in  ten  different  places  at  once ;  then  dividing  their  army, 
part  of  it  marched  up  in  the  front  of  the  Provincial  intrenchment,  and 
began  to  attack  the  Provincials  at  long  shot;  the  other  part  of  their 
army  marched  round  the  town  of  Charlestown,  under  cover  of  the  smoke 
occasioned  by  the  fire  of  the  town.  The  Provincial  sentries  discovered 
the  Regulars  marching  upon  their  left  wing.  Upon  notice  of  this  given 
by  the  sentry  to  the  Connecticut  forces  posted  upon  that  wing,  Captain 
Nolton,  of  Ashford,  with  400  of  said  forces,  immediately  repaired  to,  and 
pulled  up  a  post  and  rail-fence,  and  carried  the  posts  and  rails  to  another 
fence,  put  them  together  for  a  breast-work.  Captain  Nolton  gave  orders 
to  the  men  not  to  fire  until  the  enemy  were  got  within  fifteen  rods,  and 
then  not  till  the  word  was  given.  At  the  words  being  given,  the  enemy 
fell  surprisingly ;  it  was  thought  by  spectators  who  stood  at  a  distance, 
that  our  men  did  great  execution. 

^  Gordon. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  233 

The  action  continued  about  two  hours,  when  the  Regulars  on  the  right 
wing  were  put  in  contusion  and  gave  way;  the  Connecticut  troops  closely 
pursued  them,  and  were  on  the  point  of  pushing  their  bayonets,  when 
orders  were  received  from  General  Pomeroy,  for  those  who  had  been  in 
action  for  two  hours  to  fall  back,  and  their  places  to  be  supplied  by  fresh 
troops.  These  orders  being  mistaken  for  a  direction  to  retreat,  our  troops 
on  the  right  wing  began  a  general  retreat,  which  was  handed  to  the  left, 
the  principal  place  of  action,  where  Captains  Nolton,  Chester,  Clark  and 
Putnam,  had  forced  the  enemy  to  give  way,  and  were  before  them  for 
some  considerable  distance,  and  being  warmly  pursuing  the  enemy,  were, 
with  difficulty,  persuaded  to  retire;  but  the  right  wing,  by  mistaking  the 
orders,  having  already  retreated,  the  left,  to  avoid  being  encircled,  were 
obliged  to  retreat  also  with  the  main  body.  They  retreated  with  pre- 
cipitation across  the  causeway  to  Winter's  Hill,  in  which  they  were  ex- 
posed to  the  fire  of  the  enemy,  from  their  shipping  and  floating  batteries. 
We  sustained  our  principal  loss  in  passing  the  causeway.  The  enemy 
pursued  our  troops  to  Winter's  Hill,  where  the  Provincials  being  rein- 
forced by  General  Putnam,  renewed  the  battle  with  great  spirit,  repulsed 
the  enemy  with  great  slaughter,  and  pursued  them  until  they  got  under 
cover  of  their  cannon  from  the  shipping.  When  the  enemy  returned  to 
Bunker's  Rill,  and  the  Provincials  to  Winter's  Hill,  where  after  intrench- 
ing and  erecting  batteries,  they  on  Monday  began  to  fire  upon  the  Reg- 
ulars on  BunJcer^s  Hill,  and  on  the  ships  and  floating  batteries  in  the 
harbour,  when  the  Express  came  away.  The  number  of  Provincials 
killed  is  between  -iO  and  70 ;  1-iO  are  wounded ;  of  the  Connecticut  troops 
16  were  killed.  No  oflicer  among  them  was  either  killed  or  wounded, 
excepting  Lieutenant  Grovenor,  who  was  wounded  in  the  hand.  A 
Colonel,  or  Lieutenant  Colonel  of  the  New  Hampshire  forces,  is  among 
the  dead.  It  is  also  said  that  Doctor  Warren  is  undoubtedly  among  the 
slain. 

The  Provincials  lost  three  iron  six  pounders,  some  intrenching  tools, 
and  a  few  knapsacks. 

The  number  of  Regulars  which  at  first  attacked  the  Provincials  on 
Bunker's  Hill  was  not  less  than  two  thousand;  the  number  of  the  Pro- 
vincials was  only  fifteen  hundred,  who  it  is  supposed  would  soon  have 
gained  a  complete  victory,  had  it  not  been  for  the  unhappy  mistake 
already  mentioned.  The  regulars  were  afterwards  reinforced  with  a 
thousand  men.  It  is  uncertain  how  great  a  number  of  the  regulars  were 
killed  or  wounded ;  but  it  was  supposed  by  the  spectators,  who  saw  the 
whole  action,  that  there  could  not  be  less  than  four  or  five  hundred 
killed.  Mr.  Gardner,  who  got  out  of  Boston  on  Sunday  evening,  says, 
that  there  were  five  hundred  wounded  men  brought  into  that  place  the 
mornino;  before  he  came  out. 


234  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

This  account  was  taken  from  Elijah  Hide,  of  Lebanon,  who  was  a  spec- 
tator on  Winter's  Hill,  during  the  whole  action. 

"  Congress  at  their  session  in  May  having  resolved  to  raise  a  conti- 
nental army,  of  which  the  Pennsylvania  portion  amounted  to  four  thou- 
sand three  hundred  men,  the  Assembly  recommended  to  the  Commissioners 
of  the  several  counties,  as  they  regarded  the  freedom,  welfare,  and  safety 
of  their  country,  to  provide  arms  and  accoutrements  for  this  force :  they 
also  directed  the  officers  of  the  military  association  to  select  a  number 
of  minute  men,  equal  to  the  number  of  arms  which  could  be  procured, 
who  should  hold  themselves  in  readiness  to  march  at  the  shortest  notice 
to  any  quarter,  in  case  of  emergency ;  they  made  further  appropriations 
for  the  defence  of  the  city  against  attacks  by  vessels  of  war,  and  directed 
the  purchase  of  all  the  saltpetre  that  should  be  manufactured  within  the 
next  six  months  at  a  premium  price.  The  House  adopted  also  a  most 
important  and  effective  measure,  in  the  appointment  of  a  Committee  of 
Public  Safety,  with  power  to  call  the  associated  troops  into  service,  to 
pay  and  support  them,  and  generally  to  provide  for  the  defence  of  the 
province  against  invasion  and  insurrection ;  issuing  for  these  purposes 
bills  of  credit  for  thirty-five  thousand  pounds,  redeemable  by  a  tax  on 
real  and  personal  estate."^ 

A  company  of  militia  had  been  raised  at  Lancaster  by  Captain  Ross. 
A  sermon  preached  before  that  company  by  the  Rev.  John  Carmichael, 
A.  M.,  in  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Lancaster,  is  here  reproduced  in 
the  expectation  that  it  will  be  read  with  much  interest  as  a  document 
which  reflects  the  sentiments  of  the  time. 

WAR,  A:SERM0N. 

To  all  the  brave  Sons  of  Liberty  in  North  America,  but  in  particular,  to  the  Com- 
pany of  Militia  in  the  Borough  of  Lancaster,  known  by  the  name  of  ROSS'S  COM- 
PANY, Gentlemen,  Officers  and  Soldiers,  who  appeared  in  their  uniform  in  Church,  to 
hear  this  Sermon,  and  at  whose  request  it  is  now  published,  it  is  hereby  most  respect- 
fully dedicated,  by  their 

Hearty  Friend  and  very  humble  Servant, 

The  Author. 

A  Self -defensive  War  Laivful,  proved  in  a  Sermon^  2^^^^^^^'-^  ^^  Lancaster, 
before  Captain  Hoss^s  Company  of  Militia,  in  the  Presbyterian  Church, 
on  Sabbath  Morning,  June  ■ith,  1775,  by  the  Rev.  John  Carmichael,  A. 
M.,  now  jmblished  at  the  request  of  said  Company.- 

Then  said  he  unto  them,  But  now  he  that  a  hath  purse,  let  himltake  it,  and  like- 
wise his  scrip: And  he  that  hath  no  sword,  let  him  sell  his  garment  and  buy  one. 

Luke  22:  36. 

undique  totis 

Usque  adeo  turbatur  agris. 

Virgil. 
1  Gordon. 
2Lanciuster:  Printed  by  Francis  Bailey,  for  Captain  Ross's  company  of  militia. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  235 

A  SEKMON,  &C. 

Luke  iii.  14.  And  the  soldiers  likewise  demanded  of  him,  sayinj,'.  And  what  shall  we 
do?  and  he  said  unto  them,  Do  violence  to  no  man,  and  neither  accuse  any  falsely,  and  be 
content  with  your  wages. 

At  a  time,  when  the  unjust  storm  of  ministerial  wrath  is  discharging 
itself  in  a  cruel  and  ignominious  manner,  on  the  noble,  patriotic,  brave 
people  of  the  ancient,  loyal  important  colony  of  the  Massachusetts-Bay, 
in  New  England;  at  a  time  when  all  the  other  colonies  in  North  America, 
like  the  true  children  of  a  free-horn  family^  are  roused  to  some  just  re- 
sentment of  such  insults,  on  their  natural  and  legal  rights,  taking  each 
other  as  by  the  hand,  and  uniting  by  the  invincible  chains  of  love,  friend- 
ship, and  interest,  are  determined  to  support  this  their  elder  sister  colony, 
now  suffering  so  gloriously  in  the  common  cause,  or  sink  together;  at 
a  time,  when  the  alarm  is  sounding  from  east  to  west,  over  this  vast  con- 
tinent of  North  America,  to  arms !— to  arms ! — in  short,  at  a  time  when 
the  minds  of  all  are  in  such  a  ferment,  that  they  can  be  scarce  composed 
to  hear  any  subject,  but  what  may  have  some  reference  to  the  present 
times;  it  is  but  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  even  the  Minister  of  the 
Prince  of  Peace^  whose  business  for  ordinary  is,  neither  tear  or  politicks, 
in  such  a  situation,  being  member  of  civil  society,  and  interested  like 
other  men,  would  improve  the  times,  by  adapting  their  public  instruc- 
tions to  the  best  service  of  the  people,  and  not  offensive  or  displeasing  to 
God ;  whose  holy  word  is  a  blessed  directory  in  every  emergency. 

It  is  also  but  reasonable  to  suppose,  that  every  judicious,  sober  Ameri- 
can, being  now  reduced  to  the  dreadful  alternative,  either  to  take  up 
arms,  apparently  against  that  very  government  which  he  was  wont  to 
revere,  and  under  which  he  expected  protection  for  both  life  and  pro- 
perty; or  submit  tamely  to  the  galling  yoke  o^ jjerpetual  sJaverf/ ;  I  say, 
it  is  supposable,  that  every  such  Christian  American  soldier  will  be  all 
ear  to  wholesome  instructions,  relative  to  his  present  duty. 

We  own  it  is  rare  for  soldiers  to  ask  counsel  of  gospel  Ministers ;  and 
the  more  pity — for  they  are  men  and  sinners,  as  well  as  others;  but  I  am 
not  called  to  address  Bed- Coats,  but  Christian  Provincials;  yet  blessed 
be  God,  it  is  not  a  case  wholly  unprecedented,  for  even  regulars  to  apply 
to  a  gospel  Preacher  for  direction;  we  have  an  instance  in  the  words  of 
our  text:  And  the  soldiers  demanded  of  him,  saying,  Andivhat  shall  toe  do? 
and  he  said  tmto  them.  Do  violence  to  no  man,  neither  accuse  any  falsely, 

and  be  content  ivith  your  ivayes. 

We  here  find  a  very  important  question  proposed  to  a  person,  every 
way  qualified  to  solve  it ;  for  the  mouth  of  truth  itself  tells  us,  that  of 
all  who  were  then  born  of  woman,  there  was  not  a  greater  prophet  than 
John  the  Baptist :  Also,  the  angel  who  predicted  his  birth,  said,  that  he 
should  be  filled  with  the  Holy  Ghost,  from  his  mother's  womb.     He  was 


236  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

therefore  deservedly  very  popular — was  raised  for  the  great  purpose 
of  introducing  the  Jewish  church  to  the  Saviour  of  the  world;  and 
hence  much  true  gospel  light  shone  round  this  great  Preacher.  The 
answers  he  gave  the  question,  may  be  depended  on  to  be  sufficient  and 
conclusive. 

But  let  us  hear,  what  does  John  say?  Does  he  tell  them,  to  lay  down 
their  arms,  and  throw  them  by,  as  there  can  be  no  sort  of  war  lawful  ?  as 
some  would  have  us  believe!  No,  no,  this  is  not  his  answer;  John 
knew  better;  he  knew  the  present  state  of  our  depraved  world  would 
render  war  in  many  cases  unavoidable,  and  even  necessary.  So  that  a 
soldier  might  serve  the  end  of  his  being  in  his  place  and  calling,  as  well 
as  a  plowman  or  preacher  in  theirs. 

But  then  it  must  be  a  just  war,  conducted  in  a  lawful,  righteous  man- 
ner; for  the  legality  of  the  action  will  never  justify  the  illegality  of  the 
manner  of  prosecution. 

The  soldier  must  do  violence  to  no  man — must  not  accuse  any  falsely 
— and  must  be  content  with  his  wages ;  leading  vices  these,  for  ordinary, 
among  regular  troops;  but  the  Cheistian  soldier  must  guard  against 
them,  from  the  genuine  principles  of  true  religion,  in  the  heart;  and 
then  may  hope  for  heaven,  as  well  from  a  field  of  battle,  as  expiring  on 
his  couch  in  the  midst  of  peace  and  tranquility. 

I  now  deduce  this  doctrine  from  the  text,  thus  explained •  Doctrine. 

That  although  war  is  in  itself  a  very  great  evil,  and  one  of  those  sore 
judgments,  by  which  a  holy  God  punishes  the  world  for  sin,  therefore  to 
be  deprecated,  and  avoided  as  much  as  possible ;  yet  is  at  times,  by  rea- 
son of  certain  circumstances,  so  unavoidable,  that  it  is  our  duty  to  enter 
into  it. The  method  I  design  to  pursue,  in  opening  up  the  doc- 
trine, for  improvement,  is  the  following: 

I.  Humbly  attempt  to  shew  (with  submission  to  better  judgment) 
when  a  war  is  so  unavoidable  and  necessary,  that  it  is  our  duty  to  enter 
into  it. 

II.  Shew  how  we  should  enter  into,  and  prosecute  even  a  just  war. 

III.  Improve  the  subject,  by  the  deduction  of  a  few  natural  inferences 
from  the  whole. 

You  are  sensible,  my  hearers,  that  there  are  some  Christian  people  in 
the  world,  and  some  of  them  in  these  parts,  who  merit  the  regard  of  the 
public,  by  their  general  character  of  industry,  inoftensivenes,  and  so- 
briety ;  yet  do  maintain  it,  as  a  sacred  conscientious  tenet,  not  to  be  dis- 
pensed with,  not  to  (JO  to  ivar,  or  to  take  up  arms  on  any  occasion  vjhatso- 
ever;  and  charity,  the  leading  grace  of  the  Christian  system,  will  lead  us 
to  deal  tenderly  with  such,  as  far  as  we  have  grounds  to  believe  they  are 
sincere  in  their  profession.  We  ought  to  pity  such  for  their  mistake, 
and,  if  possible,  to  convince  them ;  but  not  by  any  means  to  urge  them 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  237 

against  their  avowed  sentiments,  lest  we  come  under  the  odious  appella- 
tion of  persecAi.tors. 

As  far  as  these  sober  people  make  use  of  the  Bible,  to  found  their 
principles  on,  they  rely  on  such  passages  as  these,  Gen.  ix.  6:  He  that 
sheddeth  mail's  blood,  by  man  shall  his  blood  be  shed;  and  Exod.  xx.  13. 
Thou  sJialt  not  hill:  and  in  the  New  Testament,  Bvt  I  say  v.nfo  yon^  lov^ 
your  enemies ;  if  any  smile  thee  on  the  one  cheek,  turn  to  him  the  other  also ; 
for  all  they  that  take  the  sword  shall  perish  by  the  sivord,  Matt.  v.  39,  44; 
and  xxvi.  52 ;  and  hence  conclude,  though  I  think  falsely,  that  all  war  is 
unlawful,  except  the  spiritual,  with  our  own  corruptions,  by  the  sword 
of  the  spirit,  in  Christ's  spiritual  kingdom,  which  is  not  of  this  world, 
else  would  his  children  fight. 

But  if  I  mistake  not,  these  people  regard  only  such  passages  of  holy 
scripture,  as  seem  to  favour  their  favourite  opinion,  let  the  language  of 
other  passages  be  what  they  will ;  and  hence  their  own  imagination  is 
substituted  instead  of  divine  revelation,  so  that  when  people  are  deter- 
mined to  keep  by  a  sentiment,  be  it  right  or  wrong,  there  is  an  end  to  all 
disputation. 

We  readily  allow,  that  it  would  be  happy  for  us  all,  if  there  was  no 
moral  or  natural  evil  in  the  world:  But  how  plausible  soever  such  opin- 
ions may  appear,  to  the  weal  of  society,  they  are  rather  calculated  to  the 
condition  of  innocent,  than  depraved  nature  ;  which  now  is,  and  ever 
has  been  such,  since  the  fall  of  our  first  parents,  that  there  is  need  of 
some  remedy  to  curb  its  evil  tendencies,  or  mankind  would  scarce  be 
able  to  subsist  in  the  world ;  and  this  our  indulgent,  righteous  Creator 
knows ;  and  has  therefore  set  up  civil  government  to  keep  men  from  de- 
stroying each  other :  But  civil  government  has  no  power,  if  it  has  not 

the  sword,  to  be  a  terror  to  evil  doers, and  a  praise  to  them  that 

ao  well. Hence  it  will  follow,  that  men  are  under  a  necessity  to  part 

with  some  of  their  natural  rights,  to  secure  the  rest;  they  must  give 
part  of  their  earnings  to  such  as  are  chosen  by  themselves,  to  rule  the 
whole;  and  then  again,  they  must  help  the  rulers  to  execute  the  good 
and  wholesome  laws  of  government,  against  their  violators.  Sup- 
pose, for  instance,  a  great  banditti  rise  to  rescue  murderers;  if  these  are 
not  quelled,  government  is  overthrown,  if  the  people  do  not  assist  good 
government,  and  here  then  arises  a  necessity  to  go  to  war. 

And  suppose  again,  on  the  other  hand,  which  is  very  supposable, 
That  the  rulers  of  the  people  should  give  way  to  the  many  temptations 
their  high  stations  will  lead  them  to ;  to  indulge  evil,  the  inclinations  of 
a  lust  for  absolute  dominion,  independent  of  the  people,  so  that  all  the 
barrier  of  oaths  and  covenants  are  broke  through,  to  effect  the  plan; 
and  the  people  have  no  security,  for  either  life  or  property,  but  the  mere 
sovereign  pleasure  of  the  absolute  rulers:  then  the  people  are  under  a 


238  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

disagreeable,  but  pressing  necessity,  rather  tlian  be  crushed  by  an  iron 
rod,  to  re-ascertain  their  own  just  rights ;  and  stand  forth  all  of  them  to 
oppose  such  tyranny:  Here  then  is  another  instance  of  self-defence — in 
which  a  war  is  both  unavoidable  and  necessary,  and  therefore  lawful,  if 
self-preservation  is  lawful;  which  is  the  point  I  shall  next,  in  order, 
endeavour  to  prove  indisputably,  both  from  the  light  of  nature,  and 
divine  revelation ;  and  first  from  the  light  of  nature. 

It  is  certainly  evident,  wherever  we  turn  our  eyes,  on  any  part  of  the 
whole  creation  of  God,  that  the  principle  of  self-love  or  self-preservation, 
or  the  desire  of  existence,  is  deeply  engraved  on  the  nature  of  every 
creature.  And  when  this  great  first  principle  is  observed,  it  is,  and  must 
be  agreeable  to  God,  as  he  will  love  his  own  work ;  and  so  also,  the  ne- 
glect of  the  exercise  of  this  principle,  can  not  but  displease  him,  as  it  is 
■unnatural  and  monstrous.  Thus  the  generous  vine  will  extend  her  arms, 
to  lay  hold  on  the  first  neighbouring  prop ;  and  with  her  little  tender 
tendants,  twine  around  it,  to  preserve  her  clusters  from  perishing  on  the 
cold  ground. 

The  little  industrious  bee  is  furnished  by  her  Creator,  with  a  sting  to 
preserve  for  her  own  use,  to  herself,  her  sweet  honey,  the  fruit  of  her 
toil  and  industry. 

The  ox  has  his  horns;  and  the  horse  his  teeth  and  hoofs.  The  deer 
her  feet  for  flight,  and  the  fowls  their  wings  to  escape  danger,  and  pre- 
serve themselves.  And  shall  man,  the  noblest  creature  in  the  lower 
world,  be  destitute  of  this  necessary  principle !  which  we  see  engraved  by 
instinct  on  the  irrational  creation  ?  Man  is  blest  with  reason  to  direct 
his  enquiries,  in  search  of  happiness.  His  maker  God  allows  him  to 
seek,  to  be  as  happy  as  he  possibly  can,  both  in  this  life  and  the  life  to 
come.  But  since  man  is  a  fallen,  sinful  creature,  he  has  lost  his  true 
road  to  happiness — and  can  never  find  it,  until  his  maker  point  it  out  to 
him  in  the  Holy  Bible.  Here  we  are  taught  how  to  conduct  both  in  the 
civil  and  religious  life :  We  are  certain  the  Scriptures  allow  us  to  de- 
fend ourselves  in  the  best  manner  we  can  against  an  enemy. 

Therefore,  such  passages,  as  would  seem  to  speak  a  different  language ; 
such  as  those  already  quoted,  must  be  understood,  in  a  consistency  with 
this  great  law  of  nature ;  as  well  as  consistent  with  other  parts  of  scrip- 
ture. For  Christ  came  not  to  make  void,  or  destroy  the  law,  but  to 
fulfil— when  therefore  we  are  forbid  to  shed  blood,  or  to  kill;  it  is  inno 
cent  blood  is  meant— but  this  doth  not  forbid  to  execute  a  murderer.  The 
divine  law  requires,  that  a  murderer  should  be  executed,  and  forbids  to 
take  a  ransom  for  his  life. 

Also,  when  a  body  of  wicked  people  join  together,  or  a  nation  unite, 
to  call  upon  and  destroy  without  any  just  cause  an  innocent  people.  The 
insulted,  or  invaded  people,  are  then  to  unite  together,  to  oppose,  expel 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  259 

and  punish  the  guilty  invaders— as  in  Judges  v.  2S,— Curse  ye  Meroz 
{said  the  angel  of  the  Lord,)  curse  ye  bitterly  the  inhabitants  thereof:  Be- 
cause they  came  not  to  the  help  of  the  Lord^  against  the  mighty:  And  Jere- 
miah XLVIII.  10 — Cursed  be  he  that  doth  the  tvorh  of  the  Lord  deceitfully; 
and  cursed  be  he  that  keejyeth  back  his  sword  from  blood:  And  in  Luke 
XXII.  36 — Jesus  Christ  told  his  Disciples  to  arm  themselves  against  ap- 
proaching danger. — And  he  that  hath  no  sivord  let  him  sell  his  garment  and 
buy  one. 

And  since  our  Lord  did  not  allow  the  Disciples  then  to  defend  them- 
selves by  their  weapons,  for  when  Peter  cut  off  Malcus's  ear  he  imme- 
diately healed  it,  and  bid  Peter  to  put  up  his  sword,  to  let  them  know, 
and  the  enemy  also  know,  that  he  was  Lord  of  life  and  death — and  that 
the  Disciples  were  safe  with  such  a  person  as  Jesus,  while  the  age  of 
miracles  continued ;  I  say,  since  this  was  the  case  then,  we  must  under- 
stand the  passage  to  intend,  that  it  is  both  lawful  and  a  duty,  for  the' 
followers  of  Jesus  Christ,  in  a  time  and  age  when  we  are  not  to  expect 
miracles,  to  arm  ourselves  and  use  our  arms  for  our  own  preservation 
against  any  invading  enemy. 

Also,  it  must  of  course  follow,  that  where  our  blessed  Lord  enjoins 
us,  when  smote  on  the  one  cheek,  to  turn  the  other  also,  he  does  not 
mean  to  forbid  us  to  use  lawful  and  proper  means  of  self-preservation. 
But  the  meaning  must  be  as  the  phrase  is  proverbial,  that  we  should  at 
no  time  discover  a  revengeful  or  unforgiving  disposition ;  but  should  be 
ready  to  put  up  with  a  good  deal  of  ill-usage,  before  we  would  create 
disturbance,  yea  that  we  should  do  anything  consistent  with  our  own 
safety.  Again,  where  our  Lord  enjoins  us  to  love  our  enemies — he  can't 
possibly  mean  that  we  should  love  them  better  than  ourselves — that  we 
should  put  it  in  the  enemy's  power  to  kill  us,  when  we  had  it  in  our 
power  to  save  our  own  life,  by  killing  the  enemy.  I  say,  this  cannot  be 
the  meaning;  for  that  exposition  will  thwart  the  original  first  great  law 
of  self-preservation.  The  meaning  therefore  must  be,  that  we  do  not 
cherish  a  spirit  of  hatred  towards  the  enemies,  and  would  be  willing  to 
be  reconciled  again — and  would  be  desirous,  the  enemy  would  be  con- 
vinced of  his  evil  sentiment  against  us,  that  we  might  be  again  on 
friendly  terms,  that  we  can  be  sincere  in  our  prayer  to  God,  to  bring 
such  a  desirable  event  to  pass.     Again, 

That  a  self-defensive  war  is  lawful,  I  will  prove  from  the  conduct  of 
Jesus  Christ  himself.  If  civil  government  is  necessary  to  self-preserva- 
tion, and  war  is  necessary,  at  times,  in  government,  as  has  been  already 
proved ;  then  it  will  follow,  that  those  who  support  civil  government,  do 
support  war,  and  so  of  consequence  approve  of  war.  But  Jesus  Christ 
did  pay  his  tribute  money,  to  the  Emperor  Tiberius,  Matthew  xvii.  27, 
and  those  who  are  acquainted  with  the  life  of  Tiberius  Cicsar,  know  that 


240  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

he  had  frequent  wars.  Our  Lord  did  here,  as  in  several  other  places, 
draw  a  line  of  distinction  between  church  and  state;  the  church  was  his 
own  kingdom,  and  spiritual  in  its  nature  and  government,  and  was  not 
of  this  world;  but  the  state  was  a  distinct  constitution,  was  of  this  world, 
was  purel}^  civil,  and  it  was  not  essential  to  the  being  of  an  Emperor,  of 
what  sort  of  religion  he  was  of,  or  whether  of  any,  as  was  the  case  of 
Tiberius;  but  as  the  Jews  were  tributaries  to  the  Eomans,  and  our  Lord 
was  a  Jew  by  birth;  he  paid  his  tax  as  a  peaceable  member  of  the  com- 
monwealth ;  but  had  our  Lord  been  a  Mennonist  he  would  have  refused  to 
pay  tribute,  to  support  war,  which  shews  the  absurdity  of  these  people's 
conduct. 

Had  our  Lord  been  a  Covenanter  of  the  church  of  Scotland,  he  would 
refuse  to  pay  tribute,  because  the  Emperor  was  not  a  Covenanter.  I 
own,  it  is  not  essential  to  the  very  being  of  a  King  to  be  a  Christian,  yet  it 
is  essential  to  the  being  of  a  good  man,  to  be  a  Christian;  and  certainly  the 
more  pious  and  truly  godly  any  Christian  ruler  is,  if  he  is  not  a  bigot  to 
a  party,  or  certain  denomination,  but  equally  regardful  of  all,  the  regu- 
lar, sober,  and  well  behaving,  in  all  his  dominions — the  happier  for  the 
people.  In  Eomans  xiii,  from  the  beginning,  to  the  7th  verse,  we  are  in- 
structed at  large  the  duty  we  owe  to  civil-government,  but  if  it  was 
unlawful  and  anti-Christian,  or  anti-Scriptural  to  support  war,  it  would 
be  unlawful  to  pay  taxes ;  if  it  is  unlawful  to  go  to  war,  it  is  unlawful 
to  pay  another  to  do  it,  or  to  go  to  do  it.  What  a  foolish  trick  those 
people  put  on  their  consciences,  who,  for  the  reasons  already  mentioned, 
will  not  pay  their  taxes,  and  yet  let  others  come  and  take  their  money, 
where  they  can  find  it,  and  be  sure  they  will  leave  it  where  they  can  find 
it  handily. 

I  think  I  have  now  proved,  from  the  light  of  nature,  from  the  reason 
of  things — from  the  Old  and  New  Testament  as  well  as  from  the  exam- 
ple of  Christ  and  his  Apostles,  that  a  self-defensive  war  is  lawful. 

Now  those  who  deny  this  doctrine  ought,  if  they  would  be  ingenuous, 
candid  and  honest,  to  place  their  argument  on  this  footing.  Suppose 
themselves  capable  of  being  by  themselves,  all  on  some  part  of  our 
Globe,  and  none  else  but  themselves ;  and  suppose  also,  none  else  ever  to 
come  to  them,  and  without  any  connection  with  any  people,  but  them- 
selves, they  had  all  the  necessaries  of  life;  in  such  a  situation,  if  they 
carry  with  them  the  common  nature  of  the  human  species,  as  it  has 
discovered  itself  in  the  world  in  every  age,  since  the  fall  of  Adam; 
these  good,  peaceable,  inoffensive  people,  would  soon  find  evil 
dispositions  and  practices  break  out  even  among  themselves,  if 
they  would  then  make  no  resistance  at  all,  to  those  evils,  but  on 
their  avowed  principles,  when  smote  on  the  one  cheek,  turn  the 
other;  there  would  soon  be  an  end  of  their  society — the  evil  would  soon 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  2-il 

destroy  the  peaceable  and  good  out  of  the  world;  then  the  judgments 
of  the  Almighty  would  undoubtedly  overtake  and  cut  off"  the  wicked, 
when  there  would  be  none  else  in  the  world;  and  then  there  would  be 
an  end  to  the  being  of  mankind  on  the  earth.  Now  this  was  the  result 
of  things  in  the  Antediluvian  age,  when  there  was  no  civil  government 
at  all  in  the  world,  the  wicked  destroyed  the  righteous,  till  there  was 
none  left  but  Noah;  the  Almighty  saved  him  by  a  miracle,  and  cut  olV 
the  rest  entirely  from  the  globe.  And  though  Noah  was  as  good  a  man 
as  any  of  those  people  with  whom  I  am  now  disputing,  his  posterity  de- 
generated, and  the  world  needed  government  to  keep  it  in  being  to  this 
day.  It  is  also  equally  unfair,  to  say,  Let  us  stand  still  and  see  the  salva- 
tion of  God;  for  if  this  proves  any  thing,  it  proves  too  much,  it  proves 
that  we  are  to  use  no  means  at  all,  for  why  to  use  lawful  means  in  our 
power  one  time,  and  not  another?  we  must  therefore  neither  plow  or 
sow;  build,  raise  stock,  or  do  any  thing  in  the  use  of  means,  hut  stand 
still  and  see  the  salvation  of  God!  But  our  reason  is  given  us  to  use 
it  in  a  proper  manner,  to  preserve  our  own  lives  and  the  lives  of 
others,  as  God's  servants,  in  a  state  of  probation  in  this  world ;  and  God 
will  reward  every  one  finally,  according  to  his  works;  when  we  have 
no  means  in  our  power,  we  honor  God  to  trust  him,  as  Israel  at  the 
Eed-Sea,  and  in  the  wilderness;  but  when  means  are  in  our  power,  and 
we  do  not  use  them,  we  then  tempt  God,  and  rebel  against  his  govern- 
ment, which  he  exercises  over  the  world,  in  the  way  of  free  and  moral 
agency. 

Therefore,  for  these  people  to  argue  as  they  do  now,  when  they  are 
among  other  societies,  that  they  know  will  preserve  the  state  from  slaugh- 
ter or  slavery,  in  the  use  of  lawful  means,  as  has  been  now  proved,  is 
vastly  disingenuous,  and  will  undoubtedly  subject  their  opinions  to  this 
censure,  that  it  is  a  sanctuary  of  sloth — for  greed — cowardice,  &c. — -for 
it  is  easy  to  stay  at  home  and  earn  money,  to  what  it  is  to  spend  laoney  and 
expose  life,  top)Totect  and  defend  the  luorldling  coivard — it  is  easy  to  pay  money, 
to  what  it  is  to  he  shot,  ko,.  But  after  all  that  has  been  said,  I  am  myself 
so  warm  an  advocate  for  the  sacred  rights  of  conscience,  that  if  these 
people  will  not  be  convinced  of  their  duty;  can  not  get  their  eyes  open; 
they  are  to  be  pitied,  but  not  persecuted.  I  beg  of  all,  for  God  and  con- 
science sake,  to  let  them  alone;  if  they  will  not,  in  these  terrible  times, 
draw  the  sword /or  Liberty  and  their  Country,  surely  they  will  not  against 
Liberty  and  their  Country;  and  if  we  can  do  with  them,  we  can  without 
them :  O  then,  let  there  be  no  disturbance  on  that  head  I 

I  now  proceed  to  the  second  thing  proposed,  in  this  discourse,  to  shew 
how  a  lawful  war  is  to  be  carried  on : 

1.  Every  one  that  draws  the  sword,  should  be  well  satisfied,  in  his 
conscience,  that  he  is  called  of  God  to  do  so ;  that,  with  a  good  conscience 
17 


242  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

and  courage,  he  may  rely  on  God  for  strength  and  protection.  Then 
it  is  drawn  for  these  reasons,  or  else  it  cannot  be  lawful ;  either  to  oppose 
a  foreign  enemy — or  to  assist  the  magistrates  to  suppress  a  riot,  or  wicked 
faction  and  rebellion  that  may  have  broke  out,  by  a  lawless  set  of  ruffians, 
that  will  be  under  no  restraint  of  law  or  to  oppose  the  unjust,  usurped, 
anti-constitutional  claims  of  mere  tyranny — or  the  essential  and  unalien- 
able rights  of  the  people. 

2d.  Every  soldier  should  see  to  it  above  all  things,  that  his  peace  is 
made  with  God,  by  believing  in  his  Son  Jesus  Christ  for  salvation  ;  and 
have  some  comfortable  evidences  of  the  truth  of  his  faith,  by  his  love  to 
Jesus  Christ,  in  keeping  his  commandments ;  else  how  can  he  expect  a 
blessing,  or  success,  even  in  a  just  cause,  if  he  is  himself  in  a  state  of 
enmity  and  rebellion  against  that  God,  in  whose  hand  his  life  is,  and 
whose  are  all  his  ways?  For  no  soldier  is  so  undaunted  and  truly  cour- 
ageous, as  he  that  on  the  principles  of  true  religion,  is  above  the  fear 
of  death. 

To  rush  forward  on  death,  thoughtless  of,  and  unprepared  for,  a  future 
eternity,  is  rather  a  species  of  mere  madness,  than  true  heroism. 

3dly.  As  the  Christian  soldier  must  set  out  in  the  fear  of  God,  so  he 
must  persevere,  fully  confiding  in,  and  relying  on,  the  justice  and  right- 
eousness of  the  superintendency  of  Jehovah,  over  all  the  fates,  and  to  us 
unforeseen  occurrences,  that  may  or  can  happen  in  time ;  and  thus  with 
becoming  boldness  and  Christian  serenity,  accompanied  with  true  courage, 
put  his  life  in  God's  hands. 

4thly.  The  soldier  must  observe  strictly  those  directions  in  our  text : 
He  must  do  violence  to  no  man;  as  soldiers  carry  with  them  the  instru- 
ments of  death,  they  are  too  prone  to  conduct  themselves  towards  the 
defenceless  with  pride  and  insolence ;  something  of  this  temper  discov- 
ered itself,  at  the  time  that  these  Regulars  asked  John  in  the  manner  of 
their  asking  the  question ;  others  treated  John  with  respect  and  manners ; 
the  very  Publicans  called  him  Master ;  but  the  Red-  Goats  came  and  de- 
manded of  him,  as  if  they  were  his  superiors,  and  he  must  obey  them. 
As  standing  armies  are  too  frequently  made  up  of  the  scourings  of 
gaols,  and  the  refuse  an(i  filth  of  the  people,  that  make  that  the  last  shift 
for  a  living — they  are  but  too  often  found  destitute  of  either  good  prin- 
ciples or  education,  and  sunk  into  every  species  of  dissoluteness  and  de- 
bauchery. We  could  wish  the  King's  troops  at  Boston  had  not  by  their 
cruelty  and  inhumanity  of  conduct,  given  the  world  too  lively  and 
striking  a  proof  of  the  truth  of  this  observation ;  hence  the  very  name 
of  a  Red- Coat  (pardon  the  expression)  stinks  in  our  iiostrih. 

But  blessed  be  the  God  of  heaven,  that  the  gentlemen  who  now  form 
our  militia,  in  America,  are  the  Americans  themselves,  whose  characters 
are  known  to  be  not  such  as  but  just  now  described;  and  who  we  hope, 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  243 

under  God,  will  save  this  country,  and  of  consequence  the  British  empire 
from  apparent  ruin. 

5thly.  Soldiers  must  not  accuse  any  faUely ;  this  is  a  certain  species  of 
wickedness  too  common  to  soldiers;  those  of  them  that  watched  the 
sepulchre  of  our  Lord,  falsely  accused  his  disciples,  tltat  they  came  and  stole 
his  body  tahile  they  slept;  they  were  hired  to  tell  this  lie  by  government, 
and  what  will  not  poor  ignorant,  sottish,  selfish,  low-lived,  ill-bred  grace- 
less creatures,  that  have  no  fear  of  God  at  all,  do  for  money  ?  And  I  wish 
we  may  not  find  that  the  soldiers  at  Boston,  have  sent  lies  home,  or 
false  accusations  of  the  brave  Provincials — when  they  gave  them  such  a 
severe  drubbing  in  the  action  of  Lexington. 

Lastly  under  this  head,  as  the  design  of  raising  armies,  is  the  defence 
of  the  people,  as  soon  as  this  is  bravely  ascertained,  the  Christian  soldier 
should  lay  by  the  sword,  and  disband  the  army,  lest  their  existence,  when 
not  necessary,  should  occasion  the  very  miseries  they  were  raised  to 
avert.     A  few  inferences  shall  now  conclude  this  discourse. 

1.  Our  subject  teaches  us  deeply  to  bewail  the  universal  depravity 
of  human  nature;  O  Adam!  in  what  a  deplorable  condition  is  thy  fami- 
ly now ! — what  hast  thou  done  ! — how  many  evil  passions  and  appetites 
rage  in  the  world!  Envy,  wrath,  malice,  dissimulation,  covetousness, 
pride,  brutal  lusts,  &;c.,  &c.  whence  arise  those  crushing  woes  and  calami- 
ties of  wars,  murder,  rapine,  slaughter  and  desolations  among  mankind. 
How  just  it  is  for  a  holy  God,  as  the  moral  Governor  of  the  world,  to 
punish  such  sinful  guilty  creatures. 

2.  We  learn  hence  the  exceeding  innate  evil  of  sin;  if  the  punish- 
ment is  not  inadequate  to  the  offence,  which  we  are  not  to  suppose,  then 
the  offence  is  very  great,  because  of  the  great  punishment  inflicted. 

3.  We  also  learn  from  our  subject,  to  admire  the  care  of  divine  provi- 
dence over  the  human  race,  to  continue  men  on  the  earth  amidst  such 
deluges  of  miseries  or  destruction  on  every  hand.  And  as  civil  govern- 
ment, in  the  hand  of  divine  providence,  is  subservient  here  too,  we  ought 
to  bless  God  for  the  institution,  and  support  it  while  government  con- 
tinues to  observe  its  original  design,  viz.,  the  protection  of  the  lives  and 
properties  of  the  people. 

•i.  We  may  also  acknowledge  the  goodness  of  God,  in  abridging  the 
life  of  man  to  70  years,  for  that  is  long  enough  for  the  wicked  to  rage, 
and  the  righteous  to  suffer — and  be  absent  from  that  rest  that  God  has 
prepared  for  his  people.  How  amazing  that  the  Church  of  Christ  has 
not  been  swallowed  up,  by  the  united  combinations  of  all  the  evil — 
spirits  of  darkness,  and  the  wicked  in  this  world  in  every  age!  this  is  the 
mighty  power  of  God  indeed! 

5.  We  learn  from  this  subject,  the  special  need  our  world  stands  in  of 
a  Saviour,  that  by  the  grace  of  his  holy  covenant,  according  to  the 


244  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

great  ricli  divine  plan  he  has  revealed  in  the  holy  Bible,  such  sinful  crea- 
tures as  we  are,  may  be  sanctified  and  pardoned,  and  made  fit  for  useful- 
ness in  this  life,  and  the  enjoyment  of  God  in  heaven. 

6.  Our  subject  teaches  us  to  be  reconciled  to  the  thoughts  of  death, 
on  the  true  principles  of  gospel  holiness,  whenever  it  shall  please  God  to 
call  us  hence ;  as  all  in  this  sinning,  teasing,  mortifying  disappointing 
world,  as  Solomon  justly  expresses  it,  is  vanity  and  vexation  of  spirit ;  and 
yet  on  the  other  hand,  we  must  not  repine  at  the  hand  of  God,  if  we  are 
continued  long  even  in  a  state  of  affliction ;  but  should  say  with  that 
old  Testament  saint,  all  the  days  of  my  apjwinted  time  loill  I  wait ^  till  my 
change  come.  It  is  our  great  wisdom  and  interest,  to  take  heed,  that  we 
have  not  with  Dives  our  good  things  here,  but  would  make  the  best  of 
this  present  life,  as  a  wilderness  passage,  through  which  we  would  journey 
to  the  better  country,  the  heavenly. 

7.  We  hence  learn  how  much  it  is  our  duty  to  be  both  frequent  and 
very  fervent  in  praj^er  to  God,  for  the  spiritual  kingdom  of  the  Lord 
Jesus  Christ,  which  consists  so  much  in  peace  and  love,  to  come  with 
divine  power  and  energy,  to  check  and  stop  those  evils  that  now  rage  in 
the  world,  as  it  is  well  known,  by  long  experience,  that  it  is  the  holy 
spirit  accompanying  a  preached  gospel,  that  is  the  only  foreign  remedy, 
to  cure  the  evils  that  are  in  the  hearts  of  men,  to  qualify  them  to  be 
real  blessings  to  each  other,  as  members  of  society  in  this  life,  and  to 
put  them  in  a  capacity  for  communion  with  the  holy  Trinity  and  saints 
and  angels  in  heaven. 

8thly.  And  lastly.  Our  subject  teaches  us,  how  much  we  should  depre- 
cate the  calamities  of  war — especially  those  of  a  civil  war;  the  most 
awful  of  any,  if  it  could  be  avoided.  And  0  what  an  awful  dark  cloud, 
pregnant  with  all  the  horrors  of  civil  war,  hangs  now  over  this  whole 
continent  of  British  America;  and  this  terrifying  thought  leads  me  to 
close  this  discourse  in  two  addresses. 

1st.  To  all  my  hearers  in  general — you  are,  in  this  town,  now  at  ease, 
in  the  lap  of  peace  and  plenty;  far  from  any  scene  of  either  blood  or 
slaughter— in  the  heart  of  a  rich  province,  situated  in  the  centre  of  the 
whole  American  Continent — you  hear  of  distress,  but  you  do  not  yet 
feel  it;  and  God  forbid  you  ever  should,  as  some  of  your  worthy  brethren 
now  do  in  Boston.  But  know,  my  dear  hearers,  that  if  you  abuse  these 
rich,  temporal  good  things  (Avith  which  the  God  of  heaven  has  distin- 
guished you)  in  luxury,  profaneness.  Sabbath-breaking,  swearing,  unoleau- 
ness,  drunkenness,  worldliness,  pride  and  contempt  of  the  sacred  and 
divine  instructions  of  his  holy  word  and  ordinances,  your  sins  will  find 
you  out,  and  God  will  visit  you  with  his  chastising  rod  for  your  iniqui- 
quities.  Let  all  then  be  exhorted  by  a  sincere,  unfeigned  repentance, 
for  past  sins  and  reformation  of  life  and  manners,  to  fly  to  the   Lord 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY,  245 

Jesus  Christ  by  faith,  as  a  hiding-  place  from  the  storm,  and  a  covert 
from  the  tempest— be  much  in  prayer  to  God,  to  over-rule  these  unhappy 
disturbances  for  his  own  glory,  and  the  best  weal  of  Zion— pray  that 
they  may  be  brought  to  a  speedy  and  happy  issue  on  the  genuine  prin- 
ciples of  liberty  and  true  religion— pray  that  the  just  attempts  of  all 
America,  for  these  great  ends,  may  prove  successful— guard  against 
everything  that  has  the  least  or  remotest  tendency  to  jar  the  blessed 
unison  of  the  whole  American  harpsicord,  as  now  set  to  the  tune  of 
liberty,  by  the  honourable  great  artists  the  Continental  Congress, 
Let  every  denomination  of  Christians  treat  each  other  with  love  and  re- 
spect, as  brethren  engaged  in,  and  struggling  for  the  one  and  same  com- 
mon cause — treat  all  the  officers  of  civil  government  in  this  province 
with  becoming  honor  and  respect — sympathize  with  your  distressed 
suffering  brethren  in  Boston,  both  with  your  prayers  and  purses.  Fi- 
nally, dread  nothing  that  can  befall  you,  so  ruinous  to  yourselves  and 
posterity  in  this  life,  as  slavery.  Therefore  use  every  lawful  means  to 
avert  it :  see  then  that  you  most  heartily  accord  with  whatever  may  be 
the  final  determination  of  all  America  agreed  to  in  the  Continental 
Congress, 

I  now  turn  myself  to  the  Gentlemen  of  the  Militia^  Officers  and  Sol- 
diers that  appear  before  me  in  Church  in  their  Uniform. 

By  your  present  appearance  you  declare  to  the  world,  that  you  are 
nobly  willing  to  risk  your  lives  and  fortunes  to  save  your  country  from 
slavery ;  you  are  accompanied  with  the  sincere  wishes  of  all  good  people, 
for  God  Almighty  to  bless  you,  protect  and  succeed  you  in  your  brave 
undertakings. 

Your  own  improved  understandings  will  lead  you  to  apply  the  several 
instructions  suggested  in  this  Sermon,  relative  to  your  duty  as  warriors; 
should  we  be  all  so  unhappy,  as  that  you  should  be  ever  called  to  action 
on  account  of  the  present  struggles  for  liberty.  In  the  mean  time  allow 
me  to  require  of  you,  to  do  your  utmost  to  preserve  and  maintain  the 
good  order  and  peace  of  this  province  inviolate ;  for  it  is  certain,  that 
nothing  next  to  slavery  is  more  to  be  dreaded,  than  the  anarchy  and  con- 
fusion that  will  ensue,  if  proper  regard  is  not  paid  to  the  good  and 
wholesome  laws  of  government.  And  should  we  be  subjected  to  such 
evils,  we  will,  and  must  blame  our  ]\[ilitia — for  no  men  have  it  so  much 
in  their  power  to  keep  the  peace  and  good  order  of  society  as  the  gen- 
tlemen of  the  sword. 

You  must  still  continue  to  revere  royalty,  and  observe  your  allegiance 
to  the  King,  on  the  true  principles  of  the  constitution.  Your  drawing 
the  sword  now  must  not  be  against  the  person  of  his  Majesty;  but  the 
mal-administration  of  his  government,  by  designing,  mischief-making 
ministers.     Your  present  appearances  must  then  be  not  of  choice,  but 


246  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

of  necessity.  While  his  Majesty  George  the  third  will  observe  his  own 
coronation  oath,  and  the  principles  of  the  revolution,  for  the  support  of 
which  against  all  Jacobite  factions,  and  Tory  plots  of  popery,  his  ances- 
tors of  the  illustrious  line  of  Brunswick  were  placed  on  the  throne  of 
Great  Britain,  do  you  observe  your  allegiance. 

I  am  happy,  that  I  can  with  a  good  conscience,  congratulate  you  and 
myself  this  day,  on  the  certainty  we  have,  for  the  justice  and  goodness 
of  our  cause.  The  angry  tools  of  power  who  mislead  government,  may 
call  us  American  "rebels,  who  would  throw  off  all  government,  would  be 
independent  and  what  not."  But  we  can  now,  with  great  confidence, 
appeal  to  God  that  that  is  false — we  desire  no  such  things — we  desire  to 
be  as  we  were  in  the  beginning  of  the  present  unhappy  reign — we  have 
tried  every  lawful,  peaceable  means  in  our  power — but  all  in  vain! — we 
would  love  them  if  they  would  suffer  us — we  would  be  peaceable,  obe- 
dient, loving  subjects  if  they  would  let  us;  but  it  would  seem  as  if  the 
present  ministry  were  determined  to  cram  disloyalty,  and  disobedience 
down  our  throats — and  then  call  us  all  rebels — then  confiscate  our 
country  and  sell  it,  to  pay  their  140,000,000  of  debt,  or  else  we  know 
not  what  they  would  be  at.  We  do  in  America  all  declare  ourselves  the 
subjects  of  King  George  the  third,  but  we  never  swore  allegiance  to 
the  Parliament  of  Great  Britain — or  else  we  would  have  above  500  Kings 
— they  are  our  fellow  subjects,  chosen  by  the  freeholders  of  that  island 
to  legislate  for  them,  as  our  Assembly  doth  for  Pennsylvania ;  but  if 
their  present  claims  are  admitted,  we  may  give  up  our  Assemblies — and 
our  Charters  are  cyphers ! 

In  the  close  of  the  last  war,  the  King  had  not  in  all  his  dominions  so 
many  more  affectionate  subjects  than  the  Americans — and  by  their  in- 
dustry and  trade  with  England,  the  nation  rose  to  her  present  eminence ; 
and  now  the  very  power  they  helped  to  give  her  is  retorted  on  them 
with  redoubled  vengeance  and  unheard  of  cruelty — but  if  they  beat 
down  our  trading  cities  and  oppress  us  all  they  can,  Ave  will  have  our 
woods  and  liberty,  for  as  we  are  the  descendants  of  Britons,  we  scorn  to 
he  slaves.  We  are  now  come  to  our  ne  pln,s  ultra — the  sword,  the  last 
argument  must  decide  the  controversy.  Therefore,  you  can.  Gentle- 
men Soldiers,  appeal  to  GOD,  for  the  justice  of  your  cause;  he  is  the 
judge  of  all  the  earth,  and  will  do  right ;  the  final  determination  of  all 
matters  is  in  his  righteous,  holy,  powerful  hand.  When  England  went  to 
war  with  France  and  Spain  in  the  time  of  the  last  reign,  they  invoked 
the  aids  of  the  God  of  heaven  by  fasting  and  prayer — and  then  govern- 
ment discovered  no  leanings  to  Popery — but  now,  when  they  are  going 
to  murder  and  butcher  their  own  children  in  America,  that  have  been  so 
obedient,  useful  and  affectionate — we  do  not  hear  that  they  ask  counsel 
of  God — but  if  they  do  not,  let  us  ask  counsel  and  assistance  from  the 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  247 

God  of  heaven — he  is  on  our  side,  we  hope,  and  iC  God  is  on  our  side  we 
need  not  fear  what  man  can  do  unto  us. 

We  have  all  the  true  friends  of  virtue,  of  liberty  and  righteousness  on 
earth  on  our  side— we  have  all  the  angels  of  heaven  on  our  side — for  we 
have  truth  and  justice  on  our  side — therefore  we  have  the  God  of  truth 
and  justice  on  our  side — although  for  wise  purposes  of  divine  provi- 
dence, a  good  cause  is  permitted  to  be  for  a  time  under  a  cloud — to  try 
the  patience  and  faith  of  God's  people,  that  the  deliverance  may  finally 
appear,  as  it  ever  will  be,  God's  own  work ;  God  will  never  forsake  his 
own  side  of  the  question.  Courage  then!  courage  my  brave  American 
soldiers,  if  God  he  for  ^  lolio  can  he  against  you?  Equip  yourselves,  and 
to  be  equipt  for  this  warfare — put  on,  gentlemen,  the  gospel  armour — 
have  your  feet  shod  ivith  its  preparation — for  your  helmet,  salvation — for 
your  shield,  faith — and  be  girt  ivith  trutlt — this,  Sirs,  is  a  go.spel  uniform, 
that  well  becomes  the  Christian  soldier — and  thus  go  forth  in  the  name 
of  the  Lord  of  hosts ;  and  may  he  protect  you,  bless  you,  and  succeed 
your  very  laudable  and  grand  undertaking,  in  connection  with  all  the  Mili- 
tia of  North  America;  and  may  God  grant  that  out  of  these  present  tumults, 
disturbances  and  commotions,  a  great  and  iniglity  empire  may  rise  up  in 
this  western  world,  for  King  Jesus,  as  well  as  a  })rotestant  King,  built  on 
the  solid  principles  of  liberty  and  true  religion ;  and  the  glory  shall  be 
given  to  his  holy  name,  now  and  for  ever  more.  Anient 

The  military  organization  known  as  ^^Associators^^  had  adopted  the 
subjoined  "Articles  of  Association,"  which  were  read  and  approved  by 
the  Council  of  Safety  on  August  19,  1775. 

^^ Articles  of  Association  of  Pennsylvania. 

"  We,  the  officers  and  soldiers,  engaged  in  the  present  association  for 
the  defence  of  American  Liberty,  being  fully  sensible  that  the  Strength 
and  Security  of  any  Body  of  Men,  acting  together,  consists  in  just  regu- 
larity, due  subordination,  and  exact  obedience  to  command,  without 
which  no  individual  can  have  that  confidence  in  the  support  ef  those 
about  him,  that  is  so  necessary  to  give  firmness  and  resolution  to  the 
whole,  Do  Voluntarily  and  Freely,  after  consideration  of  the  following 
articles,  adopt  the  same  as  the  Kules  by  which  we  agree  and  resolve  to 
be  Governed  in  all  our  Military  concerns  and  operations  until  the  same, 
or  any  of  them,  shall  be  changed  or  dissolved  by  the  Assembly,  or  Pro- 
vincial Convention,  or  in  their  recess  by  the  Committee  of  Safety,  or  a 
happy  reconciliation  shall  take  place  between  Great  Britain  and  the 
Colonies : 

1st.  "  If  any  Officer  make  use  of  any  profane  Oath  or  execration,  when 
on  duty,  he  shall  forfeit  and  pay  for  each  and  every  such  Offence,  the  sum 
of  Five  Shillings.     And  if  a  Non-Commission'd  Officer  or  Soldier  be  thus 


248  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

guilty  of  Cursing  or  Swearing,  lie  shall  forfeit  and  pay,  for  each  and 
every  such  offence,  the  Sum  of  One  Shilling. 

2nd.  "Any  Officer  or  Soldier  who  shall  refuse  to  obey  the  Lawful 
orders  of  his  Superior  Officer,  may  be  suspended  from  doing  duty  on 
that  day,  and  shall  upon  being  convicted  thereof  before  a  Eegimental 
Court  Martial,  make  such  concessions  as  said  Court  Martial  shall 
direct. 

3rd.  "Any  Officer  or  Soldier  who  shall  begin,  excite,  cause,  join  in,  or 
promote  any  disturbance  in  the  Battalion,  Troop  or  Company,  to  which 
he  belongs,  or  in  any  other  Battalion,  Troop  or  Company,  shall  be  cen- 
sured according  to  the  nature  of  the  offence,  by  the  judgment  of  a  Eegi- 
mental Court  Martial. 

■ith.  "Any  Officer  or  Soldier  who  shall  strike  his  Superior  Officer,  or 
draw  or  offer  to  draw,  or  shall  lift  up  any  Weapon,  or  offer  any  Vio- 
lence against  him,  being  in  the  execution  of  his  office,  shall,  upon  con- 
viction before  a  Eegimental  Court  Martial,  be  dismissed,  and  shall  be 
deemed  to  be  thereby  disgraced  as  unworthy  the  Company  of  Freemen. 

oth,  "Any  Commanding  or  other  Officer  who  shall  strike  any  person 
when  on  duty,  shall,  upon  conviction  before  a  General  Court  Martial,  be 
in  like  manner  dismissed  and  disgraced. 

6th.  "Any  Officer,  non-Commissioned  Officer  or  Soldier,  who  shall 
make  use  of  insolent,  provoking  or  indecent  language  while  on  duty, 
shall  suffer  censure  or  fine  as  shall  be  inflicted  by  a  Eegimental  Court 
Martial,  according  to  the  nature  of  the  offence. 

7th.  "If  any  Officer  or  Soldier  should  think  himself  injured  by  his- 
Colonel,  or  the  Commanding  Offiicer  of  the  Battalion,  and  shall  upon 
due  application  made  to  him,  be  refused  redress,  he  may  complain  to 
the  General  of  the  Pennsylvania  Associators,  or  to  the  Colonel  of  any 
other  Battalion,  who  is  to  summon  a  General  Court  Martial,  and  see 
that  justice  be  done. 

8th.  "If  any  inferior  Officer  or  Soldier  shall  think  himself  injured  by 
his  Captain,  or  other  Superior  Officer  in  the  Battalion,  Troop  or  Com- 
pany to  which  he  belongs,  he  may  complain  to  the  Commanding  Officer 
of  the  Eegiment,  who  is  to  summon  a  Eegimental  Court  Martial,  for  the 
doing  Justice  according  to  the  Nature  of  the  case. 

9th.  "No  Officer,  Non-Commissioned  Officer  or  Soldier  shall  fail  of 
repairing  with  their  arms,  ammunition  and  accoutrements  upon  any 
regular  alarm,  or  at  the  time  fixed,  to  the  place  of  parade  or  other  ren- 
devous  appointed  by  the  Commanding  Officer,  if  not  prevented  by  Sick- 
ness or  some  other  evident  necessity,  or  shall  go  from  the  place  of  parade 
without  leave  from  the  Commanding  Officer  before  he  shall  be  regularly 
dismissed,  on  penalty  of  being  fined  or  censured  according  to  the  nature 
of  the  offence,  by  the  sentence  of  a  Eegimental  Court  Martial.     But  no 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  249 

oflficer  or  soldier  shall  be  obliged  to  attend  to  learn  the  Military  Exercise 
more  than  once  in  a  week. 

10th.  "Any  Officer  or  Soldier  found  Drunk  when  under  Arms,  shall  be 
suspended  from  doing  [duty  in  the  Battalion,  Company  or  Troop  on  that 
day,  and  be  fined  or  censured,  at  the  discretion  of  a  Regimental  Court 
Martial. 

11th.  "Whatever  Sentinel  shall  be  found  sleeping  upon  his  po.st,  or 
shall  leave  it  before  he  is  regularly  relieved,  shall  suffer  such  penalty  or 
digrace  as  shall  be  ordered  by  a  Regimental  Court  Martial. 

12th.  "  Whatever  Commissioned  Officer  shall  be  convicted  before  a 
General  Court  Martial,  of  behaving  in  a  scandalous  or  infamous  manner 
unbecoming  the  Character  of  an  Officer  and  a  Gentleman,  shall  be  dis- 
missed from  the  association  with  disgrace. 

13th.  "Every  non-Commissioned  Officer  or  Soldier  who  shall  be  con- 
victed at  a  Regimental  Court  Martial  of  having  sold,  carelessly  lost, 
wilfully  spoiled  or  wasted,  or  having  offered  for  sale  any  ammunition, 
arms  or  accoutrements  belonging  to  this  Province,  shall  be  dismissed 
such  Battalion,  Troop  or  Company,  as  an  unworthy  member  and  be 
prosecuted  as  the  law  directs. 

l-lth.  "All  disorders  and  neglects  which  Officers  and  Soldiers  may  be 
guilty  of,  to  the  prejudice  of  the  good  order  and  Military  discipline  of 
the  Association  of  this  Colony,  are  to  be  taken  cognizance  of  by  a 
General  or  Regimental  Coiirt  Martial,  according  to  the  nature  and  degree 
of  the  Offence,  and  be  censured  at  their  discretion. 

15th.  "  That  on  the  first  Meeting  of  every  Battalion,  after  subscribing 
these  articles  of  association,  and  from  thence  forward  on  the  first 
meeting  of  every  Battalion  after  the  third  Monday  in  September  an- 
nually, there  be  chosen  two  Persons,  such  as  are  entitled  to  Vote  for 
Members  of  Assembly,  'out  of  each  Company  in  the  respective  Bat- 
talions, by  the  non-Commissioned  officers  and  privates,  whose  duty  and 
office  shall  be  for  the  year  following,  to  set  and  join  with  the  officers 
in  Court  Martial,  which  persons  so  chosen  shall  be  styled  Court  Martial 
Men. 

16th.  "Every  General  Court  Martial  shall  consist  of  thirteen  Members, 
Six  of  whom  shall  be  Commission'd  Officers  under  the  Rank  of  a  Field 
Officer  and  Six  Court  Martial  Men,  who  shall  be  drawn  by  lott  out  of 
the  whole  number,  and  these  twelve  are  to  choose  a  president,  who  shall 
be  a  field  Officer  and  have  a  Casting  Voice. 

17th.  "Every  Regimental  Court  Martial  shall  be  composed  of  Seven 
Members,  three  Officers,  three  Court  Martial  Men  and  a  President,  who 
is  to  be  a  Captain,  and  to  be  chosen  by  the  Six,  and  also  to  have  a  Cast- 
ing Voice. 

18th.  "In  all  Courts  Martial  not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  members 


250  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

must  ao-ree  in  every  sentence  for  inflicting  penalties,  or  for  disgracing 
any  Associator,  otherwise  be  shall  be  acquitted. 

19th.  "The  President  of  each  and  every  Court  Martial,  whether  Regi- 
mental or  General,  shall  require  all  witnesses  in  order  to  trial  of  offend- 
ers to  declare  on  their  Honor,  that  what  they  give  in  as  evidence  is  the 
truth,  and  the  Members  of  all  Courts  Martial  shall  make  a  declaration 
to  the  President,  and  the  President  to  the  next  rank,  upon  their  Honor, 
that  they  will  give  Judgment  with  impartiality. 

20th.  "All  non-Commission'd  Officers,  Drummers,  Fifers,  or  others,  that 
shall  be  employed  and  receive  pay  in  any  of  the  Battalions,  Companies 
or  Troops,  shall  subscribe  these  rules  and  Regulations,  and  be  subject 
to  such  fines,  to  be  deducted  from  their  pay,  and  to  such  pentals  as  a 
Regimental  Court  Martial  shall  think  proper,  upon  being  convicted  of 
having  transgressed  any  of  these  regulations. 

21st.  "All  Associators  called  as  Witnesses  in  any  case  before  a  Court 
Martial,  who  shall  refuse  to  attend  and  give  evidence,  shall  be  censured 
or  fined,  at  the  discretion  of  the  Court  Martial. 

22nd.  "No  Officer  or  Soldier  being  charged  with  transgressing  these 
Rules,  shall  be  suffered  to  do  duty  in  the  Regiment,  Company  or  Troop 
to  which  he  belongs,  until  he  has  had  his  Trial  by  a  Court  Martial;  and 
every  person  so  charged,  shall  be  tried  as  soon  as  a  Court  Martial  can 
be  conveniently  assembled. 

23rd.  "The  Officers  and  soldiers  of  every  Company  of  Artillery,  or 
other  Company,  Troop  or  Party,  that  is  or  shall  be  annexed  to  any  Bat- 
tallion,  shall  be  subject  to  the  command  of  the  Colonel  or  Commanding 
Officer  of  said  Battalion,  and  the  Officers  shall  sit  as  members  of  Courts 
Martial  in  the  same  manner  as  the  officers  of  any  other  Company. 

2'lth.  "No  Penalty  shall  be  inflicted  at  the  discretion  of  a  Court  Mar- 
tial, other  than  degrading,  cashiering  or  fining,  the  fines  for  the  Officers 
not  to  exceed  three  pounds,  and  the  fine  for  a  Non-Commissioned  Officer 
or  Soldier,  not  to  exceed  twelve  Shillings  for  one  fault. 

25th.  "The  Field  Officers  of  each  and  every  Battalion  shall  appoint  a 
Person  to  receive  such  fines  as  may  arise  within  the  same,  for  breach  of 
any  of  these  articles,  and  shall  direct  those  fines  to  be  carefully  and 
properly  applied  to  the  relief  of  the  Sick,  wounded,  or  necessitous  Sol- 
diers belonging  to  that  Battalion,  and  such  person  shall  account  with  the 
Field  Officers  for  all  fines  received,  and  the  application  thereof. 

26th.  "The  General  or  Commander-in-Chief  of  this  Association,  for  the 
time  being,  shall  have  full  power  of  pardoning  or  mitigating  any  censures 
or  penalties  ordered  to  be  inflicted  for  the  breach  of  any  of  these  articles 
by  any  General  Court  Martial ;  and  every  offender  convicted  as  aforesaid, 
by  any  Regimental  Court  Martial,  may  be  pardoned,  or  have  his  penalties 
mitigated  by  the  Colonel  or  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Battalion,  except- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  251 

ing  only  where  such  censures  or  penalties  are  directed  as  satisfaction  for 
injuries  received  by  one  Officer  or  Soldier  from  another. 

27th.  "Any  Officer,  Non-Commissioned  Officer,  or  other  person,  who 
having  subscribed  these  articles,  shall  refuse  to  make  such  concessions, 
pay  such  fines,  or  in  other  matter  refuse  to  comply  with  the  judgment  of 
any  Court  Martial,  shall  be  dismissed  the  service,  and  held  up  to  the 
publick  as  unfriendly  to  the  liberties  of  America. 

28th.  "Upon  the  determination  of  any  point  by  a  liegimental  Court 
Martial,  if  the  Officer  or  Soldier  concerned  on  either  side,  thinks  himself 
still  aggrieved,  he  may  appeal  to  a  General  Court  Martial ;  but,  if  upon 
second  hearing,  the  appeal  appears  groundless  and  vexatious,  the  person 
so  appealing  shall  be  censured,  at  the  discretion  of  the  General  Court 
Martial. 

29th.  "  Upon  the  death,  resignation,  promotion,  or  other  removal  of  an 
Officer  from  any  Battalion,  Troop,  or  Company,  (except  field  Officers,) 
or  any  Court  Martial  Men,  such  vacancy  is  to  be  filled  bv  the  Person  or 
persons  such  Troop  or  Compan}^  shall  elect. 

80th,  "No  Officer  or  soldier  shall  be  tried  a  second  time  for  the  same 
Offence,  except  in  case  of  appeal. 

31st.  "All  Officers  and  Soldiers  of  every  Battalion,  Troop,  Company, 
or  party  of  Associators,  who  shall  be  called  by  the  Assembly,  or  Com- 
mittee of  Safety  in  recess  of  Assembly,  into  actual  servce,  and  be  on  pay, 
shall,  when  acting  by  themselves,  or  in  conjunction  with  the  Continental 
Forces,  be  subject  to  all  the  rules  and  articles  made  by  the  Honourable 
Congress  for  the  Government  of  the  Continental  Troops. 

32nd.  "No  Commissioned,  non-commissioned  Officer  or  private,  shall 
withdraw  himself  from  the  company  to  which  he  belongs,  without  a 
discharge  from  the  Commanding  Officer  of  the  Battalion,  nor  shall  such 
person  be  received  into  any  other  company  without  such  discharge. 

"In  Testimony  of  our  approbation  and  consent  to  be  governed  by  the 
above  regulations,  which  have  been  deliberately  read  to,  or  carefully 
perused  by  us,  we  have  hereunto  set  our  hands." 

The  Articles  of  Recommendation  emanating  from  the  Continental 
Congress  were,  on  August  26,  1776,  adopted  by  the  Council  of  Safety  in 
the  following  form : 

''Rules  for  Establishing  Rank  or  Precedence  amongst  the  Penmylvania 

Associators. 

"The  Committee  of  Safety  appointed  by  the  Assembly  of  the  Province 
of  Pennsylvania,  being  desirous  of  performing  the  important  duties  of 
their  station  in  the  most  satisfactory  manner  to  the  Public,  beg  leave  to 
lay  before  them  certain  resolves  of  the  Honorable  Continental  Congress, 
dated  the  18th  July,  which  have  already  been  published,  but  it  is  appre- 


252  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

hended  have  not  come  to  the  knowledge  of  many  able-bodied  effective 
Men,  aged  from  16  to  50  years,  that  may  be  very  desirous  of  serving 
their  Country  in  the  present  glorious  struggle  for  Liberty,  in  the  mode 
pointed  out  l3y  said  resolves,  which  are  in  the  following  words : 

"In  Congress,  18th  July,  1775. 

^'  Resolved^  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  Inhabitants  of  the  united 
English  Colonies  in  North  America,  that  all  able-bodied  effective  Men, 
between  16  and  50  years  of  age,  in  each  Colony,  immediately  form  them- 
selves into  regular  Companies  of  Militia,  to  consist  of  one  Captain,  two 
Lieutenants,  one  Ensign,  four  Sergeants,  four  Corporals,  one  Clerk,  one 
Drummer,  one  Fifer,  and  about  sixty-eight  Privates. 

"That  the  Officers  of  each  Company  be  chosen  by  the  respective  Com- 
panies. 

"That  each  soldier  be  furnished  with  a  good  Musket  that  will  carry 
an  ounce  Ball,  with  a  bayonet,  steel  ramrod,  worm,  priming  wire,  and 
brush  fitted  thereto,  a  cutting  sword  or  tomahawk,  a  Cartridge  Box  that 
will  contain  twenty-three  rounds  of  Cartridges,  twelve  flints,  and  a  knap- 
sack. 

"That  the  Companies  be  formed  into  Regiments  or  Battalions,  Officered 
with  a  Colonel,  Lieutenant  Colonel,  two  Majors,  an  Adjutant  or  Quarter 
Master. 

"  That  all  Officers  above  the  rank  of  a  Captain  be  appointed  by  their 
respective  Provincial  Assemblies  or  Conventions,  or  in  their  recess  by 
the  Committees  of  Safety  appointed  by  said  Assemblies  or  Conventions.. 

"That  all  Officers  be  Commissioned  by  the  Provincial  Assemblies  or 
Conventions,  or  in  their  recess  by  the  Committees  of  Safety  appointed 
by  said  Assemblies  or  Conventions. 

"  That  all  the  Militia  take  proper  care  to  acquire  Military  Skill,  and 
be  well  prepared  for  defence,  by  being  each  man  provided  with  one  pound 
of  good  Gun  P@wder,  and  four  pounds  of  Ball  fitted  to  his  Gun. 

"  That  one-fourth  part  of  the  Militia  in  every  Colony  be  selected  for 
Minute  Men,  of  such  persons  as  are  willing  to  enter  into  this  neces- 
sary Service,  formed  into  Companies  and  Battalions,  and  their  Officers 
chosen  and  Commissioned  as  aforesaid,  to  be  ready  at  the  shortest  notice, 
to  march  to  any  place  where  their  assistance  may  be  required  for  the 
defence  of  their  own  or  a  neighbouring  Colony,  and  as  these  Minute 
Men  may  eventually  be  called  to  action  before  the  whole  Body  of  the 
Militia  are  sufficiently  trained,  it  is  recommended  that  a  more  particular 
and  diligent  attention  be  paid  to  their  instruction  in  Military  discipline. 

"That  such  of  the  Minute  Men  as  desire  it,  be  relieved  by  new 
draughts,  as  aforesaid,  from  the  whole  Body  of  the  Militia,  relieved  once 
in  four  Months. 

"As  there  are  some  people  who,  from  religious  principles,  cannot  bear 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  253 

arms  in  any  case,  this  Congress  intend  no  violence  to  their  consciences, 
but  earnestly  recommend  it  to  them  to  contribute  liberally  to  the  relief 
of  their  distressed  brethren,  in  their  several  colonies,  and  to  do  all  other 
services  to  their  oppressed  Country  which  they  can  consistently  with 
their  religious  principles. 

"That  it  be  recommended  to  the  Assemblies  or  Conventions  in  the 
respective  Colonies  to  provide,  as  soon  as  possible,  sufficient  Stores  of 
ammunition  for  their  Colonies ;  also,  that  they  devise  proper  means  for 
furnishing  with  arms  such  effective  men  as  are  poor  and  unable  to  furnish 
themselves. 

"  That  it  be  recommended  to  each  Colony  to  appoint  a  Committee  of 
Safety,  to  superintend  and  direct  all  matters  necessary  for  the  Security 
and  defence  of  their  respective  Colonies  in  the  recess  of  their  Assemblies 
and  Conventions. 

"That  each  Colony,  at  their  own  expence,  make  such  provision  by 
armed  Vessels  or  otherwise,  as  their  respective  Assemblies,  Conventions 
or  Committees  of  Safety  shall  judge  expedient  and  suitable  to  their  cir- 
cumstances and  situations,  for  the  protection  of  their  Harbours  and 
Navigation  on  their  Sea  Coasts,  against  all  unlawful  invasions,  attacks 
and  depredations  from  Cutters  and  Ships  of  War. 

"That  it  be  recommended  to  the  makers  of  Arms  for  the  use  of  the 
Militia,  that  they  make  good  substantial  Muskets,  with  Barrels  three  feet 
and  a  half  in  length,  that  will  carry  an  ounce  Ball,  and  fitted  with  a  good 
Bayonet,  and  steel  Ramrod,  and  that  the  making  such  arms  be  encour- 
ao;ed  in  these  United  Colonies. 

"Where  in  any  Colony,  Militia  is  already  formed  under  regulations 
approved  of  by  the  Convention  of  such  Colony,  or  by  such  Assemblies  as 
are  annually  elective,  we  refer  to  the  discretion  of  such  Convention  or 
Assembly  either  to  adopt  the  foregoing  Regulations  in  whole  or  in  part, 
or  to  continue  their  former,  as  they  on  consideration  of  all  circumstances, 
shall  think  best. 

"A  true  Copy  from  the  Minutes. 

Charles  TnoMSON,  Sec'ty." 

And  in  order  that  all  persons  of  every  Rank,  degree  and  station  may 
be  truly  informed  of  the  Premises,  and  none  hereafter  plead  ignorance, 
this  Board  do  earnestly  recommend  to  all  Committees  of  Inspection  and 
Observation  in  this  Province  to  cause  this  publication  to  be  dispersed, 
read  and  explained  within  their  respective  districts,  in  such  manner  that 
every  person  capable  of  associating  for  mutual  defence,  may  be  made 
sensible  it  is  a  duty  they  owe  to  themselves  and  Country,  to  do  it  without 
further  loss  of  time,  and  as  it  is  necessary  that  this  Board  be  speedily 
informed  of  the  Number  of  Associators  in  the  Several  Counties  or 
districts,  the  said  Committees  are  requested  to  make  returns  as  soon  as 


254  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

possible:  First,  of  the  several  Battalions  already  formed:  Secondly,  of 
the  several  new  associators  not  yet  formed  into  Battalions:  Thirdly,  of 
all  such  Persons  from  Sixteen  to  Fifty,  their  names  and  places  of  abode, 
as  may  refuse  to  associate,  not  having  any  conscientious  objections,  if  any 
such  there  be,  and  lastly  of  the  number  of  men  in  their  respective  districts 
who  conscientiously  decline  bearing  arms,  with  their  names  and  places 
of  abode. 

The  several  Committees  of  Inspection  and  Observation  having  been 
desired  to  make  returns  to  this  Board  as  soon  as  conveniently  could  be, 
of  the  several  Battalions  of  Associators  already  formed  in  their  districts, 
are  now  informed  that  it  will  be  necessary  to  mention  in  said  returns  the 
Rank  of  every  Battalion  of  a  County,  in  regard  to  others  in  the  same 
County,  and  to  prevent  uncertainty  among  the  Officers  of  the  General 
Association,  respecting  Eank  or  Command,  and  to  ascertain  the  same 
with  precision. 

This  Committee,  in  forming  the  following  plan  (which  they  propose  to 
observe  strictly  in  granting  Commissions,  and  which  they  recommend  to 
the  general  acquiescence  of  all  the  associators)  have  had  a  regard  to  the 
seniority  or  priority  of  establishment  of  the  several  Counties,  viz: 

1st.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  the  City  and  districts 
of  Philadelphia,  to  take  rank  or  precedence  of  all  other  officers  of  equal 
dignity,  chosen  or  appointed  in  any  other  part  of  the  Province. 

2d.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Philadelphia  County, 
to  take  rank  of  all  Officers  of  equal  dignity  chosen  or  appointed  in  any 
other  County. 

3d.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Bucks  County,  to  take 
Rank  of  all  officers  of  equal  dignity,  chosen  or  appointed  in  any  other 
than  the  City  and  district  and  County  of  Philadelphia. 

4th,  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Chester  county,  to 
take  Rank  of  all  Officers  of  equal  dignity,  chosen  or  appointed  in  any 
other  than  Bucks,  Philadelphia  County  and  Philadelphia  City  and  dis- 
tricts. 

5th,  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Lancaster  County,  to 
take  Rank  of  all  Officers  of  equal  dignity,  chosen  or  appointed  in  any 
other  than  Chester,  Bucks  and  Philadelphia  county,  and  Philadelphia  City 
and  districts. 

6th.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  York  county,  to  Rank 
before  Officers  of  equal  dignity  in  any  other  than  Lancaster,  Chester, 
Bucks  and  Philadelphia  County,  Philadelphia  City  and  districts. 

7th,  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Cumberland  county, 
to  rank  before  officers  of  equal  dignity  in  the  junior  Counties  of  Berks, 
Northampton,  Bedford,  Northumberland  or  Westmoreland. 

8th,  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Berks  County,  to  rank 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  255 

before  Officers  of  equal  dignity  in  the  Counties  of  Northampton,  Bedford, 
Northumberland  and  Westmoreland. 

9th.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Northampton  County, 
to  rank  before  Officers  of  equal  dignity  in  Bedford,  Northumberland, 
and  Westmoreland  Counties. 

10th.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Bedford  County,  to 
rank  before  Officers  of  equal  dignity  in  Northumberland  and  Westmore- 
land Counties. 

11th.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Northumberland 
County,  to  rank  before  Officers  of  equal  dignity  in  AVestmoreland 
County. 

12th.  All  Officers  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  Westmoreland,  the 
youngest  or  last  made  County  in  this  province,  yield  up  Kank  or  prece- 
dence to  all  Officers  of  equal  dignity  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  every 
other  County  in  this  Province. 

13th.  Where  Commissions  of  equal  dignity  in  different  Counties  bear 
the  same  date,  precedency  to  be  determined  by  Seniority  of  Counties,  but 
where  they  are  in  the  same  County  by  the  Kank  of  the  Battalion. 

14th.  The  Colonels  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  the  city  and  dis- 
tricts, having  determined  their  ranks,  with  respect  to  each  other,  by  lot, 
their  and  the  other  field  officers'  commissions  will  be  dated  according  to 
the  Lot  so  drawn. 

15th.  The  Colonels  already  chosen  or  appointed  in  every  County, 
are  to  determine  their  Rank,  with  respect  to  each  other,  by  Lot,  and 
Commissions  for  them  and  their  respective  field  Officers  will  be  dated 
accordingly. 

16th.  The  Captains  in  every  Battalion  to  determine  their  Rank  in 
Battalion  by  Lot,  and  their  Commissions,  with  those  of  their  Lieutenants 
and  Ensigns,  will  be  dated  accordingly. 

17th.  All  Officers  hereafter  chosen  or  appointed,  to  have  their  Com- 
missions dated  at  the  time  of  such  choice  or  appointment,  and  to  take 
Rank  according  to  said  dates. 

18th.  All  Battalions  now  raised  to  be  completed  as  soon  as  possible, 
and  to  consist  of  eight  Companies  of  about  sixty-eight  privates  each,  and 
one  company  of  Light  Infantry,  and  to  have  for  Officers  a  Colonel,  Lieu- 
tenant Colonel,  two  Majors,  a  Standard  Bearer,  Adjutant,  Sergeant  Major, 
Drum  and  Fife  Major;  and  the  officers  of  each  company  to  consist  of  a 
Captain,  two  Lieutenants,  one  or  two  Ensigns,  four  Sergeants,  four  Cor- 
porals, a  Drummer  and  Fifer,  except  the  Light  Infantry  Company,  which, 
instead  of  two  Lieutenants  and  two  Ensigns,  are  to  have  four  Lieuten- 
ants, the  two  youngest  of  which  are  to  rank  as  Ensigns. 

19th.  The  Standard  Bearer  of  each  Battalion  to  rank  as  eldest  Lieu- 
tenant of  the  Battalion. 


256  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

20tli.  All  National  distinctions  in  dress  or  name  to  be  avoided,  it  being 
proper  tliat  we  should  now  be  united  in  tliis  general  Association  for 
defending  our  liberties  and  properties  under  the  sole  denomination  of 
Americans. 

2 1st.  Companies  to  take  post  in  their  Battalions  according  to  the  date 
of  their  Captains'  Commissions,  if  the  Captains  be  present,  but  if  absent 
such  Companies  to  take  post  as  youngest  in  the  Battalion, 

22nd.  No  Field  Officers  to  have  Companies. 

23rd.  For  the  better  order  and  Government  of  Companies  which  may 
be  raised  after  the  completion  of  the  several  Battalions  already  formed 
in  the  City  and  Counties,  such  companies  are  not  to  be  admitted  as  inde- 
pendent, but  are  to  be  annexed  to  the  most  convenient  battalion,  until 
nine  Companies  are  raised  to  form  a  new  Battalion,  and  no  number  of 
associators  are  to  be  considered  as  a  Company  unless  they  consist  of  at 
least  Forty  Men,  but  it  is  recommended  that  till  that  number  be  com- 
pleted, the  associators  join  the  most  convenient  Battalion,  exercise  and 
do  duty  with  such  Batalion. 

24th.  All  Battalions  now  formed,  as  well  as  those  hereafter  to  be 
formed,  are  desired  to  make  the  necessary  returns  of  their  numbers  and 
officers,  with  their  respective  ranks,  to  the  Committee  of  their  County, 
and  the  Committees  are  desired  to  certify  such  returns,  with  the  respec- 
tive rank  of  each  Battalion  in  their  County,  to  this  Board,  that  Commis- 
sions may  be  issued  immediately  for  every  officer,  in  conformity  with 
these  rules. 

25th.  And  as  there  may  happen  occasions  wherein  it  may  be  neces- 
sary to  call  out  a  part  of  the  Associators  to  actual  though  temporary 
service,  and  not  the  whole  body,  and  it  would  be  extremely  inconven- 
ient and  burthensome  if  upon  every  alarm  where  the  assistance  of  part 
only  may  be  wanted,  the  whole  should-  come  together,  or  any  much 
greater  number  than  the  occasion  required,  and  it  would  be,  therefore, 
necessary  to  have  such  divisions  made  of  the  Associators,  as  that  parts 
smaller  or  greater,  may  be  distinctly  called  for,  and  the  service  as  equally 
and  fairly  allotted,  and  divided  as  the  nature  thereof  will  admit,  it  is  recom- 
mended not  only  the  Battalions  of  each  County,  but  also  that  the  Com- 
panies of  each  Battalion  be  by  lot  number'd,  1,  2,  3,  4,  &c.,  so  that  orders 
may  issue  from  the  Commander-in-Chief  to  the  Colonels,  either  to  march 
their  whole  Battalions,  or  to  send  to  an  appointed  rendezvous  the  first, 
or  second,  or  any  number  of  Companies  that  shall  be  wanted,  each  com- 
pany serving  ©n  such  calls  in  its  turn,  and  for  such  proportion  of  time 
as  shall  make  the  burthen  nearly  equal,  and  if  the  Associators  who  are 
called  forth,  are  not  all  yet  provided  with  good  arms,  it  is  recommended 
to  those  who  have  such,  and  are  not  called  out,  to  lend  the  same  for  that 
occasion,  at  the  risk  of  the  public. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  257 

Lastly.  This  Board  having  drawn  up  thirty-two  articles  of  agreement 
for  the  due  regulation  and  government  of  all  the  Associators  in  the 
Province,  which  is  published  herewith/  they  do  recommend  the  same  to 
be  adopted,  Signed  and  agreed  to  by  all  the  said  Associators,  in  order  that 
one  general  system  may  prevail  in  Pennsylvania. 

Resolved,  That  the  Rules  and  Regulations  for,  and  the  Recommenda- 
tions to  the  Associators,  be  published  by  William  Bradford,  and  that  he 
print  two  thousand  of  each  on  good  paper,  for  the  use  of  the  Associa- 
tion. Mr.  Andrew  Allen  is  desired  to  give  orders  for  the  same  being 
done,  and  Colo.  Roberdeau  is  desired  to  get  live  hundred  of  each  printed 
in  the  German  Language,  for  the  use  as  aforesaid." 

A  military  convention,  representing  the  lifty-three  battalions  of  the 
Associators  of  Pennsylvania,  met  at  Lancaster  on  July  4th  1776,  "to 
choose  two  Brigadier  Generals  to  command  the  battalions  and  forces  of 
Pennsylvania."  Colonel  George  Ross  was  President ;  and  Colonel  David 
Clymer,  Secretary.  mtt.)  ^^jy<\  •■  )  '^DTr 

The  following  officers  atid  |)rivates  attended,  as  delegates  to  the  con- 
vention : 

From  Philadelphia  City  and  Liberties:  Colonels  Chevalier,  Rober- 
deau and  Clymer.  Major  Knox.  Captains  Copenwhait,  Bradford,  Dulancy, 
Brewster  and  Bitting.  Privates  Nevil,  Nelson,  Montgomery,  Pool.  Cox, 
Prior,  Brower,  Keck,  Craig  and  Kitter.     •(>  rxnoffln'J  »,.t(Tnnei;/'i 

From  Philadelphia  County  :  Major  Hughs,  and'  George  Grey,  stand- 
ard bearer.  Captains  Hart  and  Edwards.  Privates  Roberts,  Smith, 
Whitten,  Simpson,  Hazelett  and  Hicks. 

From  Bucks  County:  Colonels  Ileckline  and  Erwin.  Lieutenant 
Colonels  Bryan  and  Robinson.  Captains  Jar  vis,  Falwell  and  Jameson. 
Adjutant  Thompson.  Privates  Watts,  Fenton,  Hollis,  Herr,  Patterson, 
Stoneback,  Middleswarth  and  Titus. 

From  Chester  County:  Colonel  Montgomery.  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Gibson.  Major  Culbertson.  Captains  Wallace,  Scott  and  Gardiner. 
Privates  Cunningham,  Boyd,  Denny,  Culbertson,  Mackey  and  Fulton. 

From  Lancaster  County  :  Colonels  George  Ross,  Curtis  Gr ubb,  Jame,s 
Crawford,  M.  Slough,  John  Ferree,  Peter  Grubb  and  Timothy  Green. 
Lieutenant  Colonels  Adam  Reigart,  R.  Thompson,  Lowry,  Leonard  Raut- 
faung,  Peter  Hendricks,  Christian  Weyman  and  Andrew  Little.  Majors 
Philip  Marstaler,  Thomas  Smith,  James  Cunningham  and  Michael  Fire. 
Captains  Joseph  Sherrer,  James  Murray,  James  Mirur  and  Henry  Wea- 
ver. Privates  Christian  Werts,  Francis  Bailey,  James  Sullivan,  Ludwick 
Ziering,  John  Smiley,  Isaac  Erwin,  Abraham  Darr,  William  Leard, 
Henry  Slaymaker,  John  Whitehill,  George  Bealy,  John  Jameson,  Cliris- 
tian  Bough,  Simon  Snider,  George  Line,  Joseph  Whiteliill,  William  Smith. 

1  See  above  p.  247  sq. 
18 


258  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

George  Wrj,  William  Barnet,  George  Little,  Michael  Dififebaiigh  and 
Anthony  Debler. 

From  York  County  :  Colonels  Smith  and  Diel.  Lieutenant  Colonel 
Donaldson.  Majors  Donwiddie,  Jefferies,  Andrew,  Finley  and  Craft. 
Captains  Smiser  and  Campble.  Privates  W.  Scott,  Ewing,  Clinghan, 
Hamilton,  Little,  Shley,  J.  Scott,  Nealor  and  Messerty. 

From  Cumberland  County  :  Colonel  J.  Armstrong.  Lieutenant  Colo- 
nels Blair,  Clark  and  Watts.  Major  J.  M'Calmont.  Captains  J.  Steel, 
M'Clelland,  Davison,  M'Farland  and  Kobinson.  Privates  Hogge,  E.  Steel, 
Smith,  Pawling,  Brown,  Sterrett,  Hamilton,  Eead,  Finley  and  Vance. 

From  Berks  County:  Colonels  Bird,  Patton  and  Levan.  Majors  G. 
Hiester,  Jones,  Lindimuth  and  Loeffler.  Captains  Keim  and  May.  Adju- 
tant S.  Eby.  Lieutenants  Cremer,  Lutz,  Rice  and  Miller.  Privates 
Hartman,  Filbert,  Morgan,  Tolbut,  Spoon,  Winrich,  Moser,  Seltzer,  Win- 
ter, Hill,  Larke,  Wister  and  Smack. 

From  Northampton  County:  Colonels  Guigar  and  Stroud.  Majors 
Lebar  and  Siegfried.  Captains  Orndt,  Snider,  Kearn  and  Jayne.  Privates 
M'Farren,  Upp,  Barkhaus,  Haas,  Brown,  Best,  J.  M'Dawd,  jr.  and  D.  Von 
FHck. 

From  Northumberland  County:  Colonel  B.  Weiser.  Lieutenant 
Colonels  M'Clay  and  Moodie.  Major  Brady.  Captains  Gillespie  and 
Grey.  Lieutenants  Calhoun  and  M'Kinzie.  Privates  Stone,  M'Cartney, 
Gattes,  Culbertson,  Matlock,  Yokan,  Starret  and  M'Clanahan. 

From  Westmoreland  County:  Colonel  P.  Mornly.  Major  James 
Smith.  Captains  V.  Orey  and  Thompson.  Privates  William  Guthrey, 
W.  Perry,  Carmichael  and  George  Gray. 

The  question  whether  the  officers  and  privates  should  vote  by  ballot, 
singly,  was  adopted.  It  was  also  resolved  that  the  two  Brigadier  Gene- 
rals be  voted'  for  at  the  same  time,  and  that  the  highest  in  votes  be  the 
commanding  officer.  Colonel  Mark  Bird  and  Captain  Sharp  Dulancy,  with 
Colonel  George  Ross,  President  of  the  Convention,  were  appointed  judges 
of  the  election  of  Brigadier  Generals.  The  election  took  place,  when  it 
appeared  that  Daniel  Roberdeau  had  received  160,  James  Ewing  85, 
Samuel  Miles  82,  James  Potter  24,  Curtis  Grubb  9,  George  Ross  9, 
Thomas  McKean  8  and  Mark  Bird  7  votes.  Roberdeau  was  elected  first 
Brigadier  General  and  Ewing  second  Brigadier  General. 

It  was  then  resolved  that  the  Brigadier  Generals  shall  have  full  power 
and  authority  to  call  out  any  number  of  the  associators  of  this  province 
into  action,  and  that  power  to  continue  until  superseded  by  the  conven- 
tion, or  by  any  authority  under  the  appointment ;  that  the  President  of 
the  board  shall  have  full  power  and  authority  to  grant  commissions  to 
the  two  Brigadier  Generals  until  commissions  issue  from  the  convention, 
or  any  authority  they  shall  appoint  to  succeed  them ;  that  we  will  march 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY.  259 

under  tlie  direction  and  command  of  our  Brigadier  General,  to  the  assist- 
ance of  all  or  any  of  the  Free  and  Independent  States  of  America ;  that 
associators  to  be  drafted  out  of  each  county,  by  the  Brigadier  Generals, 
shall  be  in  the  same  proportion  as  directed  by  the  late  Provincial  Con- 
ference held  in  Philadelphia.^ 

The  DECLAKATION  OF  INDEPENDENCE  was  passed  by  the 
Continental  Congress  at  Philadelphia  on  the  same  day  when  the  Mili- 
tary Convention  met  at  Lancaster,  to  wit,  on  July  4th,  1776.  On  that 
day  the  thirteen  Confederate  Colonies  dissolved  their  allegiance  to^the 
British  crown  and  declared  themselves  free  and  independent  under  the 
name  of  the  Thirteen  United  States  of  America. 

The  members  from  Pennsylvania  who  signed  the  declaration  were: 
Robert  Morris,  Benjamin  Rush, 

Benjamin  Franklin,  John  Morton, 

George  Clymer,  James  Smith, 

George  Taylor,  James  Wilson, 

George  Ross. 
By  direction  of  the  Council  of  Safety  the  Declaration  of  Independence 
was  published  at  Lancaster  on  Monday  July  8,  1776. 

1  Rupp,  History  of  Lancaster  County,  pp.  405-407. 


260  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


CHAPTER  V. 
THE  STATE  GOVERNMENT. 

On  Monday  July  15,  1776,  the  Convention  for  forming  a  Constitution 
for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  met  at  Philadelphia,  and  elected  Dr.  Ben- 
jamin Franklin,  President,  Colonel  George  Ross,  Vice  President,  John 
Morris,  Secretary,  and  Jacob  Garrigues,  Assistant  Secretary.  The  dele- 
gates from  Lancaster  County  were  George  Ross,  Philip  Marsteller, 
Thomas  Porter,  Bartram  Galbraith,  Joseph  Sheerer,  John  Hubley,  Henry 
Slaymaker  and  Alexander  Lowry.  By  solemn  resolution  they  directed 
Divine  Service  to  be  performed  before  them  by  the  Rev.  William  White, 
afterwards  first  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania;  and,  offering  to  Almighty  God 
their  praises  and  thanksgivings  for  the  manifold  mercies,  and  the  pecu- 
liar interposition  of  his  special  providence,  in  behalf  of  the  injured  and 
oppressed  United  States,  they  prayed  for  his  divine  grace  and  assistance 
in  the  important  and  arduous  task  committed  to  them. 

From  the  instant  of  its  organization,  the  convention  assumed  the  whole 
political  power  of  the  State.  Among  its  first  acts,  was  the  appointment 
of  delegates  to  Congress,^  and  the  preparation  of  their  instructions.  They 
were  enjoined  constant  and  punctual  attendance  in  Congress — to  culti- 
vate and  strengthen  the  union  of  the  States,  until  a  just,  equal,  and  per- 
petual confederation  should  be  effected — to  use  their  utmost  power  and 
influence  for  the  establishment  of  a  nav}^,  which  was  necessary  to  every 
trading  nation,  and  least  dangerous  and  expensive  to  the  liberties  of 
mankind.  They  were  forbidden  to  enter  into  any  treaty  with  Great 
Britain  or  other  foreign  power,  but  as  free  and  independent  States — and 
were  permitted,  when  Great  Britain  should  acknowldge  the  United 
States  free  and  independent,  to  treat  with  her,  in  conjunction  with  the 
other  States,  concerning  peace,  amity,  and  commerce,  on  just  and  equal 
terms. 

The  great  labor  of  forming  the  Constitution  was.  not  completed  until 
Saturday,  the  twenty-eighth  day  of  September.  On  that  day  it  was  read 
in  Convention  for  the  last  time,  signed  by  the  President  and  every  mem- 
ber, and  committed  to  the  charge  of  the  Council  of  Safety,  with  direc- 
tions to  deliver  it  to  the  general  Assembly  of  the  State,  at  their  first 
meeting,  immediately  after  they  should  have  chosen  their  speaker. 

In  Committee  of  Safety.     Philadelphia,  16th  July,  1776. 

By  order  of  the  Board,  an  order  was  drawn  on  Jno.  Nixon,  Esq'r,  and 

1  Go;  don. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  261 

Others,  the  Committee  of  Accounts,  in  favor  of  Adam  Zantzingcr,  for 
£163  15,  which,  with  one  other  order  on  Rob't  Towers,  to  deliver  200 
lbs.  Gunpowder,  is  in  full  for  855  lbs.  of  salt  petre  mamifactured  at  Lan- 
caster, and  received  by  the  Commissary  for  account  of  this  Board. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  Aug.  16,  1776. 

Resolved,  That  the  Committee  of  Inspection  and  Observation  of  Lan- 
caster County,  be  requested  to  assist  Capt.  Matthew  Smith  in  the  pro- 
curing of  160  Rifles,  and  that  they  direct  the  Gun  Smiths  in  their  County 
to  make  that  Quantity  of  Rifles  with  all  Convenient  dispatch,  so  as  not 
to  hinder  them  from  repairing  the  arms  of  the  Militia  now  on  their  march 
to  Head  Quarters  in  Jersey. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  Aug.  19,  1776. 

The  following  accounts  were  passed,  and  Mr.  Nesbitt  directed  to  pay 
them,  and  charge  the  same  to  Congress,  viz : 
Capt.  Rob't  M'Kee  for  Mileage  of  2  men  of  his  Comp'y,  belonging 

to  Col.  Ferree's  Batallion,  Lancaster  County,  77  Miles  each, 

a  Id, 12s  10 

Valentine  Vanhalt's  account  for  meals: 
Capt.  Jno.  Rowland's  Comp'y  of   Col.   Ferree's  Battalion  of 

Lancaster  County,    -         - £2     9     6 

Capt.  Jacob  Carpenter's  Comp'y  of  do.  Battalion,      -         -  2  12     6 

Capt.  Bowman's  Comp'y  of  do.,  -         -         -         -         -3-16 

Capt.  Alexander  Martin's  Company,         -         -         -         -  2     4     3 

Capt.  Coppenhaven's  Comp'y,  Col.  Green's  Battalion,  Lancas- 
ter County,      ---------       4  15 

In  Council  of  Safety.     Dec.  2,  1776. 

Wm.  Parr,  Esq'r,  was  directed  to  remove  all  the  Records  and  Public 
Papers  in  his  possession  to  Lancaster  immediately. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  Dec.  9,  1776. 

Resolved,  That  our  Treasury  and  the  books  of  that  office  be  removed 
to  Lancaster,  and  that  a  wagon  be  provided  to-morrow  morning  early 
for  that  purpose. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  Dec.  27,  1776. 

Resolved,  That  Colonel  John  Bull  be  directed  to  procure  wagons  to 
remove  the  public  stores  from  Norristown  and  French  Creek  to  Lancas- 
ter; the  powder  to  be  laid  in  different  places  of  security  in  the  town  and 
country  adjacent. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  January  11,1777. 

Resolved,  That  John  Hubley,  Esq'r.,  be  appointed  Commissary  of  the 
Continental  Stores,  and  of  the  Stores  of  this  State  at  Lancaster,  with  the 
Rank  and  pay  of  a  Major,  and  to  have  full  powers  to  appoint  such  Dep- 
uties as  he  may  judge  necessary. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  January  14,  1777. 


262  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Resolved,  That  John  Hubley,  Esq'r.,  be  authorized  to  employ  all  the 
Shoemakers  amongst  the  Hessian  Prisoners  at  Lancaster,  in  making 
Shoes  for  this  State,  for  which  purpose  the  sum  of  two  thousand  Pounds 
shall  be  advanced  to  him  or  his  order,  for  the  purchase  of  leather  and 
other  materials  for  working  upon ;  and  he  is  to  pay  them  a  small  allow- 
ance for  their  labor,  for  which  service  Mr.  Hubley  is  to  have  a  reasona- 
ble compensation. 

Resolved,  That  the  officers  of  the  first  Battalion  of  Lancaster  County, 
and  the  few  men  who  remained  with  them  when  they  were  deserted  by 
the  greater  part  of  the  Battalion  on  the  12th  instant,  deserve  the  warm- 
est acknowledgments  of  this  Board  for  their  endeavors  to  prevail  on 
their  Countrymen  to  stay,  though  those  endeavors  proved  unsuccessful ; 
and  that  the  conduct  of  those  who  basely  deserted,  at  that  time,  without 
applying  to  this  Council,  and  waiting  for  redress,  if  they  thought  them- 
selves aggrieved,  is  highly  reprehensible. 

An  order  was  drawn  on  Mr.  Nesbitt  in  favor  of  John  Hubley,  Esq'r., 
for  two  Thousand  Pounds,  (agreeable  to  a  Eesolve  of  the  11th  Inst.,)  to 
be  charged  to  his  account. 

The  Council  met — Philadelphia,  Friday  March  7th,  1777. 

PRESENT: 

His  Excellency  THOMAS  WHARTON,  jun'r..  President.  The 
Hon'ble  George  Bryan,  Esq.,  Yice  President. 

John  Evans,  Jonathan  Lowdan,  And  ^ 

George  Taylor,  John  Proctor,  J-  Esquires. 

Jonathan  Hoge,  J 

The  Resolve  of  Congress  of  December  11,  1776,  recommending  in  the 
following  words,  viz : 

"  Whereas,  the  just  War  into  which  the  United  States  of  America  have 
been  forced  by  Great  Britain,  is  likely  to  be  still  continued,  by  the  same 
violence  and  injustice  which  have  hitherto  animated  the  Enemies  of 
American  Freedom ;  And  whereas,  it  becomes  all  Public  Bodies,  as  well 
as  Private  Persons,  to  reverence  the  Providence  of  God,  and  look  up  to 
him  as  the  Supreme  Disposer  of  all  events,  and  the  Arbiter  of  the  Fate 
of  Nations ;  Therefore  the  Congress  hereby  Resolve, 

"  That  it  be  recommended  to  all  the  States,  as  soon  as  possible,  to  ap- 
point a  day  of  Solemn  fasting  and  humiliation,  to  implore  of  Almighty 
God  the  forgiveness  of  the  many  Sins  prevailing  among  all  Ranks,  and 
to  beg  the  countenance  and  assistance  of  his  Providence  in  the  Prosecu- 
tion of  this  just  and  necessary  War.  The  Congress  do  also,  in  the  most 
earnest  manner,  recommend  to  all  the  members  of  the  United  States,  and 
particularly  to  the  Officers,  Civil  and  Military,  under  them,  the  Exercise 
of  Repentance  and  reformation ;  and  further  do  require  of  the  said  Offi- 
cers of  the  Military  Department,  the  strict  observation  of  the  Articles  of 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  263 

War  in  general,  and  particularly  that  of  the  said  Articles,  which  forbids 
Profane  swearing  and  all  other  immoralities ;  of  which  all  such  Officers 
are  desired  to  take  Notice.  It  is  left  to  each  State  to  issue  out  Procla- 
mations, fixing  the  day  that  appear  most  proper  for  their  several  bounds ; 
'being  laid  before  the  Council,  and  the  same  being  considered;'  there- 
upon, 

^'■Ordered,  That  Thursday  the  third  day  of  April,  be  appointed  for  the 
said  purpose.     A  Draft  of  a  Proclamation  thereof  being  laid  before  the 
Council,  was  read  and  approved,  and  is  in  the  words  following,  viz : 
^^By  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

"A  PROCLAMATION. 
"  Whereas^  the  Hon'ble  the  Continental  Congress,  pointing  out  to  Pub- 
lic bodies,  as  well  as  private  persons,  the  duty  of  reverencing  the  Prov- 
idence of  God,  and  looking  up  to  him  as  the  Supreme  disposer  of  all 
events,  and  the  Arbiter  of  the  fate  of  Nations;  did,  on  the  11th  day  of 
December  last,  resolve  to  recommend  to  the  several  States  the  appoint- 
ment of  a  day  of  Solemn  Fasting  and  Humiliation,  to  implore  of  Al- 
mighty God  the  forgiveness  of  the  many  Sins  prevailing  among  all 
Eanks,  and  by  the  Countenance  and  assistance  of  his  Providence,  in  the 
prosecution  of  the  most  just  and  necessary  War  into  which  the  United 
States  have  been  forced  by  Great  Britain,  and  which  is  still  likely  to  be 
continued  by  the  same  violence  and  injustice  that  has  hitherto  animated 
the  Enemies  of  American  Freedom,  and  did,  also,  in  the  most  earnest 
manner,  recommend  to  all  the  members  of  the  United  States,  and  par- 
ticularly to  the  Officers,  Civil  and  Military,  under  them,  the  exercise  of 
Eepentance  and  Eeformation,  leaving  it  to  each  State  to  fix  on  such  day 
for  the  same  as  may  be  most  proper  for  its  bounds : 

"  We,  therefore,  do  hereby  recommend  to  all  the  People  of  this  Com- 
monwealth, to  observe  and  keep  Thursday  the  third  day  of  April  next, 
as  a  day  of  Solemn  Fasting,  Humiliation,  and  Prayer,  for  the  purposes 
before  mentioned,  of  which  the  inhabitants  of  this  State  are  desired  to 
take  notice. 

''Given  in  Council,  under  my  hand  and  the  Seal  of  the  State,  at  Phila- 
delphia, this  Seventh  day  of  March,  in  the  Year,  &c.,  1777. 

"Tho's.  Wharton,  jun'r.,  President. 

"Attest — T.  Matlack,  Sec'y. 

"God  Save  THE  Commonwealth." 

Whereupon,  Ordered,  That  the  same  be  Published  in  all  the  Papers, 
English  and  German,  and  that  Five  Hundred  Copies  be  struck  oft"  and 
forwarded  by  the  earliest  opportunity  to  the  distant  parts  of  the  State, 
Three  Hundred  English  and  Two  Hundred  German. 

Adjourned  to  Monday  next,  Three  O'Clock  Afternoon. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  June  3,  1777. 


264  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

A  Petition  of  a  number  of  Freeholders  and  Inhabitants  of  the  Bor- 
ough of  Lancaster,  addressed  to  the  General  Assembly  of  Representatives 
of  the  Freemen  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  the  Hon'ble  the  Executive 
Council  for  said  State,  setting  forth  the  great  inconveniences  which  that 
Borough  labor  under,  for  the  want  of  Magistrates  and  Borough  Officers, 
and  praying  that  the  Honorable  House  of  Assembly  and  Supreme  Exec- 
utive Council  will  provide  a  remedy,  was  read. 

It  appearing  that  John  Henry,  one  of  the  Magistrates  appointed  for 
the  Borough  of  Lancaster  is  dead,  and  that  Mr.  Shafner,  Magistrate  elect, 
declines  serving  in  that  Office ;  thereupon, 

Ordered^  That  Michael  Hubly  and  John  Hobson  be  appointed  Justices 
of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Lancaster,  and  that  they  be  Commis- 
sioned accordingly. 

"Philad'a,  Septem.  10,  1777. 

^'■By  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  the  Conir)ioniveaUh  of  Pennsylvania. 

"A  PROCLAMATION. 

"The  time  is  at  length  come  in  which  the  fate  of  ourselves,  our  Wives, 
Children  and  posterity  must  be  speedily  determined ;  Gen'l  Howe,  at  the 
head  of  a  British  Army,  the  only  hope,  the  last  resource  of  our  Enemies, 
has  invaded  this  State,  dismissing  his  ships  and  discumbering  himself  of 
his  heavy  Artillery  and  baggage,  he  appears  to  have  risked  all  upon  the 
event  of  a  movement  which  must  either  deliver  up  to  plunder  and  devas- 
tation this  Capital  of  Pennsylvania  and  of  America,  or  forever  blast  the 
cruel  designs  of  our  implacable  foes.  Blessed  be  God,  Providence  seems 
to  have  left  it  to  ourselves  to  determine,  whether  we  shall  triumph  in 
victory  and  rest  in  freedom  and  peace,  or  by  tamely  submitting,  or 
weakly  resisting,  deliver  ourselves  up  a  prey  to  an  enemy,  than  whom 
none  more  cruel  and  perfidious  was  ever  suffered  to  vex  and  destroy  any 
people.  View  then  on  the  other  hand  the  freedom  and  independence,  the 
glory  and  the  happiness  of  our  rising  States,  which  are  set  before  us  as 
the  reward  of  our  courage.  Seriously  consider  on  the  other  hand,  the 
wanton  ravages,  the  Rapes,  the  Butcheries,  which  have  been  perpetrated 
by  these  men  in  the  State  of  New  Jersey,  and  on  the  frontiers  of  New 
York;  above  all  consider  the  mournful  prospect  of  seeing  Americans, 
like  the  wretched  inhabitants  of  India,  stripped  of  their  freedom,  robbed 
of  their  property,  degraded  beneath  the  brutes,  and  left  to  starve  amid 
plenty,  at  the  will  of  their  lordly  Masters,  and  let  us  determine  once  for 
all  that  we  will  Die  or  he  Free. 

"The  foe  are  manifestly  aiming  either  by  force  to  conquer,  or  by 
Stratagem  and  Stolen  marches  to  elude  the  vigilance  of  our  brave  Com- 
mander ;  Declining  a  battle  with  our  Countrymen,  they  have  attempted 
to  steal  upon  us  by  surprise.  They  have  been  hitherto  defeated,  but  num- 
bers are  absolutely  necessary  to  watch  them  on  every  Quarter  at  once. 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  265 

"  The  neighboring  States  are  hurrying  forward  their  Militia,  and  we 
hope  by  rising  as  one  Man,  and  besetting  the  foe  at  a  distance  Irom  his 
Fleet,  we  shall  speedily  inclose  him  like  a  Lion  in  the  toils. 

The  Council  therefore  most  humbly  beseech  and  entreat  all  persons 
whatsoever,  to  exert  themselves  without  delay,  to  seize  this  present 
opportunity  of  crushing  the  foe,  now  in  the  bowels  of  our  Countrv,  by 
marching  forth  instantly  under  their  respective  officers,  to  the  assistance 
of  our  great  General,  that  he  may  be  enabled  to  environ  and  demolish 
the  only  British  army  that  remains  formidable  in  America,  or  in  the 
World,  Animated  with  the  hope  that  Heaven,  as  before  it  has  done  in 
all  times  of  difficulty  and  danger,  will  again  crown  our  righteous  oftbrts 
with  success,  we  look  forward  to  the  prospect  of  seeing  our  insulting  foe 
cut  off  from  all  means  of  escape,  and  by  the  goodness  of  the  Almighty, 
the  Lord  of  Hosts  and  God  of  Battles,  wholly  delivered  into  our  hands. 

"Attest,  Tho's  Wharton,  jun'r  Presid't. 

"  Timothy  Matlack,  Secretary. 

"God  Save  the  People." 

Resolved,  That  the  foregoing  Proclamation  be  published. 

Intelligence  having  been  received  by  the  President  of  Congress  that 
Philadelphia  was  unsafe,  the  members  resolved  to  meet  at  Lancaster 
where  they  arrived  on  September  27th,  the  very  day  on  which  Sir  Wil- 
liam Howe  occupied  Philadelphia.  The  archives,  treasure  and,  it  is  said, 
even  the  State  House  Bell  were  by  a  circuitous  route  sent  to  Lancaster. 
The  enemy  were  still  in  Chester  county,  and  in  order  to  evade  him  the 
route  pursued  was  by  the  way  of  Bristol  and  Reading. 

Congress  met  at  Lancaster,  but  deeming  it  unsafe,  adjourned  to  York 
where  they  opened  their  deliberations  on  Sept.  30,  1777,  and  remained 
until  June  27,  1778,  when  they  returned  to  Philadelphia. 

The  Council  of  Safety  and  the  Supreme  Council  met  at  Lancaster  from 
October  1,  1777,  to  June  20,  1778,  both  days  included. 

In  Council  of  Safety,  October  25,  1777. 

Agreed,  That  the  following  Ordinance  be  passed  and  Published,  viz : 

"J^w  Ordinance  for  appointing  and  authorizing  an  additional  number  of 
Sub- Lieutenants^  to  act  in  the  County  of  Lancaster. 

"Whereas,  the  Inhabitants  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  from  their 
great  numbers  and  the  disposition  of  some  to  oppose  or  delay  the  Opera- 
tion of  the  Militia  laws  of  this  State,  have  Rendered  the  duties  of  the 
Lieutenant  and  sub-Lieutenants  of  the  said  county  not  only  difficult,  but 
also  very  extensive  and  burdensome,  whereby  it  hath  become  necessary 
to  appoint  a  greater  number  of  sub -Lieutenants  than  is  mentioned  m  the 
Militia  law.  It  is,  therefore.  Ordained  by  the  Council  of  Safety  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania  that  Curtis  Grubb,  Esq'r,  William  Ross, 


266  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  and  Simon  Snyder  of  the  said  borough,  be 
appointed,  and  they  are  hereby  appointed  sub-Lieutenants  of  the  said 
County  of  Lancaster,  and  that  they  and  each  of  them  shall  have,  use, 
and  exercise  all  the  powers  and  authorities  which  the  sub -Lieutenants 
appointed  in  the  Militia  Law  of  this  State  are  authorized  and  empowered 
to  have,  use  or  exercise,  and  shall  be  allowed  the  like  pay  for  their  ser- 
vices as  to  the  sub -Lieutenants  appointed  by  virtue  of  the  said  Militia 
law  is  or  hath  been  allowed. 

"By  order  of  the  Council  of  Safety. 

"Thomas  Wharton,  jun'r.  President. 
The  Council  met,  Lancaster,  Wednesday,  November  12,  1777. 

PRESENT: 

His  Excellency   Tho's  Wharton,  jun'r,  Esq'r,  President.     Hon'ble 
George  Bryan,  Esq'r,  Vice  President. 

Jacob  Morgan,  John  Hambright,  and 


James  Edgar,  Jacob  Arndt,  f     *^ 

The  Hon'ble  the  Continental  Congress,  having  recommended  the  setting 
apart  Thursday  the  Eighteenth  day  of  December  next  for  Solemn  thanks- 
giving and  praise,  and  this  Council  having  duly  weighed  the  importance 
of  this  duty,  do  in  the  following  words,  recommend  it  to  the  people  of 
this  Commonwealth,  viz: 

"  By  the  Swpreme  Executive  Council  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania: 

"A  PROCLAMATION: 

"  Whereas,  The  Hon'ble  the  Continental  Congress  have  recommended 
in  the  following  words,  to  wit : 

^^  Forasmuch  as  it  is  the  indispensable  duty  of  all  Men  to  adore  the 
superintending  Providence  of  Almighty  God,  to  acknowledge  with  grati- 
tude their  obligations  to  Him  for  benefits  received,  and  to  implore  such 
further  obligations  as  they  stand  in  need  of;  and  it  having  pleased  Him 
in  his  abundant  Mercy,  not  only  to  continue  to  us  the  innumerable  bless- 
ings of  His  Common  Providence,  but  also  to  smile  upon  us  in  the  prose- 
cution of  a  just  and  necessary  War,  for  the  defence  and  establishment  of 
our  unalienable  rights  and  liberties,  particularly  in  that  He  hath  been 
pleased  in  so  great  a  manner  to  prosper  the  means  used  for  the  support  of 
our  Troops,  and  to  Crown  our  Arms  with  most  signal  success;  it  is 
therefore,  recommended  to  the  Legislative  or  Executive  Powers  of  these 
United  States,  to  set  apart  Thursday  the  Eighteenth  day  of  December 
next,  for  Solemn  thanksgiving  and  praise,  that  at  one  time  and  with  one 
voice,  the  good  people  may  express  the  grateful  feelings  of  their  hearts, 
and  consecrate  themselves  to  the  service  of  their  Divine  Benefactor,  and 
that  together  with  their  sincere  acknowledgments  and  offerings,  they  may 
join  the  penitent  confession  of  their  manifold  sins,  whereby  they  had 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  267 

forfeited  every  favor,  aud  their  liumble  and  earnest  supplication,  tliat  it 
may  please  God,  tbrougb  the  merits  of  Jesus  Christ,  mercifully  to  forgive 
and  blot  them  out  of  his  remembrance;  that  it  may  please  Him  gra- 
ciously to  afibrd  His  blessings  on  the  Government  of  these  States  respect- 
ively and  prosper  the  Councils  of  the  whole ;  to  inspire  our  Commanders 
both  by  land  and  sea,  and  all  under  them,  with  that  wisdom  and  fortitude 
which  may  render  them  fit  instruments  under  the  Providence  of  Almightv 
God,  to  secure  for  these  States  the  greatest  of  all  human  blessings,  inde- 
pendence and  peace;  that  it  may  please  Him  to  prosper  the  Trade  and 
manufactures  of  the  people,  and  the  labor  of  the  husbandman,  that  our 
land  may  yet  yield  its  increase ;  to  take  Schools  and  Seminaries  of  Edu- 
cution,  so  necessary  for  Cultivating  the  principles  of  true  liberty,  virtue 
and  piety,  under  His  nurturing  hand,  and  to  prosper  the  means  of  Eeli- 
gion,  for  the  promotion  and  enlargement  of  that  Kingdom  which  cou- 
sisteth  in  righteousness,  peace  and  joy,  in  the  Holy  Ghost.  And  it  is 
further  recommended,  that  Servile  labor,  and  such  recreations  as,  though 
at  other  times  innocent,  may  be  unbecoming  the  purpose  of  this  appoint- 
ment, may  be  omitted  on  so  solemn  an  occasion.  "We  therefore,  do  hereby 
call  upon  the  good  people  of  this  Commonwealth,  to  set  apart  Thursday 
the  Eighteenth  day  of  December  next,  for  the  purpose  of  Solemn  thanks- 
giving and  praise. 

"By  order  of  Council. 

"Thomas  Wharton,  jun'r,  President. 
"Attest — Timothy  Matlack,  Secretary. 

"  God  Save  the  Commonwealth." 

^'-  By  tlie  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  t/i,e  Commomvealtli  of  Pennsylvania. 

"A  PROCLAMATION 

"AVhereas,  by  an  Act  of  the  General  Assembly  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania,  made  and  passed  at  Lancaster,  the  13th  Octo- 
ber, 1777,  entitled  'An  Act  for  Constituting  a  Council  of  Safety,  and 
vesting  the  same  with  the  powers  therein  mentioned,'  It  is  Enacted  that 
the  Members  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  this  State,  together 
with  John  Bayard,  &c.,  should  be  constituted  a  Council  of  Safety,  with 
the  powers  and  for  the  purposes  in  and  by  the  said  Act  particularly 
mentioned  and  declared:  And  u-hereas,  in  and  by  the  same  Act  of  As- 
sembly it  is  further  enacted,  that  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of 
this  State  might  at  any  time  during  the  powers  and  Authorities  thereby 
granted  by  Proclamation  or  other  publick  Act,  Eenounce,  determine 
and  extinguish  the  same,  and  every  part  thereof;  And  that,  thereupon, 
the  said  powers,  and  every  of  them,  should  cease  and  become  void,  and 
be  no  longer  exercised  or  enforced :  And  tuhereas,  by  the  blessing  of 
Heaven,  the  progress  of  the  Enemy  hath  been   Restrained,  in  so  much 


268  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

that  the  Elections  for  Members  of  Assembly  have  in  most  parts  of  the 
Commonwealth  been  Eegularly  held,  and  the  Ordinary  powers  of  Gov- 
ernment are  at  full  and  tree  liberty  to  proceed  in  their  usual  course, 
whereby  the  designs  of  the  Legislature  in  framing  the  said  Act  are  now 
at  an  end :  We,  therefore,  the  said  Executive  Council,  do  hereby  make 
known  to  all  persons  whatsoever,  that  all  and  every  the  powers  and 
Authorities  by  the  said  Act  granted  to  the  said  Council  of  Safety,  are 
extinguished  and  determined,  and  that  the  same  and  every  part  thereof, 
shall  from  henceforth  cease  and  become  void,  and  be  no  longer  exercised 
or  enforced. 

"Given  at  Lancaster  this  6th  day  of  December,  1777. 
"By  Order  of  Council. 

"  Tho's  Wharton,  Presid't. 

"  Attest— Tim'y  Matlack,  Sec'y." 

T.  Matlach  to  Board  of  War,  1778. 

Lancaster,  13th  January,  1778. 

Sir:  Col,  Curtis  Grubb,  of  Lebanon,  sub-lieutenant  of  L.  County,  has 
for  some  time  past,  taken  care  to  provide  Guards  of  Militia  for  the  safety 
of  the  Warlike  stores  which  are  lodged  there,  and  also  for  the  due  res- 
traint of  the  Hessian  prisoners,  who  were  not  removed.  He  represents 
to  Council  the  difficulty  of  drawing  out  sufficient  numbers,  and  the  need- 
less expense  of  pay  and  rations,  when  the  duty  might  be  with  greater 
confidence  assigned  to  a  party  of  the  Continental  Troops,  now  quartered 
here.  At  his  request,  and  as  Council  join  with  him  in  sentiment,  I  am 
directed  to  lay  this  matter,  thro'  you,  before  the  board  of  War. 

The  Colonel  also  suggests,  that  it  is  worthy  consideration,  whether  the 
prisoners  ought  to  be  kept  at  a  place  where  stores  of  such  value  and 
consequence  are  lodged. 

I  am,  Sir,  T.  M. 

Regidations  for  the  Main  Guard,  at  Lancaster,  1778. 
Which  are  Strictly  to  be  attended  to. 

Article  1st.  The  Officer  of  the  Guard  is  constantly  to  attend  at  the 
Guard  House,  and  give  particular  attention  that  no  strong  Liquor  be 
permitted  in  among  the  Guard. 

2d.  There  is  at  no  time  more  than  five  Men  allowed  to  be  Abseat  from 
the  Guard,  and  in  no  case,  but  when  they  go  for  their  Yictuals. 

3d.  No  Soldier  to  Absent  himself  from  the  Guard  without  leave  from 
the  Officer,  on  pain  of  being  confined. 

4th.  A  non-commissioned  Officer  and  four  Privates  to  Patrole  the  Streets 
every  two  hours,  and  apprehend  all  Stragglers  and  Suspicious  persons 
who  can  give  no  good  Account  of  themselves,  but  great  care  is  to  be 
observ'd  that  none  of  the  Inhabitants  are  Insulted. 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  209 

5th.  Any  Soldier  who  shall  be  found  Sleeping  or  intoxicated  with 
Liquor  on  his  Post,  shall  bo  CQnfined  and  dealt  with  according  as  a  Court 
Martial  shall  direct. 

6th.  The  Sentinels  that  are  to  be  placed  in  the  Town  are  not  to  ob- 
struct or  prevent  any  of  the  Inhabitants  from  passing  or  repassing  to 
their  Homes,  upon  their  answering  when  Challenged. 

7th.  The  Officer  of  the  Guard  is  to  Visit  the  Sentries  after  the  Coun- 
tersign is  given,  as  often  as  circumstances  may  require,  and  See  that  the 
Sentinels  are  Alert,  particularly  at  the  Magazine  and  Storehouses. 

8th,  The  Officer  of  the  Guard  is  to  make  a  Report  every  mornino-  to 
the  Town  Major. 

The  Compliance  of  these  Orders  is  expected  both  from  Officer  and 
Soldiers,  and  will  be  inspected  into. 

Christ'n  Wirtz,  T.  Major. 
Directed^ 

Timothy  Matlack,  Sec'ry,  Pres't. 
.    Indorsement^ 

From  Major  Wirtz,  Jan'y  20,  1778. 

Council  to    Wagon  Masters^  1778. 

In  Council,  Lancaster,  January  29,  1778. 

Sir:  Application  has  been  made  to  Council  for  a  large  number  of 
Waggons  for  Service  at  the  Camp,  w^here  they  are  greatly  wanted.  You 
are  therefore  hereby  ordered  immediately  to  procure  and  Send  to  Head 
Quarters  —  Waggons,  with  four  horses,  and  a  driver  to  each  Waggon, 
directed  to  the  care  of  Colonel  Lutterloh,  Deputy  Quarter  Master  General. 

It  is  ordered  that  these  Waggons  go  to  Camp  loaded  with  forage. 
You  are  therefore  to  apply  to  Commissioners 

of  Provisions  and  forage  of  your  county,  and  obtain  a  load  of  forage 
accordingly.  If  money  is  wanted  by  the  Commissioners  for  this  purpose, 
they  are  to  draw  on  Colonel  Biddle  for  it.  Bat  if  any  of  the  Waggons 
can  procure  a  load  of  forage  near  home,  it  is  to  be  paid  for  by  the  Com- 
missioners. 

You  may  assure  the  people  of  your  county,  that  the  Waggons  now 
called  into  Service  will  be  relieved  in  due  time,  and  for  this  and  other 
purposes,  you  are  hereby  directed  to  make  out  and  forward  immediately 
the  list  of  Waggons  of  your  County,  agreeable  to  the  Act  of  Assembly. 

Lancaster  Waggojis  to  call  on  Col'l  Ross  ibr  che  forage. 
--Berks,  dQ;;juv:iii';    on  Col'l  Mark  Bird. 

jT'j-Northampton  do  trrf>f  f  .ji-    on  Col'l  Hooper. 

,cvln  these  there,  igi  added  directions -to  apply  to  these  Gent,,  for  the  for- 
agie;  But  if,  &c.,  as  above,  then  the  Commissioners  are  to  draw  on  Col'l 
Biddle. 


■\ 


270  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Letter  from  Mr.  Atlee  to  his  Brother,  1778. 
Pray,  my  dear  Brother,  how  comes  it  that  Congress,  by  their  resolve, 
relating  to  the  two  emissions  of  May,  1777,  and  April,  1778,  have  set 
the  Country  in  such  a  ferment,  and  given  room  for  a  set  of  speculating 
People  who  are  Enemies  to  the  real  good  of  their  Country,  to  take  occa- 
sion from  it  to  depreciate  the  value  of  those  two  Emissions  in  the  man- 
ner they  have  done,  and  are  now  daily  doing.  Mr.  Henry  just  now  tells 
me  that  there  are  a  set  of  them  here  very  busy  in  this  matter ;  that  by 
their  management  within  this  day  or  two  it  is  rendered  twenty-ftve  per 
Ct.  worse  than  the  other  Emissions,  which  God  knows  were  sunk  low 
enough  before.  The  principal  hands  here  who  busy  themselves,  he  says, 
are  Jno.  Musser,  Jno.  Witmer,  Balser  Hertzer,  and  (to  my  surprise) 
Wirtz  k  Lowman ;  that  they  exchange  it  at  twenty-five  per  Ct.  discount, 
and  wont  take  it  in  payment  for  any  Articles  without  that  allowance, 
and  our  Butchers,  Bakers  and  Farmers  begin  to  refuse  it  entirely,  owing 
to  the  stories  propagated  about  it.  Must  people,  who  have  this  Money, 
either  lose  a  fourth  of  it  or  starve?  and  when  the  time  comes  for  ex- 
changing it,  must  they  spend  half  the  value  of  the  little  they  have  in 
taking  it  to  Philada  to  place  it  in  the  office?  and  after  that  wait  sixty 
Days  and  attend  a  second  time  for  payment?  Indeed,  I  think  the  re- 
solve is  not  one  of  the  wisest,  and  wish  to  see  these  Evils  speedily  reme- 
died. Mr.  Henry  tells  me  that  Billy  Wirtz  returned  here  yesterday  from 
Philada,  and  reports  that  the  Merchants,  or  rather  Hucksters,  of  Philada, 
are  playing  the  same  Game  there.  Surely,  Congress  can  call  in  these  or 
any  other  Emissions  in  a  manner  less  injurious  to  the  Country.  I  am  so 
angry  at  this  affair  that  I  hardly  know  what  I  write,  and  so  vexed  at  the 
daily  schemes  for  depreciating  of  our  Currency,  that  I  sometimes  think 
we  don't  deserve  the  liberty  we  have  been  contending  for,  while  such 
miscreants  are  suffered  to  breathe  among  us ;  and  indeed,  I  cant  help 
thinking  that  the  Congress's  own  Servants,  such  as  Quarter  Masters, 
Commissaries  of  purchase,  &c.,  do  as  much  injury  to  it  as  any  other 
speculators — for,  the  more  they  lay  out  or  charge  for  articles  which 
themselves  have  ingrossed,  the  more  are  their  Commissions. 

Council  to  Magistrates  of  Lancaster  and  Chester,  1778. 

In  Council,  Lancaster,  Feb.  14,  1778. 
Gentlemen  :  Council  has  this  Day  received  information  that  an  affray 
has  happened  at  the  sign  of  the  Compass  on  the  Great  Eoad  leading  to 
Philadelphia  between  some  officers  in  the  Continental  service  and  others. 
Inhabitants  of  this  State,  in  which  one  person,  Lieut.  Hammon,  has  been 
unhappily  killed,  and  several  others  dangerously  wounded.  Wm.  Atlee, 
Esq.,  one  of  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  writes  to  you  by  this 
messenger,  to  request  your  particular  attention  to  this  unhappy  Quarrel, 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  271 

to  take  the  proper  depositions  and  order  an  Inquest  on  the  body  of  the 
unfortunate  man,  in  order  that  those  who  have  been  concerned  may  be 
brought  to  justice.  I  hope  no  resistance  will  be  made  to  this  inquiry, 
or  to  such  Lawful  steps  as  the  nature  of  the  case  requires,  if  there  should 
you. are  to  call  upon  the  Lieutenants  or  sub-Lieutenants  of  the  County 
to  furnish  you  with  a  sufficient  guard  of  the  Militia,  to  keep  the  peace 
and  enable  you  to  proceed  on  the  business  with  safety.  Directed, 
To  the  Magistrates  of  Lancaster  and  Chester  Counties. 

Council  to  Board  of  War,  1778. 

In  Council,  Lancaster,  Eeb.  16,  1778. 

Sir:  Agreeable  to  the  request  of  the  Hn'ble  board  of  war  of  the  31st 
ult.,  the  facts  relating  to  the  flagg  have  been  collected  and  would  have 
been  forwarded  before  now,  but  that  it  was  hoped  some  further  circum- 
stances would  have  transpired  in  the  examination  of  the  horse  thieves 
sent  out  of  the  City  by  General  Howe,  and  some  of  the  papers  were 
wanted  by  the  Court  Martial  on  their  trial — but  no  further  evidence 
appears. 

On  the  arrival  of  the  flagg  in  this  borough,  Capt.  Wilson  and  Lieut. 
Patterson,  the  officers  appointed  by  General  Washington,  to  attend  the 
Flagg,  waited  on  the  Council  for  instructions  respecting  the  price  to  be 
paid  by  the  enemy  officers  for  provisions  on  their  journey,  and  produced 
a  list  of  prices  which,  they  said,  had  been  given  them  by  a  superior  offi- 
cer; but  it  was  not  signed.  As  the  Council  was  not  authorized  by  law 
to  limit  the  prices  of  articles  of  any  kind,  they  did  not  choose  to  interfere, 
or  give  any  directions  in  the  matter,  further  than  to  inform  the  Gentle- 
men, that  there  was  a  law  of  the  State  forbidding  the  asking  a  higher 
price  for  anything  whatever  in  continental  money  than  in  gold  or  silver. 
Lieutenant  Patterson  afterwards  complained  that  Mr.  Herbert,  a  tavern 
keeper  in  this  borough,  had  made  out  the  bill  against  the  enemy's  offi- 
cers much  lower  than  his  bill  for  like  articles.  Mr.  Herbert  was  sent  for 
and  the  matter  examined.  It  appeared  that  the  articles  though  high 
were  charged  at  the  rates  then  commonly  paid  by  travellers,  and  there- 
fore Council  declined  to  order  any  abatement  in  the  bill ;  or  to  give  a 
list  of  prices  to  be  paid  on  the  road.  Soon  after  this  Council  were  in- 
formed that  the  enemy  officers  were  determined  to  return  unless  some- 
thing further  was  done  in  their  favor,  to  which  it  was  replied,  that  the 
Gentlemen  were  perfectly  at  liberty  to  do  as  they  pleased  in  that  respect, 
and  that  they  might  depend  no  law  of  the  State  would  be  violated  in 
order  to  induce  them  to  go  forward.  What  passed  between  our  officers 
and  those  of  the  Flag,  or  between  either  of  them  and  the  Gentlemen  who 
signed  and  sent  the  paper  to  Council,  which  has  been  sent  forward  to 
the  Delegates  of  Pennsylvania  in  Congress,  we  do  not  [pretend  to  know. 


272  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  Flagg  however  went  forward.  After  the  bills  were  paid  the  Coun- 
cil requested  William  Henry,  Esq.,  to  take  Mr.  Herbert's  deposition  on 
the  facts,  with  intention  to  forward  it  to  Congress;  but  upon  reading  it, 
they  thought  it  might  probably  induce  some  unfavorable  suspicions  of 
the  conduct  of  Lieut.  Patterson  with  respect  to  the  said  money,  and  being 
desirous  to  avoid  this,  as  it  might  be  injurious  to  that  young  gentleman, 
they  declined  sending  it  at  that  time.  They  now  enclose  it  without 
further  comment. 

The  deposition  of  Mr.  John  Miller  will  shew  the  indecency  of  the  di- 
rection upon  several  packages  sent  by  the  Flag.  The  representation  of 
Wm.  Henry,  Bsqr.,  will  give  you  the  facts  relating  to  the  Counterfeit 
money  found  on  the  Serjeants  and  others  attending  the  Flagg.  You 
will  judge  what  connexion  Captain  Christie's  deposition  may  have  with 
this  affair. 

The  depositions  of  Lieut.  Colonel  Stewart,  Eliza  Brisben,  and  Margaret 
Patton  contain  the  best  intelligence  we  have  received  of  the  conduct  on 
the  return  of  the  flag. 

Many  circumstances  have  occurred  which  induce  a  Suspicion  that  very 
improper  sentiments  have  beeti  thrown  out  by  the  enemy  officers  on 
their  way  and  in  this  borough,  but,  upon  inquiry,  no  direct  evidence  of 
the  facts  have  been  obtained.  .    .  •;  < 

The  examination  of  Joseph  Rode  and  Henry  Mansin  are' also  'enclosed; 
that  of  Wendel  Myer,  it  is  probable,  will  be  wanted  on  his  trial  before 
a  Civil  Court,  and  as  it  is  to  the  same  purpose  with  the  other  two  is  not 
sent.       ■  '  '^''>'f  5.f. 

■•.-Umr)  inu  f.  Lancaster,  March  18,  1778. 

"  By  the  Supreme  Execxitive  Council  of  the  Commonwralth  of  Pennsylvania. 

f."  !  H  Jjyd-ioii  .-iM  ?s."A  PROCLAMATION:  .y^^.  ao^si<iti^i  ima'^iiJBiA 
"Whereas,  The  Congress  of  the  United  Stated  of  Aiherica,  by  their 
Resolve  of  the  Seventh  day  of  March  instant,  have  recommended  in  the 
following  words,  viz :  htjii  9fi.t  hrti 

"Whereas,  Almighty  God,  in  the  righteous  dispensation  of  His  Provi- 
dence, hath  permitted  the  continuation  of  a  cruel  and  desolating  war  in 
our  land;  and  it  being  at  all  tim«s  the  duty  of  a  people  to  acknowledge 
God  in  all  his  ways,  and  more  especially  to  humble  themselves  before 
Him  when  evident  tokens  of  His  displeasure  are  manifested,  to  acknow- 
ledge his  righteous  government,  confess  and  forsake  their  evil  ways  and 
implore  His  Mercy : 

''Resolved^  That  it  be  recommended  to  the  United  States  of  America 
to  set  apart  Wednesday,  the  Twenty-second  day  of  April  next,  to  be  ob- 
served as  a  day  of  Fasting,  Humiliation  and  Prayer ;  that  at  one  time  and 
with  one  voice,  the  inhabitants  may  acknowledge  the  righteous  dispen- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY.  273 

« 

sation  of  divine  Providence,  and  confess  their  iniquities  and  transgres- 
sions, for  whicli  the  land  mournetk;  that  they  may  implore  tlie  mercy 
and  forgiveness  of  God,  and  beseech  Him  tliat  vice,  profancness,  extor- 
tion, and  every  evil,  may  be  done  away,  and  that  we  may  be  a  reformed 
and  happy  people  ;  that  they  may  unite  in  humble  and  earnest  Supplica- 
tion, that  it  may  please  Almighty  God  to  guard  and  defend  us  against 
our  enemies  and  give  vigour  and  success  to  our  military  operations  by 
sea  and  land  ;  that  it  may  please  Him  to  bless  the  civil  rulers  and  people, 
strengthen  and  perpetuate  our  Union,  and  in  his  own  good  time  establish 
in  the  peaceable  enjoyment  of  our  rights  and  liberties;  that  it  may  please 
Him  to  bless  our  Schools  and  Seminaries  of  learning,  and  to  make  them 
nurseries  of  true  piety,  virtue  and  useful  knowledge ;  that  it  may  please 
Him  to  cause  the  earth  to  yield  its  increase,  and  to  crown  the  year  with 
His  goodness.  And  it  is  recommended  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  United 
States,  to  abstain  on  that  day  from  labor  and  recreation.' 

'''■And  Whereas^  it  hath  pleased  God  to  suffer  the  enemy  to  take  posses- 
sion of  our  Capital,  and  the  distresses  attending  on  War  have  fallen 
heavy  on  the  State,  whereby  it  is  become  peculiarly  necessary  for  the 
inhabitants  to  humble  themselves  before  Him  who  governs  the  Universe 
and  turneth  the  hearts  of  men  as  he  pleaseth.  And  therefore,  as  well  as 
in  due  respect  to  the  said  recommendation  of  Congress,  "We  do  hereby 
most  earnestly  recommend  to  the  good  people  of  this  Commonwealth  to 
set  apart  Wednesday,  the  Twenty-second  day  of  April  next,  for  the  pious 
purposes  mentioned  in  the  said  resolve,  and  that  they  abstain  on  that  day 
from  labor  and  recreation. 
"  Given  at  Lancaster  this  thirteenth  day  of  March,  in  the  Year  of  our 

Lord  One  thousand  Seven  hundred  and  Seventy-eight. 
"By  order  of  Council. 

"Thomas  Wharton,  junr.  President. 

"Attest — Timothy  Matlack,  Secretary. 

Council  to  Genl.  Lacey,  1778. 

In  Council,  Lancaster,  March  12th,  1778. 
Sir:  I  rec'd  your  letter  of  the  4th  Inst.,  which  I  laid  before  Council. 
It  is  greatly  to  be  lamented  that  there  are  any  amongst  us  so  lost  to  every 
sentiment  of  Virtue  as  in  any  manner  to  aid  those  who  are  Enemies  to 
the  just  cause  we  are  engaged  in.  Your  neighborhood  seems  to  abound 
with  such,  and  therefore  every  means  should  be  exerted  to  bring  the 
traitors  to  justice.  Those  you  have  taken  should  be  safely  secured,  in 
order  for  trial,  as  the  Treason  Law  of  this  State  will  reach  the  crime 
you  mention  if  proper  proof  be  exhibited,  which  I  beg  you  to  attend  to. 
However,  as  the  Chief  Justice  is  in  this  borough,  I  will  consult  him  upon 
it,  and  let  you  know  his  opinion  bv  the  next  opportunity. 
19 


274  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  Militia  law  will  not  justify  the  Lieutenant  of  the  County  to  per- 
mit two  Men  to  serve  as  one,  and  to  be  discharged  at  the  expiration  of 
one  Month,  and  I  am  not  a  little  surprised  that  any  Gentleman  in  that 
line  would  give  it  the  least  countenance. 

Both  Philad.  and  Bucks  Counties  have  for  a  long  time  been  greatly 
exposed  to  the  insults  and  ravages  of  the  enemy.  Council,  therefore, 
relying  that  you  will  do  your  utmost,  not  only  to  Protect  the  inhabitants, 
but  to  annoy  the  Enemy,  have  no  doubt  they  will  soon  hear  that  a  total 
stop  is  put  to  the  insults  of  the  Tories  by  your  alacrity  and  good  conduct. 

I  am,  Sir, 

Directed^  Your  very  hum.  Servt. 

To  B.  Gen.  Lacey. 

Thomas  Whiteside^  t&c,  to  Council^  1778. 

We,  the  Judges  of  the  Several  district  Elections  for  the  County  of 
Lancaster,  do  Humbly  beg  leave  to  represent  to  your  Honorable  Body 
that  from  the  Information  of  Sundry  the  respectable  freemen  of  the 
borough  of  Lancaster,  that  the  Election  held  in  said  borough  was  con- 
trary to  any  Act  of  General  Assembly  of  this  State  made  and  Provided ; 
insomuch  that  few  certificates  were  demanded  by  the  Inspectors  from  the 
Electors,  and  that  Eeaders  and  Clerks  were  admitted  without  being  sworn 
according  to  Law.  There  is  found  on  Examination  to  be  a  Considerable 
number  of  Yotes  more  than  Voters  marked  at  said  Election,  which  we 
conceive  our  duty  to  represent  to  you,  the  only  Body  we  can  look  up  to 
for  the  execution  of  our  Laws. 

Sufficient  proof  can  be  made  of  the  Facts  above  mentioned  when 
called  for. 

Thomas  Whiteside, 
John  Logan, 
Martin  Bowman, 
William  Brown, 

Lancaster,  20th  October,  1778. 

In  Supreme  Council,  December  29,  1778. 

The  Council  taking  into  consideration  the  case  of  Joshua  Bennett, 
School-master,  now  confined  in  the  Goal  ef  the  County  of  Lancaster,  he 
having  been  convicted  of  keeping  a  School,  not  having  taken  the  Oath 
of  Allegiance  according  to  Law,  and  fined  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Ses- 
sions of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Lancaster,  in  the  sum  of  One  hundred 
Pounds. 

Ordered^  That  the  fine  of  One  hundred  Pounds,  adjudged  by  the  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  the  County  of  Lancaster,  to  be  paid 
by  Joshua  Bennett,  (he  having  been  Convicted  in  the  said  Court  of 
having  kept  a  School,  not  having  taken  the  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  Alle- 
giance to  the  State,  according  to  Law,)  be  remitted. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  275 

Board  of  War  to  President  Reed,  1779. 

War  Office,  March  9tli,  1779. 

Sir  :  The  Board  have  been  honoured  with  your  letter  of  yesterday,  and 
in  answer  to  that  part  relative  to  the  Militia  and  the  Stores  at  Lebanon  we 
beg  leave  to  inform  you.  That  the  Board  desirous  of  placing  those  stores 
in  a  situation  more  secure,  to  ease  the  militia,  as  much  as  possible,  from 
the  burthen  of  military  service,  and  save  expense  to  the  States,  lono-  since 
ordered  enquiry  to  be  made  of  the  practicability  of  removinn^  them  to 
Lancaster.  But  at  that  time  the  quantity  was  so  great  as  to  render  their 
removal  exceedingly  difficult  and  expensive.  Besides,  the  magazine  at 
Lancaster  was  not  sufficient  for  their  reception,  and  another  building 
suitable  for  them  was  occupied  by  the  Clothier  General;  since  then  the 
supplies  have  been  drawn  from  thence  rather  than  from  other  magazines, 
with  a  view  to  render  their  removal  more  easy,  and  on  the  26th  ult.,  the 
Board  directed  Col.  Flower  to  prepare  them  for  removal  as  soon  as  the 
roads  would  admit,  having  Lancaster  in  view  as  the  place  of  deposit, 
orders  for  their  actual  removal  will  be  given  accordingly.  Until  then 
we  request  the  guard  of  militia  may  be  continued. 

Enquiry  will  be  made  immediately  of  the  condition  of  the  light  dra- 
goons at  Lancaster ;  and  if  they  are  adequate  to  the  duties  of  the  post, 
the  militia  may  soon  be  relieved.  But  we  are  apprehensive  of  some 
difficulty  on  this  head.  The  Board  were  not  inattentive  to  the  public 
interest  in  this  regard,  having  long  ago  endeavored  to  get  the  duty  of 
guards  at  Lancaster  performed  by  the  horse.  But  Lieut.  Col.  White, 
who  then  commanded  them,  gave  such  reasons  against  the  measure  as 
induced  the  suspension  of  orders  for  that  purpose.  Perhaps  most  of  the 
objections  are  by  this  time  removed. 

Of  that  part  of  your  Excellency's  letter  relative  to  General  Pulaski's 
corps,  a  copy  has  been  taken  and  inclosed  to  him  this  day  in  a  letter 
from  the  Board  on  the  subject,  a  copy  whereof  we  have  the  honor  to 
send  you  herewith.  The  Count  some  time  since  received  orders  to  march 
to  South  Carolina,  in  consequence  of  which  he  has  collected  his  corps 
at  York  Town,  from  whence  he  will  in  a  few  days  proceed  on  that 
route.  The  Board  have  an  equal  abhorrence  Avith  your  Excellency  and 
the  honorable  Council  of  the  abuse  of  military  power  complained  of 
as  exercised  by  that  corps,  and  will  on  all  occasions,  to  the  utmost  of 
their  power,  discourage  and  prevent  such  irregular  and  oppressive 
practices. 

Your  Excellency's  other  letter  respecting  the  sounding  the  river  has 
also  been  received.  You  and  the  honorable  Council  will  permit  us  to 
express  our  regret  at  the  intervention  of  any  obstacles  in  the  execution 
of  a  business  so  highly  interesting  to  the  United  States  in  general  and  to 
this  State  in  particular.     But  you  say  you  will  consider  fiirther.     We 


276  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

impatiently  wait  the  result  of  your  deliberations,  as  Gen.  du  Portail  will 
soon  return  to  camp. 

As  to  the  map  lent  to  this  Board,  we  perfectly  remember  its  being- 
soon  returned  to  us  by  Col.  Laumoy,  the  engineer  who  used  it,  as  not 
answering  (or  but  in  a  small  degree)  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  bor- 
rowed; and  we  are  also  well  satisfied  from  our  recollection,  that  it  was 
sent  back  to  the  Council,  or  their  secretary.  Nevertheless,  we  shall  very 
readily  communicate  to  your  honorable  board  General  du  Portail's  map 
as  soon  as  we  are  furnished  with  it,  as  we  will  with  every  other  matter 
in  our  power  which  we  think  will  be  useful  to  the  State,  or  which  you 
may  request. 

We  have  the  honour 

to  be,  with  great  respect 
your  Excellency's 

most  obedient  Servants. 

By  order  of  the  Board, 

Tim.  Pickering. 
Indorsed^ 

From  Colonel  Timothy  Pickering,  by  order  of  the  Board  of  War,  with 
a  copy  of  a  letter  to  Gen.  Pulaski. 
Directed^ 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Eeed,  Esq.,  President  of  the  Supreme  Execu- 
tive Council  of  Pennsylvania. 
War  Office. 

Board  of  War  to  Brig.  Gen.  Count  Pulaski,  1779. 

War  Office,  March  9,  1779. 
Sir:  We  have  the  honor  to  inclose  you  a  copy  of  our  letter,  and  an 
extract  of  another,  relative  to  the  conduct  of  your  corps  in  your  absence. 
We  hoped  that  all  such  grounds  of  complaint,  had  long  since  ceased. 
But  as  those  mentioned  correspond  with  former  reports  we  cannot  avoid 
giving  some  credit  to  them.  The  complaints  are  of  such  a  nature  as  to 
demand  a  strict  enquiry,  at  the  same  time  they  should  lead  you  and  your 
officers  to  maintain  a  stricter  discipline  in  the  Corps.  This  the  peace 
and  quiet  of  the  Citizens  of  these  States  as  well  as  the  honor  of  the  Corps 
indispensably  demand.  You  will  suffer  us,  Sir,  to  suggest  the  necessity 
of  European  officers  divesting  themselves  of  European  Ideas,  while  they 
serve  in  America.  The  Inhabitants  of  these  States  are  unused  to  the 
severe  exactions  of  Military  power;  they  expect  protection,  and  not  vio- 
lence and  oppression  from  troops  raised  and  supported  at  their  own  ex- 
pense. It  must  give  you  pain,  as  it  does  us,  to  find  the  Legion  followed 
with  the  execrations  of  the  People  among  whom  they  have  been  sta- 
tioned. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  277 

We  are  sensible  tliat  some  irregularities  happen  among  all  troops,  but 
no  charges  are  so  pointed  as  those  against  the  Legion,  from  whence  we 
cannot  but  conclude  their  conduct  to  be  more  reprehensible.  We  ref^ret, 
Sir,  that  there  should  be  occasion  of  mentioning  matters  that  must  una- 
voidably give  you  uneasiness,  but  the  duty  we  owe  the  People,  and  the 
respect  we  bear  to  you,  Oblige  us  to  do  it. 

We  do  not  mean  however  to  delay  the  Legion  on  these  accounts.  Its 
services  are  wanted  at  the  Southward,  whither  we  desire  it  may  be 
marched  with  all  possible  dispatch.  But  we  wish  past  complaints  may 
engage  the  Corps  to  more  cautious  and  regular  behaviour  in  future.  This 
we  conceive  necessary  if  the  Legion  would  recover  and  preserve  its 
honor,  or  even  wish  to  remain  in  existence. 
We  have  the  honor 

to  be  very  respectfully 

your  most  Obedient  Servants, 

By  order  of  the  Board, 
(Copy.)  Tim.  Pickep.ixg. 

Directed^ 

Brig,  Gen,  Count  Pulaski. 

The  following  letter  specifies  the  price  of  cereals  in  this  county  in  1779 : 

Sir:  Your  Excellency's  Favor  of  the  10th  Listant  requesting  me  to 
procure  600  Barrels  of  Flour  in  the  County  of  Lancaster  came  to  hand 
yesterday,  and  as  other  Business  required  my  sending  Express  to  Phila- 
delphia, I  thought  it  my  duty  to  give  your  Excellency  the  earliest  In- 
formation of  my  willingness  to  procure  the  same  and  make  no  doubt  but 
in  a  reasonable  time  shall  have  that  number  complete,  as  I  have  now 
upwards  of  2000  Bushels  of  good  Wheat  purchased  (which  I  intended 
for  the  Commissary's  Department,  keeping  the  Offal  for  Horse  food)  but 
as  I  have  not  engaged  it  to  any  Person,  nor  drawn  or  Eeceived  Money 
from  any  Person  on  Account  thereof  I  intend  now  to  keep  it  towards 
making  up  the  Flour  demanded.  The  Wheat  I  have  on  hand  I  pur- 
chased at  different  Prices  viz.,  £9,  £8  10,  £8,  £7  10,  and  hope  to  procure 
the  remainder  for  £7  per  Bushel,  which  will  reduce  Flour  to  £20  per 
Cwt,,  and  under,  after  keeping  the  Offal  for  Public  Horse  food  at  the 
Price  I  gladly  pay  to  other  Persons,  It  is  true  a  Committee  of  Lancas- 
ter Townsmen  have  regulated  the  prices  of  some  few  Articles,  among 
others  Wheat  at  £5,  and  Flour  at  £15,  but  all  Public  purchasers  with 
myself  found  it  an  impossibility  to  procure  the  necessary  supplies,  at  the 
regulated  prices.  Therefore  were  obliged  to  Deviate  from  their  rule,  or 
starve  the  army.  We  made  a  Eule  among  ourselves  to  lower  the  Prices 
of  Wheat  and  Eye  10s.  per  Bushel  weekly  and  inferior  Grain  in  propor- 
tion, which  had  the  desired  Effect  as  it  reduced  the  prices  of  Wheat  and 
Eye  from   £10  to  £7  10  per  Bushl,     You  may  rest  assured,  sir,  that  I 


278  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

stall  do  my  utmost  endeavours  to  procure  tlie  Flour  demanded  upon  as 
good  Terms  as  possibly  may  be,  Tendering  you  a  Just  and  true  Account 
with  sufficient  Vouchers  for  all  expenditures  thereon,  and  flatter  myself 
that  my  Conduct  in  this  affair  will  convince  your  Excellency,  that  I  do 
not  mean  to  be  a  mere  Agent  upon  mercenary  Principles,  but  from  a 
desire  to  have  it  in  my  power  to  serve  my  Bleeding  and  distress'd  Country. 
You  will  be  pleased  to  send  me  by  the  Bearer  hereof,  Mr.  Gloninger, 
(my  Assistant,)  twenty  thousand  Pounds  to  enable  me  to  prosecute  this 
Business  expeditiously,  for  I  wish  to  purchase  as  much  old  Wheat  as 
possible,  it  being  much  superior  to  the  new,  by  reason  of  the  heavy 
mildews. 

I  am  Your  Excellency's 
most  Obedient  and 

very  humble  Servant, 

Philip  Marsteller. 
P.  S.  If  the  advance  money  for  the  two  militia  Companies  is  not  yet 
sent,  the  Bearer  may  bring  it. 
Directed, 

Public  Service. 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esqr.,  Philada. 

Williarri  Henry  to  President  Reed,  1779. 

Lancaster,  November  27,  1779. 

Sir:  I  am  informed  one  John  Musser  of  this  Town  has  lately  purchased 
a  Tract  of  land  of  about  500  Acres,  commonly  known  by  the  Name  of 
the  Conestoga  Mannor,  of  John  Penn,  late  Governor  of  Pennsylvania, 
for  nine  Pounds  the  Acre  hard  Money.  At  the  Time  the  Lands  in  this 
part  of  the  province  was  purchased  of  the  Delaware  Indians  this  was 
Reserved  and  a  Deed  was  made  to  them  and  their  Heirs,  &c.  The  Indians 
who  resided  on  it  were  killed  by  a  Number  of  People  in  a  former  war 
and  the  Deed  fell  into  the  hands  of  John  Hay,  then  Sheriff  of  Lancaster 
County,  who  delivered  the  same  to  Mr.  John  Penn.  This  piece  of  Land 
was  afterwards  claimed  by  Sir  William  Johnston  in  behalf  of  the  Heirs, 
in  Consequence  of  which  the  use  of  the  Land  was  given  to  Mr.  Thomas 
Barton  who  is  gone  over  to  the  Enemy.  Mrs.  Susana  Wright  could  give 
I  believe  a  more  satisfactory  Account  of  this  Affair  than  I  can.  It  may 
be  proper  perhaps  to  enquire  into  this  Affair.  I  have  therefore  thought 
it  my  Duty  to  give  all  the  Information  I  have  been  able  to  collect. 
I  am  with  due  Respect,  Sir,  your  obed't  humble  Servant, 

William  Hexry. 

Directed — His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esq. 

President  Reed  to  Judge  Atlee,  1779. 
Dear  Sir  :  The  Letter  of  which  the  other  side  is  a  Copy,  we  received 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  279 

from  a  Gentleman  of  Character,  in  the  County  of  Lancaster ;  as  it  seems 
to  be  a  Matter  of  some  Consequence,  the  Council  request  you  to  take  the 
Trouble  of  making  Inquiry,  and  in  Case  the  Facts  are  as  stated,  to  fore- 
warn Musser  proceeding,  as  the  Lands  are  unqestionably  the  Property  of 
the  State,  having  been  reserved,  not  for  Proprietary  Use,  but  that  of  some 
Indians,  who  appear  to  have  forsaken  them.  Mr,  Ilall,  the  Agent  for 
confiscated  Estates,  will  follow  such  Directions  as  you  may  please  to  give 
in  the  Matter. 

I  had  promised  myself  the  Pleasure  of  seeing  you  before  you  left  Town, 
as  I  wish'd  to  have  had  your  Opinion  and  Advice  on  some  Matters  of  a 
public  Nature — but  your  close  Attendance  upon  Court  deprives  your. 
Friends  of  the  Pleasure  of  seeing  you  so  often  as  tliey  wish. 

This  Opportunity  going  immediately,  I  must  beg  if  you  see  your 
Brother  soon,  to  present  him  my  Kegard,  and  acquaint  him  that  I  have 
received  his  Letter,  which  I  shall  answer  in  a  short  Time,  and  am,  with 
Compliments  to  Mrs,  Atlee  and  Family,  with  much  Esteem, 

Dear  Sir,  Your  most  obed't  and  very  humble  Servant. 

Joseph  Eeed,  President. 

The  Hon.  Wm.  Atlee,  Esq'r,  One  of  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court. 

Charles  Hall  to  President  Reed,  1780. 

Lancaster,  February  26th,  1780. 

Sir  :  Yesterday  I  made  Seizure  of  the  tract  of  Land  in  Mannor  Town- 
ship known  by  the  Name  of  the  Indian  Town,  said  to  contain  about  five 
hundred  Acres;  the  Roads  having  been  very  bad  prevented  my  doing  it 
sooner.  This  Morning  Mr.  John  Musser  of  this  Town  came  to  me  seem- 
ingly much  displeased  that  private  Property  should  be  Struck  at,  and 
drew  a  paper  out  of  his  pocket,  which  he  said  was  an  Abstract  from  the 
Original  Deed  from  the  Chief  Sachims  to  Mr.  Penn  for  the  Lands  pur- 
chased from  them  at  the  treaty  at  Fort  Stanwix,  wherein  this  tract  is 
particularly  Described  and  Conveyed  to  Mr.  Penn.  lie  said  he  was  much 
Amazed  I  had  not  Received  orders  not  to  Proceed,  as  he  had  shewn  the 
aforesaid  paper  to  your  Excellency  and  the  Honourable  Council,  who, 
he  said,  was  satisfied.  The  Land  is  now  in  the  Hands  of  tenants  who 
have  worked  it  on  Shares  and  have  lived  there  since  the  Year  1771,  and 
say  they  have  made  Sundry  improvements  in  Buildings  and  fences, 
which  they  hope  they  will  be  Allowed  for.  As  the  season  is  now  ap- 
proaching that  the  Land  should  be  prepared  for  Spring  Grain,  I  shall  be 
glad  if  Council  will  send  me  instructions,  if  Possible  by  the  Bearer  of 
this,  how  I  am  to  proceed  with  the  tenants;  but  if  the  Land  is  to  be 
Rented  at  a  Certain  Rent  I  shall  be  exceedingly  obliged  to  Council  to 
Name  the  Rent  and  Let  me  have  the  first  Offer. 

I  have  Settled  my  Accompt  with  the  Commissioners  Appointed  by 


280  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

Law  to  Settle  the  Accompts  of  the  Commissioner  for  Confiscated  Property, 
and  have  their  Certificate  that  I  am  in  Debt  one  Hundred  and  four  Pounds, 
seven  shillings,  to  the  State.  I  have  Paid  to  the  State  Treasurer  Eighty- 
eight  thousand  four  Hundred  and  forty-nine  Pounds,  one  shilling,  and 
three  pence. 

I  am  your  Excellency's  very  humble  Servant, 

Charles  Hall. 
Directed — To  His  Excellency  Joseph  Eeed,  President,  Philadelphia. 
Per  favour  Col.  Crawford. 

At  this  place  and  in  this  connection  it  seems  proper  to  reprint  the 
following  transactions  belonging  to  an  earlier  period : 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  Tuesday  16th  May,  1775. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  JOHN  PENN,  Esquire,  Governor. 
James  Tilghman,  | 
Andrew  Allen,      f       ^ 

The  Governor  acquainted  the  Board  that  eight  Cayuga  Indians  came 
to  Town  on  Saturday  last  from  Canasadego,  on  the  Cayuga  Branch  of 
Susquehanna,  on  some  Business  with  this  Government,  and  that  he  now 
proposed  to  hear  what  they  had  to  say.  Whereupon  the  Board  agreed 
that  they  should  be  immediately  sent  for,  and  they  were  accordingly 
introduced.     Their  names  are  as  follows.  Viz : 

[The  names  are  not  here  inserted.] 

The  Governor  then  acquainting  them  that  he  was  ready  to  hear 
them,  addressing  himself  to  the  Governor,  first  went  through  some 
short  usual  Ceremonies  of  clearing  the  Throat  and  Heart,  and  open- 
ing the  Ears,  &c.,  and  then  producing  a  Belt  of  Wampum,  spoke  as 
follows.  Viz:  That  three  of  their  Company,  who  were  present  as  the 
nearest  surviving  Eelations  of  the  old  Seneca  Sohaes,  who  lived  for 
many  Years  with  his  Family  and  Connections  on  a  Tract  of  Land  within 
the  Manor  of  Conestogo,  in  Lancaster  County;  that  the  old  Man  with 
his  Family  and  Eelations  were  several  Years  ago  Murdered  there  by 
some  wicked  Men  belonging  to  this  Government;  and  that  the  said 
Tract  of  Land,  containing  about  500  Acres,  now  became  the  Property 
of  his  three  Eelations  present,  one  of  whom  is  Sohaes'  Brother;  that 
they  had  come  down  at  this  time  to  see  their  Brother  Onas,  and  to  make 
Sale  of  the  said  Land  to  him ;  That  the  Land  is  very  rich,  and  worth  a 
great  deal  of  Money,  but  as  their  Brother  Onas  was  himself  well  ac- 
quainted with  its  value,  they  desired  he  would  purchase  it  from  them  for 
such  a  price  as  he  thought  reasonable,  and  they  would  be  entirely  satis- 
fied. He  then  delivered  the  Belt  of  Wampum  to  the  Governor,  and  told 
him  that  he  had  finished  what  he  had  to  say. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  281 

The  Governor  thereupon  acquainted  the  Indians  that  he  and  his  Coun- 
cil would  take  their  Speech  into  Consideration,  and  give  them  an  answer 
on  Thursday  morning. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  Thursday,  18th  Mav,  1775. 

PRESENT : 

TheHonorable  JOHN  PENN,  Esquire,  Governor. 
William  Logan,  Andrew  Allen,  ^ 

Benjamin  Chew,  Edward  Shippen,  Junr.,        f  Esquires. 

The  eight  Cayuga  Indians  being  sent  for,  attended  at  the  Board  in 
order  to  receive  the  Governor's  Answer  to  their  Speech  on  Tuesday  last, 
which  the  Governor  in  part  delivered  to  them;  but  as  it  appeared  to  the 
Board  that  the  Indians  did  not  clearly  and  fully  comprehend  his  mean- 
ing, the  Person  who  undertook  to  interpret  to  them  not  being  sufficiently 
acquainted  with  their  Language,  and  the  Indians  expressing  great  Dis- 
satisfaction on  being  informed  that  this  Land  had  already  been  purchased 
and  paid  for,  it  was  agreed  that  Isaac  Still,  a  Delaware  Indian  Interpreter, 
should  be  immediately  sent  for,  to  interpret  the  Governor's  answer  to 
the  Indians  in  Council,  on  Saturday  morning  next. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  on  Saturday  20th  May,  1775. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  JOHN  PENN,  Esquire,  Governor. 
William  Logan,  Andrew  Allen,  ) 

James  Tilghman,  Edward  Shippen,  Junr.,     f      ^ 

The  eight  Cayuga  Indians,  by  desire  of  the  Governor,  again  attended 
the  Board,  with  the  Indian  Interpreter  Isaac  Still,  and  having  taken 
their  seats,  the  Speaker  repeated  over  the  speech  he  had  delivered  to 
the  Governor  on  Tuesday  last,  which  was  the  same  in  substance  as 
entered  on  the  minutes  of  that  Day,  and  the  Governor  returned  them 
his  Answer,  which  was  fully  explained  to  them  by  Isaac  Still,  and  is  as 
follows.  Viz: 

"Brethren:  The  Tract  of  Land  you  mention,  consisting  of  500 
Acres,  part  of  the  Conestogo  Manor,  where  old  Sohaes  dwelt,  was  in- 
cluded in  a  purchase  long  since  made  from  the  Indians,  notwithstanding 
which,  I  agree  that  Sohaes  and  his  Family  had  the  Proprietaries'  permis- 
sion to  live  thereon  as  long  as  they  chose  to  remain  in  the  inhabited 
part  of  the  Country.  Some  time  after  the  Death  of  Sohaes,  aiid  all  his 
Family  that  resided  there  in  the  year  1763,  there  was  a  Treaty  held  at 
Fort  Stanwix,  to  which  I  was  invited  by  Sir  William  Johnson,  in  order 
to  treat  with  the  Indians,  concerning  the  Purchase  of  a  large  Tract  of 
Land,  part  of  which  lay  in  the  King's  Governments  and  ])art  in  the 
Province  of  Pennsylvania;  At  this  Treaty  the  last  great  Indian  purchase 


282  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

was  made,  for  which  I  then  paid  the  Indians  ten  thousand  Dolkirs.  But 
before  the  Treaty  was  finished,  Sir  William  Johnson  informed  me  that 
the  Indians  expected  to  be  paid  for  the  500  acres  of  Land,  part  of  the 
Conestogo  Manor,  where  Sohaes  dwelt;  I  accordingly  agreed  to  pay 
them  for  it.  The  Price  agreed  on  was  two  hundred  Pounds,  York 
Money,  or  five  hundred  dollars,  the  Value  of  which  was  then  delivered 
in  Goods  to  Togaiaio,  the  Cayuga  Chief,  to  be  distributed  as  he  thought 
proper,  and  the  Deed  I  now  show  you,  for  the  land  I  bought  of  the  In- 
dians at  that  Treaty,  signed  by  the  Chiefs  of  the  Six  Nations,  expressly 
includes  this  five  hundred  acres  of  Land. 

"Having,  therefore,  already  purchased  the  Land  twice,  it  cannot  rea- 
sonably be  expected  that  I  should  pay  for  it  again.  However,  as  you 
have  come  from  a  great  Distance,  under  an  Expectation  of  selling  this 
Land,  and  perhaps  did  not  receive  so  great  a  Proportion  of  the  Goods  I 
delivered  at  Fort  Stanwix,  as  should  have  been  paid  to  the  Eelations  of 
Sohaes,  and  to  show  you  the  Desire  I  have  to  preserve  Peace  and  Friend- 
ship with  the  Indians,  and  that  Avhen  they  pay  me  a  visit  they  should 
not  go  away  dissatisfied;  I  am  willing  to  make  you  a  Present,  which  I 
hope  you  will  think  a  generous  one ;  I,  therefore,  desire  you  will  accept 
of  these  three  hundred  Dollars. 

A  Belt. 

The  Indians,  accordingly,  very  gladly  accepted  the  three  hundred 
Dollars,  and  signed  a  Receipt  for  the  same  on  the  back  of  the  Deed  exe- 
cuted at  Fort  Stanwix,  expressing  it  to  be  in  full  Satisfaction  of  all 
claims  of  Sohaes'  Family  to  the  said  five  hunded  Acres  of  Land. 

William  Henry  to  President  Beed,  1780. 

Lancaster,  July  the  od,  1780. 

Sir:  In  a  Letter  from  Col.  Atlee,  of  the  1st  inst.,  I  have  the  following 
Paragraph  from  your  Excellency's  of  the  22d  ult.: 

"  Tlie  Deficiencies  of  Lancaster  County  in  the  Taxes  is  become  a  most 
serious  Consideration.  The  Treasurer  informs  us  that  only  Three  Town- 
ships have  paid  off  their  Fifteen  Million  Taxes,  while  the  Counties  here 
which  have  been  invaded,  distressed  and  plundered,  have  paid  oft*  their 
Fifteen  Million,  their  Forty-five,  and  Three  of  their  Monthly  Taxes.  Is 
not  this  melancholy?"  I  am  sorry  Mr.  Rittenhouse  has  not  understood 
my  last  Letter  to  him  on  that  Subject,  though  perhaps  the  Fault  may  be 
my  own ;  be  that  as  it  may,  the  Fact  is,  that  the  whole  of  the  First  Tax 
for  1779,  except  a  Balance  in  the  Hands  of  Three  of  the  Collectors  (who 
are  sued)  is  paid  into  my  Hands ;  and  I  have  paid  at  Sundry  Times  about 
£163,000  to  the  Treasurer,  and  by  his  Order,  &c.;  and  have  Orders  of 
Congress  for  more  than  the  Amount  of  the  First  Tax;  at  the  Time  I 
wrote  so  the  State  Treasurer  there  were  but  Three  Townships  who  had 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  283 

made  their  first  Payments  on  the  second  Tax  for  1779,  since  which  Three 
others  have  made  each  a  small  Payment;  but  there  lays  an  order  of  the 
Treasurer  in  favour  of  Col  Blaine  for  150,000,  in  the  hands  of  Mr.  Slough, 
30,000  of  which  I  have  discharged.  I  was  obliged  to  lend  Col.  Atlee 
£1,500  to  forward  the  Pennsylvania  Volunteers,  except  which  I  have  not 
lent  or  laid  out  any  Monies,  either  in  Trade  or  otherways,  belonging  to 
the  publick.  I  beg  leave  to  observe,  that  there  seems  to  be  more  ex- 
pected from  Lancaster  County  than  was  in  our  Power  to  perform.  The 
Act  Levying  the  second  Tax  for  1779,  was  made  in  November  last,  and 
the  La\v;s  were  not  sent  up  till  January.  To  my  knowledge  the  Commis- 
sioners began  to  lay  the  Tax  by  the  Act  published  in  the  Newspaper,  and 
as  they  received  Instruction  from  Council  which  differed  Irom  tlie  Method 
they  had  pursued,  were  obliged  to  Order  the  Returns  to  be  made  over 
again.  The  weather  then  set  in  so  severe  that  there  was  no  Travelling 
till  April.  The  Taxes  were  laid  as  soon  as  the  Returns  could  be  got  in ; 
and  the  Appeals  were  held  in  May  and  Collectors  appointed. 

That  Philadelphia  City  and  Covinty  Taxes  are  so  far  forward  is  no 
Merit  in  their  Board  of  Commissioners,  as  the  Snow  was  not  a  fourth 
Part  of  the  Depth  there  that  it  was  here ;  besides,  there  is  little  difficulty 
in  procuring  Assessors,  Appraisers  and  Collectors  in  Philadelphia  City 
and  County,  &c.,  to  what  there  is  here  where  there  are  few  people  in 
many  of  the  Townships  but  such  as  are  disaffected.  I  hope.  Sir,  you  will 
do  me  the  Justice  to  believe  that  I  have  done,  and  am  doing,  all  that  Ls 
in  my  Power  to  forward  the  Collecting  the  Taxes.  The  large  Sums  owing 
by  the  Quarter  Masters  and  Commissaries  of  Purchases,  &c.,  will  very 
much  lessen  the  sum  of  Money  expected  from  the  Taxes  of  this  County. 
I  am,  with  due  Respect,  Sir,  your  most  humble  Servant, 

William  Henry,  C.  T. 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Eeed,  Esq'r. 

On  February  1,  1781,  Council  fixed  the  rate  of  Continental  money  at 
$75  for  one  dollar  specie,  and  on  May  15,  ordered  that  after  June  1 
next  following  only  specie  or  its  equivalent  should  be  received  for  taxes. 

William  Henry  to  Pres.  Reed^  1781. 

Lancaster,  Mar.  3d,  1781. 
Sir  :  I  think  it  my  Duty  to  inform  you  that  the  Recruiting  vService 
goes  on  but  slowly;  the  Officers  are  very  iudiftcrent  about  the  Matter 
and  do  not  receive  the  Two  Dollars  allowed  them  for  each  Recruit,  but 
give  it  to  the  Sergeants.  There  is  none  of  them  have  beat  up  in  Town 
yet;  the  Reason  is  obvious,  they  want  to  have  large  Sums  of  Money 
advanced  and  to  be  allowed  to  account  for  Recruiting  Expenses,  &c.  I 
have  sworn  no  more  than  12  and  for  several  Days  not  One  has  been 
brought  notwithstanding  the  Recruiting  for  the  Classes  is  over. 


28-4  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Mr.  W has  been  bound  over  for  asking  a  greater  Sum  in  State 

Money  than  in  Specie  for  an  Article  he  offered  for  Sale,  and  yet  he  is 
every  Day  crying  down  the  State  Money,  saying  it  is  good  for  nothing 
and  will  depreciate,  &c.,  that  the  price  he  gives  for  Wheat  is  too  little, 
that  it  will  be  dearer,  &c.,  &c.  Wheat  is  now  bought  from  4s.  6d.  to  5s. 
6d.  specie  per  Bushel,  and  he  gives  Eight  Shillings ;  he  has  nearly  got  the 
Amount  of  the  last  Order  for  £2000.     If  Slough  or  Keigart  would  act 

jn  W 's  Ofl&ce  they  could  certainly  serve  the  public  much  better. 

Some  time  after  I  wrote  you,  at  the  Eequest  of  Col.  Temple,  concerning 
the  Difficulty  of  procuring  Forage,  the  Forage  Master  of  the  Corps 
went  to  the  most  disaffected  part  of  this  County  and  got  22  Tuns  of 
hay  by  a  voluntary  Subscription  in  Two  Days  and  one  half  Eiding,* 
although  a  Stranger  without  Credit  and  Money,  and  this  in  the  Winter. 

j^j;r,  "W" ,  who  was  here  at  Hay  Making,  could  get  none,  or  at  least 

said  so. 

Your  Choice  of  a  County  Lieutenant  is  much  approved  here.     I  have 
not  received  One  Shilling  from  the  Sub-Lieutenants  of  the  Militia  Fines, 
except  from  Adam  Orth  and  Mr.  Kucher,  and  that  has  been  paid  Mr. 
Marsteller  as  Pay  Master  of  the  Militia. 
I  am  with  Respect,  Sir, 

your  most  obedient 

hum.  Servant, 

William  Henry. 
Directed^ 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esqr.,  President  of  the  Supreme  Execu- 
tive Council,  Philadelphia. 

Per  favour  of  ) 
Mr.  Jos.  Myers.   \ 

Lt.  Col  Adam  Hithley  to  Pres.  Beed,  1781. 

Lancaster,  March  3d,  1781. 

Sir:  Since  my  arrival  here,  a  considerable^number  of  the  Pennsylva- 
nia Volunteers,  who  were  last  year  raised,  to  serve  for  seven  Months, 
called  on  me  and  demanded  pay  for  their  services.  They  inform  me  they 
were  directed  to  call  on  the  Lieutenants,  for  that  purpose. 

As  I  have  no  instructions  on  that  head,  I  could  not  comply  with  their 
demands,  but  promised  to  represent  their  case  to  your  Excellency,  and 
receive  your  directions.  I  have  appeased  them  for  the  present— I  shall 
wait  your  Excellency's  advice  in  the  matter. 

I  have  written  circular  letters  to  the  Sub-Lieutenants,  and  amongst 
other  matters  desired  they  would  settle  their  accounts,  agreeable  to  a  late 
resolution  of  the  Honorable  Council,  (a  printed  one  of  which  I  inclosed 
to  each,)  several  of  them  have  been  with  and  informed  me,  they  were 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  286 

ready  for  a  settlement,  as  soon  as  Colonel  Atlee  came  to  this  place ;  that 
without  him  they  could  do  nothing. 

As  I  am  not  possessed  of  a  single  paper  of  any  former  transactions 
relative  to  the  Office  I  now  hold,  it  will  be  out  of  my  power  to  do  any- 
thing with  those  Gentlemen.  Your  Excellency's  advise  on  this  head  also 
will  be  highly  necessary. 

From  the  many  and  frequent  applications  I  conceive  it  my  duty  to 
represent  to  your  Excellency  the  situation  of  this  place.  The  powder 
Magazine  in  which  is  deposited  between  twenty  and  thirty  Tun  of  Pow- 
der, is  and  has  been  for  some  considerable  time  past  without  Guard. 
The  Militia  of  this  place  are  unarmed,  nor  are  there  any  for  them  in  thi.s 
place — so  that  little  or  nothing  would  be  done  to  oppose  any  attempt 
against  the  magazine,  or  other  public  property. 

In  consideration  of  the  singular  situation  of  this  place,  application  for 
a  guard,  from  the  Corporation,  was  made  some  time  since,  to  the  Board 
of  War — who  in  consequence  thereof  ordered  Colo.  Mayland's  Regt. 
(stationed  here)  to  do  that  duty ;  but  the  peculiar  state  of  those  Troops 
I  fear  they  were  not  acquainted  with — I  am  informed  by  the  Command- 
ant, they  have  so  few  men  as  scarcely  to  enable  them  to  furnish  a  suffi- 
cient guard  for  the  stables  (which  is  absolutely  necessary)  and  those  are 
destitute  of  clothing,  and  some  of  them  sickly. 

The  number  of  disaffijcted  (which  is  too  notorious)  in  this  Country, 
and  the  many  strangers  who  daily  pass  thro'  this  place,  make  it  abso- 
lutely necessary  for  the  security  of  the  publick  property  a  guard  should 
be  ordered  for  that  purpose.  Two  Sentinels  will  be  sufficient — which 
will  require  eight  men  daily,  including  Non-Com'd  Officers — so  that 
twenty -four  men  (allowing  three  relieves;  will  answer  the  purpose.  It 
will  be  necessary  for  your  Excellency  to  give  some  directions  in  this 
matter. 

I  am  informed  a  number  of  Boxes  with  arms  are  in  the  stores  at  or 
near  Cox's  town.  If  your  Excellency  thinks  proper,  I  will  order  them 
to  this  place,  have  them  repaired,  and  kept  in  readiness  in  case  of  Emer- 
gency. 

I  have  the  Honor  to  be 

with  great  respect  and  esteem 

your  Excellency's  most  Obdt  and  very  Ilural  Servt, 

Ad'm  IIubley,  Jr.,  Lieut  C.  Lr. 

DirectedL, 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esquire,  Philadelphia. 

In  Supreme  Council,  May  15,  1779. 

An  order  was  drawn  on  the  Treasurer  in  favor  of  the  Honorable  Mat- 
thew Smith,  Esq.,  or  his  order,  for  the  Sum  of  Forty  Thousand  Dollars, 
of  which  said  sum  Twenty  Thousand  Dollars  are  to  be  by  him  sent  to 


286  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Col.  Locliry,  of  the  County  of  Westmoreland,  to  be  applied  in  raising 
Men  in  that  County ;  Ten  Thousand  Dollars  to  be  sent  to  the  Captain  of 
the  Company  to  be  raised  in  the  County  of  Cumberland ;  and  Ten  Thou- 
sand Dollars  to  be  applied  in  raising  the  Companies  in  Lancaster  and  in 
Northumberland  Counties. 

A  transcript  of  the  Kecord  of  conviction  of  Thomas  Taylor,  Esq.,  late 
of  Cocalico  Township,  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  before  the  Judges  of 
the  Supreme  Court,  held  at  Lancaster,  on  the  fifth  day  of  May  inst.,  of 
Felony  and  Bobbery,  and  the  sentence  of  the  Court  thereupon :  "  That 
the  said  Thomas  Taylor  be  hanged  by  the  Neck  'til  he  be  dead;"  being 
read: 

On  consideration, 

Ordered,  That  Saturday  the  fifth  day  of  June  next,  be  appointed  for 
the  execution  of  the  said  sentence,  between  the  hours  of  Ten  of  the  Clock 
and  Two  of  the  Clock  of  the  same  day,  at  the  usual  place  of  Execution; 
and  that  a  Warrant,  under  the  less  Seal  of  the  State,  signed  by  the  Pres- 
ident, and  attested  by  the  Secretary,  be  accordingly  issued. 

A  transcript  of  the  record  of  conviction  of  Catherine  Fisher,  late  of 
the  County  of  Lancaster,  before  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  held 
at  Lancaster,  on  the  fourth  day  of  May  instant,  of  Murder,  and  the  sen- 
tence of  the  Court  thereupon:  "  That  the  said  Catherine  Fisher  be  hanged 
by  the  Neck  'til  she  be  dead ;"  being  read ; 
On  consideration, 

Ordered,  That  Saturday  the  fifth  day  of  June  next,  be  appointed  for 
the  execution  of  the  said  sentence,  between  the  hours  of  ten  of  the  Clock 
in  the  forenoon  and  two  of  the  Clock  in  the  afternoon  of  the  same  day, 
at  the  usual  place  of  execution ;  and  that  a  Warrant,  under  the  less  seal 
of  the  State,  signed  by  the  President,  and  attested  by  the  Secretary,  be 
accordingly  issued. 

Colonel  Adam  Hubley  to  President  Reed,  1781. 

From  Lancaster,  May  21st,  1781. 

Sir:  I  received  the  favour  of  your  letter  of  the  10th  Instant,  a  few 
days  since,  inclosing  a  resolution  from  Council  confirming  the  call  of  ye 
2nd  Class  of  the  8th  Battalion  of  Lancaster  County  militia.  The  whole 
of  the  2nd  Class  of  the  three  Battalions,  including  non-Commissioned 
ofl&cers,  &c.,  amount  to  a  few  more  men  than  the  number  required;  how- 
ever, I  find  we  have  use  for  them  as  our  situation  is  by  no  means  the  most 
desirable.  The  Bayonets,  sent  under  the  care  of  Mr.  Hays,  also  came 
safe  to  hand. 

A  daring  plot  was  discovered  on  the  night  of  the  16th  instant  at  the 
barracks,  in  which  are  confined  the  British  Prisoners,  which  however  by 
the  early  intelligence  we  received  was  happily  frustrated.     About   11 


OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY.  287 

o'clock  at  night  I  was  called  upon  by  the  ofiiccr  of  the  Guard  who  in- 
formed me  a  soldier  of  the  71st  regiment  had  come  to  the  guard  house 
(one  of  ye  Block-houses,)  desiring  admittance;  that  he  had  a  matter  of 
importance  to  communicate ;  he  was  accordingly  admitted  and  o-ave  the 
following  intelligence.  That  the  sergeants  of  the  Prisoners  had  a  private 
and  unanimous  meeting  that  day  and  form'd  a  plan  to  effect  the  escape 
of  the  whole,  viz :  They,  after  their  meeting  broke  up  inform'd  the  Prison- 
ers of  their  resolution  and  gave  directions  for  the  whole  to  be  in  readiness 
on  the  proceeding  day  to  avail  themselves  of  the  opportunity  when  the 
Gates  opened  for  the  delivery  of  their  wood — the  whole  to  rush  out, 
surprize  the  Guard  and  disarm  them ;  they  then  would  proceed  to  town 
where  a  certain  Inhabitant  (his  name  we  cannot  find  out,)  would  conduct 
them  to  a  Magazine  of  arms  and  ammunition ;  these  they  were  also  to 
take,  then  to  fight  their  way  thro'  the  Country  and  effect  their  escape. 

I  immediately  on  receiving  the  information,  after  making  some  neces- 
sary dispositions  of  the  Guard,  entered  the  Barrack  yard,  and  ordered  the 
whole  of  the  sergeants  (upward  of  forty  in  number,)  to  parade,  which 
after  some  time  was  effected;  I  then  gave  them  in  charge  of  the  Guard 
and  had  them  conducted  to  the  Jail  where  they  are  now  safely  lodg'd. 
We  have  800  Prisoners  here;  the  number  of  disaffected  people  thro'  this 
Country  is  very  considerable,  so  that  our  situation  is  truly  alarming  when 
I  consider  the  state  in  which  I  find  the  militia ;  should  the  Prisoners  once 
clear  themselves  of  the  barracks  the  few  men  on  Guard  who  no  doubt 
would  do  their  duty  would  not  be  able  to  stop  them.  The  well  disposed 
Inhabitants  who  would  be  willing  to  lend  their  aid  and  assistance  for 
want  of  arms  can  only  be  idle  spectators  and  perhaps  see  their  own  and 
neighbours'  property  destroyed  without  being  able  to  give  the  least  oppo- 
sition. 

If  some  ways  and  means  could  be  fallen  on  to  arm  the  militia  of  this 
Town,  I  should  consider  it  safe  from  any  attempt  of  the  prisoners  or  their 
Emissaries. 

By  the  particular  desire  of  the  most  reputable  Inhabitants  of  this  place 
I  am  to  solicit  Council  that  they  do  arm  and  relief  after  the  expiration 
of  their  Tour  the  present  Guard  by  an  equal  number  of  men  from  the 
8th  Battalion  (town  militia,)  only  and  this  Battalion  to  be  reserv'd  (so 
long  we  have  the  prisoners  with  us,)  for  that  duty.  It  will  answer  vari- 
ous good  purposes.  The  farmer  will  now  be  wanted  in  the  ffeld  to  gather 
his  Harvest  and  the  expenses  of  quartering  Country  militia  when  callVl 
upon  to  perform  a  tour  of  duty  can  be  saved  as  the  Town  people  have 
their  own  houses  to  go  to,  besides  should  there  be  a  call  for  unlitia  to 
march  this  summer  this  town  must  in  a  manner  be  left  naked  as  the 
Guards  merely  would  not  be  sufficient  to  secure  800  Prisoners  exclusive 
of  their  Emissaries  which  I  believe  are  not  inconsiderable. 


288  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Other  reasons  could  be  advanced  but  Council  will  from  what  has 
already  been  said  be  able  to  determine  on  the  matter. 

I  could  wish  in  the  present  critical  moment  of  affairs  to  conclude  and 
give  Council  as  little  trouble  as  possible.  But  necessity  as  well  as  duty 
obliges  me  to  demand  a  further  indulgence  and  give  Council  a  short 
narrative  of  an  unhappy  affair  which  happened  on  the  19th  instant  be- 
tween the  Guards  and  Colonel  Moylar's  Dragoons.  It  appears  one  of 
the  Dragoons  for  some  offence  which  he  had  committed  was  put  into  the 
Goal-house;  a  rescue  by  the  Dragoons  was  agreed  on;  they  accordingly 
assembled  armed  with  Pistols  and  swords,  marched  to  the  Barracks  and 
one  more  daring  than  the  rest  stepped  up  to  the  sentinel  who  previously 
desired  him  not  to  advance  or  he  would  put  him  to  death ;  this  however 
had  no  effect,  he  (the  Dragoon)  first  cocking  and  presenting  his  loaded 
Pistol  attempted  to  seize  the  sentinel's  arms  who  instantly  fired  and 
killed  him ;  the  deceased's  Pistol  in  his  falling  went  off  also  and  wounded 
one  of  the  militia  men  in  tlie  thigh. 

This  gave  alarm  to  the  Town  and  the  Horse  finding  their  situation 
rather  precarious  made  off  to  their  respective  quarters.  Ever  since  this 
affair  the  Inhabitants  have  been  kept  in  continual  alarm  on  account 
of  the  threats  and  behaviour  of  the  dragoons  who  swear  vengeance 
against  the  militia  and  particularly  the  sentinel  who  like  a  good  soldier 
did  his  duty  on  his  post  (an  inquest  was  held  on  the  body  of  the  de- 
ceased). He,  for  his  security,  has  kept  in  the  Guard-house  ever  since ; 
they  have  threatned  to  force  the  Guards  and  seize  him,  indeed  last 
evening  (12  o'clock,)  some  attempts  were  made  but  the  activity  of  the 
out-Sentinel,  after  Hailing  some  men  who  were  coming  towards  him, 
and  receiving  impertinent  language,  fired,  and  this  day,  though  it  is 
not  yet  clearly  found  out  we  are  informed  one  of  the  Horsemen  was 
shot  thro'  the  arm.  I  have  called  on  the  Commanding  ofl&cer  of  the 
Horse  and  requested  he  with  his  ofiicers  should  exert  themselves  in 
putting  a  stop  to  this  affair,  every  step  by  them  is  taken  I  believe  to 
find  out  the  leaders  and  have  them  punished;  the  magistrates  meet 
this  afternoon  for  the  same  purpose;  my  aid  and  assistance  shall  not  be 
wanting,  but  the  insult  offered  Government  and  the  continual  alarm 
the  Inhabitants  are  kept  in  has  determined  me  to  give  the  most  pointed 
orders  to  the  Guard,  and  I  have  no  reason  to  doubt  but  they  will  do 
their  duty. 

I  have  in  consequence  of  the  resolution  of  Council  stopping  the  Collect- 
ing of  fines  unless  from  those  people  who  choee  to  pay  State  money  at 
the  rate  of  75  for  one,  stopped  the  Collectors  from  collecting  the  late  fines 
until  your  further  orders  which  should  be  glad  to  hear  of  as  soon  as 
possible.  We  meet  with  difficulty  in  Drawing  candles,  paper,  &c.,  for 
the  Guards  which  they  cannot  possibly  do  without,  from  quartermaster ; 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  289 

he  thinks  it  necessary  an  order  from  Council  or  Board  of  War  for  tliat 
purpose  should  be  sent. 

I  am  with  greatest  respect 

your  Excell'y's  most  obt.  Serv't, 

Adm.  IIubley,  Jr.,  Lt.  Lit.  Cv. 
Hon.  Wra.  Atlee  to  Pres.  Reed,  1781. 

Lancaster  the  25th,  May,  1781. 
Sir:  This  will  be  handed  to  you  by  Capt.  Hambright,  our  Barrack 
Master,  by  whose  care  and  industry  the  Barracks  here  are  placed  in 
pretty  good  order,  and  I  am  confident  he  has  gone  the  cheapest  way  to 
work-in  executing  the  business,  having  employed  the  Prisoners  tliem- 
selves  in  doing  several  parts  of  the  work ;  his  knowledge  of  the  Farmers, 
and  influence  with  them,  has  been  a  means  of  our  having  supplies  of  wood 
and  other  necessaries  hitherto,  but  they  now  begin  to  look  for  their  pay, 
which  obliges  him  to  undertake  this  Journey  in  hopes  Council  will  fur- 
nish him  with  Cash  not  only  to  discharge  those  Debts  and  the  Moneys 
due  to  Carpenters  and  other  workmen,  but  to  procure  supplies  in  future. 
We  have  had  some  disputes  between  the  Light  Horse  who  are  sta- 
tioned here  and  the  Militia  Guards ;  one  of  the  Dragoons,  in  attempting 
to  force  his  way  into  the  Guard  House  at  the  Barracks,  was  the  other 
day  killed  by  the  Sentry  on  duty  there,  and  as  they  seem  to  speak  of 
revenge,  the  Inhabitants  seem  apprehensive  of  some  further  mischief. 
I  have  no  doubt  but  their  officers  will  do  everything  in  their  power  to 
keep  them  in  order,  and  am  persuaded  the  Militia  will  be  watchful,  but 
should  a  party  of  those  people  attack  the  Guard  in  the  night  (which  was 
apprehended  and  believed  to  have  been  their  intention  a  few  nights  since,) 
the  Prisoners  would  probably  take  that  opportunity  to  force  their  way 
from  the  Barracks,  and  the  consequences  would  be  bad.  This  considera- 
tion has  induced  me  to  order  the  Block  Houses  at  the  four  Corners  of  the 
Stockade  to  be  put  in  order,  so  that  the  whole  of  the  militia,  ordered  for 
Guards  as  well  those  on  as  those  off  duty,  may  live  in  them,  and  not 
be  scattered  thro'  the  Town  by  Billets ;  they  will  then  be  ready  at  their 
Posts  in  case  of  any  alarm,  and  will  have  a  better  eye  on  the  conduct  of 
the  Prisoners. 

A  fall  from  my  Horse  which  hurt  my  Leg  badly  has  detained  me  from 
York  Court,  but  I  intend,  (though  contrary  to  the  advice  of  my  Physi- 
cian) to  set  off  for  Carlisle,  lest  I  should  be  charged  with  neglect  of  duty. 
I  am.  Dear  Sir, 

with  great  esteem  your  most  obedt.  Scrvt., 

Will.  Atlke. 
Directed, 

His   Excellency   Joseph   Reed,    Esquire,    President  of  the   State   of 

Pennsylvania. 

20 


290  AUTHENTIC   HISTOEY 

William  Henry  to  President  Reed^  1781. 

Lancaster,  May  tlie  26th,  178L 

Dear  Sir  :  It  is  paying  me  a  greater  Compliment  than  my  poor  abili- 
ties have  any  Claim  to,  to  ask  my  opinion  on  the  present  intricate  state 
of  our  affairs.  I  will  however  give  it  without  further  apology.  The 
principal  Eeasons  why  our  paper  Money  is  in  so  little  Eepute  with  the 
people  seems  to  be  the  following:  Government  has  not  Specie  to  circu- 
late with  the  Paper,  nor  can  they  at  any  Time  exchange  a  considerable 
part  of  it  for  Specie.  The  natural  Basis  of  all  paper  Credit  is  Specie, 
and  the  value  we  put  on  paper  is  in  proportion  to  the  Quantity  of  Specie 
it  will  purchase.  Therefore  some  Method  should  be  taken  to  procure  at 
least  part  of  the  Revenue  in  Specie;  this  is  not  impracticable.  Why 
cannot  Tavern  Licences,  Marriage  Licences,  and  Licences  for  distilling 
Grain  be  paid  in  Specie.  The  petitioner  has  one  whole  Year  to  provide 
the  Money  and  his  private  Interest  will  stimulate  him  to  it.  It  is  true 
as  the  Laws  now  stand  no  Man  is  obliged  to  take  a  Licence  for  Distilling 
Grain,  but  would  it  not  be  good  policy  to  enact  such  a  Law  and  thereby 
oblige  the  owners  of  Stills  above  a  certain  Size,  to  have  them  registered 
in  the  Counties  where  they  live?  This  would  enable  Government  to  form 
an  Estimation  of  the  Amount  of  this  part  of  the  Revenue,  which  I  am 
persuaded  they  cannot  at  present.  Under  the  late  Government  the  Excise 
on  Spirituous  Liquors  was  said  to  be  worth  £6000  per  Annum.  If  Li- 
cences aforesaid  were  raised  50  per  cent,  this  would  bring  in  a  handsome 
Revenue  without  distressing  the  Subjects  and  would  be  attended  with 
good  Consequences  to  the  people  at  large  in  preventing  a  number  of 
Dram  Shops  being  kept,  which  at  present  are  a  Nuisance,  and  would  be 
ample  Security  to  any  Gentleman  at  home  or  abroad  for  the  payment  of 
a  sum  of  Money  to  answer  the  present  Exigencies  of  Government. 
Might  not  all  Fines  and  Forfeitures  in  Courts  of  Justice  be  paid  in  Specie ; 
and  the  Duties  on  foreign  Imports  might  be  paid  in  Specie,  or  Merchan- 
dize suitable  for  the  Support  of  the  Army. 

The  Government  have  put  paper  into  the  hands  of  people  and  ought 
to  -receive  it  from  them  again  in  Taxes,  though  not  at  a  depreciated  value. 
To  prevent  this,  the  Taxes  ought  to  be  laid  in  Specie  made  payable  in 
Wheat  at  a  certain  value  in  proportion  to  the  Distance  from  the  Market, 
or  the  value  in  paper  to  be  ascertained  by  Council  weekly ;  and  to  prevent 
Fraud  in  Collectors,  &c.,  they  ought  to  give  printed  Receipts  to  the  people 
and  deliver  in  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  Tax  an  Account  of  all  Monies 
by  them  received  and  the  Time  when,  which  would  enable  the  Commis- 
sioners often  to  detect  the  Collectors,  and  the  same  Method  would  be  of 
use  in  Collecting  Militia  Fines  and  prevent  numerous  abuses  which  have 
happened.  Collectors  of  Taxes  and  Militia  Monies  ought  to  be  punisha- 
ble by  Fine  or  Imprisonment,  or  both,  for  extorting  more  Money  from  the 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  291 

people  than  the  Law  requires,  whicTi  there  is  every  Eeason  to  believe  is 
practised,  especially  amongst  the  Germans.  When  I  wrote  in  favour  of 
the  Tender  Law,  as  it  is  called,  I  meant  such  a  one  as  would  in  some 
degree  have  been  adequate  to  the  purpose,  which  the  present  is  not ;  it  is 
too  tedious  in  its  operation  to  be  of  any  use.  At  present,  the  best  calcu- 
lated would  not  answer  any  good  purpose,  Therefore  it  ought  to  be 
repealed,  for  it  is  big  with  a  number  of  Evils,  the  Money  being  so  much 
depreciated.  The  Fees  of  Commissioners  of  the  Taxes,  Collectors,  Town- 
ship Assessors,  Appraisers,  &c.,  should  be  set  by  the  Assembly  in  Specie 
value  for  they  are  all  again  disarranged  by  the  Depreciation.  If  the 
Tender  Act  is  repealed  Government  may  then  receive  the  Monies  out- 
standing for  unpatented  Lands  at  Specie  value  which  they  ought,  and  it 
will  not  be  necessary  to  leave  these  Monies  as  a  Fund  for  the  £500,000, 
for  that  will  depreciate  to  very  little  before  it  can  be  collected  in  Taxes. 
But  I  have  perhaps  said  more  than  enough. 
I  have  the  Honour  to  be. 

Sir,  your  real  Friend 

and  very  hum.  Servant, 

William  IIenky. 

P.  S.  Mr.  Wirtz  gives  Certificates  to  the  Collectors  of  the  Taxes  for 
the  Wheat  delivered  by  the  people.  I  offered  to  pay  his  Draughts  in 
favour  of  the  Collectors,  but  he  declines.  This,  with  some  other  Circum- 
stances, occasions  me  to  think  he  intends  to  keep  the  Grain  for  his  private 
use;  this  prevents  the  Collectors  from  Settling  their  Accounts  with  the 
Board  and  gives  them  much  unnecessary  Trouble  and  Expence. 

Directed — To  His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esquire. 

Paul  Zant?:i'n'jer  to  Pres.  Peed,  1781. 

Lancaster,  July  14th,  1781. 
Sir:  I  have  the  Honor  of  Inclosing  to  your  Excellency  a  Petition  of 
the  Corporation  of  the  Borough  of  Lancaster,  at  the  request  of  the  In- 
habitants, who  are  very  desirous  of  having  the  Convention  Troops  re- 
moved; your  Excellency  will  at  the  same  time  receive  Doctor  Houston's 
Certificate  shewing  the  necessity  of  the  Removal  of  those  Troops.  I 
hope  the  Honble  Council  Avill  take  it  into  tlieir  serious  Consideration, 
and  if  possible  remove  them  from  this  place. 
I  have  the  Honor  to  be, 

your  Excellency's  most  obdt.  Hble.  Servt. 

Paul  Zantzinger. 

Directed, 

His  Excellency  Joseph  Reed,  Esquire,  President  of  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania. 


292  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Dr.  J.  HotijSton  to  Paul  Zantzinger,  1781. 

Lcancaster,  July  14,  1781. 
Sir: 'My  opiuion  being  desired  concerning  the  State  of  the  Fever  of 
the  Prisoners  in  the  Barracks  in  this  Borough,  I  think  it  my  Duty  to 
assure  you  that  the  Jail  Fever  attended  Aviththe  most  malignant  symptoms 
prevails  very  generally  among  them,  that  it  will  be  extremely  difficult 
to  eradicate  it  from  those  already  there  without  some  additional  Quarters 
or  Buildings,  and  morally  impossible  if  those  of  the  Convention  be 
added,  and  that  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Borough,  especially  those  any 
way  concerned  in  the  Care  of  them,  are  in  the  most  imminent  Danger  of 
contracting  the  Contagion. 

I  am.  Sir, 

yoMT  most  obedient  Servant, 

J.  Houston. 
Paid  Zantzinger,  Esquire. 

Board  of   War  to  Pres.  Reed,  1781. 

War  Office,  July  17,  1781. 
Sir  :  The  Board  are  embarrassed  in  their  Calculations  of  the  Numbers 
of  Eations  necessary  to  be  delivered  at  Lancaster,  and  in  forming  a 
judgment  whether  any  Contract  or  to  what  Amount  should  be  made  for 
York  Town  under  an  Uncertainty  whether  any  and  what  Prisoners  are 
to  be  stationed  at  that  place.  As  the  Board  left  the  Determination  of 
this  Matter  to  Council  so  as  to  make  the  stationing  the  prisoners  most 
convenient  to  the  State,  we  request  the  Favour  of  your  Excellency  and 
the  Honble  Council  to  inform  whether  any  Alteration  is  to  be  made  in 
the  Cantonment  of  the  Prisoners  from  that  understood  by  the  Board  to 
be  the  one  fixed  upon,  viz.,  that  the  German  Prisoners  of  the  Conven- 
tion should  be  stationed  at  Reading,  the  British  Convention  troops  at 
York  Town,  and  the  unconditional  Prisoners  at  Lancaster.  We  are  led 
to  give  you  this  Trouble  for  the  sake  of  precision,  and  that  no  unneces- 
sary Contracts  may  be  made  at  any  place  or  larger  Provision  made  any- 
where than  is  absolutely  necessary. 
We  have  the  Honor  to  be, 

with  great  Respect, 

your  very  obed.  Servants, 

Richard  Peters, 
Directed,  By  order. 

His  Excellency,  President  Reed. 

William  Atlee  to  Pres.  Reed,  1781. 

Lancaster,  the  6th  August,  1781. 
Sir  :  Having  just  now  some  conversation  with  Col.  Hubley  respect- 
ing the  militia  on  duty  at  this  Post,  as  Guards  over  the  Prisoners  of  War 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  293 

and  Stores,  and  finding  their  tour  of  duty  will  expire  in  about  two 
weeks,  I  beg  leave  to  trouble  your  Excellency,  to  express  ray  wishes 
that  the  duty  here  could  be  performed  by  the  militia  of  the  Town  only, 
or  that  we  might  at  least  have  one  Company  of  the  Town  militia  always 
on  duty;  they  seem  to  me  to  be  much  better  officered  than  the  militia 
from  the  Country  and  being  more  accustomed  to  duty,  are  better  quali- 
fied for  keeping  in  order  a  set  of  artful  fellows  who  frequently  persuade 
some  of  those  from  the  Country,  as  well  officers  as  privates  when  on  duty 
to  let  them  pass  from  the  Barracks  on  various  pretences;  by  which 
means  they  get  opportunities  of  straggling  into  the  Country  and  with 
the  assistance  of  the  disaffected  make  their  escape. 

We  have  been  fortunate  these  two  last  Guards  in  having  Gentlemen 
at  the  head  of  the  Guard  who  have  seen  service,  and  have  taken  a  great 
deal  of  trouble  in  instructing  the  militia,  and  with  those  from  the  Coun- 
try are  Capt.  Scott  and  a  few  more  good  officers ;  but  as  there  seems  a 
prospect  of  the  next  Guards  coming  chiefly  from  the  Country  and  but 
few  of  the  Gentlemen  who  'tis  expected  will  command  them  have  had 
opportunities  of  knowing  service,  I  fear  the  business  will  be  done  in 
rather  a  careless  and  unsoldierlike  manner  unless  Council  shall  be  of 
opinion  that  a  considerable  part  of  the  Guard  may  be  of  the  militia  of 
the  Town  and  shall  be  pleased  to  order  accordingly. 

Mr.  Hall  being  in  Philadelphia  we  can  do  nothing  towards  fitting  up  a 
part  of  the  Store-house  for  a  Hospital  until  he  returns,  as  there  are  pub- 
lic Stores  there  under  his  charge. 

Capt.  Hambright  being  in  my  office  begs  me  to  mention  that  he  lately 
wrote  your  Excellency  giving  a  state  of  affairs  in  his  department,  and 
wishes  the  honour  of  a  Line  from  you,  as  he  is  apprehensive  that  he  will 
be  under  the  necessity  of  giving  up  his  bargain  with  ]\[r.  Ross  for  500 
Cords  of  Wood  purchased  from  him,  unless  he  can  comply  with  his  con- 
tract with  him  which  requires  the  wood  to  be  cut  and  taken  from  the 
Lands  in  a  certain  time. 

I  am.  Sir,  with  the  greatest  esteem 

your  mo.st  obedt.  Servt., 

Will.  Atlek. 

Directed, 

His  Excellency,  Joseph    Reed,   Esquire,  President   of  the  State  of 

Pennsylvania. 

Pres.  Reed  to  Jolui  Ilamhright,  1781. 

Sir:  Your  letter  of  the  25th  ult.  came  safely  to  hand,  and  we  are 
obliged  to  you  for  your  Care  in  forwarding  the  Ammunition  and  Cloth- 
ing to  Northumberland.  We  shall  be  glad  you  would  inform  yourself 
whether  it  has  gone  forward  from  Middleton. 

With  Respect  to  the  Hospital  we  are  quite  of  opinion  that  such  a 


294  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Building  is  necessary,  bm  having  had  the  Brick  Store  on  the  Hill  recom- 
mended to  us  for  this  purpose,  before  your  Letter  came  to  hand,  we  had 
wrote  to  Col.  Hubley  to  apply  it  accordingly.  We  are  sorry  to  find  the 
Quarter  Master's  Department  in  such  a  feeble  Condition  as  to  be  unable 
to  bear  the  slightest  Expences,  such  as  necessary  Repairs  and  Wood. 
We  must  entreat  you  to  apply  to  Col.  Miles  in  the  most  earnest  manner 
for  some  assistance,  as  it  is  absolutely  out  of  our  Power  to  give  any  hard 
money,  as  none  has  come  in  for  Taxes,  and  the  Inhabitants  of  this  City 
have  been  frequently  called  upon  heretofore.  We  cannot  but  think  that 
such  a  Representation  from  Mr.  Atlee  and  yourself,  stating  at  the  same 
time  that  the  Government  is  not  in  a  Condition  to  supply  you,  will  bring 
round  a  Grant  of  at  least  a  small  Part  of  the  £300,000  given  lately  by 
the  King  of  France  to  Congress.  We  think  your  mode  of  getting  Wood 
the  cheapest  and  best,  but  we  have  never  yet  either  here  or  elsewhere 
taken  upon  us  the  Payment  of  the  Bills  or  Direction  of  the  Quarter 
Master's  Affairs  in  any  part  of  the  State;  should  we  begin  we  do  not 
know  where  it  would  end. 

So  far  as  the  Repair  of  the  Barracks  which  belong  to  the  State,  and 
have  been  usually  repaired  by  the  Government  formerly,  we  should  not 
hesitate  to  do  it  if  we  had  the  money.  We  do  assure  you  that  Persons  in 
of&ce  are  obliged  to  live  as  well  as  they  can  till  the  new  Taxes  are  levied. 
We  hope  every  one  will  see  the  necessity  of  collecting  them  speedily, 
and  that  Lancaster  County  especially  (which  is  so  able,)  will  exert  her- 
self to  recruit  the  Treasury.  Such  an  exertion  would  be  very  reasonable 
and  do  great  credit  to  the  Commissioners  and  the  County  in  general. 

There  have  been  many  Subscriptions,  Loans,  &c.,  in  this  City;  we 
have  never  understood  that  our  Friends  in  the  Country  have  been  called 
upon  in  this  wa3^  Such  a  flourishing  Town  as  Lancaster  we  should 
hope  might,  and  they  will  in  a  Case  where  Humanity  and  their  own  Com- 
fort is  concerned,  advance  a  small  Sum  of  money  when  the  Repayment  is 
now  become  so  certain  and  expeditious.  In  addition  to  all  former  Loans 
and  Subscriptions  we  have  now  a  very  considerable  one  for  the  distressed 
Inhabitants  of  South  Carolina  who  are  comiuo;  over  in  laro-e  numbers. 
These  Contributions  are  much  heavier  upon  us  than  all  the  Taxes. 
Surely  it  is  reasonable  to  expect  that  those  of  our  Friends  who  have 
never  been  disturbed  by  the  Enemy  and  are  of  Ability  will  help  a  little 
at  such  a  Time.  If  no  such  temporary  supply  can  be  had  we  can  only 
advise  the  Application  I  have  mentioned  in  the  same  Part  of  this  Letter 
and  that  without  Loss  of  Time.  It  is  not  with  us  a  Question  of  Will 
but  of  Ability,  as  we  should  be  glad  to  relieve  you  from  your  difficulty 
as  well  as  ease  the  People  of  Lancaster  in  any  Matter  in  our  Power. 

I  am.  Sir, 

vour  obed.  Hble.  Ser. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  295 

Pres.  Reed  to  Lieutenants  of  Lancaster  and   York,  1781. 

Sir  :  By  authentick  Advices  Congress  have  received  from  Virginia 
this  Day,  it  seems  almost  certain,  that  a  large  Detachment  of  Cornwallis's 
Army  have  moved  up  the  Bay,  having  Baltimore  for  their  present  ap- 
parent Object.  We  cannot,  on  this  Occasion,  but  have  Apprehensions 
on  Account  of  the  Prisoners,  and  therefore,  have  not  only  thought  proper 
to  give  you  the  earliest  Intelligence,  but  to  request  you  will  take  all 
proper  Precautions  for  their  Security — and  in  case  of  a  forward  Move- 
ment by  the  Enemy,  that  everything  should  be  in  Eeadiness  to  remove 
them  to  a  place  of  greater  Safety.  We  would  also  recommend  to  you 
the  falling  immediately  upon  suitable  Measures  to  have  the  best  and 
earliest  Intelligence  of  the  Operations  of  the  Enemy  at  the  Head  of  the 
Bay.  The  Distance  does  not  admit  of  a  Surprise  if  proper  Vigilance  is 
used ;  and  the  Consequences  are  of  so  alarming  a  Nature,  that  nothing 
ought  to  be  omitted  to  guard  against  it.  Should  the  enemy  not  make 
any  Movement  in  the  County,  it  is  probable  that  the  Prisoners  will  desert 
largely  if  great  Care  is  not  taken.  This,  therefore,  though  a  secondary, 
is  an  important  Consideration. 

I  am,  &c. 
Indorsed — August  6,  1781. 

In  Council. 

Philadelphia,  Thursday,  June  27,  1782. 
PRESENT: 

Ilis  Excellency  the  President. 

The  Honourable  the  Vice  President. 

Mr.  Gardner,  Mr.  Van  Campen,  and 

Mr.  Levan,  Mr.  Byers. 

Mr.  Ewing, 

"Whereas,  It  hath  been  represented  to  this  Board  that,  under  pretence 
of  supplying  British  prisoners  with  clothing,  a  store  of  British  merchan- 
dize is  opened  in  or  near  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  within  this  State, 
whereby  a  clandestine  traffic  is  carried  on  between  the  inhabitants  of 
this  county  and  those  who  reside  within  the  garrisons  and  places  therein, 
now  in  the  possession  of  the  enemy ;  a  market  is  provided  for  British 
merchandize,  the  circulating  specie  is  exported  from  the  United  States, 
the  payment  of  taxes  rendered  more  difficult  and  burthensome  to  the 
people  at  large,  and  great  discouragement  occasioned  to  honest  and 
lawful  commerce. 

Ordered,  That  William  Henry,  Esquire,  of  the  said  borougli,  taking  to 
his  assistance  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  of  Lancaster,  do  enquire  concerning, 
and  inspect  the  store  in  the  said  borough  which  has  been  opened  on  the 
pretence  aforesaid,  and  if  it  shall  appear  that  any  goods,  wares,  and  mer- 
chandizes, shall  be  found  therein  other  than  made  up  uniforms  for  the 


296  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

said  prisoners,  to  take  possession  of  tlie  said  stores  with  all  mercliandize 
therein  contained,  and  report  to  this  Board ;  placing  a  sufficient  guard  to 
secure  the  same  until  further  orders  from  this  Board.  And  if  any  goods 
wares,  and  merchandize,  other  than  made  up  uniforms,  shall  hereafter  be 
brought  into  the  said  borough  or  county,  under  the  pretence  aforesaid^ 
to  seize  and  secure  the  same  in  like  manner  and  report  to  this  Board. 

Ordered^  That  all  Judges,  Justices,  Sherifts,  and  other  peace  officers  of 
the  State,  be  required  to  arrest  all  persons  found  hawking  or  peddling 
contrary  to  law,  and  more  especially  all  British  prisoners,  whether 
natives  of  that  country  or  foreigners ;  and  the  wives  or  agents  of  such 
British  prisoners  who  shall  be  found  selling  or  offering  to  sell  or  barter 
any  goods,  wares,  or  merchandizes,  of  any  kind,  under  any  pretence 
whatsoever,  in  order  that  they  may  be  dealt  with  according  to  law." 

The  subjoined  documents  speak  well  for  the  intelligent  patriotism  of 
the  citizens  of  Lancaster  County.     The  first  is  a  circular  of  this  tenor; 

Dear  Sir:  The  officers  and  representatives  of  the  ninth  battalion  of 
Lancaster  county  Militia,  upon  consultation  have  concluded,  from  the 
complexion  of  the  present  House  of  Assembly,  that  the  Constitution  and 
Liberty  of  the  State  are  at  stake  in  some  measure;  and  sensible  of  the 
importance  of  what  has  cost  us  so  much  blood  and  treasure,  we  have 
thought  it  incumbent  upon  us  to  exert  ourselves  for  their  preservation 
as  far  as  our  influence  extends,  and  to  warn  all  who  would  wish  to  be  free 
from  the  dangers  that  seem  to  impend,  not  doubting  at  the  same  time, 
but  you  are  ready  to  take  the  alarm,  as  you  must  be  sensible  of  the  same 
danger.  We  do  not  think  it  necessary  to  multiply  words,  tending  to 
inspire  your  spirit,  for  we  are  of  opinion  that  you  possess  the  same,  and 
have  been  only  waiting  to  know  the  sentiments  of  your  fellow  friends  to 
Liberty.  Let  us  not  then  coolly  and  simply  suffer  any  of  our  rights  to 
be  taken  from  us  by  any  men,  especially  as  our  Constitution  invests  us 
with  full  power  to  oppose  any  such  attempt.  Perhaps  our  fears  are 
groundless;  but  in  case  of  apparent  danger,  which  undoubtedly  is  our 
present  case,  a  wise  man  will  be  on  his  guard ;  and  therefore  let  such  a 
number  of  persons  as  you  will  please  to  appoint  meet  us  at  Manheim,  on 
the  15th  day  of  January  next,  in  order  that  we  may  mutually  contrive 
such  measures  as  may  have  a  tendency  to  preserve  our  good  and  ines- 
timable Constitution  and  our  dear  Independence  and  sweet  Liberty.  Be 
active  and  do  not  tail  to  fulhl  our  request. 

By  order  of  the  whole.  John  Eodgers,  Colonel. 

Hanover,  November  28th,  1782. 
To  tlie  Colonels  of  the  Lancaster  County  Militia. 
MILITIA  MEETING. 

Present — Colonel  Thomas  Edwards. 

Colonel  Ziegler,  Colonel  Lowry. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  ^HJ 

Majors  Cook,  Kelley,  Hays  and  Hare. 
Colonel  Ross. 

Mr.  Chambers,  Captam  Ewiiig,  Ca])tain  .].  IJubley. 
Colonel  Rodgers. 
Mr.  Clark,  Captain  Laird. 
Colonel  Elder. 
On  motion,  Colonel  Rodgers  was  unanimously  chosen  Chairman,  and 
Captain  Joseph  Ilubley,  Secretary. 

Colonel  Rodgers  made  a  neat  and  appropriate  speech  explaining  the 
objects  of  the  meeting,  that  a  rumor  was  in  circulation  calculated  to  do 
much  injury,  "that  the  President  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  was  hostile 
to  the  Independence  of  America." 

On  motion,  this  question  was  put  to  each  battalion : 
Is  it  the  opinion  of  the  members  present  that  they  approve  of  the 
appointment  of  John  Dickinson,  Esq.,  as  President  of  the  State  of  Penn- 
sylvania, or  not  ? 

Answer.  The  members  of  the  Second  Battalion  are  unanimously  of 
opinion  that  a  better  choice  of  a  President  could  not  be  made. 
Colonel  Ziegler — Same  opinion. 
Seventh  Battalion — Same. 
Eighth  Battalion — Same. 
Ninth  Battalion — We  hope   the  Assembly   have  made  a  good 

choice,  and  if  they  have  we  thank  them. 
Colonel  Elder  agrees  in  opinion  with  the  Ninth. 
Resolved,  unanimously.  That  the  People  have  a  right  to  assemble 
together  for  their  common  good,  to  instruct  our  Representatives,  and  to 
apply  to  the  Legislature  for  redress  of  grievances,  by  address,  petition, 
or  remonstrance. 

Resolved,  unanimously,  That  in  the  opinion  of  the  deputies  from  the 
different  battalions  now  met,  that  the  complexion  of  the  present  House 
of  Assembly  is  such  that  we  have  no  reason  to  doubt  that  the  Independ- 
ence and  Constitution  of  this  State  are  safe,  and  that  we  highly  approve 
of  the  appointment  of  his  Excellency  John  Dickinson,  Esq.  as  President. 
Resolved,  unanimously,  That  we  approve  of  Colonel  Rodgers'  calling 
this  meeting,  as  it  has  tended  to  remove  doubts  and  unjust  charges  that 
were  in  circulation  to  the  disadvantage  of  his  Excellency  the  President 
of  this  State,  and  two  of  our  Members  of  Congress,  James  "Wilson  and 
John  Montgomery,  Esquires;  and  we  conceive  such  meetings  have  a 
tendency  to  suppress  fiilse  and  malicious  reports,  and  that  thereby  virtue 
may  meet  with  its  just  reward  and  vice  be  depicted  in  its  true  deformity. 
Sio-ned,  John  Rodgers,  Chairman. 

J.  HuBLEY,  Secretary. 
Manheim,  Jan.  loth^  1783. 


298  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

JoliH  HvMey  to  Pres.  Dickinson.      Court  House  Burned,  1784. 

Lancaster,  June  llth,  1784, 

Honored  Sir  :  It  is  likely  before  now  you  have  heard  that  the  Court 
House  in  this  place  has  been  entirely  consumed  by  Fire.  I  received 
this  disagreeable  account  on  my  way  to  Lancaster  from  your  City,  and 
from  anything  that  I  can  collect  here,  I  find  that  all  is  guess-work  how 
this  aft'air  happened. 

The  House  underwent  some  repairs  this  summer,  and  the  Plaisterers 
were  at  work;  a  quantitj^  of  Lime  was  put  up  in  the  inside  for  that  pur- 
pose, to  secure  it  from  the  weather — some  suppose  the  Lime  set  it  on 
Fire — others  suppose  that  a  Clock-maker,  who  was  conducting  the  weights 
of  the  Clock  in  a  different  channel  from  that  they  formerly  run  in,  used 
some  Fire  and  was  negligent.  The  Clock-maker  denies  he  used  any  Fire 
in  his  work — and  many  conjectured  that  it  was  wickedly  set  Fire  to  by 
some  unknown  villain,  so  that  the  affair  remains  as  yet  in  the  dark. 
Happy  it  is  for  this  place  that  the  mischief  has  ended  with  the  loss  of  the 
Court  House  only,  as  a  strong  south-west  wind  was  blowing,  and  carried 
the  Fire  in  great  quantities  over  great  part  of  the  North-East  part  of  the 
Town ;  and  though  the  Calvinist  Meeting  House,  which  stands  at  a  con- 
siderable distance  from  the  Court  House,  and  several  other  buildings, 
took  Fire,  yet  it  was  happily  extinguished  >\dthout  much  damage.  I 
thought  that  this  affair  might  be  confusedlj'-  Reported  in  the  City,  there- 
fore have  given  you  such  information  as  I  could  collect  in  the  few  hours 
I  have  arrived  here. 

I  am,  sir,  with  the  utmost  respect, 

Your  very  hble.  servant, 

John  Hubley, 
Directed, 

His  Excellency  John  Dickinson,  Esq.,  President  of  the  State  of  Penn'a., 
Philadelphia, 

Many  prisoners  of  war  were  confined  at  Lancaster ;  the  following  nar- 
rative furnishes  a  graphic  account  of  prison  life,  and,  as  an  interesting 
fragment  of  the  history  of  Lancaster  during  the  Revolution,  will  prove 
acceptable  to  the  reader  : 

"The  American  authorities  found  much  difficulty  in  disposing  of  their 
prisoners.  They  had  no  posts  regularly  fitted  for  the  purpose,  and  they 
could  suggest  no  better  means  for  securing  them  than  to  place  them 
under  guard  in  a  thickly  settled  part  of  the  country,  where  the  inhabi- 
tants were  most  decidedly  hostile  to  the  English.  The  town  of  Lancas- 
ter in  Pennsylvania,  was  of  those  selected  for  this  purpose.  The  prisoners 
were  confined  in  barracks,  enclosed  with  a  stockade  and  vigilantly  guarded. 
But,  in  spite  of  all  precaution,  they  often  disappeared  in  an  unaccount- 
able manner,  and  nothing  was  heard  of  them  till  they  had  resumed  their 


OF    LAXCASTER    COUN'TV.  9<1<) 

places  ill  the  British  army.  Many  and  various  were  the  conjectures  as 
to  the  means  of  their  escape;  the  officers  inquired  and  investigated  in 
vain;  the  country  was  explored  to  no  purpose;  the  soldiers  shook  theii- 
heads  and  told  of  fortune-tellers,  peddlers,  and  such  characters,  who  liad 
been  seen  at  intervals;  and  sundry  of  the  more  credulous  could  think 
of  nothing  but  supernatural  agency;  but  whether  man  or  spirit  was  the 
conspirator,  the  mystery  remained  unbroken. 

"  When  this  became  known  to  "Washington,  he  sent  Gen,  Ilazen  to 
take  this  responsible  charge.  This  energetic  officer,  after  exhausting  all 
resources,  resorted  to  stratagem.  He  was  convinced  that,  as  the  nearest 
post  was  more  than  a  hundred  miles  distant,  the  prisoners  must  be  aided 
by  Americans;  but  where  the  suspicion  should  foil,  he  could  not  even 
conjecture— the  reproach  of  toryism  being  almost  unknown  in  that  re- 
gion. Having  been  trained  to  meet  exigencies  of  this  kind  in  a  distin- 
guished career,  as  colonel  in  the  British  arm}^,  his  plan  was  formed  at 
once,  and  communicated  to  an  officer  of  his  own,  upon  whose  talent  he 
relied  for  its  successful  execution.  This  was  Capt.  Lee,  whose  courage 
and  ability  fully  justified  the  selection. 

'•The  secret  plan  concerted  between  them  was  this:  It  was  to  be  given 
out  that  Lee  wa*s  absent  on  furlough  or  command.  He,  meantime,  was 
to  assume  the  dress  of  a  British  prisoner,  and  having  provided  himself 
with  information  and  a  story  of  his  capture,  was  to  be  thrown  into  the 
barracks,  where  he  might  gain  the  confidence  of  the  soldiers,  and  join 
them  in  a  plan  of  escape.  How  well  Capt.  Lee  sustained  his  part  may 
be  inferred  from  the  fact,  that  when  he  had  disappeared  and  placed  him- 
self among  the  prisoners,  his  own  officers  and  soldiers  saw  him  every 
day  without  the  least  suspicion.  The  person  to  whom  I  am  indebted  for 
most  of  these  particulars,  was  the  Intendant  of  the  prisoners,  and  familiar 
with  Lee ;  but  though  compelled  to  see  him  often  in  the  discharge  of  his 
dut}',  he  never  penetrated  the  disguise.  Well  it  was  for  Lee  that  his 
disguise  was  s©  complete.  Had  his  associates  suspected  his  purpose  to 
betrav  them,  his  history  would  have  been  embraced  in  the  proverb, 
'dead  men  tell  no  tales." 

"For  many  days  he  remained  in  this  situation,  making  no  discoveries 
whatever.  He  thought  he  perceived  at  times  signs  of  intelligence  be- 
tween the  prisoners  and  an  old  woman  who  was  allowed  to  bring  fruit 
for  sale  within  the  enclosure.  She  was  known  to  be  deaf  and  half- 
witted, and  was  therefore  no  object  of  suspicion.  It  was  known  that  her 
son  had  been  disgraced  and  punished  in  the  American  army,  but  she 
had  never  betrayed  any  malice  on  that  account,  and  no  one  dreamed 
that  she  could  have  the  power  to  do  injury  if  she  possessed  the  will.  Lee 
watched  her  closely,  but  saw  nothing  to  confirm  his  suspicions.  Her 
dwellino-  was  about  a  mile  distant,  in  a  wild  retreat,  where  she  shared 


300  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

her  miserable  quarters  with  a  dog  and  cat,  the  former  of  which  mounted 
guard  over  the  mansion,  wliile  the  hitter  occasioned  superstitious  fears, 
which  were  equally  effectual  in  keeping  visitors  away, 

"One  dark  stormy  night  in  autumn,  Lee  was  lying  awake  at  midnight, 
meditating  on  the  enterprise  he  had  undertaken,  which  though  in  the 
beginning  it  had  recommended  itself  to  his  romantic  disposition,  had 
now  lost  all  its  charms.  It  was  one  of  those  tempests  which  in  our  cli- 
mate so  often  hang  upon  the  path  of  the  departing  year.  His  com- 
panions slept  soundly,  but  the  wind  which  shook  the  building  to  its 
foundation,  and  threw  heavy  splashes  of  rain  against  the  window,  con- 
spired with  the  state  of  his  mind  to  keep  him  wakeful.  All  at  once  the 
door  was  gently  opened,  and  a  figure  moved  silently  into  the  room.  It 
was  too  dark  to  observe  its  motions  narrowly,  but  he  could  see  that  it 
stooped  towards  one  of  the  sleepers,  who  immediately  rose;  next  it  ap- 
proached and  touched  him  on  the  shoulder.  Lee  immediately  started 
up;  the  figure  then  allowed  a  slight  gleam  from  a  dark  lantern  to  pass 
over  his  face,  and  as  it  did  so,  whispered,  impatiently,  'not  the  man — 
but  come!'  It  then  occurred  to  Lee  that  it  was  the  opportunity  he 
desired.  The  unknown  whispered  to  him  to  keep  his  place  till  another 
man  was  called;  but  just  at  that  moment  something  disturbed  him,  and 
making  a  signal  to  Lee  to  follow,  he  moved  silently  out  of  the  room. 

"  The}^  found  the  door  of  the  house  unbarred,  and  a  small  part  of  the 
fence  removed,  where  they  passed  out  without  molestation;  the  sentry 
had  retired  to  a  shelter  where  he  thought  he  could  guard  his  post  with- 
out suffering  from  the  rain;  but  Lee  saw  his  conductors  put  themselves 
in  preparation  to  silence  him  if  he  should  happen  to  address  them.  Just 
without  the  fence  appeared  a  stooping  figure,  wrapped  in  a  red  cloak, 
and  supporting  itself  with  a  large  stick,  which  Lee  at  once  perceived 
could  be  no  other  than  the  old  fruit  woman.  But  the  most  profound 
silence  was  observed ;  a  man  came  out  from  a  thicket  at  a  little  distance 
and  joined  them,  and  the  whole  party  moved  onward  by  the  guidance  of 
the  old  woman.  At  first  they  frequently  stopped  to  listen,  but  having 
heard  the  sentinel  cry  'all's  well,'  they  seemed  re-assured,  and  moved 
with  more  confidence  than  before. 

"  They  soon  came  near  to  her  cottage  under  an  overhanging  bank,  where 
a  bright  light  was  shining  out  from  a  little  window  upon  the  wet  and 
drooping  boughs  that  hung  near  it.  The  dog  received  them  graciously, 
and  they  entered.  A  table  was  spread  with  some  coarse  provisions  upon 
it  and  a  large  jug,  which  one  of  the  soldiers  was  about  to  seize,  when 
the  man  who  conducted  them  withheld  him.  'No,'  said  he,  'we  must 
first  proceed  to  business.'  He  then  went  to  a  small  closet,  from  which 
he  returned  with  what  seemed  to  have  been  originally  a  Bible,  though 
now  it  was  worn  to  a  mahogany  color  and  a  spherical  form.     While  they 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  301 

were  doing  this,  Lee  had  time  to  examine  his  companions;  one  of  them 
was  a  large  quiet  looking  soldier,  the  other  a  short  stout  man  with  much 
of  the  aspect  of  a  villain.  They  examined  him  in  turn,  and  as  Lee  had 
been  obliged  formerly  to  punish  the  shorter  soldier  severely,  he  felt  some 
misgivings  when  the  fellow's  eyes  rested  ui)on  him.  The  conductor  was 
a  middle  aged  harsh  looking  man,  whom  Lee  had  never  seen  before. 

"As  no  time  was  to  be  lost,  their  guide  explained  to  them  in  few  words, 
that  before  he  should  undertake  his  dangerous  enterprise,  he  should 
require  of  them  to  swear  upon  the  Scriptures  not  to  make  the  least  at- 
tempt to  escape,  and  never  to  reveal  the  circumstances  or  agent.s  in  the 
proceeding,  whatever  might  befall  them.  The  soldiers  however  insisted 
on  deferring  this  measure  till  they  had  formed  some  slight  acquaintance 
with  the  contents  of  the  jug,  and  expressed  their  sentiments  on  the 
subject  rather  by  actions  than  words.  In  this  they  were  joined  by  Lee, 
who  by  this  time  had  begun  to  contemplate  the  danger  of  his  enterprise 
in  a  new  and  unpleasant  point  of  view.  If  he  were  to  be  compelled  to 
accompany  his  party  to  New  York,  his  disguise  would  at  once  be  de- 
tected, and  it  was  certain  he  would  be  hanged  as  a  spv.  He  had  sup- 
posed beforehand,  that  he  should  find  no  difficulty  in  escaping  at  any 
moment;  but  he  saw  that  their  conductor  had  prepared  arms  for  them, 
which  they  were  to  use  in  taking  the  life  of  any  one  who  should  attempt 
to  leave  them — and  then  the  oath.  He  might  possiblv  have  released 
himself  from  its  obligations,  when  it  became  necessary  for  the  interests 
of  his  country,  but  no  honorable  man  could  well  bear  to  be  driven  to 
an  emergency,  in  which  he  must  violate  an  oath,  however  reluctantly  it 
was  taken.  He  felt  that  there  was  no  retreating,  when  there  came  a 
heavy  shock  as  of  something  falling  against  the  sides  of  the  house; 
their  practiced  ears  at  once  detected  the  sound  of  the  alarm  gun,  and 
their  conductor,  throwing  down  the  old  Bible  which  he  had  held  all 
the  while  impatiently  in  his  hand,  directed  the  party  to  follow  him  in 
close  order,  and  immediately  quitted  the  house,  taking  with  him  hi.x 
dark  lantern. 

"They  went  on  with  great  despatch,  but  not  without  difficulty.  Some- 
times their  footing  would  give  way  on  some  sandy  bank  or  slippery 
field;  and  when  their  path  led  through  the  woods,  the  wet  boughs 
dashed  heavily  in  their  faces.  Lee  felt  that  he  might  have  deserted  his 
precious  companions  while  they  were  in  this  hurry  and  alarm;  but  he 
felt  that  as  yet  he  had  made  no  discoveries,  and  however  dangerous  hL^ 
situation  was  he  could  not  bear  to  confess  that  he  had  not  nerve  to  carry 
him  through.  On  he  went,  therefore,  for  two  or  three  hours,  and  wa.s 
beginning  to  sink  with  fatigue,  when  the  barking  of  a  dog  brouglit  the 
party  to  a  stand.  Their  conductor  gave  a  low  whistle,  which  was  an- 
swered at  no  great  distance,  and  a  figure  came  forward  in  the  darkness, 


302  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

who  whispered  to  their  guide  and  then  led  the  way  up  to  a  building 
which  seemed  by  the  shadowy  outline  to  be  a  large  stone  barn.  They 
entered  it  and  were  severally  placed  in  small  nooks  where  they  could 
feel  that  the  hay  was  all  around  them  except  on  the  side  of  the  wall. 
Shortly  after  some  provisions  were  brought  to  them  with  the  same 
silence,  and  it  was  signified  to  them  that  they  were  to  remain  concealed 
the  whole  of  the  coming  day.  Through  a  crevice  in  the  wall,  Lee  could 
discover  as  the  day  came  on,  that  the  barn  was  attached  to  a  small  farm 
house.  lie  was  so  near  the  house  that  he  could  overhear  the  conversa- 
tion which  was  carried  on  about  the  door.  The  morning  rose  clear,  and 
it  was  evident  from  the  inquiries  of  horsemen,  who  occasionally  galloped 
up  to  the  door,  that  the  country  was  alarmed.  The  farmer  gave  short 
and  surly  replies,  as  if  unwilling  to  be  taken  oft'  from  his  labor,  but  the 
other  inmates  of  the  house  were  eager  in  their  questions,  and  from  the 
answers,  Lee  gathered  that  the  means  by  which  he  and  his  companions 
had  escaped  were  as  mysterious  as  ever. 

"  The  next  night,  when  all  was  quiet,  they  resumed  their  march,  and 
explained  to  Lee  that,  as  he  was  not  with  them  in  their  conspiracy,  and 
was  accidentally  associated  with  them  in  their  escape,  they  should  take 
the  precaution  to  keep  him  before  them,  just  behind  the  guide.  He  sub- 
mitted without  opposition,  though  the  arrangement  considerably  lessened 
his  chances  of  escape.  He  observed,  from  the  direction  of  the  stars,  that 
they  did  not  move  in  a  direct  line  towards  the  Delaware,  but  they 
changed  their  courses  so  often  that  he  could  not  conjecture  at  what  point 
they  intended  to  strike  the  river.  He  endeavored,  whenever  any  pecu- 
liar object  appeared,  to  fix  it  in  his  memory  as  well  as  the  darkness  would 
permit,  and  succeeded  better  than  could  have  been  expected,  considering 
the  agitated  state  in  which  he  traveled. 

"  For  several  nights  they  went  on  in  this  manner,  being  delivered  over 
to  different  persons,  from  time  to  time ;  and  as  Lee  could  gather  from 
their  whispering  conversations,  they  were  regularly  employed  on  occa- 
sions like  the  present,  and  well  rewarded  by  the  British  for  their  services. 
Their  employment  was  full  of  danger ;  and  though  they  seemed  like  des- 
perate men,  he  could  observe  that  they  never  remitted  their  precautions. 
They  were  concealed  days  in  barns — cellars — caves  made  for  the  purpose, 
and  similar  retreats,  and  one  day  was  passed  in  a  tomb,  the  dimensions 
of  which  had  been  enlarged,  and  the  inmates,  if  there  had  been  any,  ban- 
ished to  make  room  for  the  living.  The  burying  grounds  were  a  favor- 
ite retreat,  and  on  more  occasions  than  one  they  were  obliged  to  resort 
to  superstitious  alarms  to  remove  intruders  upon  their  path :  their  success 
fully  justified  the  experiment,  and,  unpleasantly  situated  as  he  was,  in 
the  prospect  of  soon  being  a  ghost  himself,  he  could  not  avoid  laughing 
at  the  expedition  with  which  old  and  young  fled  from  the  fancied  appari- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  303 

tions  under  clouds  of  night,  wishing  to  meet  such  enemies,  like  Ajax,  in 
the  face  of  day. 

"  Though  the  distance  to  the  Delaware  was  not  great,  they  had  now 
been  twelve  days  on  the  road,  and  such  was  the  vigilance  and  suspicion 
prevailing  throughout  the  country,  that  they  almost  despaired  of  effecting 
their  object.  The  conductor  grew  impatient,  and  Lee's  companions,  at 
least  one  of  them,  became  ferocious.  There  was,  as  we  have  said,  some-  • 
thing  unpleasant  to  him  in  the  glances  of  this  fellow  towards  him,  which 
became  more  and  more  fierce  as  they  went  on;  but  it  did  not  appear 
whether  it  was  owing  to  circumstances  or  actual  suspicion.  It  so  hap- 
[lened  that  on  the  twelfth  night,  Lee  was  placed  in  a  barn,  while  the  rest 
of  the  party  sheltered  themselves  in  the  cellar  of  a  little  stone  church, 
where  they  could  talk  and  act  with  more  freedom,  both  because  the  soli- 
tude of  the  church  was  not  often  disturbed  even  on  the  Sabbath — and 
because  even  the  proprietors  did  not  know  that  illegal  hands  had  added 
a  cellar  to  the  conveniences  of  the  building. 

"The  party  was  seated  here  as  the  day  broke,  and  the  light,  which 
struggled  in  through  the  crevices,  opened  for  the  purpose,  showed  a  low 
room  about  twelve  feet  square,  with  a  damp  floor  and  large  patches  of 
white  mould  upon  the  walls.  Finding,  probably,  that  the  pavement 
affording  no  accommodations  for  sleeping,  the  worthies  were  seated  each 
upon  a  little  cask,  which  seemed  like  those  used  for  gunpowder.  Here 
they  were  smoking  pipes  with  great  diligence,  and,  at  intervals  not  distant, 
applying  a  huge  canteen  to  their  mouths,  from  which  they  drank  with 
upturned  faces,  expressive  of  solemn  satisfaction.  While  they  were  thus 
engaged,  the  short  soldier  asked  them  in  a  careless  way,  if  they  knew 
whom  they  had  in  their  party  ?  The  others  started,  and  took  their  pipes 
from  their  mouths  to  ask  him  what  he  meant.  '  I  mean,'  said  he,  '  that 
we  are  honored  with  the  company  of  Captain  Lee,  of  the  rebel  army. 
The  rascal  once  punished  me,  and  I  never  mistook  my  man  when  I  had 
a  debt  of  that  kind  to  pay.     Now,  I  shall  have  my  revenge.' 

"The  others  hastened  to  express  their  disgust  at  his  ferocity,  saying, 
that  if,  as  he  said,  their  companion  was  an  American  officer,  all  they  had 
to  do  was  to  watch  him  closely.  They  said  that,  as  he  had  come  among 
them  uninvited,  he  must  go  with  them  to  New  York,  and  take  the  con- 
sequences; but  meantime,  it  was  their  interest  not  to  seem  to  suspect  him, 
otherwise  he  might  give  an  alarm,  whereas  it  was  evidently  his  intention 
to  go  with  them  till  they  were  ready  to  embark  for  New  York.  The 
other  person  persisted  in  saying  that  he  would  have  his  revenge  with  his 
own  hand,  upon  which  the  conductor,  drawing  a  pistol,  declared  to  him 
that  if  he  saw  the  least  attempt  to  injure  Captain  Lee,  or  any  conduct 
which  would  lead  him  to  suspect  that  his  disguise  was  discovered,  he 
would  that  moment  shoot  him  throusrh  the  head.     The  soldier  put  his 


304  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

hand  upon  liis  knife,  with  an  ominous  scowl  upon  his  conductor,  but 
seeing  that  he  had  to  do  with  one  who  was  likely  to  be  as  good  as  his 
word,  he  restrained  himself,  and  began  to  arrange  some  rubbish  to  serve 
him  for  a  bed.  The  other  soldier  followed  his  example,  and  their  guide 
withdrew,  locking  the  door  after  him. 

"The  next  night  they  went  on  as  usual,  but  the  manner  of  their  con- 
ductor showed  that  there  was  more  danger  than  before ;  in  fact,  he  ex- 
plained to  the  party  that  they  were  now  not  far  from  the  Delaware,  and 
hoped  to  reach  it  before  midnight.  They  occasionally  heard  the  report 
of  a  musket,  which  seemed  to  indicate  that  some  movement  was  going 
on  in  the  country.  Thus  warned,  they  quickened  their  steps,  and  it  was 
not  long  before  they  saw  a  gleam  of  broad  clear  light  before  them,  such 
as  is  reflected  from  calm  waters,  even  in  the  darkest  night.  They  moved 
up  to  it  in  deep  silence ;  there  were  various  emotions  in  their  breasts ;  Lee 
was  hoping  for  an  opportunity  to  escape  from  an  enterprise  which  was 
growing  too  serious,  and  the  principal  objects  of  which  were  already 
answered;  the  others  were  anxious  lest  some  accident  might  have  hap- 
pened to  the  boat  on  which  they  depended  for  crossing  the  stream. 

"When  they  came  to  the  bank  there  were  no  traces  of  a  boat  on  the 
waters.  Their  conductor  stood  still  for  a  moment  in  dismay;  but  recol- 
lecting himself,  he  said  it  was  possible  it  might  have  been  secured  lower 
down  the  stream,  and,  forgetting  everything  else,  he  directed  the  larger 
soldier  to  accompany  him,  and  giving  a  pistol  to  the  other,  he  whisper- 
ed, '  if  the  rebel  officer  attempts  to  betray  us,  shoot  him ;  if  not,  you  will 
not,  for  your  own  sake,  make  any  noise  to  show  where  we  are.'  In  the 
same  instant  they  departed,  and  Lee  was  left  alone  with  the  ruffian. 

"  He  had  before  suspected  that  the  fellow  knew  him,  and  now  doubts 
were  changed  to  certainty  at  once.  Dark  as  it  was,  it  seemed  as  if  fire 
flashed  from  his  eye,  now  he  felt  that  revenge  was  within  his  power. 
Lee  was  as  brave  as  any  officer  in  the  army ;  but  he  was  unarmed,  and 
though  he  was  strong,  his  adversary  was  still  more  powerful.  While  he 
stood,  uncertain  what  to  do,  the  fellow  seemed  enjoying  the  prospect  of 
revenge,  as  he  looked  on  him  with  a  steady  eye.  Though  the  officer 
stood  to  appearance  unmoved,  the  sweat  rolled  in  heavy  drops  from  his 
brow.  He  soon  took  his  resolution,  and  sprang  upon  his  adversary  with 
the  intention  of  wresting  the  pistol  from  his  hand ;  but  the  other  was 
upon  his  guard,  and  aimed  with  such  precision,  that  had  the  pistol  been 
charged  with  a  bullet,  that  moment  would  have  been  his  last.  But  it 
seemed  that  the  conductor  had  trusted  to  the  sight  of  his  weapons  to 
render  them  unnecessary,  and  had  therefore  only  loaded  them  with  pow- 
der; as  it  was,  the  shock  threw  Lee  to  the  ground;  but,  fortunately  as 
the  fellow  dropped  the  pistol,  it  fell  where  Lee  could  reach  it,  and  as  his 
adversary  stooped  and  drew  his  knife  from  his  bosom,  Lee  was  able 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  305 

to  give  him  a  stunuiug  blow.  He  immediately  threw  himself  upon  the 
assassin,  and  a  long  and  bloody  struggle  began;  they  were  so  nearly 
matched  in  strength  and  advantage,  that  neither  dared  unclench  his  hold 
for  the  sake  of  grasping  the  knife;  the  blood  gushed  from  their  mouths, 
and  the  combat  would  have  probably  ended  in  favor  of  the  assassin 
when  steps  and  voices  were  heard  advancing,  and  they  found  themselves 
in  the  hands  of  a  party  of  countrymen,  who  were  armed  for  the  occa- 
sion, and  were  scouring  the  banks  of  the  river.  They  were  forcibly  torn 
apart,  but  so  exhausted  and  breathless,  that  neither  could  make  any  ex- 
planation, and  they  submitted  quietly  to  their  captors. 

"The  party  of  armed  countrymen,  though  they  had  succeeded  in 
their  attempt,  and  were  sufficiently  triumphant  on  the  occasion,  were 
sorely  perplexed  how  to  dispose  of  their  prisoners.  After  some  dis- 
cussion, one  of  them  proposed  to  throw  the  decision  upon  the  wisdom 
of  the  nearest  magistrate.  They  accordingly  proceeded  with  their  pri- 
soners to  his  mansion,  about  two  miles  distant,  and  called  upon  him  to 
arise  and  attend  to  business.  A  window  was  hastily  thrown  up,  and  the 
justice  put  forth  his  night-capped  head,  and  with  more  wrath  than  be- 
came his  dignity,  ordered  them  off;  and,  in  requital  for  their  calling 
him  out  of  bed  in  the  cold,  generously  wished  them  in  the  warmest  place. 
However,  resistance  was  vain ;  he  was  compelled  to  rise ;  and,  as  soon 
as  the  prisoners  were  brought  before  him,  he  ordered  them  to  be  taken 
in  irons  to  the  prison  at  Philadelphia.  Lee  improved  the  opportunity 
to  take  the  old  gentleman  aside,  and  told  him  who  he  was,  and  why  he 
was  thus  disguised;  the  justice  only  interrupted  him  with  the  occasional 
inquiry,  'Most  done?'  When  he  had  finished,  the  magistrate  told  him 
that  his  story  was  very  well  made,  and  told  in  a  manner  very  creditable 
to  his  address,  and  that  he  should  give  it  all  the  weight  it  seemed  to  re- 
quire.    And  Lee's  remonstrances  were  unavailing. 

"As  soon  as  they  were  fairly  lodged  in  prison,  Lee  prevailed  on  the 
jailor  to  carry  a  note  to  Gen.  Lincoln,  informing  him  of  his  condition. 
The  General  received  it  as  he  was  dressing  in  the  morning,  and  immedi- 
ately sent  one  of  his  aids  to  the  jail.  That  officer  could  not  believe  his 
eyes  that  he  saw  Capt.  Lee.  His  uniform,  worn  out  when  he  assumed  it, 
was  now  hanging  in  rags  about  him,  and  he  had  not  been  shaved  for  a 
fortnight;  he  wished,  very  naturally,  to  improve  his  appearance  before 
presenting  himself  before  the  Secretary  of  War ;  but  the  orders  were 
peremptory  to  bring  him  as  he  was.  The  General  loved  a  joke  full 
well ;  his  laughter  was  hardly  exceeded  by  the  report  of  his  own  cannon ; 
and  long  and  loud  did  he  laugh  that  day. 

"  When  Capt.  Lee  returned  to  Lancaster,  he  immediately  attempted  to 
retrace  the  ground ;  and  so  accurate,  under  all  the  unfavorable  circum- 
stances, had  been  his  investigation,  that  he  brought  to  justice  fifteen 
21 


306  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

persons,  who  had  aided  in  the  escape  of  British  prisoners.  It  is  hardly 
necessary  to  say  to  those  who  know  the  fate  of  revolutionary  officers, 
that  he  received  for  his  hazardous  and  effectual  service,  no  reward  what- 
ever."— From  the  Reiv  England  Magazine. 

General  Washington  died  at  Mount  Vernon,  December  l-i,  1799.  A 
funeral  procession  in  his  honor  took  place  at  Lancaster,  January  7,  1800, 
the  particulars  of  which  were  as  follows : 

Yesterday,  in  conformity  to  the  Orders  of  Major-General  Edward 
Hand,  a  military  Procession  was  formed,  in  honor  of  the  manes  of  the 
late  Lieutenant-General  GEOKGE  WASHINGTON.  It  was  joined  by  a 
number  of  the  Members  of  our  State  Legislature,  some  Clergymen  from 
the  neighbourhood,  the  Brethren  of  the  lodge  of  Freemasons,  and  a 
number  of  private  Citizens;  and  proceeded  from  the  Court  House  iu  tliis 
Borough,  through  several  of  the  principal  streets,  until  they  arrived  at 
the  Episcopal  English  Church,  where  a  sermon,  suitable  to  the  occasion, 
was  delivered  by  tlie  Eev.  Mr.  Clarkson:  After  which,  the  Infantry 
fired  three  rounds,  drawn  up  on  the  out-side  of  tlie  Church-yard.  The 
Coffin,  which  had  been  carried  in  procession,  was  left  in  the  Church,  as  a 
monument  of  the  respect  and  and  esteem  in  which  he  was  held  by  the 
citizens  of  Lancaster. 

The  procession  was  conducted  in  the  following  order : 

Trumpeter. 
18  dragoon  Horse,  two  and  two,  [  Montgomery's. 
Cornet  with   Standard  in  crape,  l 
22  dragoon  Horse,  two  and   two,  J 

Captain. 
12  Infantry,  two  and  two,  -^ 

Ensign,  Colours  in  crape,  )■  Barton's 

12  Infantry,  two  and  two,  J 

Captain. 
MUSIC. 
30  Militia  Officers,  two  and  two. 

5  Clergymen. 
Undertakers,  with  their  Wands. 

3  Pall-bearers.  -I  f^   }>  3  Pall-bearers. 


J 


o 
,o 

4  Officers  of  our  Eevolutionary  Army. 

The  Lodge  in  mourning. 

Serjeant-at-arms  of  the  Senate. 

Clerk  and  Assistant. 


of  lancaster  county.  307 

Speaker. 

16  Senators,  two  and  two. 

Clerk  of  the  House. 

Speaker. 

32  Members,  two  and  two. 

40  Citizens. 


The  State  Legislature  met  at  Lancaster  from  1799  to  1812. 


The  subjoined  account  of  an  election  jubilee  held  Jan.  1,  1801,  char- 
acteristic of  the  manners  and  s})irit  of  the  times,  will  be  i)eriised  with 
much  interest: 

On  New  Year's  da}',  the  Democratic  Eepublicans  of  this  State,  at  the 
Seat  of  Government,  celebrated  the  success  of  the  Republican  Cause,  in 
the  election,  by  a  Majority  of  tlie  Peojyle,  of  Thomas  JelTerson  and  Aaron 
Burr,  to  be  President  and  Vice  President  of  the  L^nited  States. 

They  assembled  in  Franklin  College^  where  an  entertainment  was 
provided,  under  the  direction  of  Mr.  Slaymaker,  of  the  Borough  of 
Lancaster,  undoubtedly  superior  to  anything  of  the  kind  ever  before 
exhibited  in  the  Borough.- 

There  were  present  the  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth;  the  Speaker 
of  the  House  of  Representatives;  a  majority  of  the  members  of  the 
House,  and  the  minority  of  the  Senate;  most  of  the  principal  officers  of 
the  Government;  ^[ajor  General  Irwin;  officers  of  the  militia;  the  offi- 
cers and  corps  of  the  Lancaster  Light  Infantry,-^  and  citizens  of  the 
vicinity.  Over  the  chair,  at  the  head  of  the  table,  was  placed  the  por- 
trait of  Jefferson,  and  the  wall  very  handsomely  decorated  with  ever- 
green. 

1  This  building  stands  on  liigli  ground,  on  tlie  north  side  oi"  the  Borough  of  Lancas- 
ter, and  is  100  feet  in  length,  by  3G  feet  in  breadth.  It  is  divided  into  tlnee  rooms, 
having  large  folding  doors,  which  were  thrown  open,  so  as  to  liave  tlie  centre  table 
extend  the  whole  length  of  the  building.  The  side  tables  were  each  80  feet  in  length. 
The  whole  number  which  dined  together  amounted  to  2.")0  persons.  The  Trustees  of 
Franklin  College  are  incorporated,  by  law,  on  the  most  lit)eral  ]>lan.  The  building 
and  lots  were  given  by  the  State,  and  the  Institution  endowed  with  10.000  acres  of 
land  for  its  support. 

2  Near  the  head  of  the  table,  among  i)ther  decoi-ations,  there  was  placed  a  pyramid 
covered  with  sugar-plums.  On  three  sides  of  its  base  were,  respectively,  inscribed 
Monarchy,  Hierarchy,  Aristocracy;  and  on  the  fourth  side  was  written,  200.000.  in 
large  characters.  The  base  rested  upon  round  and  irregular  pieces  of  sugar-cake,  called 
jumbles.  It  seemed  to  have  been  designed  to  produce  a  scramble  ;  and  was  soon  de- 
n>olislied,  i)yiamid,  bas(>,  foundation  and  all. 

3  The  Company  paraded  at  the  State  House,  in  complete  uniform,  about  1'2  o\-Iock. 
After  paying  their  respects  to  the  Governor,  they  marched  to  the  College,  near  which 
they  lired  sixteen  vollies  in  honor  of  the  day.  They  were  then  dismissed  :  and,  soon 
after,  joined  their  fellow-citizens  at  the  festive  Board. 


308  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  Compauy  being  seated  at  the  table,  the  gentlemen  appointed  to 
officiate  as  President  and  Vice  President,  on  the  fourth  of  July  last,  were 
placed  in  their  chairs,  precisely  a"t  2  o'clock.  After  dinner  the  following 
toasts  were  drank,  in  the  true  spirit  of  Liberty,  and  with  a  display  of 
that  enthusiasm,  tempered  with  moderation,  which  marks  the  character 
of  real  Republicans^  to  wit: 

1.  The  People,  and  the  Constitution  which  they  have  ordained, 

2.  The  Patriots,  in  and  out  of  Congress,  who  have  honestly  laboured 
to  maintain  the  Constitution. 

3.  The  President,  and  the  true  men  in  trust  under  him.  Three 
Cheers. 

4.  The  third  of  December,  A.  D.  1800;  and  the  star  which  rose  bril- 
liantly in  the  South  on  that  day.     Eight  Cheers,  and  Ca  Ira. 

5.  Thomas  Jefferson  and  Aaron  Burr;  placed,  by  the  People,  on  the 
pillars  of  the  Constitution.  A  manly  attitude  and  a  firm  support  to 
them.     Sixteen  Cheers,  and  the  President's  March. 

6.  Keligious  Liberty ;  the  Eights  of  Conscience ;  their  great  Founder; 
and  their  living  Defender,  to  wit :    William  Penn,  and  Thomas  Jefferson. 

7.  Freedom  and  Equality  in  our  Elections.  Political  Perdition  to  all 
who  shall  attempt  to  destroy  or  pervert  them.     Six  Cheers. 

8.  The  Militia.  Skill  in  their  Officers,  and  a  firm  front  to  their  Men, 
Six  Cheers,  and  the  Grenadier's  March. 

9.  The  Artillery  Corps.  May  they,  like  Ben.  Bobbins,  be  able  to 
teach  the  Art  of  Gunnery  to  the  Mercenaries  of  Europe.^  Cheers,  and 
the  French  Grenadier's  March. 

10.  The  old  Congress,  which  raised  and  fed  our  Eevolutionary  Army ; 
and  the  brave  Army  they  raised.  They  both  deserved  well  of  their 
Country.     Thirteen  Cheers,  and  Yankee  Doodle. 

11.  The  Memory  of  Gen.  George  Washington;  the.  Pattern  of  due 
subordination  to  Civil  Authority.  Nine  Cheers;  and,  after  a  solemn 
pause — Eoslin  Castle. 

12.  America  and  France:  As  chaste  Sisters,  may  they  guard  each  other 
against  the  intrigues  and  treachery  of  Princes.  Nine  Cheers,  and  the 
Marseilles  Hymn. 

13.  The  People  of  England.  Bread  and  Peace  to  them.  The  Eoast 
Beef  of  Old  England. 

14.  Agriculture ;  the  first  and  best  employment  of  Men. 

15.  The  Home-manufacture  of  Men;  and  Happiness  to  our  fair  Manu- 
facturers.    Nine  Cheers. 

1  Benjamin  Kobbins,  Author  of  tlie  best  Essay  on  Gunnery  ever  published  in  in  any 
Country,  is  said  to  have  been  a  Tailor  in  Portsmouth  (England)  ;  and,  by  his  talents 
and  application  alone,  rose  to  the  most  distinguished  pre-eminence  in  that  branch  oC 
Science. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY.  309 

16.  Peace  for  a  thousand  Years,  according  to  the  Prophecies:  To 
commence  on  the  Fourth  of  March  next.     Nine  Cheers. 

VOLUNTEERS. 

By  the  Governor.  Franklin  College.  May  her  Sons  emulate  the  A^ir- 
tue  and  useful  Knowledge  of  the  Great  Man  whose  name  she  bears. 

The  Governor  having  retired,  the  Company  drank — 
.  Thomas  M'Kean,  the  Patriot ;  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth.     Six- 
teen Cheers,  and  Music,  Buckskin. 

By  the  President.  Our  State  House  Bell.  May  she  forever  obey  the 
command  of  our  Ancestors,  and  "proclaim  Liberty  throughout  all  the 
Land,  unto  all  the  Inhabitants  thereof."  (Inscription  on  our  State-bell, 
taken  from  the  Proclamation  of  the  Jubilee.    Leviticus,  chapt.  25.  ver.  10.) 

By  the  Vice-President.  Our  true  and  good  Men  in  the  Pennsylvania 
Delegation  to  Congress. 

By  the  Speaker  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives.  The  Majority  in 
Congress.  May  they  learn  wisdom,  even  at  the  11th  hour;  obey  the 
Voice  of  the  People :  and  modestly  acquiesce  in  the  Presidency  of 
Thomas  Jefferson. 

By  Major  General  Irwin.  May  Aristocracy  never  again  raise  its  head 
in  the  United  States  of  America. 

By  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth.  The  Liberty  of  the  Press, 
and  the  Sovereignty  of  Law. 

By  Mr.  Findley.  May  the  Friends  of  Monarchy,  never  hereafter  be 
mistaken  for  Federalists, 

By  Mr.  Kean.  Intrigue  and  Corruption.  To  both,  perpetual  confine- 
ment within  the  Courts  of  Princes. 

By  the  Secretary  of  the  Land-office.  Our  military  Citizens.  May  they 
and  their  Commanders  remember,  that  Liberty  was  never  subverted, 
without  an  Army. 

By  the  Surveyor-General.  The  Memory  of  the  illustrious  Democrats, 
Franklin  and  Rittenhouse.  The  one  emblazoned  with  his  own  light- 
ning; the  other,  resplendent  in  his  solar  system;  look  down  on  the  di- 
minished heads  of  Courtly  Stars.     Six  Cheers. 

By  a  Citizen.  May  virtuous  Aliens  feel  themselves,  here,  "among 
their  Father's  Children;"  and  may  "our  Father's  Children"  no  longer 
feel  themselves  as  among  "Aliens."     Three  Cheers. 

By  Mr.  Reicheubach.  The  Memory  of  the  18th  Century.  >tay  this 
and  every  future  be,  like  it,  an  age  of  Liberty. 

By  Mr.  Kisler.  Alexander  Hamilton;  and  St.  Paul's  prayer  ibr  the 
Coppersmith. 

,    By  Major  Light.     May  those  who  sacrifice  the  Rights  of  the  People, 
meet  the  Fate  of  Tityus. 


310  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

By  the  Vice-President.  The  land  we  live  in;  and  furtlier  success  to 
the  Cause  of  Eepublicanism. 

At  the  south  end  of  the  Building,  a  Lanthorn,  on  which  was  shown, 
in  large  transparent  letters,  the  words  ^'•Liberty  and  the  Constitution,^''  was 
erected  80  feet  high,  and  lighted  in  the  evening.  The  Citizens  retired 
at  6  o'clock,  preceded  by  Music,  and  an  octagon  Lanthorn  5  feet  4  inches 
in  diameter,  and  7 J  feet  high;  representing  the  Temple  of  Liberty, 
founded  on  the  Cardinal  Virtues,  and  supported  on  the  shoulders  of  four 
Citizens.  At  a  small  distance  from  the  Temple  was  seen  the  Southern 
Star,  in  full  brilliancy,  rising  and  shining  on  the  Temple,^ 

After  parading  the  principal  Streets,  and  complimenting  the  Governor 
and  some  leading  Democrats  in  the  Borough,  as  they  passed  their  dwel- 
lings, every  one  departed  to  his  oAvn  home.     Throughout  the  whole,  the 
utmost  decorum  was  observed.     ISTo  accident  of  any  kind  happened 
and,  before  8  o'clock  in  the  evening,  all  was  perfectly  quiet,  as  if  noth- 
ing unusual  had  happened. 


In  1822  the  city  and  county  of  Lancaster  were  erected  into  the  Second 
School  District  of  Pennsylvania. 

The  Conestoga  Navigation,  began  in  1825,  was  completed  in  1829. 

In  1834,  May  l,the  Common  School  System  was  established  in  Penn- 
sylvania. 

In  the  same  year  was  completed  the  Philadelphia  and  Columbia  Rail 
Eoad,  begun  in  1829.  The  liarrisburg  and  Lancaster  Road  was  com- 
pleted in  1838. 

The  Christiana  Riot  took  place  in  Sept.  1851,  in  consequence  of 
armed  resistance  to  the  attempted  capture  of  two  fugitive  slaves.  In  the 
conflict  Edward  Gorsuch,  of  Baltimore,  Md.,  master  of  the  fugitives,  was 
shot  dead.  The  negroes  were  countenanced  in  their  resistance  by  several 
white  men.  The  matter  created  intense  excitement;  tAvo  white  men, 
Elijah  Lewis  and  Castner  Hanway,  and  a  number  of  colored  men  were 
arrested  and  sent  to  Philadelphia  to  be  tried  for  treason.  The  trial  took 
place,  but  they  were  acquitted. 

The  History  of  Lancaster  County  really  terminates  with  the  Revolu- 
tion. The  internal  improvements,  the  development  of  natural  resources, 
the  increase  of  population,  the  growth  and  multiplication  of  branches  of 
industry,  the  spread  of  education  and  religion,  the  establishment  of 
philanthropic  institutions — all  these  and  kindred  subjects  are  recorded 
in  the  divisions  of  this  work  to  which  they  respectively  belong. 

There  is  however  a  part  of  the  history  of  this  County  which  illumi- 

1  The  effect  of  this  little  Temple  was  really  elegant;  and  did  honor  to  the  Gentlemen 
who.designed  it:  The  Star,  rising  in  the  South,  added  to  the  effect,  and  excited  great 
attention. 


OF    LAXCASTKR   COUXTY.  311 

nates  its  pages  and  furnislies  a  proud  record  of  the  patriotic  devotion  of 
its  citizens,  wliicli  appropriately  closes  the  strictly  historical  part  of  this 
work.  It  is  the  military  record  of  Lancaster  County,  From  the  papers 
on  file  in  the  office  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  which  have 
been  kindly  placed  at  my  disposal  through  the  courtesy  of  ^[r.  Gara, 
have  been  prepared  the  subjoined  lists  relating  to  the  Revolution ;  those 
relating  to  the  Eebellion  are  drawn  from  the  Adjutant  General's  Report 
for  18G6.  It  is  matter  of  regret  that  in  spite  of  the  most  diligent 
search  at  Ilarrisburg  and  elsewhere,  similar  lists  of  the  officers  from 
Lancaster  County  who  served  in  the  war  against  Great  Britain  in  1812- 
1814,  and  in  the  war  against  Mexico,  could  not  be  obtained.  They  may 
yet  be  forthcoming  and,  in  that  event,  will  be  printed  in  a  subsequent 
edition  of  this  History.  The  noble  work  done  with  unwearied  energy, 
perseverance,  and  self-sacrificing  devotion  by  the  "  PATRIOT  DAUGII- 
TERS,"  concludes  the  Military  History  of  the  County  in  the  modest 
report,  prepared  by  the  excellent  ladies  on  whom  the  management  of 
the  organization  devolved,  and  is  perhaps  its  brightest  page. 

We  now  begin  the  Military  Record  of  Lancaster  County,  is  detailed 
in  the  following  pages. 


312 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


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318 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


1780. 

ROLL  OF  THE  PENNSYLVANIA  VOLUNTEERS  FOR  LANCASTER  COUNTY 
WITH  THE  DATE  OF  ENLISTMENT. 


/ 


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0 
7 
8 
9 

10 
11 
12 
13 
14 
15 

X 
/18 

19 

20 

21 
22 
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30 
31 
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35 
36 
37 
38 
39 
40 
41 
42 
43 
44 
45 
46 
47 
48 
49 
50 
51 
52 
-53 
54 
55 


Names. 


"William  Williams, 

Adam  Carpenter, 

Gilbert  Samuel, 

Tobias  Kiuster,  

Joseph  Geddis,  

Frederick  Reisli, 

Stephen  Davis,  

James  Freney, 

George  Foltz, 

Robert  Mitchell,  

George  Kishler,   

Henry  Berntheisel, 

George  Hucketswiller, . 

William  Hunt, 

David  Myer, .>J^ 

Samuel  Grove,  .  ...^Tr:... 

Andrew  Ream,  

David  Ream,  

Andrew  lludler, 

David  Stule, 

Matthew  Neeley, 

James  Young, , 

John  Stewart,  

John  Heiser,  

Henry  Nagle, 

Alexander  Ford, 

Alexander  Bramon,  .... 
Andrew  McGinnis, . ... 

Philip  Arnold, 

Philip  Buttenstein,  .... 

Jacob  Hassinger, 

Peter  Harder 

.John  Carmichael, 

Barnard  Gustrell, 

Godfrey  Everhai't, 

John  Young,  

John  Aleman,  

Jacob  Offenbaugh, 

Abraham  Soober, 

Ludw'k  Road, 

Henry  Rewalt, 

George  Simmons,  

John  Mode  rill, 

John  Segar,  

Charles  Drummin,  

John  Anderson, 

Christ'n  Ginder,  , 

James  Turner, , 

Abr.  Bronson, 

Andreas  Wagner, 

Martin  Mohler,  

Conrad  Philip,  

Patrick  Rudy, 

Bennett  Heard, , 

Peter  Riblett 


Enlisted. 


June  10. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  11. 
June  12. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  13. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
Jxme  14. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  15. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 


OF  LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


oli» 


Rob't  Haniiah, 

Peter  Kepliiiger, , 

Samuel  Logan,  

James  \V  aters,  

Leonard  Wyer, 

John  Colp, 

Mattliias  Hager,  

Philip  Fernsley,  

Rob't  Boyd, -:. 

Rob't  McHenry, 

George  Young, 

Fred'k  Siegmiller,  

David  Davis,  

John  Hamilton, 

Thomas  Mackey, 

James  Osburne,  

Oliver  White 

Henry  Reading, 

Joshua  Napp, , 

Alex"r  Leighton, 

Simon  Lough, 

John  Slotterbeck, 

Thom's  Carmichael, .... 

Alex'r  Hastings, 

Rob't  Care, 

Christian  Weidley, 

Barnabas  Allen,  .". 

Henry  Narmire,  

Lawrence  Smith,  

Charles  McCoy, 

Henry  Yafie,  

John  Sinister,  

Mathew  Montgomery, . 

John  McCush, 

Jacob  Towinhauer, 

Will'm  Allcorn, 

John  Statier,  

Nicholas  Ansi>ach, 

Daniel   Hains, 

Jacob   Rowland, 

Will'm   Willson, 

Casper  Dribble, 

James  McMillen, 

John  Campbell, 

John  Spence, 

William  Cashidy, 

Jacob  Graff, 

Lud'k  Kook, 

John  Mohrer, 

Edw'd  Stridle 

Patrick  McL<mey, 

William  Strahan, 

Christ' n  Ziegenhain,.. 

John  Field, 

Henry  Sheib, 

Mathias  Cook, 

Francis  Fleury, 

Christian  Frickheffer,. 

John  Allison, 

.JSailiam  Watt,.; 

John  Gatege, 

John  Hunlcy, 

Joseph  Sinkel, 


ENLISTED. 

June  l.*}. 
do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

flo. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  16. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  17. 

do. 

do. 
June  18. 

do. 

do. 
June  19. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  20. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  21. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  22. 

do. 

do. 

tlo. 

do. 
June  23. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  24. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  2"i. 

do. 
June  2(5. 

do. 
June  27. 

do. 
July     2. 

do. 
July     4. 


320 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


119 
120 

131 
122 
123 
124 
125 
126 
127 
128 
129 
130 
131 
132 
133 
134 
135 
136 
137 
138 
139 
140 
141 
142 
143 
144 
145 
146 
147 
148 
149 
150 
151 
152 
153 
154 
155 
156 
157 
158 
159 
160 


George  Nuss, 

John  Cooke, 

Andreas  Baltzbach, . 

John  Hogart 

Andrew  Sinclair, 

John  Ewings, 

Hugh  Donally, 

Christ' n  Lindenroad, 

John  Klingle, 

Patrick  Molholm, .... 

Philip  Lawman, 

John  Ward, 

John  Downhower, . . . 

Alex'r  Man-s, 

John  McGachen, 

John  Frederick, 

Peter  Long, , 

John  Shartell, 

John  McGregor, , 

William  Weise, 

Nathan  Levy...... 

Jacob  Fettei- 

Jacob  Hoffman, 

Lsaac  Davis 

John  Davis, 

Peter  Giiimline, 

John  Ernst, 

John  Morrison, 

Anbrey  Jones, 

John  Schriver, 

James  Fisher, 

William  Moflfett, 

Jonathan  Klingle, 

Thomas  Gordon, 

Anthony   Furnace,... 
Phineas  Coleman, . . . 

David  Wittezell, 

Samuel  Saligley, 

Thomas  Hassin, 

Casper  Peter, 

Ludwig  Steigley, 

Matthew  Newland, ... 


ENLISTED. 

July  4. 
July  5. 
July  7. 
July  20. 

do. 

do. 
July  27. 
July  38. 
July  29. 
July  31. 
August    3. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
August    4. 

do. 

do. 
August    5. 

do. 

do. 

do.- 

do. 

do. 
August    6. 
August    8. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
August   9. 

August  12. 
August  16. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 

do. 
June  34. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


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OF    LANCASTER   COUXTV.  345 


REPORT  OF  THE  PATRIOT   DAUGHTERS. 

To  those  interestetl  in  the  operatioius  of  this  St)c'iety,  11  sh<;lit  sketrh  of  its  cflbi-ts, 
during  the  four  years  of  its  existence,  may  not  be  uninteresting.  Tt  was  organized 
under  the  direction  of  Eev.  J.  I.  Mombert,  April  23,  1861,  nine  days  after  the  fall  of 
Fort  Sunipter,  and  has  the  honor  of  having  been  one  of  the  very  first  societies  organ- 
ized for  the  aid  of  our  Union  Soldiers.  They  began  with  only  *10()  in  their  treasury. 
Their  lirst  efforts  were  directed  to  the  relief  of  tlie  Ohio  volunteers,  wlio  were,  for  a 
time,  quartered  near  this  city.  These  i)oor  fellows  had  left  liouu;  at  a  monicnt's  warn- 
ing, and  not  finding  the  government  prepared  to  give  tliem  clothing,  were  s:»dly  in  need. 
They  were  supplied  with  overcoats  and  blankets.  After  they  left,  their  places  wei-e 
filled  by  tlie  14th  and  15th  Pennsylvania  volunteers.  The  Society  supplied  the  hospital 
connected  with  that  camp,  with  shirts,  bedding,  and  many  luxuries  tlie  men  could  not 
command.  They  also  gave  a  dinner  to  tlie  men,  2,000  in  number,  which  elicited  from 
them  their  warmest  thanks,  llavelocks  and  prayer-books  were  also  distributed,  the 
latter  being  obtained  through  the  agency  of  their  friend,  Mr.  Jlombert.  To  the  vol- 
unteers leaving  our  own  city  the  Society  was  not  neglectful.  They  furnished  ibui- 
companies  with  rations,  one  entire  company  with  blankets  anrl  liavcrsacks  ami  a  whole 
regiment  with  flannel  shirts.  During  tlieir  four  years'  labor  they  forwarded  to  ditlerent 
hosjiitals  1,0G1  boxes,  barrels,  etc.  Among  these  stores  were  the  following  items:  Hos- 
pital shirts,  5,219;  flannel  shirts,  including  those  given  at  home,  2.187;  drawers.  2,012; 
slippei-s,  94  i)airs;  socks,  5,709  pairs;  sheets,  129:  comforts,  28;  (piilts,  :50;  mitteiLS, 
2,000;  wrappers,  296;  pillows,  1003;  pillow  case.s,  891;  half  worn  shirts,  9,080;  towels, 
4,256;  handkerchiefs,  1,700;  blankets,  120;  gum  blankets,  12;  fans,  20  dozen;  farina, 
972  papers;  oranges  and  lemons,  872  dozen;  preserves  and  pickles,  1,401  cans;  apple 
butter,  1.801  gallons;  wines,  48  dozen;  apples,  15  barrels;  vegetables,  43  barrels;  dried 
fruit.  63  bushels;  bread  and  rusk,  62  boxes;  tea,  18  pounds;  sugar  245  jHuinds;  beef 
and  hams,  9  barrels;  soap,  415  pounds;  castile  soap,  59  pounds;  cheese.  5  boxes;  tur- 
kies,  89;  chickens,  301  pairs;  crutches,  158;  bandages,  66  pieces  of  muslin;  eggs,  41 
barrels;  brandy,  6  dozen;  jVIadeira  wine,  7  dozen;  whisky,  3  barrels;  pickleil  slaw,  5 
barrels;  cologne,  16  gallons;  stationery,  $72.00;  buckets,  6  dozens;  basins,  18;  but- 
ter, 1,020  pounds;  donated  to  Children's  Home,  one  piece  of  nuislin.  one  piece  of 
calico,  one  piece  of  de  Laine,  24  pillows  and  cases;  to  West  Philadelpliia  Hospital,  30 
rocking  chairs;  to  Fair  for  Soldiers'  Home,  $300;  groceries  for  soldiers'  families  and 
others  in  need,  $790.92;  coal  for  soldiers'  famihes,  $107.80;  .shoes  for  soldiers,  $«7.55; 
clothing  for  soldiers  and  families,  $381.4);  meat  for  soldiers'  families,  $87.61;  room 
rent  for  one  year.  $85;  sewing  and  knitting,  $105.10;  to  disaliled  soldiei-s'  funeral  ex- 
penses, etc.,  $303.04;  total  amount  of  expenses  in  making  the  hospital  clothing  and 
other  stores,  in  paying  tlieir  freight,  in  buying  i)rovisions.  and  in  paying  the  expenses 
of  nurses,  etc.,  $12,193.88;  total  amount  of  receipts  of  the  society,  $14,500.60:  total 
amount  of  expenses,  including  the  above  bills.  .$14,482.30;  Balance  on  hand.  $1H.:!0. 

ROSINA  HURLEY.  President. 

M.  31.  KEN  DIG.  Treasurer. 

A.  C.  Si.AYMAKKR.  Secretary. 

—  From  Doily  Kmuufi  K-rpn'^*.  .'/''.y  5,  1800. 


346  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


DIVISIOIS^  II. 


T^OPOGRAPHICAL. 

At  the  time  of  its  separation  from  Chester  county,  the  boundaries  of  Lancaster  county 
comi^rised  "all  the  province  lying  to  the  Northward  of  Octoraro  Creek  and  Westward 
of  a  line  of  marked  trees  running  from  the  North  branch  of  the  said  Octoraro  Creek, 
Northeasterly  to  the  river  Schuylkill."  Having  been  gradually  reduced  to  its  present 
limits  by  the  erection  into  separate  counties  of  York,  Cumberland,  Berks,  Northum- 
berland, Dauphin  and  Lebanon,  it  is  now  bounded  North  by  the  counties  of  Dauphin, 
Lebanon  and  Berks,  East  by  Chester  county,  South  by  Cecil  county  in  Maryland,  and 
Southwest  by  the  Susquehanna  River.  Length  33  miles,  breadth  38;  area  938  miles; 
central  lat.  40^  3'  N.  ;  long  0^  40'  E.  from  W.  C. 

It  is,  perhaps,  the  wealthiest  county  of  the  State,  in  natural  advantages,  having  a 
fine  navigable  river,  which  washes  its  western  shore  for  more  than  40  miles,  a  great 
diversity  of  surface  and  soil,  abundantly  watered  by  mill  streams ;  many  and  excellent 
roads,  the  principal  of  which  are  paved  with  stone  ;  a  large  city,  and  many  fine  towns 
and  villages,  and  a  population  alike  enterprising,  patient  and  industrious,  and  conse- 
quently all  powerful  in  compelling  the  earth  to  yield  her  most  precious  fruits.  The 
great  geological  feature  of  the  county  is  its  division  between  the  secondary  and  transi- 
tion formations ;  a  broad  vein  of  secondary  limestone,  underlying  the  southern  half, 
whilst  a  nearly  equal  belt  of  transition  red  sandstone  covers  the  northern.  The  fonner 
aftbrds  abundant  supplies  for  building  and  manure,  and  superior  marble  for  architectu- 
ral ornament.  This  portion  of  the  country  also  produces  lai'ge  quantities  of  the  oxide 
of  chrome,  or  chromate  of  iron,  and  abundance  of  magnesite,  from  which  a  Baltimore 
firm  have  taken  several  hundred  tons  per  annum,  and  from  which  they  manufacture 
1,500,000  lbs.  of  sulphate  of  magnesia  (epsom  salts)  annually,  supplying  the  country 
with  these  two  articles,  at  a  price  far  less  than  they  can  be  imported.  Iron  ore  is  also 
abundant  in  this  region,  and  is  found  in  the  hills  on  the  northern  boundary.  Good 
roofing  slate  is  quarried  on  both  sides  of  the  Susquehanna  near  Peach  Bottom  ferry. 
Anthracite  coal  is  said  to  have  been  discovered  near  Reamstown,  but  neither  in  quality 
nor  quantity  worthy  of  attention. 

Three  ranges  of  hills  run  through  the  county  from  S.  E.  to  N.  W.,  the  southernmost, 
chiefly  in  Martic,  Bart  and  Sadsbury  townships,  includes  Mine  Ridge,  and  is  notable 
for  iron  and  copper  ore,  and  other  valuable  minerals.  The  second  range,  more  broken 
and  less  continuous,  and  of  small  elevation,  commences  at  and  about  Columbia,  and 
includes  the  Ephrata  ridge  ;  and  the  third,  the  highest  and  most  connected,  is  the  Con- 
ewago  or  South  mountain. 

Crossing  the  county  from  E.  to  W.,  S.  of  the  parallel  of  Lancaster,  we  have  Octoraro 
creek,  which  separates  it  from  Chester,  the  N.  and  W.  branches  of  that  stream,  the 
Conewingo  creek.  Fishing  creek.  Muddy  creek,  Tucquean  creek,  the  Pequea,  which 
runs  S.  W.  over  the  county,  receiving  Beaver  creek,  and  Little  Beaver  creek,  and  many 
smaller  streams.  The  Conestoga  creek,  which,  rising  in  Berks  county,  flows  by  a 
western  course  into  Warwick  township,  and  thence  S.  W.  by  the  city  of  Lancaster  to 
the  Susquehanna  river,  being  the  recipient  of  many  excellent  streams  which  increase  its 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  347 

waters  from  either  hand,  the  chief  of  wliich  arc  tlie  East  Brandi,  CfK-alico,  Trout,  Mid- 
dle and  Hammer  creeks,  and  the  Little  Conestoga  creek;  a  slack  water  navi^atiou  has 
been  made  on  tne  Conestofja  creek.  The  Great  and  Little  C'hiiiues  and  the  ("i)nc\vaj,'0 
creek,  which  separates  Lancaster  from  Dauphin  county.  All  these  streams  alVord 
advantao-eous  mill  sites,  and  are  j^^enerally  and  usefully  improved,  i 

The  State  C^anal  follows  the  Susquehanna  on  the  western  border  from  C'*tlumbia 
northward. 

The  Phi]adeli)hia  and  Lancaster  turnpike  road,  is  notable  as  the  first  made  in  the 
United  States.  Its  length  is  62  miles;  it  was  commenced  in  the  year  1792,  and  finished 
in  1794,  at  an  expen.se  of  #465,000.  Other  turnpikes  have  been  connected  with  it.  ex- 
tending from  Trenton,  on  the  Delaware,  to  Steubenville,  on^  the  Ohio,  a  continuous  line 
of  343  miles.  From  the  city  of  Lancaster  this  road  is  continued  westward  through  the 
county,  about  11  miles  to  the  Susquehannah  river  at  C(jluml)ia,  which  it  crosses  by  a 
bridge  of  more  than  5,000  feet  in  length.  Another  turnpike  road  leads  from  Lancaster 
city  N.  W.  to  Harrisburg,  from  which  are  laterals  connecting  with  the  thriving  towns 
of  Marietta  and  Falmouth,  on  the  Susquehanna  river.  Another  turnpike  road,  com- 
mencing at  Downingtown,  Chester  county,  traver.ses  the  N.  E.  part  of  this  county  for 
25  miles,  passing  through  the  town  of  Ephrata,  to  Harrisburg.  The  Lancaster  and 
Reading  turnpike  road  proceeds  N.  E.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster,  through  the  county, 
25  miles;  and  the  Lancaster  and  Wilmington  turnpike  i-oad,  entering  the  county 
through  Mine  Hill  gap,  unites  with  the  Philadelphia  road,  at  Slaj-maker's  tavern, 
about  14  miles  E.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster.  Country  roads,  kept  in  very  good  ordei-, 
are  made  in  every  direction. 2 

Good  bridges,  almost  universally  of  stone,  have  been  made  over  the  principal  streams 
where  crossed  by  the  great  roads;  generally  at  the  expense  of  the  county  or  of  the  turn- 
pike companies;  but  in  some  cases  by  comj^anies  specially  incorporated  for  the  purpose, 
and  by  individuals  authorized  by  the  State.  Those  most  worthy  of  note  are  over  the 
Susquehanna  river  and  the  Conestoga  creek. 

The  chief  towns  of  the  county  are  Lancaster  city,  the  boroughs  of  Columbia,  ilarietta, 
AVashington  and  Strasburg,  Falmouth,  Bainbridge,  Maytown,  Elizabethtown,  Mount 
Joy,  Manheim,  Petersburg,  Neft'sville,  New  Market,  Fairview,  ^lillerstown,  Souders- 
burg,  Paradise,  Intercourse,  Xew  Holland,  Churchtown,  Swopetown,  llinkletown, 
Ephrata,  Litiz,  Reamstown  and  Adamstown,  &c.,  for  notice  of  which  see  their  titles 
respectively. 

The  Penmyldania  Rail  Road  traverses  the  county  from  East  to  "West;  the  chief  stati(.ns 
in  the  county  are  the  following:  Christiana,  Gap,  Kinzer's,  Leaman  Place,  Concor<l,  Hird- 
in-Hand,  (Enterprise,)  Lancaster,  Dillerville,  Landisville,  Mount  Joy,  Elizabethtown. 
A  second  route  leaves  the  main  line  at  Dillerville,  aiul  from  Columbia  nnis  along  the 
Susquehanna.  The  stations  in  the  county  are  :  Dillerville,  Rohrcrstown,  Moimtvillc, 
Columbia,  Chiques,  Marietta,  Bainbridge  and  Falmouth. 

The  Reading  and  Columbia  Rail  Road,  with  a  branch  from  Lancaster  to  the  junction, 
2  miles  S.  of  Manheim,  is  in  successful  operation,  and  traverses  the  county  in  tho 
direction  S.  W.  to  N.  Stations  on  the  line  of  this  road  are:  Reinholdsville.  Union, 
Reamstown,    Ephrata,    New    Berlin,    Millway,    Rothville,    Litiz,    Keller's,    Manheim, 

1.  In  the  limestone  region  of  tliis  county,  the  phenomenon  is  l.y  no  means  rare  that  small  streams 
after  flowing  some  distance,  suddenly  disappear,  and  after  running  sometimes  several  miles  under 
ground,  reappear  with  increased  strength.  As  a  specimen  we  name  the  In.Uan  Itun,  which  divl.les 
the  townships  of  (Uay  and  V.'est  Cocalico,  and  has  considerable  depth.  After  running  some  distance, 
it  suddenly  disappears  among  limestone  rocks,  pursues  its  subterranean  course  for  a  mile  and  a  half, 
and  on  reappearing  is  known  as  Trout  Creek,  on  account  of  the  many  trout  which  aboun<l  in  It. 

2  The  oldest  roads  in  the  county  are  "The  Old  Continental  Road"  from  Philadelphia  through  Lan- 
caster to  the  Susquehanna,  and  "Tlie  Old  King's  Highway,"  laid  out  in  1733,  passing  from  I'hlla.  el- 
phia  through  West  Chester.  Strasburg,  Postlethwaite's  to  the  mouth  of  the  Conestoga.  Postlethwa  te  g 
was  the  first  county  seat,  selected  doubtless  on  accout  of  Its  contiguity  to  Con.stogo,  the  famous  Indian 
settlement. 


348  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

Junction,  Landisville,  Silver  Spring,  Chestnut  Hill  Kauftman"s.  Columbia,  and  in  the 
direction  of  Lancaster  from  the  Junction,  Meehanicsville.  Petersburg,  Dillerville, 
Lancaster. 

The  Conestoga  Navigation,  completed  in  1834,  connects  Lancaster  with  the  Susque- 
hanna at  Safe  Harbor,  where  the  Slackwater  joins  the  Tidewater  canal,  and  thus 
affords  uninterrupted  communication  with  Chesapeake  Bay.  Water  communication 
with  the  interior  of  the  State  is  maintained  by  means  of  the  Pennsylvania  canal,  the 
Eastern  division  of  which  terminates  at  Columbia. 

From  this  general  description  of  the  county,  we  pass  to  the  particular  account  of 
the  respective  localities,  which  are  given  in  al])habetical  order,  and  to  which  is  prefixed  a 
copy  of  the 

"Boundaries  of  the  Townships  in  Lancaster  County,  an  tht-y  were  settled  and  agreed  upon 
by  the  Magistrates  and  Inhabitants  of  the  said  county  on  the  dth  day  of  June,  and  con- 
firmed by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  the  First  of  August  ensuing.  Anno  Domini 
1729: 

1.  Drumore. — The  township  of  Drumore.  beginning  at  the  south  line  of  Sadsbury 
by  Octoraro,  thence  down  the  said  creek  to  the  province  line  towards  Maryland,  thence 
up  the  Sasquehanah  to  the  mouth  of  Muddy  Kun,  thence  by  the  said  run  to  Richard 
Beeson's  land,  and  from  thence  on  a  direct  course  to  the  southwest  corner  of  John 
Keyl's  land  on  Sadsbury  line,  and  by  the  said  line  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

2.  Sadsbury. — The  township  of  Sadsbui-y  beginning  by  the  county  line  at  the  moun- 
tain which  divides  Octoraro  and  Peciuea,  thence  westerly  along  the  said  mountain  to  the 
northwest  corner  of  John  Keyl's  land,  thence  by  said  land  to  the  southwest  corner,  and 
from  thence  south  200  perches,  thence  east  to  O(^toraro,  thence  up  the  said  county  line, 
and  along  the  said  line  to  said  place  of  beginning. 

3.  Martock. — The  township  of  Martock,  l)eginning  at  the  mouth  of  Muddy  run, 
thence  up  Sasquehanah  to  Pequea.  thence  up  Pequea  to  the  mouth  of  Great  Beaver 
creek,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  Sadsbury  line,  then  by  the  said  line  to  John  Keyl's 
corner  aforesaid,  thence  by  Drumore  township  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

4.  CoNESTOGCE. — The  township  of  Conestogce,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Pequea, 
thence  up  Sasquehanah,  thence  to  said  mouth  of  Conestogoe  creek,  then  up  the  said  creek 
to  the  mouth  of  Mill  creek,  then  by  a  direct  line  to  Pequea  at  the  mouth  of  Beaver 
creek,  thence  down  Pequea  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

5.  Hemppield. — The  township  of  Hempfield,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  C'onestogoi, 
thence  up  Sasquehanah  to  Chickasalunge,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  Peters'  Road  by 
the  Log  C'abins,  thence  to  Little  Conestogoe,  and  down  the  same  to  the  IVIanor  line,  and 
thence  down  the  said  line  to  Great  Conestogoe,  and  down  the  same  to  the  place  of  be- 
ginning. 

C.  Donegal. — The  townshiij  of  Donegal,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  the  Chickasa- 
lunge, thence  up  the  East  Branch  to  Peters'  Road,  thence  (taking  in  the  present  in- 
habitants) on  a  northerly  course  to  Conewago,  thence  by  the  same  and  the  said  river  to 
the  place  of  beginning. 

7.  Derry. — The  town.ship  of  Derry.  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Conewago,  tlienceui» 
Sasquehanah  to  the  mouth  of  Suataaro,  thence  iip  Suataaro  to  the  mouth  of  Quetopo- 
hello,  thence  south  on  a  direct  line  to  Conewago,  and  down  the  same  to  the  place  of 
beginning.! 

8.  Peshtank.— The  township  of  Peshtank,2  beginning  at  tlie  mouth  of  Suataaro, 
thence  up  the  river  to  Kehtuhtoning  hill  above  Peter  Aliens,  thence  eastward  by  the 
south  side  of  said  hill  to  the  meridian  of  Quetopohello  mouth,  thence  on  a  south  course 
to  the  mouth  of  the  same  at  Suataaro,  and  down  Suataaro  to  the  beginning. 

9.  Lebakox. — LebanonS  township,  beginning  under  the  aforesaid  hill  at  the  north- 
east corner  of  Peshtank,  thence  by  the  said  hill  easterly  to  the  meridian  of  the  west  line 

1  Now  in  Dauphin  county.  2  Now  in  Dauphin  county.  3  Now  in  Tjebanon  county. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  349 

of  Tolpehockan  manor,  thence  soutlierly  and  by  tlic  said  line  to  the  hills  boundinf^ 
Warwick  township,  thence  by  the  said  hills  and  township  westerly  to  the  cniner  of 
Derry  on  Conewago,  thence  northerly  by  Derry  and  Peshtank  tothe  i»lace  of  bcyinninfj. 

10.  Eakl. — Earl  township,  beginnin<f  at  Peters'  Koad  by  C'onesto{;<)e  creek,  beinfj  a 
corner  of  Leacock  township,  thence  np  CUmestogoe  creek  and  nj)  iluddy  creek  to  the 
Indian  Path,  thence  along  the  sonthern  branch  of  said  creek  to  the  brow  of  Turkey  hill, 
thence  southerly  in  a  direct  course  to  the  northeast  corner  of  Thomas  Edwanls'  land, 
and  by  the  said  land  southerly  over  Conestogoe  creek  to  another  corner  of  saitl  land, 
thence  on  a  direct  course  to  the  corner  of  the  west  line  of  Nathan  Evan's  land,  then  by 
the  said  land  and  along  southerly  to  the  top  of  the  mountain,  thence  westerly  along  the 
said  mountain  by  Salisbury  line  to  David  Cowen's  west  corner,  thence  t<}  Peters  Road 
and  along  the  same  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

11.  Warwick. — Warwick  township,  beginning  by  Conestogoe  creek  at  a  corner  of 
Maidieim  township  by  Peters'  Road,  thence  up  by  the  west  side  of  Conestogoe  to  Hans 
Graff's  mill,  thence  up  a  northerly  branch  to  David  Priess's  mill,  thence  westerly  along 
the  hills  by  Lebanon  township  to  Derry,  thence  southerly  by  Donegal  to  the  aforesaid 
road,  thence  along  the  said  road  easterly  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

12.  Manheim. — Manlieim  township,  beginning  by  Peters  Road  at  a  corner  of  Donegal 
and  Warwick  townships  near  the  head  of  Little  Conestogoe,  thence  along  the  said  road 
by  Warwick  township  to  Conestogoe  creek,  thence  down  the  said  creek  to  the  Old  Doc- 
tor's Ford,  thence  westerly  by  Lancaster  township  on  a  direct  line  to  Little  Conestogoe 
at  the  npper  side  of  Peter  Bomgarner's  land,  thence  up  the  said  creek  to  the  place  of 
beginning. 

18.  Lakcastkk.— Lancaster  township,  beginning  at  the  Old  Doctor's  Ford,  thence 
down  the  west  side  of  Conestogoe  to  the  Manor  line,  thence  by  the  said  line  to  Little 
Conestogoe,  thence  up  the  said  creek  by  llempfield  township  to  3Ianheim  township, 
thence  by  the  said  township  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

14.  Leacock.— Leacook  township,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  Beaver  creek,  thence  up 
the  east  side  of  Pequea  to  Philip  Feire's  lower  corner,  thence  west  by  Lampeter  town- 
ship to  Conestogoe  creek  at  the  upper  corner  of  George  Baud's  land,  thence  up  the  said 
creek  to  Peters'  Road,  thence  easterly  along  the  said  road  by  Earl  township  to  David 
Cowin's  land,  thence  southerly  and  westerly  by  Salsbury,  Sadsbury  and  ^lartock  town- 
ships to  the  place  of  beginning. 

15.  Lampetek.— Lampeter  township,  beginning  at  the  mouth  of  :Mill  creek  at  a  corner 
of  Conestogoe  township,  thence  up  the  east  side  of  Conestogoe  creek  to  Leacock  town- 
ship, thencli  easterly  by  the  said  township  to  Pequea,  thence  down  Pequea  by  the  sai.l 
towiiship  to  Beaver  creek,  thence  by  Conestogoe  township  to  the  place  of  bcgmmng. 

16  Salsbury.— Salsbury  township,  beginning  at  the  county  line  at  the  northeasterly 
corner  of  Sadsbury  township,  thence  northerly  along  the  said  line  to  the  mountain  at 
Brandywine  head,  thence  westerly  by  Caernarvon  township  along  the  said  mountain  to 
a  corner  of  Leacock  township  by  David  Cowin,  thence  by  the  said  township  southerly 
to  the  east  line  of  Thomas  Story's  land,  thence  continuing  by  the  said  township  along 
another  mountain  to  Sadsbury  line,  thence  by  the  said  line  easterly  to  the  pla.x'  of  be- 

frinning.  , .        ,  <. 

17  CAERNARVON.-Caernarvon  township,  beginning  at  the  county  line  at  a  corner  of 
Salisburv  on  the  mountain,  thence  northerly  along  the  said  line  to  the  northeast  corner 
of  Cadw^leder  Elis's  land,  thence  westerly  by township  along  a  ridge  of  moun- 
tains to  Earl  township  at  the  northeast  corner  of  Thomas  Edwar.l  s  land,  thence  south- 
erly by  the  said  township  to  the  corner  of  Leacock  and  Salsbury  township,  thence 
easterly  by  Salsbury  and  along  the  said  mountain  to  the  place  of  beginning. 

ti>  JrsTOWN,  BOROUGH.-Adamstown,  post  town  and  village,  Cocalico  township.  La  - 
ca  ter  county,  ;n  the  road  from  Lancaster  to  Reading,  20  miles  ^-n.  -  fo-er  am^ 
10  from  the  latter,  and  46  miles  S.  E.  from  Harrisburg.     Population  m  1860,  43- ,  Tax 


350  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

ables,  103;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,   $50,205;  Gristmill,  1;  Sawmill,  1; 
Distillery,  1;  Hotels,  3;  Stores,  3;  Common  Schools,  2. 

Bart.— Bart  township,  bounded  N.  l)y  Paradise,  E.  by  Sadsbury,  S.  by  Coleraine  and 
W.  by  Eden.  Centrally  distant  from  Lancaster  city  about  14  ms.  S.  E.  Length  7, 
breadth  5f  ms.  Area,  19,027  acres.  Mine  Ridge,  a  lofty  chain  of  hills,  encircles  the 
township  on  the  W.  and  N.  in  which  copper  has  been  discovered,  but  the  mines  are  not 
wrought.  Surface,  rolling;  soil,  limestone  and  clay;  taxables,  338.  Population  in  1860, 
1,532.  Real  and  Personal  Property,  |284,636.  4  Gristmills,  5  Saw  Mills,  4  Hotels,  3 
Stores,  G  Common  Schools. 

The  Meeting  House  Run  and  Copper  Mine  Run  traverse  the  county  and  at  their  con- 
fluence form  the  West  Branch  of  Octorara  creek.  This  township  has  3  Post  Offices, 
Bart,  Bartville  and  Nine  Points.  The  most  important  place  is  the  village  of  George- 
town. 

"The  citizens  of  Sadsbury  having  petitioned  for  a  division  of  the  township,  the 
court,  at  the  November  Session  of  1743,  appointed  Calvin  Coo])er,  George  Leonard,  sen., 
James  Wilson,  Samuel  Ramsay,  Robert  Wilson  and  James  Miller,  to  divide  the  same — 
'they  met  the  20th  of  March,  and  considered  the  most  proper  place.  The  line  is  to 
begin  in  a  road  called  Aaron  Musgrove's  road,  near  the  copper  mines,  at  Strasburg 
township  line,  where  it  divides  from  Sadsbury,  and  down  the  several  courses  thereof  to 
the  east  side  of  said  road  to  a  new  road  branching  therefrom,  leading  to  John  Taylor's 
mill,  commonly  known  by  the  name  of  Buckley's  mill,  on  the  east  side  of  said  road, 
the  several  courses  thereof,  to  a  road  branching  therefrom  commonly  known  by  the 
name  of  Rustan's  Road,  and  on  the  east  side  thereof,  by  the  line  that  divides  Colerain 
and  Sadsbiu-y;  all  which  we  allow  and  conclude  to  be  the  division.  The  eastern  part 
thereof  retaining  the  name  of  Sadsbury,  and  the  western  part  to  be  called  Bart.''  " 

Brecknock. — Brecknock  township,  bounded  N.  E.  by  Berks  county,  S.  E.  by  Csernar- 
von  township,  S.  W.  W.  by  East  Cocalico.  Centrally  distant  from  the  city  of  Lancaster, 
N.  E.  20  miles.  Greatest  length  7,  breadth  Smiles.  It  is  drained  by  the  three  branches 
of  Muddy  creek,  one  of  which  runs  on  the  N.  the  other  on  the  S.  boundary,  and  the 
third  intersects  the  township  centrally.  All  of  which  are  mill  streams  and  have  mills 
upon  them.  Area,  17,306  acres;  surface,  hilly;  soil,  red  shale.  Population  in  1860, 
1488;  Taxables,  469.  It  contains  5  Grist  Mills,  5  Saw  Mills,  1  Distillery,  2  Hotels,  3 
Stores,  7  Common  Schools.  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  P.toperty,  |239,587.  P.  O: 
Bowmansville  and  Muddy  creek. 

Caernarvon. — Caernarvon  township,  bounded  E.  by  Berks  county,  S.  by  Chester 
county  and  Salisbury  township,  Lancaster  county,  W.  by  East  Earl  township,  and  N. 
W.  by  Brecknock  township.  Centrally  distant  from  Lancaster  city,  about  20  miles. 
Greatest  length,  6^  miles,  greatest  breadth  5,  area  15,437  acres.  The  Conestoga  creek 
flows  through  it  from  E.  to  W.  The  Downingtown  and  Harrislmrg  turnpike  crosses  the 
southern  angle,  and  the  Morgantown  turnpike,  centrally,  from  E.  to  W.  on  which,  near 
the  middle  of  the  township,  is  the  post  village  of  Churchtown,  55  miles  from  Harrisburg, 
20  from  Lancaster  and  5  from  Morgantown;  surface,  hilly;  soil,  red  shale.  Population, 
1860,  1592;  Taxables,  466;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  |465,758;  2  Forges,  5 
Grist  and  2  Saw  Mills;  4  Hotels;  4  Stores  and  9  Common  Schools.  Post  offices  are  at 
Churchtown  and  Beartown. 

Clay. — Bounded  N.  by  Lebanon  county,  E.  by  W.  Cocalico,  S.  by  Ephrata,  S.  W.  by 
Wanvick,  W.  by  Elizabeth.  Area,  included  in  EUzabeth.  Population  in  1860,  1438;  Tax- 
ables, 414;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $524,201.  It  has  5  Grist  and  2  Saw 
Mills,  1  Hotel,  3  stores  and  9  common  schools. 

Middle  Creek  traverses  the  township  in  a  S.  W.  direction,  and  after  receiving  Fur- 
nace Run,  forms  its  Western  boundary.  The  Indian  Run  flows  in  a  southerly  direc- 
tion near  the  Eastern  boundary,  and  on  it  are  a  Grist  Mill  and  a  Saw  Mill  and  a  large 
mill  dam  of  great  depth.     The  Indian  Run  flows  here  about  a  mile  below  the  mill, 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  351 

when  it  suddenly  vanishes  among  the  hmestone  rocks,  nearly  opposite  to  tlie  residence 
of  William  Paul,  pursues  its  subterranean  course  for  a  mile  and  a  lialf,  then  reajjpears 
and  forms  Trout  Creek,  so  called  from  the  many  trout  abounding  in  it.  Soil,  lime- 
stone and  red  shale.  The  Fimiace  Hills  along  the  Lebanon  line"  fumish  a  Hne  red 
sandstone;  the  columns  of  the  Lancaster  Court  House  are  built  of  it.  Mr,  Adam 
Konigmacher  has  made  of  it  some  130  millstones  and  sent  them  to  many  parts  of  the 
U.  S,     Durlach  is  the  P.  O. 

CocALico,  East, — This  township  is  bounded  N.  E.  by  Berks  county,  E.  1)y  Brecknock, 
S.  by  Earl,  S.  W.  by  Ephrata,  and  N.  W.  by  W.  Cocalico.  Area,  l:i080  acres.  Popu- 
lation in  1860,  1893;  Taxables,  561;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  ^400,004.  It 
has  5  Grist  and  4  Saw  ]\Iills,  5  Hotels,  6  Stores  and  i)  Conunon  Schools.  Tlic  Cocalico 
creek  crosses  the  township  in  a  S.  E.  direction.  The  most  important  places  arc  the 
borough  of  Adamstown,  (see  Adamstown)  Reamstown,  Swartzville,  at  all  of  whicli  are 
Post  otiices,  Napierville  and  Vera  Cruz.     Surface,  hilly;  soil,  clay  and  red  shale. 

Cocalico,  West.— Bounded  N.  E.  by  Berks  county,  E.  by  E.  Cocalico,  S.  by  Ephrata, 
W.  by  Clay.  Area,  17,224  acres;  Population  in  1860,  2,057;  Taxables,  584.  Value  of 
Real  and  Personal  Property,  $629,923.  It  has  4  Grist  and  6  Saw  Mills,  6  llotehs,  7 
Stores,  9  Common  Schools.  The  Reading  and  Columbia  R.  R.  passes  through  its  S.  E, 
section.  The  Cocalico  creek  and  its  tributaries  traverse  the  townshii).  Tlie  P.  0.  aix; 
Cocalico,  Reinholdsville,  Schoeneck,  Stevens,  and  Reinhold's  Station.  Surface,  hilly; 
soil,  clay  and  red  shale.  The  neighborhood  of  Reinholdsville  was  settled  between  1735 
and  1740  by  Germans,  among  whom  Hans  Beehnan,  Hans  Zimmerman  and  Peter  Sdui- 
macher  were  large  land-holders. 

CoLEEAiN. — Bounded  N.  by  Bart  and  Sadsbury,  E.  by  Chester  county,  S.  by  Little 
Britain,  W.  by  Drumore,  N.  W.  by  Eden,  centrally  distant  from  the  city  of  Lancas- 
ter 17  miles  S.  E.  The  main  branch  of  the  Octoraro  creek  bounds  it  on  tlie  East,  and 
the  west  branch  of  the  same  stream  on  the  W.  Surfece,  rolling;  soil,  gravel  and  clay. 
Area,  19,497  acres.  Popvdation  in  1860,  1740.  Taxables,  431;  value  of  Real  and 
Personal  Property,  $302,889.  It  has  7  Grist  and  7  Saw  Mills,  6  Hotels,  7  stores  and  9 
common  schools.     P.  O.  at  Clommell,  Colerain,  Kirkwood  and  Octoraro. 

Columbia  Borough.     See  West  Hemptield. 

CoNESTOGA. — Conestoga  toAvnship,  bounded  N.  by  Lancaster  township,  X.  E.  by  Pe- 
ciuea,  S.  by  Martick,  S.  W.  by  the  Susquehannah  river,  W.  by  3Ianor;  centrally  distiiut 
from  Lancaster  5  miles  S.;  area,  19,001  acres;  surface,  rolling;  soil,  clay  and  gravel,  of 
excellent  quality,  and  well  cultivated.  Popidation  in  1860,  3,093;  Taxables,  767.  The 
Conestoga  creek  flows  along  the  W.  boundary,  and  the  Pequea  creek  along  the  E. 
Upon  both  there  are  several  mills.  It  has  4  Grist  and  5  Saw  Mills,  1  Furnace,  1  Forge,  8 
Hotels,  5  Stores  and  8  Common  Schools.    Value  of  Personal  and  Real  Property,  $625,487. 

The  most  important  place  is  Safe  Harbor  at  the  confluence  of  the  Cone.stoga  and 
the  Susquehanna  River.  There  the  Conestoga  is  connected  with  the  Tide  Water  Canal 
on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  River.  Splendid  rolling  mills  and  furnaces,  unfortunately 
not  worked  at  present,  are  located  here.  They  were  erected  at  a  cost  of  $200,000.  Most 
of  the  iron  used  on  the  Central  Rail  Road  (in  1852)  was  manufactured  here.  The  scenery 
here  is  very  fine  and  picturesquely  grand.  A  short  di.stance  below  Safe  Harbor  are 
several  rocks  with  Indian  picture-writing,  a  facsimile  of  which  is  given  in  another  part 
of  this  volume.  The  fishing  trade  of  Safe  Harbor  is  quite  important.  Large  (juanti- 
ties  of  shad  are  caught  with  the  seine,  which  is  mostly  about  100  yards  long  and  from 
4  to  6  feet  wide  varying  according  to  the  depth  of  the  water.  One  edge  of  the  seine  is 
heavily  loaded  with  lead  while  the  other  has  numerous  corks  or  wooden  buoys,  so  that 
it  floats  in  the  water  in  an  upright  position.  The  .seine  is  carried  200  or  300  yards  above 
the  Ashing  battery,  when  one  end  is  taken  in  a  boat,  which  is  rowed  out  from  the  shore 
in  a  circular  course,  and  hauled  in  at  the  battery,  the  other  end  meanwhile  arriving  at 
the  same  place.     Shad  generally  move  in  slioals,  and  in  clear  weather  tlieir  api-roach 


352  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

may  be  descried  from  the  battery.  Hence  the  hauls  are  irregular,  but  when  a  shoal  is 
eflfectually  surrounded  with  the  seine,  an  immense  number  is  sure  to  be  caught,  as  few 
are  able  to  escape  its  delicate  network.  (Bowen's  Pictorial  Sketch  Book  of  Pennsylvania). 
The  other  places  in  this  township  are  Conestoga  Centre,  Colemanville,  Rockville  and 
Petersville.     P.  0.  are  at  Colenaanville,  Conestoga,  Safe  Harbor  and  Slackwater. 

CoNOY.— Bounded  N.  by  Dauphin  county,  N.  E.  by  W,  Donegal,  E.  by  E.  Donegal, 
S.  and  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River.  Area,  8,866  acres;  Population  in  1860,  1,877; 
Taxables  477;  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property  $416,920.  It  has  4  Grist  and  4 
Saw  Mills,  1  Distillery,  6  Hotels,  4  Stores  and  10  Common  Schools. 

This  is  the  westernmost  township  in  the  county.  Its  most  important  place  is  Bain- 
hridge,  a  village  with  a  population  of  upwards  of  1,300,  situated  at  the  mouth  of  Cony 
Creek,  on  the  site,  it  is  supposed,  of  the  ancient  Bekaicoagah,  a  Conoy  or  Genawese  set- 
tlement. John  Harris,  the  founder  of  Harrisburg  settled  first  in  this  neighborhood. 
John  Haldeman,  an  early  pioneer,  built  one  of  the  first  mills  in  the  county  at  Locust 
Grove  near  Bainbridge. 

Falmouth,  at  the  mouth  of  Conewago  Creek,  which  is  here  crossed  by  a  canal  aque- 
duct. The  famous  Conewago  falls  are  in  the  neighborhood.  "The  descent  of  the  river, 
within  a  distance  of  little  more  than  a  mile,  is  probably  not  less  than  70  feet;  forming 
rapids,  whirlpools,  snags  and  every  conceivable  obstruction  to  the  passage  of  a  raft. 
The  passage  of  this  watery  ordeal  is  a  terror  to  the  universal  rafting  community.  Their 
frail  platforms,  creeping  like  snakes  over  the  rocks,  plunge,  creep  and  bend  in  every 
direction — the  high  waves  rolling  and  splashing  frightfully,  renders  the  adventure  at 
once  exciting,  novel  and  perilous.  Many  old  river-men  make  a  livelihood,  chiefiy  by 
piloting  rafts  through  these  terrible  falls."     (Bowen.) 

"  The  Punkiii-vine  Turnpike. — At  an  early  day  the  Conewago  Falls  limited  the  boat 
navigation  of  the  Susquehanna,  so  that  the  keel-boats  unloaded  at  Falmouth,  whence 
their  cargoes  (chiefiy  of  grain)  were  transferred  to  wagons  and  distributed.  This  caused 
the  constrviction  of  a  turnpike  road  from  Falmouth  to  Elizabetlitown,  which  was  super- 
seded by  Hopkins's  Canal,  a  disastrous  speculation  which  was  a  continual  drain  on  the 
resources  of  Mr.  Hopkins,  a  distinguished  lawyer.  The  turnpike  being  thus  rendered 
useless,  grass  grew  upon  it,  and  sometimes  the  stalk  of  a  pumpkin  would  wander  over 
it  from  an  adjoining  field,  which  caused  it  to  be  named  The  Punkin-vine  Turnpike. 

After  being  a  constant  expense  to  Mr.  Hopkins,  his  Canal  was  in  turn  superseded  by 
the  Pennsylvania  Canal,  about  the  year  1828,  when  he  might  have  recovered  a  part  of 
his  losses  by  selling  out  to  tlie  State,  but  he  asked  too  high  a  price,  and  the  State  Canal 
was  located  independently. "     (S.  S.  Haldeman.) 

The  P.  O.  are  at  Bainbridge  and  Falmouth.  The  Conestogo  Creek  is  the  western 
boundary  of  the  township,  and  the  Conoy  Creek  entering  near  its  Eastern  boundary, 
fiows  into  the  Susquelianna  at  Bainbridge.  "The  workmen  on  section  No.  18  of  the 
Canal,  about  two  miles  east  of  Bainbridge  came  upon  one  end  of  an  old  Indian  burial 
ground.  The  bones  had  so  completely  gone  to  dust,  that  they  could  only  be  distin- 
guished from  the  natural  soil  by  a  difference  in  color,  A  great  many  articles  of  use  and 
ornament  were  discovered;  there  were  crocks,  hatchets,  tomahawks,  arrow  heads,  bul- 
lets, buck  shot,  thimbles,  beads,  pipes,  &c.  The  pipes  are  made  of  clay,  and  are  spoken 
of  as  being  very  perfect  and  beautiful,  with  the  head  of  a  fox  engraved  on  the  bowl;  so 
highly  is  one  of  them  valued  by  the  finder,  that  he  has  refused  to  take  less  than  five 
dollars  for  it:  all  the  thimbles  had  a  small  hole  in  the  top — they  were  probably  Strang 
together  as  ornaments:  the  beads  were  of  different  kinds,  and  unlike  any  we  had  before 
seen.  It  is  thought  that  a  sliort  distance  from  where  the  excavation  was  made  towards 
the  river,  the  earth  would  be  found  to  be  filled  with  these  cuxiosities.— Columbia  Spy. 
Donegal  East.— Bounded  N.  by  Mount  Joy,  K  E.  by  Rapho,  E.  by  W.  Hempfield, 
S.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  W.  by  Conoy  and  W.  Donegal.  It  is  bounded  East  by 
Little  Chiques  Creek  and  Share's  run.    Area,  14,123  acres;  Population  in  1860,  2,783i  Tax- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  353 

ables,  772;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,224,985.     It  contains  7  Grist  and 
2  Saw  Mills,  4  Furnaces,  1   Distillery,  4  Hotels,  3  stores  and  13  common  schools. 

The  most  important  places  are  the  borough  of  Marietta,  and  tlie  villages  of  Chic(iues 
and  Maytown.     P.  O.   at  all  three  places.     Sec  Marietta. 

Chicqiien,  abridged  from  Chicquesalunga,  the  name  of  tlie  creek,  wliicli  receives  a 
short  distance  N.  of  this  place  the  Little  Chic(iucsalunga,  and  forms  the  S.  E.  bound- 
ary of  the  township.  Chicques  is  a  romantic  spot  with  a  magnificent  river  view.  It 
is  the  residence  of  Professor  S.  S.  Haldeman,  a  distinguislied  naturalist  and  pliilolofirist, 
whose  attainments  in  philology  place  him  in  the  front  of  American  scholars. 

Donegal  was  organized  in  1722,  and  David  Jones  appointed  constable. 

Donegal,  West,  bounded  N.  by  Dauphin  county,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Mountjoy,  S.  E. 
and  S.  by  East  Donegal,  W.  by  Conoy,  Area,  9,702  acres;  Population  in  18G0,  1,180; 
Taxables,  293;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $363, 1G7.  It  contains  3  Grist  and 
2  Saw  Mills,  1  Hotel  and  G  Common  Schools. 

The  village  of  Newville  is  near  the  Northwestern  extremity  of  the  township. 

Drumore. — Bounded  N.  by  Providence,  N.  E.  by  Eden,  E.  by  Colerain,  S.  E.  by 
Little  Britain,  S.  by  Fulton,  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  river,  and  N.  W.  by  Mailic.  Tlic 
W.  branch  of  the  Octoraro  cr.  forms  the  N.  E.  boundary,  and  Muddy  creek  makes  part 
of  the  N.  W.  line.  Conowingo  creek  crosses  it  from  N.  W.  to  S.  E.,  and  upon  this 
stream  there  is  a  forge,  and  Fishing  and  Fairfield  creeks  flow  from  it  into  tlie  Susque- 
hannab  river.  Area,  29,301  acres.  Population  in  1860,  3,098;  taxables,  711;  value  of 
Real  and  Personal  Property,  $561,498.  It  contains  5  Grist  and  8  Saw]\Iills,  1  Furnace, 
1  Forge,  8  Hotels,  9  Stores,  and  15  Common  Schools.  Surface  rolling,  soil  clay.  P.  O. 
at  Buck,  Chestnut  Level,  Greene,  Liberty  Square,  Mechanic's  Grove  and   QuarryviUe. 

Earl.— Bounded  N.  by  East  Cocalico,  N.  E.  by  Brecknock,  E.  by  E.  Earl,  S.  E.  by 
Salisbury,  S.  by  Leacock,  S.  W.  by  Upper  Leacock,  W.  by  W.  Earl,  and  N.  W.  by 
Ephrata.  Area,  including  East  Earl,  31,317  acres.  Popidation  in  18G0,  2,876;  Taxa- 
bles, 703;  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,273,930.  It  contains  5  Grist  and  4 
Saw  Mills,  8  Hotels,  6  Stores  and  15  Common  Schools.  This  township  contains  the  vil- 
lages of  New  Holland,  Yogansville,  Laurel  Hill,  Hinkletown  and  Amsterdam.  P.  O. 
at  New  Holland,  Hinkletown  and  Voganville.  The  Welsh  Mountain  protrudes  into  the 
Southeastern  extremity  of  the  township.  It  is  traversed  by  the  Conestoga  Creek  at  the 
Northern  boundary  in  a  Westerly  direction,  and  by  Mill  Creek  in  the  same  direction 
near  the  Southern  boundary. 

Earl,  East.— Bounded  N.  by  Brecknock,  E.  by  Cajrnarvon,  S.  E.  and  S.  by  Salis- 
bury, and  W.  by  Earl.  Area  included  in  Earl.  Population  in  1860,  2,803;  Taxables, 
649;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $837,074.  It  contains  6  Grist  and  6  Saw 
Mills,  1  Forge,  4-  Hotels,  7  stores  and  11  Common  schools.  The  Conestoga  creek 
traverses  the  township  centrally  in  a  Westerly  direction;  ]Muddy  Creek  is  its  Nortliern 
boundary,  and  Mill  creek  waters  its  Southern  extremity,  which  is  hilly.  P.  O.  at  Blue 
Ball,  Goodville,  Greenbank  and  Terre  Hill.     Fairville  and  Toledo  are  villages. 

Earl,  West,  bounded  N.  by  Ephrata,  E.  by  East  Earl,  S.  by  Upper  Leacock,  S.  W. 
by  Manheim,  W.  and  N.  W.  by  Warwick.  Area,  12,669  acres;  Population  in  1860, 
1900;  Taxables,  494;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,003,031.  It  contains  5 
Grist  and  5  Saw  Mills,  1  Distillery,  6  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  10  Common  Schools.  The 
Conestoga  creek  traverses  the  township  centrally  in  a  S.  W.  direction  and  receives  at 
its  Western  boundary  the  Cocalico  creek.  P.  0.  at  W.  Earl  and  Farmersville. 
Brownstown,  Earlville  and  Fairmount  are  villages. 

Eden.— Bounded  N.  by  Strasburg,  N.  E.  by  Paradise,  E.  by  Bart,  S.  E.  by  Cole- 
rain,  S.  and  S.  W.  by  Drumore,  W.  by  Providence.  Area,  included  in  Bart.  Popu- 
lation in  1860,  1,072;  Taxables,  253;  value  of  Real  and  Perscmal  Property,  $192,024.  It 
contains  3  Grist  and  2  Saw  Mills,  2  Hotels,  4  Stores  and  4  Common  Schools.  P.  O.  at 
Camargo,  May  and  QuarryviUe. 
24 


354  AUTHENTIC     HISTORY 

Elizabeth.— Bounded  N.  by  Lebanon  county,  N.  E.  and  E.  by  Clay,  S.  by  Warwick, 
S.  "W.  and  W.  by  Penn.  Area,  25,521  acres;  Population  in  1860,  1,005;  Taxables,  222; 
value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $316,187.  It  contains  5  Grist  and  4  Saw  Mills,  3 
Hotels  and  5  Common  Schools. 

This  township  was  formerly  included  in  Warwick  township.  Robert  Old,  one  of  the 
earliest  iron  masters  in  this  part  of  the  county,  and  great  grandfather  of  G.  Dawson 
Coleman  of  Lebanon,  is  said  to  have  named  this  township  in  honor  of  Queen  Elizabeth. 
Surface,  hilly;  soil,  lime-stone,  gravel  and  red  shale  at  the  northern  boundary.  Ham- 
mer creek  traverses  the  township  in  a  south-easterly  direction,  and  derives  its  name 
from  the  forge  hammers  erected  on  it  at  an  early  date.  This  township  is  divided  from 
Clay  by  Middle  creek,  so  called  from  its  course  which  is  midway  between  the  Cocalico 
and  Hammer  creeks.  Hopewell  and  Speedwell  Forges  and  Elizabeth  Furnace  are  in 
this  township.     The  P.  O.  is  at  Brickersville. 

Elizabetiitown,  Borough. — Area,  1,560  acres.  Population  in  1860,  700;  Taxables, 
310.     Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $113,796. 

Ephrata. — Bounded  N.  by  Clay  and  W.  Cocalico,  N.  E.  by  East  Cocalico,  E.  and 
S.  E.  by  Earl,  S.  by  W.  Earl,  W.  by  Warwick.  Area,  10,740  acres.  Population  in 
1860,  2,237;  Taxables,  692;  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $899,627.  It  con- 
tains 8  Grist  and  7  Saw  Mills,  7  Hotels,  7  Stores  and  11  Common  Schools.  The  most 
important  places  are  Ephrata,  New  Ephrata,  Hahnstown,  Hinkletown,  New  Berlin  and 
Schnadersville.  P.  O.  at  Ephrata,  Lincoln  and  Millway.  Trout  Creek  enters  the 
township  at  the  N.  boundary,  soon  flows  into  Cocalico  creek,  which  traverses  the  town- 
ship from  N.  E.  to  S.  W.,  and  is  a  tributary  of  Hammer  creek,  which  forms  the 
western  boundary  of  the  township.  A  small  section  of  its  Eastern  extremity  is  watered 
by  Muddy  creek,  on  which  is  located  the  village  of  Hinkletown.  The  central  portion 
of  the  township  is  hilly,  Ephrata  Ridge  being  a  prominent  point  where,  at  an  altitude 
of  1250  feet  above  tide-water,  from  an  observatory  over  60  feet  high,  a  very  extensive 
and  beautiful  view  may  be  enjoyed.  The  observatory  forms  part  of  the  Ephrata  Moun- 
tain Springs,  a  celebrated  and  much  frequented  watering-place,  established  about  1848, 
by  Joseph  Konigmacher,  but  at  the  present  date  (1868)  closed.  The  water,  sandstone 
and  slate,  is  very  pure  and  soft,  and  varies  in  temperature  from  49°  to  52^  Fahrenheit. 

The  most  interesting  feature  of  Ephrata  is  its  early  history,  which  is  given  in  the 
subjoined  abridged  sketch  by  William  M.  Fahnestock,  M.  D.,  in  the  Register  of  Penn- 
sylvania, Vol.  XV,  No.  11. 

Ei)hrata,  proper,  is  an  irregular  enclosed  village,  lying  in  a  triangle  formed  by  the 
turnpike,  the  upper,  or  old  Reading  road,  and  the  Cocalico  creek,  and  belongs  entirely 
to  the  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Society.  It  contains  a  Monastery  and  several  other  build- 
ings for  the  accommodation  of  the  Society;  to  which  is  attached  and  belonging  to  the 
same,  about  one  hundred  and  forty  acres  of  land,  and  a  grist  mill  and  saw  mill.  The 
post-oflfice  which  bears  this  name,  is  a  half  mile  from  the  original  village.  Ephrata,  in 
former  times,  was  known  better  among  the  German  population,  by  the  name  of 
Kloster,  (Cloister)  or  Dunkerstown — a  nick-name,  from  the  word  Dunker  or  Tunker, 
corruptions  of  Taueffer,  Baptist.  The  Society  of  Ephrata,  however,  are  a  distinct 
sect  from  the  denomination  that  now  bears  the  name  of  Bunkers,  with  whom  they 
have  always  been  confounded.  Originally  they  descended  from  that  division  of  Chris- 
tians. About  the  year  1694,  a  controver.sy  arose  in  the  protestant  churches  of  Ger- 
many and  Holland,  in  which  vigorous  attempts  were  made  to  reform  some  of  the  errors 
of  the  church,  and  with  the  design  of  promoting  a  more  practical,  vital  religion.  This 
party,  at  the  head  of  which  was  the  pious  Spener,  ecclesiastical  superintendent  of  the 
Court  of  Saxony,  was  opposed,  violently,  and  after  having  bestowed  upon  them,  in 
ridicule,  the  epithet  of  Pietists,  they  were  suppressed  in  their  public  ministi-ations  and 
lectures,  by  the  Consistory  of  Wittemberg.  Notwithstanding  they  were  prohibited 
from  promulgating,  publicly,  their  views  and  principles,  it  led  to  inquiry  among  the  peo- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  355 

pie.  This  state  of  things  contiiiuiug,  many  learned  men  of  the  diftereut  Universities  left 
Europe,  and  emigrated^to  America,  whilst  others  remained  and  persevered  in  tlic  i)ro- 
secution  of  the  work  they  had  commenced  with  so  muoli  diligence.  In  the  year  1708, 
Alexander  Mack,  of  Schriesheim,  and  seven  others  in  Schwartzenau,  Germanv  met 
together,  regularly,  to  examine,  carefully  and  impartially,  the  doctrines  of  the  'ncw 
Testament,  and  to  ascertain,  what  are  the  obligations  it  imjioses  on  jjrofessiu"-  Chi-is- 
tians;  determining  to  lay  aside  all  preconceived  opinions  and  traditional  observances. 
The  result  of  their  inquiries  terminated  in  the  formation  of  the  Society  now  called  the 
Duukers,  or  First  Day  German  Baptists.  IMceting  with  much  ])ersecution  as  they 
grew  into  some  importance,  as  all  did  who  had  independence  enough  to  difter  from  the 
popular  church,  some  were  driven  into  Holland,  some  to  Creyfeld  in  the  Duchy  of 
Cleves,  and  the  mother  church  voluntarily  removed  to  Serustervin,  in  Friesland;  and 
from  thence  emigrated  to  America  in  1710,  and  dispersed  to  diftereut  i)arts— to  Ger- 
mantown,  Skippeck,  Oley,  Conestoga,  and  elsewhere.  They  formed  a  church  at  Ger- 
mantown  in  1723,  under  the  charge  of  Peter  Becker.  The  church  grew  rapidly  in  thi.s 
country,  receiving  members  from  the  banks  of  the  Wissahickon  and  from  Lancaster 
county;  and  soon  after  a  church  was  established  at  Muehlbach,  (;Mill  Creek)  in  this 
county.  Of  this  community  was  one  Conrad  Beissel,  a  native  of  Germany.  lie  had 
been  a  Presbyterian,  and  tied  from  the  persecutions  of  that  period.  Wholly  intent 
upon  seeking  out  the  true  obligations  of  the  word  of  God,  and  the  proper  obsei'vance 
of  the  rites  and  ceremonies  it  imposes,  stripped  of  human  authority,  he  conceived  that 
there  was  an  error  among  the  Duukers,  in  the  observance  of  the  day  for  the  Sabbath — 
that  the  Seventh  day  was  the  command  of  the  Lord  God,  and  that  that  day  being  estab- 
lished and  mnctified,  by  the  Great  Jehovah,  forever!  and  no  change,  nor  authority  for 
change  ever  having  been  announced  to  man,  by  any  power  sufticient  to  set  aside  tlie 
solemn  decree  of  the  Almighty— a  decree  which  he  declared  that  he  had  sanctified  for- 
ever!— he  felt  it  to  be  his  duty  to  contend  for  the  observance  of  that  day.  About  the 
year  172.^,  he  published  a  tract  entering  into  a  di.scussion  of  this  point,  which  created 
some  excitement  aud/listurbance  in  the  Society  at  Mill  Creek,  upon  whiih  he  retired 
from  the  settlement,  and  went,  secretly,  to  a  cell  on  the  banks  of  the  Cocalico,  which 
had  previously  been  occupied  by  one  Elimelich,  an  hemiit.  Ilis  place  of  retu-emeut 
was  unknown  for  a  long  time  to  the  people  he  had  left,  and  when  discovered,  many  of 
the  Society  at  Mill  Creek,  who  had  become  convinced  of  the  truth  of  his  proposition 
for  the  observance  of  the  Sabbath,  settled  around  him,  in  solitary  cottages.  They 
adopted  the  original  Sabbath — the  Seventh  d«?/— for  public  worshi]),  in  the  year  1728; 
which  has  ever  since  been  observed  by  their  descendants,  even  unto  the  i)resent  day. 

In  the  year  1732,  the  sohtary  life  was  changed  into  a  conventicle  one,  and  a  ]^[onastic 
Society  was  established  as  soon  as  the  tirst  buildings  erected  for  that  puri>ose  were 
tinished— May  1733.  The  habit  of  the  Capuchins,  or  White  Friars,  was  adopted  by 
both  the  brethren  and  sisters;  which  consisted  of  a  shirt,  trow.sers  and  vest,  witli  a 
long  white  gown  and  cowl,  of  woolen  web  in  winter,  and  linen  in  summer.  That  of 
the  sisters  differed  only  in  the  siiTj<stitution  of  petticoats  for  trowsers,  and  some  little 
peculiaiity  in  the  shape  of  the  cowl.  Monastic  names  were  given  to  all  who  entered 
the  cloister.  Onesimus  (Israel  Eckerlin)  was  constituted  Prior,  who  was  succeeded  by 
Jaebez,  (Peter  Miller;)  and  the  title  of  FatherspmUv.d  father— was  bestowed  by  the 
Society,  upon  Beissel,  wliose  monastic  name  was  Fricdsam:  to  which  tli.'  brctiieni 
afterwards  added,  Gottrecht— imi)lying,  together,  Pcaceahle,  God-rir/ht.  In  the  year 
1 740,  there  were  thirty-six  single  brethren  in  the  cloister,  and  thirty-tive  sisters:  and  at  one 
time,  the  Society,  including  the  members  living  in  the  neighboihood,  nundiered  nearly 
three  hundred. 

The  first  buildings  of  the  Society,  of  any  consequence,  were  Kedar  and  Zimi— a 
meeting  house  and  convent,  which  were  erected  on  the  hill  called  Mount  Zion.  They 
afterwards  built  larger  accommodations,  in  the  meadow  below,  comprising  a  Sister's 


356  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

House  called  Saron,  to  wliicli  is  attached  a  large  Chapel,  and  "Saal,"  for  the  purpose 
of  holding  the  Agapas  or  Love  Feasts.  A  Brother's  House,  called  Bethania,  with 
which  is  connected  the  large  meeting  room,  with  galleries,  in  which  the  whole  Society- 
assembled,  for  public  worshii),  in  the  days  of  their  prosperity,  and  which  are  still 
standing,  surrounded  by  smaller  buildings,  which  were  occupied  as  jn-inting  office, 
bake  house,  school  house,  almonry,  and  others  for  different  purposes;  on  one  of  which, 
a  one-story  house,  the  town  clock  is  erected. 

The  buildings  are  singular,  and  of  very  ancient  architecture — all  the  outside  walls 
being  covered  with  shingles.  The  two  houses  for  the  brethren  and  sisters  are  very 
large,  being  three  and  four  stories  high:  each  has  a  chapel  for  their  night  meetings,  and 
the  main  buildings  are  divided  into  small  apartments,  (each  containing  between  fifty 
and  sixty,)  so  that  six  dormitories,  which  are  barely  large  enough  to  contain  a  cot,  (in 
early  days  a  bench  and  billet  of  wood  for  the  head, )  a  closet  and  an  hour-glass  surround 
a  common  room,  in  which  each  sub-division  pursued  their  respective  avocations.  On 
entering  these  silent  cells  and  traversing  the  long  narrow  passages,  visitors  can  scarcely 
divest  themselves  of  the  feeling  of  walking  the  tortuous  windings  of  some  old  castle, 
and  breathing  in  the  hidden  recesses  of  romance.  The  ceilings  have  an  elevation  of  but 
seven  feet;  the  passages  leading  to  the  cells,  or  '■'■  Kammern,^^  as  they  are  styled,  and 
through  the  different  parts  of  both  convents,  are  barely  wide  enough  to  admit  one 
person,  for  when  meeting  a  second,  one  has  always  to  retreat;  the  doors  of  the  Kam~ 
mem  are  hnt  Jive  feet  high,  and  twenty  inches  wide,  and  the  window,  for  each  has  but 
one,  is  only  eighteen  by  twenty-four  inches;  the  largest  windows  afltbrding  light  to  the 
meeting  rooms,  are  but  thirty  by  thirty-four  inches.  The  walls  of  all  the  rooms,  in- 
cluding the  meeting  room,  the  chajiels,  the  saals,  and  even  the  kammern  or  dormitories, 
are  hung  and  nearly  covered,  with  large  sheets  of  elegant  penmanship,  or  ink-paintings — • 
many  of  which  are  texts  from  the  scriptures — done  in  very  handsome  manner,  in  orna- 
mented gothic  letters,  called  in  the  German  Fractur-scliriften.  They  are  done  on  large 
sheets  of  paper  manufactured  for  the  pvirjiose  at  their  own  mill,  some  of  which  are  put 
into  frames,  and  which  admonish  the  resident,  as  well  as  the  casual  visitor,  which  ever 
way  they  may  turn  the  head.  There  are  some  very  curious  ones :  two  of  which  still  remain 
in  the  chapel  attached  to  Saron.  One  represents  the  narrow  and  crooked  way,  done  on 
a  sheet  of  about  three  feet  square,  which  it  would  be  difficult  to  describe — it  is  very 
curious  and  ingenious:  the  whole  of  the  road  is  hlled  up  with  texts  of  scripture,  adver- 
tising the  disciples  of  their  duties,  and  the  obligations  their  profession  imposes  upon 
them.  Another  represents  the  three  heavens.  In  the  first,  Christ,  the  Shepherd,  is 
represented  gathering  his  flock  together;  in  the  second,  which  occupies  one  foot  in 
height,  and  is  three  feet  wide,  three  hundred  figures,  in  the  Capuchin  dress,  can  be 
counted,  with  harps  in  their  hands,  and  the  heads  of  an  innumerable  host;  and  in  the 
third  is  seen  the  throne  surrounded  by  two  hundred  arch-angels.  Many  of  these  Prac- 
tur-schriften  express  their  own  enthusiastic  sentiments  on  the  subject  of  celibacy,  and 
the  virtue  of  a  recluse  life,  whilst  others  are  devotional  pieces. 

In  the  rooms  which  any  sister  has  occupied,  and  is  departed,  a  piece,  which  is  framed 
in  imitation  of  a  tablet,  is  put  up,  expressive  of  the  character  and  virtues  of  the  de- 
ceased, or  some  feeling  memorial  of  love  is  inscribed.  The  following  is  one  I  found  in 
the  Kammer,  which  had  been  occupied  by  Zenobia — a  very  beautiful,  lovely,  and  devout 
sister: 

ZENOBIA: 

Wird  Grueuen  und  Ge- 
deyen,  ihre  Arbeit  wird  niclit  vergeb- 
lich,  noch  audi  ihre  Hofl'nuug 
verlohren  seyn,  ihr  Erbe  bluehen 
mitten  unter  den  Heiligen. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  357 

A  room  was  set  apart  for  such  pui-poses,  called  the  meriting  room,  and  several  sisters 
devoted  their  ^Yhole  attention  to  this  lahor,  as  well  as  to  transcribing  the  writ  iiif^s  of  the 
Founder  of  the  Society;  thus  multiplying  copies  for  the  wants  of  the  community,  hcforo 
they  had  a  printing  press.  Two  sisters  named  Anastasia  and  IrniOENiA,  were  tho 
principal  ornamental  wiiters.  They  left  a  large  folio  volume  of  sample  alphabets,  of 
various  sizes  and  style;  which  are  both  elegant  and  curious,  exhibiting  the  most  patient 
application.  The  letters  of  the  first  alphabet  are  twelve  inches  long,  surrounde<l  by  a 
deep  border,  in  imitation  of  copper  plate  engraving — each  one  of  which  is  different  in 
the  filling  up.  It  was  finished  in  the  year  1750,  and  is  still  preserved  in  the  hands  of 
the  trustees.  There  was  another  transcribing  room  appropriated  exclusively  to  copying 
music — hundreds  of  volumes,  each  containing  five  or  six  hundred  pieces,  were  trans- 
ferred from  book  to  book,  with  as  much  accuracy,  and  almost  as  much  neatness  as  if 
done  with  a  graver. 

It  was  in  contemplation,  at  one  time,  by  the  Eckerlins,  three  brothers,  one  of  whom 
was  Prior,  and  had  the  superintendence  of  the  secular  concerns,  to  make  it  a  place  of 
more  importance  than  a  mere  religious  refuge.  They  were  from  Gennany,  and  had 
been  brought  up  Cathohcs.  They  conceived  a  project  of  erecting  extensive  buildings, 
aud  connecting  trade  with  it;  and  had  some  preparations  under  way — the  timber  all 
hewn,  as  all  the  buildings  are  of  wood,  even  the  chimneys  which  remain  in  use  at  this 
(lay—and  in  readiness  to  erect  a  tower,  and  had  sent  to  Europe,  where  they  had  exten- 
sive connections,  and  got  a  chime  of  bells  cast,  unknown  to  the  Society,  until  they 
arrived  at  Philadelphia,  and  the  bill  for  payment  was  forwarded  to  them.  The  Society 
resolved  not  to  receive  them,  but  had  them  sold  and  paid  the  loss.  One  of  these  bells 
having  upon  it,  Ephrata— Israel  Eckerlin,  Prior,  was  purchased,  and  is  now  on 
one  of  the  churches  in  Lancaster.  This  transaction  led  to  the  discovery  of  a  conspiracy 
of  the  Eckerlins  to  possess  themselves  of  the  title  of  the  property,  which  was  much 
more  extensive  and  valuable  than  now,  and  which  tenninated  in  his  expulsion  (Israel) 
from  the  office  of  Prior.  They  afterwards  removed  to  Virginia,  where  they  obtained 
some  notoriety  in  connection  with  the  Indian  aftairs.  The  Society  was  wedded  to  Apos- 
tolic simplicity— they  desired  no  toicer— no  bells.  They  refused  to  have  a  bell  to  call 
them  to  meeting,  even  the  midnight  meeting,  which  was  regularly  held  at  twelve  ox-lock: 
Friedsam  contending  that  the  spirit  of  devotion  ought  to  be  sufficient  to  make  them 
punctual  to  the  hour,  which  generally  proved  to  be  adequate. 

The  community  was  a  republic,  in  which  all  stood  upon  perfect  equality  and  freedom. 
No  monastic  vows  were  taken,  neither  had  they  any  written  covenant,  as  is  common  in 
the  Baptist  churches.  The  New  Testament  was  their  confession  of  faith,  their  code  ot 
laws,  and  their  church  discipline.  The  property  which  belonged  to  the  Society,  by 
donatioir,  and  the  labor  of  the  single  brethren  and  sisters,  was  common  stock,  but  none 
were  obliged  to  throw  in  their  own  property  or  give  up  any  of  their  possessions  1  he 
Society  was  supported  by  the  income  of  the  farm,  gnst  mill,  paper  mill,  oil  null,  tulhng 
mill,  and  the  labor  of  the  brethren  and  sisters  in  the  Cloister. 

The  principles  of  the  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Society  of  Ephrata,  which  no  writer  that 
we  have  encountered  seems  to  understand,  though  they  have  been  published  in  the 
Gennan  language,  with  full  explanations  aud  commentaries,  seventy  or  eighty  years 
ao-o,  may  be  summed  up  in  a  few  words,  viz:  ,       ,      <•  i         <•^^ 

1  They  receive  the  Bible  as  the  only  rule  of  Faith,  covenant  and  code  o  laws  for 
church  government.  They  do  not  admit  the  least  license  with  the  ^^  ^^^^ 
the  scn^tures,  and  especially  the  New  Testament-do  dot  allow  «-  .^f  ^  "^^^^.^J^ 
added  or  rejected  in  the  administration  of  the  ordinances,  but  practice  them  pucisely 
as  they  are  instituted  and  made  an  example  by  Jesus  Christ  m  his  Word. 

3.  They  believe  in  the  Divinity  of  our  Lord  Jesus  Christ,  and  ^^'^ /'  "  "  ^'° 
Godhead  having  unfurled  this  distinctive  banner  on  the  first  page  of  a  >'>•  m  book 
whSi      ;y  h  d  printed  for  the  Society  as  early  as  1739,  viz:  -Tkere  arc  three  that  bear 


358  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

record  in  Heamn,  the  Father,  the  Word,  and  the  Holy  Ghost:  and  these  tJiree  are  one. 
And  there  are  three  that  hear  initness  in  earth,  the  Spirit,  and  the  water,  and  the  blood; 
and  these  three  agree  in  one.'''' 

3.  They  believe  that  salvation  is  of  Grace,  and  not  of  works;  and  they  rely  solely  on 
the  merits  and  atonement  of  Christ.  They  believe,  also,  that  that  atonement  is  suffi- 
cient for  every  creature — that  Christ  died  for  all  who  will  call  upon  his  name,  and  otfer 
fruits  meet  for  repentance;  and  that  all  who  come  unto  Christ  are  drawn  of  the  Father. 

4.  They  contend  for  the  observance  of  the  original  Sabbath,  believing  that  it  requires 
an  authority  equal  to  the  Great  Institutor,  to  change  any  of  his  decrees.  They  main- 
tain that  as  he  &fess6(?  and  sanctified  iih^t  A'Ay  forever,  which  has  never  been  abrogated 
in  his  Word,  nor  any  scripture  to  be  found  to  warrant  that  construction,  that  it  is  still 
as  binding  as  it  was  when  it  was  announced  amid  the  thundei-s  of  Mount  Sinai.  To 
alter  so  positive  and  hallowed  a  commandment  of  the  Almighty,  they  consider  would 
require  an  explicit  edict  from  the  Great  Jehovah.  It  was  not  foretold  by  any  of  the 
Prophets,  that  with  the  New  Dispensation  there  would  be  anj  change  in  the  Sabbath, 
or  any  of  the  commandnrents.  Christ  who  declared  himself  the  Lord  of  the  Sabbath, 
observed  the  Seventh  day,  and  made  it  the  day  of  his  especial  ministrations;  nor  did  he 
authorize  any  change.  The  Apostles  have  not  assumed  to  do  away  the  original  Sab- 
bath, or  give  any  command  to  substitute  the  first  for  the  Seventh  day.  The  circum- 
stance of  the  disciples  meeting  together  to  break  bread  on  the  first  day,  which  is  some- 
times used  as  a  pretext  for  observing  that  day,  is  simply  what  the  Seventh  day  people 
do  at  this  day.  The  sacrament  was  not  administered  by  Christ,  nor  by  the  Apostles  on 
the  Sabbath,  but  on  the  first  day,  counting  as  the  people  of  Ephrata  still  do,  the  even- 
ing and  the  morning  to  make  the  day. 

5.  They  hold  to  the  Apostolic  Baptism — believers'  Baptism — and  administer  trine  im- 
mersion, with  the  laying  on  of  hands  and  prayer,  while  the  recipient  yet  remains 
kneeling  in  the  water. 

G.  They  celebrate  the  Lord's  supper  at  night,  in  imitation  of  our  Saviour — washing 
at  the  same  time  each  others'  feet,  agreeably  to  his  command  and  example,  as  is  ex- 
pressly stated  in  the  13th  chapter  of  the  evangelist  John,  14th  and  15th  verses.  This  is 
attended  to  on  the  evening  after  the  close  of  the  Sabbath — the  Sabbath  terminating  at 
sunset  of  the  Seventh  day,  thus  making  the  supper  an  imitation  of  that  instituted  by 
Christ,  and  resembling  also  the  meeting  of  the  Apostles  on  the  first  day  to  break  bread, 
which  has  produced  much  confusion  in  some  minds  in  regard  to  the  proper  day  to  be 
observed. 

Celibacy  they  consider  a  virtue,  but  never  require  it,  nor  do  they  take  any  vows  in 
reference  to  it.  They  never  prohil>ited  marriage  and  lawful  intercourse,  between  the 
sexes,  as  is  stated  by  some  writers,  but  when  two  concluded  to  be  joined  in  wedlock, 
they  were  aided  by  the  Society.  It  (celibacy)  was  urged  as  being  more  conducive  to  a 
holy  life,  for  Paul  saith:  "  They  that  are  after  the  flesh,  do  mind  the  things  of  the  fl,esh: 
but  they  that  are  after  the  Spirit,  the  things  of  the  Spirit.-' 

They  do  not  approve  of  paying  their  ministers  a  salary.  They  think  that  the  Gospel 
was  sent  without  money  and  without  price,  and  that  every  one  called  to  preach  the 
word,  should  do  it  from  the  love  of  the  cause,  and  in  this  matter  to  follow  the  advice 
and  examjile  of  Paul.  However,  they  never  had  any  scruples  in  aftbrding  their  nrinis- 
ters  such  supplies  of  life  as  they  possess  themselves,  and  gave  them  the  same  support 
the  other  brethren  enjoyed.  Individual  members  may  give,  as  presents,  what  to  them 
seemeth  fit,  in  money,  goods,  &c. ;  and  whenever  he  travels  for  religious  purposes,  if 
needy,  is  supplied  with  money  out  of  the  treasury  to  bear  his  expenses. 

These  are  the  great  and  leading  tenets,  and  principles  of  the  Seventh  day  Baptists 
of  Pennsylvania.  There  are  many  other  minor  points  of  not  sufficient  importance  to 
enumerate  in  detail,  and  may  better  be  adverted  to  in  replying  to  some  errors  which 
writers  have  saddled  \\\w\\  them,  and  which  cannot,  properly,  be  considered  as  tenets 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  359 

and  principles,  but  only  as  peculiarities.  I  cannot,  hero,  go  into  an  exposition  of  the 
peculiar  views  of  this  people,  nor  enter  into  the  minutiie  of  (he  manner  of  perfonnin« 
all  the  ceremonies  and  ordinances.  I  would  merely  remark  in  regard  to  their  regular 
worship,  that  they  commence  with  a  hymn,  tlien  prayers,  (kneeling)  and  after  a  second 
hymn,  the  minister  requests  one  of  the  brethren  (any  one)  lo  read  a  chaiUor  out  of  the 
Scriptures,  which  they  are  at  liberty  to  choose  from  any  part  of  tlie  IJible— he  then 
expounds  the  chapter;  tracing  its  bearings  and  historical  connection  witli  the  propliets 
and  the  New  Testament;  after  which  the  Exhorters  enforce  the  duties  it  inculcates,  and 
.should  any  member,  brother  or  single  sister  be  able  to  improve  the  subject  still  fartljer, 
or  have  a;iy  remarks  relative  to  the  topic,  to  make,  is  at  perfect  freedom  to  express 
them.  Prayer  and  singing,  with  the  reading  of  a  psalm,  instead  of  a  benediction,  con- 
cludes the  service.  At  another  time,  and  in  another  })lace,  I  may  enter  into  a  full  ex- 
position of  the  Principles  and  Ordinances  of  this  Society,  and  exhibit  at  length  their 
doctrines,  and  the  grounds  on  which  tliey  are  predicated. 

It  is  not  one  of  their  customs  to  wear  long  beards,  as  is  fre(piently  said  of  them:  this 
is  more  the  case  with  the  Dunkers  and  Mennonites.  They  are  often  reiiresented  as  liv- 
ing on  vegetables,  the  rules  of  the  Society  forbidding  meats,  for  tlie  purpose  of  mortify- 
ing the  natural  appetite,  and  also  as  lying  on  wooden  benches,  with  billets  of  wood  for 
pillows,  as  an  act  of  penance.  The  true  reason  and  explanation  of  this  matter  is,  that 
both  were  done  from  considerations  of  economy.  Tlieir  circumstances  were  very 
restricted,  and  their  undertaking  great.  They  studied  the  strictest  simjjlicity  and 
economy  in  all  their  arrangements:  wooden  flagons,  wooden  goblets,  turned  wooden 
trays,  were  used  in  administering  the  communion;  and  the  .same  goblets  are  still  inu.so, 
though  they  have  been  preseyited  with  more  costly  ones.  Even  the  plates  oil"  which  they 
ate,  were  octangular  pieces  of  thin  poplar  boards;  i\\ch'  fnrkst  and  candlesticks  were  of 
wood,  and  also  every  other  article  that  could  be  made  of  that  material,  was  used  by  the 
whole  community.  After  they  wei'e  relieved  from  the  pressure  of  their  expensive  en- 
terprise in  providing  such  extensive  accommodations,  they  enjoyed  the  cot  for  repo.se, 
and  many  other  of  the  good  things  of  life;  though  temperance  in  eating  and  drinking 
was  scrupulously  regarded.  And  it  may  be  well  to  remark,  that  there  was  not  any 
ardent  spirits  used  in  the  building  of  the  whole  village;  the  timber  of  which  was 
hewn,  and  all  the  boards  sawed  by  hand  during  the  winter  months.  The  society  w:is  a 
social  community,  and  not  a  cold,  repulsive,  bigoted  compact;  being  .sometimes  rejire- 
sented  as  reserved  and  distant,  and  even  not  giving  an  answer  wiien  addres.sed  on  the 
road.  Morgan  Edwards,  in  his  '' Mater iaU  Towards  a  History  of  the  American  Bap- 
tists,'' (published  in  1770),  bears  a  dilferent  testimony;  he  says  "From  the  uncouth 
dress,  the  recluse  and  ascetic  life  of  these  people,  .sour  aspects  and  rougli  manners 
might  be  expected;  but  on  the  contrary,  a  smiling  innocence  and  meekness  grace  their 
countenances,  and  a  softness  of  tone  and  accent  adorn  their  conversation,  and  make 
their  deportment  gentle  and  obliging.  Their  singing  is  charming;  partly  owing  to  the 
pleasan  ness  of  their  voices,  the  variety  of  parts  they  carry  on  together,  and  the  devout 
manner  of  performance."  And  of  Beisski,  he  gives  the  following  character,  which  ho 
says  he  bad  from  one  who  knew  him  well.  "He  was  very  strict  in  his  morals,  and 
practised  .self-denial  to  an  uncommon  degree.  Enthusiastic  and  whimsical  he  certainly 
was,  but  an  apparent  devoutness  and  sincerity  ran  through  all  hisoddities.  He  wasnot 
an  adept  in  any  of  the  liberal  arts  and  sciences,  except  nuisic,  in  which  he  excelled.  He 
composed  and  set  to  music  (in  three,  four,  six  and  eight  parts)  a  folio  volume  of  hynnis 
and  another  of  anthems.  He  published  a  dissertation  on  the  fall  of  man,  in  the  mys- 
terious strain;  also  a  volume  of  letters.  He  left  behind  him  several  books  in  manu- 
script, curiously  written  and  embellished."  One  writer  has  made  a  remark  as  invidious 
as  it  is  unfounded  on  the  sisterhood  in  stating  that,  "the  si.stei-s  it  would  .seem.  to<.k 
little  delight  in  their  state  of  single  blessedness,  and  two  only  (aged  and  ill-favored  ones. 
we  may  suppose)  continued  steadfast  in  renunciation  of  mairiages."     They  never  had 


360  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

to  renounce  matrimony  on  entering  the  Convent,  and  but  four  or  live  of  the  whole 
number  that  have  been  in  the  cloister,  in  the  period  of  one  hundred  and  three  years, 
left  and  were  married.  One  of  these  married  a  gentleman  in  the  city  of  Philadelphia, 
and  afterwards  much  regretted  her  change,  as  did  all  others  who  left  the  "stille  einsam- 
keit.'"  The  rest  continued  steadfast  in  their  state  of  single  blessedness,  and  now,  save 
those  remaining  in  the  Convent,  lie  beside  each  other  in  the  beautiful  cemetery  in  the 
fore  ground  of  the  village. 

Though  they  considered  contention  with  arms  and  at  law  unchristian  and  unbe- 
coming professions,  yet  they  were  decided  wrings  in  the  Revolution,  and  have,  unfortu- 
nately, had  to  defend  themselves  too  fre<iuently  in  courts  of  justice.  To  set  an  example 
of  forbearance  and  Christian  meekness  they  suffered  for  a  long  time  to  be  wronged  and 
plundered  until  forbearance  was  no  longer  a  virtue.  In  the  French  war  (the  war  of 
1756)  the  doors  of  the  Cloister,  including  the  chapels,  meeting  room,  and  every  other 
building,  were  opened  as  a  refuge  for  tlie  inhabitants  of  Tulpehocken  and  Paxton  set- 
tlements, then  the  frontiers,  from  the  incursions  of  the  hostile  Indians,  all  of  whom 
were  received  and  kept  liy  the  Society  during  the  period  of  alarm  and  danger — upon 
hearing  of  which  a  company  of  infantry  was  dispatched  by  the  Royal  government  from 
Philadelphia  to  protect  Ephrata;  and  on  representation  of  the  character  of  the  Society, 
by  the  Commissioners  who  were  sent  to  visit  the  place,  the  Government  made  them  a 
present  of  a  pair  of  very  large  glass  communion  goblets,  which  was  the  only  recompense 
they  would  receive.  At  an  earlier  period  they  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Penn 
family,  and  one  of  the  young  ladies,  in  England,  commenced  a  correspondence  with  the 
Society.  Governor  Penn  visited  them  frequently,  and  desirous  of  giving  them  a  -  solid 
evidence  of  his  regard,  had  a  tract  of  five  thousand  acres  of  land  surrounding  Ephrata 
surveyed  and  conveyed  to  them,  as  the  Seventh  Day  Baptist  Manor;  but  they  refused 
to  accept  it — believing  that  large  possessions  were  calculated  to  engender  strife,  and  it 
is  more  becoming  to  Christian  pilgi'ims  and  sojourners  not  to  be  absorbed  in  the  gains  of 
this  world  and  the  accumulation  of  property.  After  the  battle  of  Brandyw'ine  the 
whole  establislmient  was  opened  to  receive  the  wounded  Americans,  great  numbers  of 
whom  were  brought  here  in  wagons,  a  distance  of  more  than  forty  miles;  and  one  hun- 
dred and  fifty  of  whom  died,  and  are  buried  on  Mount  Zion.  Their  doors  were  ever 
open  to  the  W'eary  traveller,  and  all  visitors  were  cordially  received  and  entertained, 
while  they  tarried,  as  is  done  in  the  Hospices  of  Europe.  All  supplies  were  given  to 
the  needy,  even  their  own  beds,  and  to  stripping  their  own  backs  to  afford  some  shelter 
from  the  "peltings  of  the  pitiless  storm,"  to  those  who  were  exposed  to  the  weather  in 
inclement  seasons. 

Many  of  the  brethren  being  men  of  education,  they  established,  at  a  very  early  period, 
a  school,  which  soon  gained  for  itself  an  honorable  reputation,  many  young  men  from 
Philadelphia  and  Baltimore  being  sent  here  to  be  educated.  A  Sabbath  School  was 
also  instituted  for  religious  instruction,  which  flourished  many  years,  and  was  attended 
with  some  remarkable  consequences.  It  produced  an  anxious  inquiry  among  the  juven- 
ile population,  who  attended  the  school,  which  increased  and  grew  into  what  is  now 
termed  a  revival  of  religion.  The  scholars  of  the  Sabbath  School  met  together  every 
day  before  and  after  common  school  hours,  to  pray  and  exhort  one  another,  under  the 
superintendence  of  one  of  the  brethren.  The  excitement  ran  into  excess,  and  betrayed 
a  zeal  not  according  to  knowledge;  which  induced  Friedsam  to  discourage  an  enterprise, 
which  had  been  commenced,  and  was  partly  under  way,  namely,  to  erect  a  house  for 
their  especial  use,  to  be  called  SuccotJi.  Ludwig  Hacker,  or  Brother  Obed,  as  he  was 
designated,  who  was  the  teacher  of  the  common  school,  projected  the  plan  of  holding 
a  school  in  the  afternoons  of  the  Sabbath,  and  who  in  connection  with  some  of  the 
other  brethren  commenced  it,  to  give  instruction  to  the  indigent  children  who  were  kept 
from  regular  school  by  employments  which  their  necessities  obliged  them  to  be  engaged 
at  during  the  week,  as  well  as  to  give  religious  instruction  to  those  of  better  circum- 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  361 

stances.  It  is  not  known  in  what  year,  exactly,  the  Sahhath  St-hool  was  roin- 
nienced.  Hacker  came  to  Ephrata  in  the  year  IT.W,  aiul  it  is  presumed  that  lie  he«an 
soon  after  he  took  up  his  residence  amoug.st  them.  The  materials  for  the  huildiiiK  were 
furnished,  as  is  recorded  in  the  minutes  of  the  Society,  in  the  year  174!).  After  tho 
battle  of  Brandywine,  the  Sabbath  School  room,  with  others,  was  «riven  uj)  for  a  hos- 
pital, which  was  occupied  as  such  some  time;  and  the  school  was  never  afterwards 
resumed.     Hacker  at  that  period  was  sixty  years  of  age. 

By  this  time  (1777)  the  society  began  to  decline,  not  from  causes  alleged  liy  some 
writers — Avant  of  vigor  of  mind  in  the  successor  of  Beissel,  who  died  1708.  for  his  suc- 
cessor, Peter  :Miller,  was  a  man  of  much  greater  powers  of  miud,  aud  had  the  manage- 
ment of  the  establishment  during  Beissel's  time;  and  to  whose  energy  and  i^rseverance 
is  mainly  attributable  the  great  prosperity  of  the  institution  in  its  eai-ly  days.  The  in- 
stitution was  one  of  the  seventeenth  century,  and  in  accordance  with  European  feelings, 
most  of  the  members  being  natives  of  Germany.  The  state  of  ])nblic  opinion  at  lieis- 
sel's  death  was  widely  difierent  from  what  it  was  during  tlie  first  fifty  years  after  it  was 
established,  in  relation  to  politics  and  government,  and  with  this  march  of  intellect  dif- 
ferent sentiments  were  entertained  in  regard  to  religious  institutions.  It  was  com- 
menced as  a  social  connnunity  in  the  midst  of  a  wilderness — the  hand  of  improvement 
made  the  desert  bloom  as  the  rose,  and  at  that  time  (17G8)  were  surrounded  by  a  dense 
population.  These  circumstances — connected  with  incessant  pei-secution — tlie  tunnoil 
and  contention  into  which  they  were  thrown  and  constantly  kept  by  some  of  their  en- 
vious neighbors,  were  the  principal  causes  of  its  decline;  which  continued  in  the  wane 
until  within  a  few  years,  since  which  it  is  reviving  and  growing  in  numbers. 

At  an  early  period  they  established  a  printing  olfice,  one  of  the  first  German  presses 
in  the  State,  (the  second  I  believe;)  which  enabled  them  to  distribute  tracts  and  hymns, 
aud  afterwards  to  print  several  large  works,  in  which  the  views  of  the  founder  are  fully 
explained.  Many  of  these  books  have  been  lost  and  destroj-ed.  In  the  revoluticmaiy 
war,  just  before  the  battle  of  Gei-mantown,  three  wagon  loads  of  books,  in  sheets,  were 
seized  and  taken  away  for  cartridgc/i.  They  came  to  the  paper  mill  to  get  paper,  and 
not  finding  any  there,  they  pressed  the  books  in  sheets. 

Music  was  much  cultivated;  Beissel  was  a  first  i-ate  musician  and  composer.  In 
composing  sacred  music  he  took  his  style  from  the  music  of  nature,  and  the  whole  com- 
prising several  large  volumes  are  founded  on  the  tones  of  the  J^^olian  harj) — the  singing 
is  the  ^olian  harp  harmonized.  It  is  very  peculiar  in  its  style  and  concords,  and  in  its 
execution.  The  tones  issuing  from  the  choir  imitate  very  soft  instrumental  nuisic;  con- 
veying a  softness  and  devotion  almost  superhuman  to  the  auditor.  Their  nuisic  is  set 
in  four,  six,  and  eight  parts.  All  the  parts  save  the  bass  are  led  and  sung  exclusively 
by  females,  the  men  being  confined  to  the  bass,  which  is  set  in  two  parts,  the  higli  and 
low  bass— the  latter  resembling  the  deep  tones  of  the  organ,  and  the  first,  in  combina- 
tion with  one  of  the  female  parts,  is  an  excellent  imitation  of  the  concert  horn.  The 
wdiole  is  sung  on  the  falsetto  voice,  the  singers  scarcely  opening  their  mouths,  or  moving 
then-  lips,  which  throws  the  voice  up  to  the  ceiling,  which  is  not  high,  and  the  tones, 
which  seem  to  be  more  than  human,  at  least  so  far  from  common  church  singing,  api)oar  to 
be  entering  from  above,  and  hovering  over  the  heads  of  the  assembly.  Their  singing 
so  charmed  the  Commissioners  who  were  sent;[to  visit  the  Society  by  the  English  Gov- 
ernment, after  the  French  war,  that  they  requested  a  copy  to  bo  sent  to  the  Royal 
family  in  England;  which  was  cheerfully  complied  with,  and  which  I  understand  is  still 
preserved  in  the  National  Library.  About  twelve  montlis  afterwards  a  box  was  re- 
ceived of  three  or  four  feet  long,  and  two  or  two  and  an  half  wide,  containing  a  present 
in  return.  What  the  present  was  is  not  now  certainly  known— none  having  si-en  it  but 
Friedsam  and  Jaebez,  who  was  then  Prior,  and  into  whose  care  it  was  consigned.  It 
was  buried  secretly  by  him,  with  the  advice  of  Beissei,.  It  is  supposed,  by  a  hint  given 
by  Jaebez,  that  it  was  images  of  the  King  and  Queen,  in  fidl  costume,  or  images  of  the 


362  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

Saviour  on  the  Cross,  and  the  Virg-in  Mary;  supposing,  as  many  in  this  country  have 
erroneously  thought,  that  the  people  of  Ephrata  possess  many  of  the  Catholic  principles 
and  feelings.  The  King,  at  whose  instance  they  vi'ere  sent,  was  a  Gennan,  and  we  may 
presume  that  he  considered  that  they  retained  the  same  views  as  the  monastic  institu- 
tions of  Europe.  They  have  nearly  a  thousand  pieces  of  music,  a  piece  being  composed 
for  every  hymn.  This  music  is  lost,  entirely  now,  at  Ephrata — not  the  music  books, 
but  the  stylo  of  singing:  they  never  attempt  it  any  more. 

The  house  in  which  the  Sabbath  School  referred  to  in  the  foregoing  sketch  was 
held  was  used  during  the  Revolution  as  a  Hospital.  "A  few  days  after  the  battle  of 
Brand ywine  had  been  fought,  September  11,  1777,  four  or  five  hundred  of  the  wounded 
soldiers  were  taken  to  Ephrata,  and  placed  in  the  Hospital.  Doctors  Yerkel,  Scott  and 
Harrison,  were  the  attending  surgeons  and  physicians.  The  wounds  and  camp  fever 
baffled  their  skill:  one  hundred  and  fifty  of  the  soldiers  died  here;  they  were  principally 
from  the  Eastern  States,  and  Pennsylvania,  and  a  few  Britisli,  who  had  deserted  and 
joined  the  American  Army.  '  The  tirst  of  those  who  died  here,  were  buried  with 
honors  of  war;  a  funeral  sermon,  preached  by  one  of  their  own  number,  appointed  for 
that  purpose.  This  practice  was  continued  for  some  time,  till  they  began  to  drop  oft' 
too  rapidly  to  allow  time  for  tlie  performance  of  the  ceremony,  when  everything  of  the 
kind  was  dispensed  with." 

"The  place  where  they  rest,  is  enclosed;  and  for  many  years,  aboard,  with  this  in- 
scription : 

^Hier  Rvhen  die  Gebeine  vieler  Soldaien,' 
was  placed  over  the  gate  of  the  enclosure.     The  board,  with  the  inscription,  is  no 
more."     (Rupp.) 

At  the  instance  of  Joseph  Konigmacher  and  others,  a  company  chartered  hy  the  Leg- 
islature and  known  as  the  "Ephrata  Monument  Association,  "succeeded  in  substituting 
a  monument  for  the  board,  the  cornerstone  of  which  was  laid  Sept.  11,  1845.  The  Hon. 
J.  R.  Chandler,  of  Philadelphia,  was  the  orator  of  the  day.  The  officers  of  the  Associ- 
ciation  were  Joseph  Konigmacher,  President,  Col.  Richard  R.  Heitler,  Jeremiah  Moh- 
ler,  Wm.  Spera,  Col.  John  Bauman,  and  Ed.  Konigmacher,  Directors,  Jeremiah  Bau- 
man.  Treasurer  and  Secretary. 

/     When  Congress  left  Philadelphia  and  for  safety  met  at  Lancaster  and  York,  the 
/  Continental  money  was  printed  at  Ephrata. 

Fulton. — Bounded  N.  by  Drumore,  E.  by  Little  Britain,  S.  E.  by  Octoraro  creek, 
S.  by  Maryland,  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  rivei.  Area,  15,557  acres.  Popul.  in  1860, 
2,026;  Taxables,  421;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  |;368,432.  It  contain.s  8 
Grist  and  6  Saw  Mills,  5  Hotels,  6  Stores,  and  9  Common  Schools.  The  Conowingo 
creek  crosses  the  township  centrally  in  a  Southerly  direction.  P.  O.  arc  at  Fultou 
House,  Goshen,  Lyles,  Peter's  ci-eek.  Pleasant  Grove  and  Wakefield. 

Hempfiei.d,  East. — Bounded  N.  by  Penn,  E.  by  Manheim,  S.  by  Manor,  W.  by  W. 
Hempfield,  and  N.  W.  by  Rapho  townships.  Centrally  distant  from  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster about  5  ms. ;  length  5^  ms.,  breadth  5  ms.,  area,  14.145  acres;  surface,  partly 
hilly,  partly  level.  Population  in  1860,  2,613;  Taxables,  697;  value  of  Real  and  Per- 
sonal Property,  $1,272,402.  It  contains  6  Grist  jMills,  1  Saw  Mill,  1  Distillery,  14  Ho- 
tels, 5  Stores  and  12  Common  Schools.  Little  Conestoga  creek  flows  on  the  Eastern 
and  Chicquesaluuga  creek  on  the  N.  W.  boundaries  of  tlie  township.  The  Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad  crosses  its  southern  section,  the  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  Railroad  in- 
tersects it  centrally,  and  the  Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad  skirts  its  Western  ex- 
tremity, intersecting  at  Landisville  with  the  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  Railroad.  P. 
O.  at  Hempfield,  East  Hempfield,  Landisville  and  Salunga. 

Hempfield,  West.— Bounded  N.  by  Rapho,  S.  by  Manor,  E.  by  E.  Hempfield 
townships,  and  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  river.  Centrally  distant  W.  from  Lancaster  8 
miles;  greatest  length  8,  greatest  breadth  5  miles;  area  13,880  acres:  surface,  hilly; 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  363 

soil,  limcbtone.  Pop.  in  1860,  3,108;  Taxables,  880;  value  of  Heal  and  Por^onal 
Property,  $1,184,123.  It  contains  7  Grist  and  3  Saw  Mills,  3  Furnaces,  i;  Hotels  G 
Stores  and  13  Common  Schools.  The  Bis  Chiquesalun-a  is  the  Northwestern  bound- 
ary of  the  township,  and  tlows  into  the  Susquehanna  at  the  X.  \V.  extremity.  P.  O. 
at  Columbia,  Mountvllle  and  Silver  Spring.  The  most  important  place  is  Coi.rMiUA. 
an  incorporated  borough,  (in  1814)  with  an  area  of  820  acre.s.  a  population  (in  18G0)  of 
5,007;  Taxables,  1,144:  assessed  value  of  Heal  and  Personal  Property,  |7G2,813.  Tlio 
subjoined  two  independent  accounts  of  the  early  history  of  Columbia  are  extracted 
from  Hazard's  Register: 

A  brief  statement  of  facts  relating  to  the  lirst  settlement  of  C()luml>ia,  Lan<  aster 
county,  Pennsylvania,  by  Arthur  B.  Bradford,  who  says,  in  his  letter  accompanying  the 
communication,  that  "the  facts  were  gathered  chiefly  from  a  manuscript  journal,  be- 
longing to  the  great  grand-daughter  of  Robert  Barber,  the  first  settler." 

Recollections  of  the  First  Settlement  of  Columbia,  Lancaster  County,  Pa.  :  About  the 
year  1726-7,  Robert  Barber  of  Chester,  came  to  this  place,  and  took  up  (as  it  was  then 
called)  1,000  acres  of  land  on  the  river  Susquehaima,  (purchased  I  think  from  Jere- 
miah Langhorne,  the  agent  of  the  proprietor,)  bounded  north  by  Chiques  hill,  S.  E.  by 
what  was  afterwards  called  Patton's  hill.  The  journey  from  Che.ster  in  those  days 
was  thought  a  very  great  undertaking,  the  country  being  uninhabited  by  any  except 
Indians,  whose  wigwams  were  scattered  promiscuously.  In  the  following  year,  (1728), 
three  farmers,  actuated  by  a  laudable  spirit  of  adventure,  'came  from  Chester  to  make 
their  homes  in  the  wilderness.  Samuel  Blunston,  the  richest  of  the  three,  i)urchased 
500  acres  of  the  land  taken  up  by  R.  Barber,  next  the  North  Hill:  he  built  on  the  rising 
ground  occupied  at  present  by  Samuel  Heise.  The  house  was  tt)rn  down  a  few  years 
since,  to  make  room  for  the  building  which  now  stands  on  the  spot.  John  Wright 
took  the  middle  part  (aboiit  200  acres;)  he  Iniilt  where  Misses  E.  and  A.  "VV right  now 
reside,  (2d  st.  opposite  the  Catholic  chapel.)  The  house  has  been  much  altered  and 
repaired,  but  the  greater  part  of  it  is  still  the  same  ho  built.  He  came  from  Manches- 
ter, England,  among  the  early  settlers  in  1714;  was  a  preacher  in  the  Friends'  Society; 
and  was  judge  of  the  county  court  for  many  years.  Robert  Barber  retainid  the  re- 
maining 300  acres  next  the  lower  hill — he  came  from  Yorkshire,  England — he  followed 
the  sea  for  many  years,  and  had  been  a  prisoner  in  France.  He  built  the  brick  house 
now  occupied  by  John  Ilinkle— he  was  sheriff  of  the  county,  and  it  wa,s  intended  the 
seat  of  justice  should  have  been  here,  in  consequence  of  which  he  built  a  prison  near 
his  house — a  strong  log  building,  which  was  pulled  down  not  many  years  since.  James, 
aftenvards  Sir  James  Annesley,  was  once  confined  there,  luu-iiig  nm  away  from  his 
master,  (his  story  is  well  known.)  R.  Barber  had  a  son  bearing  his  own  name,  who  built  a 
house  which  has  gone.  There  were  no  pine  ]K)ards  for  architectin-e  as  at  the  present  day, 
the  joists,  and  window  and  door  frames  were  madeof  oak;  whatlittlepine  wasinit,  wasolv 
tained  from  logs  found  in  the  river,  and  sawed  at  a  mill  on  Stricklcr's  Run,  owne<l  by  Na- 
thaniel Barber.  There  was  also  a  fulling-mill  on  the  same  stream  owned  by  S.  Barl)er. 
The  land  back  from  the  river  was  settled  principally  by  (iennans:  Foiry's.  Stricklcr's, 
Sherrick's,  Guber's,  &c.  Their  first  purchase  was  from  an  old  woman  named  Maiy 
Ditcher,  who  used  to  go  through  the  country  making  what  was  then  called  improre- 
ments—a  few  sticks  piled  together,  a  lire  kindled,  and  a  pot  hung  over  it.  I'onstitutcd  a 
first  right.  Those  who  could  pay  for  the  land  liad  first  choice,  but  these  improvements 
were  generally  bought  for  a  trifle  by  those  able  to  pay  for  the  lands.  This  old  Mary 
Ditcher  seems  to  have  been  rather  a  singular  jjersonage.  She  is  described  as  wander- 
ing through  the  wood.s,  leading  an  old  horse,  her  only  property,  with  ln^  knitting  in 
her  hand,  and  clad  in  a  garment  chiefly  of  sheepskin.  This  was  called  Hempfield  town- 
ship, from  the  great  quantity  of  hemp  raised  there.  The  townshi])  below  was  called 
Manor,  from  lands  resei-ved  by  the  proprietors,  and  called  in  imitation  of  the  Engli.sh 
custom,  the  Proprietor's  Manor.     The  settlers  adjoining  were  Irish  families  named 


36J:  AUTHENTIC  HISTOKY 

Patton,  wlio  gave  name  to  the  hill  and  the  current  below,  called  Patton's  current.  It 
has  been  said  there  was  once  a  great  slaughter  of  the  Indians  at  that  place,  by  a  party 
of  cruel  men  headed  by  a  person  named  Bill.  In  the  neighborhood,  were  many  ijlaces 
said  to  be  the  graves  of  the  Indians,  and  it  was  believed  [that  a  piece  of  cannon  lay 
sunk  in  the  current.  Below  this  the  settlers  were  Germans — Stineman's,  Kauffman's, 
Hare's,  Kupley's,  &c.  The  townsliip  above  was  called  Donegal  by  the  Irish  settlers, 
Anderson's,  Cook's,  Tate's,  Hay's.  Anderson's  ferry,  where  ^Marietta  now  stands,  is 
well  known.  ]\Iany  changes  have  taken  place  since  the  tirst  selling  of  the  lands.  AVhere 
Robert  Barber  first  built,  there  was  an  island  opposite  the  land,  with  large  trees  grow- 
ing on  it,  but  since  torn  away  by  the  ice.  The  winters  being  very  severe  the  ice  was 
very  thick,  and  in  the  general  breaking  up  those  trees  were  gradually  torn  up,  and 
carried  oft".  At  such  times  the  water  rose  to  a  great  height  above  where  the  row  of 
storehouses  now  stands.  The  old  Indians  said  they  remembered  the  river  rising  to 
the  second  bank  with  a  break  of  ice;  and  Mr.  Barber  has  ploughed  up  muscle  shells, 
at  that  distance  from  the  river.  Near  the  point  of  Turkey  hill,  were  what  was  called 
the  shad  rocks  !  Avhere  shad  were  caught  with  dip  nets,  every  one  paying  a  set  price  for 
a  dip.  The  first  shad  caught  with  a  seine,  was  between  1760  and  1705,  on  the  east  side 
of  the  river  below  the  old  ferry  course.  A  sturgeon  was  once  caught  in  a  fish  basket 
in  the  lower  falls. 

The  ferry  across  the  Susquehanna  was  very  early  established.  Two  large  canoes 
lashed  together  Avere  used  at  first  to  take  a  wagon  across,  which  had  to  be  unloaded. 
In  1750,  it  was  much  improved  and  rented  for  £100  per  annum,  with  the  ground  at- 
tached to  it. 

John  Wright's  stone  house  was  built  between  1740-50,  also  the  little  stone  mill  at  the 
mouth  of  Shawnee  run,  (still  standing,)  this  latter  was  built  by  James  Wright.  There 
was  flour  made  at  this  mill,  for  the  use  of  Braddock's  army.  It  was  packed  in  small 
casks  for  the  purpose,  and  carried  on  pack-horses,  a  cask  on  each  side.  It  was  taken  to 
what  was  then  called  Raystown  and  Fort  Duquesne,  (now  Pittsburg.) 

The  people  who  had  hired  a  time  with  the  owners  of  the  lands,  or  had  been  much 
employed  by  thtm,  seemed  to  claim  a  kind  of  patronage  from  their  masters,  and  usually 
contrived  to  get  a  small  house  with  a  garden  and  potatoe  patch.  Their  rent  was  so 
many  days'  work  in  harvest,  or  other  farmer's  work:  many  of  them  were  tradesmen — 
weavers,  shoemakers;  and  were  paid  for  their  work  in  grain,  &c.  Harvest  wages  were 
half  a  bushel  of  wheat;  raising  grain  was  not  the  principal  object  with  the  farmers,  for 
there  was  no  market  for  it:  hops  and  hemp  were  the  sources  of  profit.  Many  of  these 
persons  were  Germans  (redemptioncrs.)  The  tirst  Friends'  meeting-house  was  built  in 
the  upi^er  part  of  the  town,  (Union  street.)  Catharine  Peyton  and  Mary  Peasley,  min- 
isters from  Ireland,  held  meetings  there — they  travelled  on  horseback. 

In  the  fall  of  1755,  the  inhabitants  were  greatly  alarmed  on  account  of  the  Indians. 
Braddock's  army  had  been  defeated  and  dispersed  the  preceding  sununer,  and  it  was 
reported  that  the  Indians  were  collecting  a  large  number  of  bark  canoes  at  the  head  of 
the  Susquehanna,  and  were  coming  in  great  force  to  destroy  all  before  them.  The  in- 
habitants were  struck  with  fear  at  the  slightest  noise  during  the  night,  as  they  hourly 
expected  the  Indians  coming  down  upon  them.  At  last  they  agreed  to  take  the  women 
and  children  to  Philadelphia.  They  rented  a  large  house  to  accommodate  all,  and  late 
in  the  autumn  five  families  and  their  attendants,  in  all  about  thirty,  left  their  homes 
through  fear  of  the  Indians.  The  men  remained  however,  some  of  them  going  occa- 
sionally during  the  winter  to  visit  their  families.  The  few  Indians  who  were  on  friendly 
terms  with  the  whites,  were  also  struck  with  fear  at  the  expected  invasion,  and  in  con- 
sequence fled  to  Philadelphia,  where  one  of  the  lobbies  of  the  old  state  house  was  allowed 
them  for  a  place  of  residence.  The  whites  who  remained,  fortified  the  stone  house 
belonging  to  John  Wright,  which  was  the  strongest  in  the  place.  The  winter  passing 
without  an  assault  from  the  hostile  Indians,  the  families,  together  with  the  i^eaceable 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  365 

Indians,  returned  in  the  spring  to  their  homes.  Tlie  town  has  never  1)ecn  disturbcl  l.y 
hostile  Indians  since  its  lirst  settlement. 

In  the  year  1757  or  '58,  a  physician  (Dr.  Moore,)  came  from  Philadelphia  t.)  inocnlate 
the  children  who  never  had  had  the  small-pox;  being  all  connected,  thoy  were  taken  to 

one  house,  to  make  it  convenient  for  the  Doctor.     He  had  forty  patients one  or  two 

that  did  not  take  the  small-pox,  by  inoculation,  died;  the  rest  all  did  well.  It  was  the 
opinion  then,  that  it  would  be  wrong  to  inoculate  the  second  time,  lest  tlie  subject 
should  take  the  disease  the  natural  way,  and  have  a  double  jjortion. 

Shortly  after  this  date,  the  tranquillity  of  the  town  was  disturbed  by  the  revolution- 
ary movements;  great  excitement  was  felt  here,  as  the  inhabitants  were  moved  by  a 
patriotic  spirit;  having  no,  or  few  arms  of  any  kind,  their  trainings,  in  particular  for 
war,  were  performed  with  sticks,  &c. 

From  this  date,  the  histoiy  of  the  place  is  on  record. 
Second  account. 

We  are  indebted  for  the  information  contained  below  to  a  highly  respectable  lady  of 
the  Society  of  Friends,  whose  opportunities  for  gathering  facts  relative  to  the  early 
history  of  the  place,  have  been  numerous: 

About  the  year  1726  or  '27,  Robert  Barber  of  Chester,  came  to  the  eastern  banks  of 
the  Susquehanna  and  took  up  1000  acres  of  land,  bounded  on  the  north-west  by  the 
Chicques  hills,  and  to  the  south-west  by  what  was  afterwards  called  Patton's  hill.  About 
500  acres  of  this  land  is  embraced  in  what  is  now  Columbia.  At  that  time,  the  noble 
river,  pursuing  its  undisturbed  course  in  solitude,  or  ruttled  only  by  the  light  canoe  of 
the  Indian — the  shore  covered  with  lofty  trees — must  have  jn-esented  a  grand  and  im- 
posing sight.  The  land  was  purchased  of  .Jeremiah  Langhorne,  the  agent  of  the  pro- 
prietors. 

After  the  purchase,  Mr.  Barber  returned  to  Chester,  and  in  17'-28,  ho,  with  Sanuiel 
Blunston  and  John  Wright,  together  with  their  families,  left  their  homes  in  that  place, 
and  came  to  settle  on  the  land  which  had  been  taken  up  the  year  before.  These  pei-sons 
were  members  of  the  Society  of  Friends.  This  journey  was  thought  a  very  great  under- 
taking; the  country  was  uninhabited  except  by  the  Indians,  who  had  their  cabins  in 
many  places. 

Samuel  Blunston,  was  the  most  wealthy  of  the  three;  he  took  500  acres  of  the  land 
next  to  the  upper  hills,  and  built  where  S.  B.  Ileise  now  lives.  The  old  house  was 
pulled  dovm  some  years  since,  to  make  room  for  the  building  which  is  now  .standing; 
the  brick  part  of  the  building  was  afterwards  built  by  him.  His  wife  was  a  widow  of 
the  name  of  Bilton;  her  first  husband  kept  a  ferry  over  the  Schuylkill.  S.  Blunston 
had  no  children;  his  estate  w^ent  to  two  nieces,  and  is  now  held  by  the  Bethels,  their 
descendants. 

.John  Wright  took  250  acres  of  the  land,  and  built  his  house  where  E.  Wright  and 
sisters  now  live;  the  house  has  been  much  repaired  and  altered,  but  a  part  of  it  remains 
as  originally  constructed.  He  came  from  Manchester  in  England,  among  the  early 
settlers  of  the  province— w^as  a  preacher  of  the  Society  of  Friends,  and  for  many  years 
judge  of  the  court.  His  speech  to  the  grand  jury  may  be  seen  in  Proud's  History  of 
Pennsylvania;  he  kept  a  store  in  Chester.  He  had  two  sons  and  three  daughters.  .John, 
the  eldest,  kept  the  ferry  on  the  west  side  of  the  Susiiuehanna.  and  built  the  ferry-house 
there.  Susanna,  the  eldest  of  the  daughters,  did  not  leave  England  till  some  time  after 
her  father.  She  was  a  person  of  great  note  in  this  place;  her  education  was  superior 
to  most  of  her  day:  she  was  consulted  in  all  dilhcult  matters-tlid  all  the  writings 
necessary  in  the  place— was  charitable  to  the  poor,  and  gave  medicine  gratis  to  all  the 
neighborhood.  Samuel  Blunston  left  all  his  estate  to  her  during  her  life,  and  at  Ins 
death  she  and  all  the  family  removed  to  his  house.  She  lived  to  a  great  age;  and  died 
as  she  had  lived,  in  the  principles  of  the  Friends.  Patience,  another  daughter  of  John 
Wright,  was  married  to  Richard  Lowden-the  present  John  L.  Wright  is  their  descend- 


366  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

ant  by  his  mother.  Elizabeth,  daughter  of  John  Wright,  married  Samuel  Taylor,  who 
was  the  owner  of  a  large  tract  of  land  near  where  Strasburg  now  stands;  he  sold  his 
property  there,  and  once  owned  what  is  now  called  Wrightsville.  The  Wrights  in  this 
place  at  the  present  time  are  the  descendants  of  James  Wright,  youngest  son  of  John. 

Robert  Barber  kept  the  2o0  acres  next  the  lower  hills;  he  came  from  Yorkshire  in 
England.  He  had  followed  the  sea  for  some  years,  and  had  ^been  a  prisoner  in  France, 
He  married  Hannah  Tidmarsh,  in  Chester  or  Philadelphia;  she  also  came  from  England. 
Her  father  came  to  America  sometime  before  the  rest  of  the  family,  and  was  accident- 
ally shot  by  an  Indian  before  her  arrival.  R.  Barber  settled  farther  from  the  river  than 
the  others.  He  built  the  brick  house  now  occupied  by  J.  Hinkle.  He  was  sheriff  of 
the  county,  and  in  consequence  of  the  intention  to  make  this  place  the  seat  of  justice, 
a  prison  was  built  near  his  house.  It  was  a  strong  looking  log  building,  and  was  pulled 
down  not  many  years  since.  In  this  prison,  James,  afterwards  Lord  Altham,  was  con- 
fined, having  run  away  from  his  master.  R.  Barber  had  several  cMldren;  the  eldest  son, 
John,  was  killed  by  the  Indians,  near  where  Pittsburg  now  stands;  he  had  gone  thither 
to  trade  in  fur,  or  what  was  then  called  trapping.  His  other  sons  settled  on  the  land, 
but  it  is  now  owned  by  the  Stricklers,  except  about  60  acres,  which  was  the  shax-e  of  the 
second  son  Robert.  He  married  Sarah,  daughter  of  Samuel  Taylor,  and  had  ten  children; 
but  at  this  time  they  are  all  gone  except  one  son  and  two  daughters;  the  daughters  live 
on  the  place,  in  the  house  which  their  father  built  67  years  ago.  The  old  house  was  a 
few  steps  below  the  present  mansion.  In  those  days  pine  boards  were  little  used;  the 
joists,  window  and  door  frames  were  of  oak.  What  little  pine  there  is  in  the  building, 
was  got  out  of  logs  picked  up  in  the  river,  and  sawed  at  a  mill  of  Nathaniel  Barber's, 
on  what  was  called  Barber's  run,  the  same  stream  which  Strickler's  large  mill  is  on. 
Samuel  Barber,  another  brother,  had  a  fulling-mill  on  this  stream. 

The  land  back  from  the  river  was  mostly  settled  by  the  Germans — the  Forry's,  Strick- 
ler's, Shirk's,  Garber's,  &c.  Their  first  purchases  were  from  an  old  woman  of  the  name 
of  Mary  Ditcher,  who  used  to  go  through  the  country  making  what  was  then  called 
improvements.  These  improvements  consisted  in  piling  a  few  sticks  together,  setting 
them  on  fire,  and  hanging  a  pot  over;  this  was  considered  a  first  right;  if  they  could 
then  pay  for  the  land  they  had  the  privilege  of  keeping  it.  This  Mary  Ditcher  appeai-s 
to  have  been  a  singular  person.  She  used  to  wander  through  the  woods  in  a  sheep-skin 
dress,  leading  an  old  horse,  her  only  property,  with  her  knitting  in  her  hand.  The 
township  in  which  Columbia  is  situated,  was  called  Hempfield,  from  the  great  quanti- 
ties of  hemp  which  were  raised  in  it.  Manor  township,  below  this,  was  so  called  from 
the  circumstance  that  the  land  in  it  was  reserved  for  the  proprietor. 

Some  Irish  families,  of  the  name  of  Patton,  settled  on  lands  adjoining  the  lower  part 
of  Columbia.  They  gave  the  name  to  the  hill,  and  to  the  current  below  the  mouth  of 
the  run,  which  is  well  known  by  the  name  of  Patton's  current.  Tradition  says,  that 
there  was  a  great  slaughter  of  the  Indians  at  that  place  in  the  early  settlement  of  the 
country,  by  a  party  of  whites,  led  on  by  a  person  of  the  name  of  Bell.  Our  informant 
remembers  seeing  many  places  there,  said  to  be  the  graves  of  the  Indians  who  were 
killed  in  the  battle;  it  was  believed  that  a  piece  of  cannon  lay  sunk  in  the  current.  To 
their  last  days,  the  Indians  in  this  vicinity  had  a  great  dread  of  the  name  of  Bell. 

Below  this,  the  settlers  were  principally  Germans — the  Stehman's,  Kauffman's,  Rup- 
ley's,  Herr's,  &c.,  were  among  the  first.  The  township  above,  called  Donegal,  was 
settled  by  the  Irish — the  Anderson's,  Cook's,  Tate's,  Kay's,  &c.  Anderson's  ferry,  is 
well  known  where  Marrietta  now  stands. 

Sixty  years  ago,  where  the  gravel  appears  in  low  water,  opposite  the  Miss  Barbers',  there 
wa.s  an  island  with  large  trees.  Large  buttonwood  and  other  trees  grew  at  the  water's 
edge;  many  of  them  were  torn  away  by  the  ice.  The  largest  trees  have  been  seen  to 
go  down  with  the  weight  and  force  of  the  ice,  seemingly  as  easy  as  a  child  would  have 
broken  a  twig.     The  lower  falls,  as  they  were  called,  was  a  great  place  for  hunting 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY,  3(j7 

wild  fowls— geese  and  ducks  were  in  abundance,  and  sometimes  swans.  The  tirst  shad 
caught  here  with  a  seine  was  somewhere  between  17G0  and  •(•,.-,,  at  the  eiust  end  of  the 
river,  just  below  the  old  ferry  course.  At  the  lower  fulls  a  sturgf,m  w:i.s  once  caught 
in  a  tish  basket. 

The  ferry  across  the  Sustiuehanna  at  this  place,  appears  to  have  been  early  s.  t  up. 
At  first  it  was  necessarily  very  imperfect.  Two  large  canoes  lashrd  together  were  used 
to  take  over  a  wagon,  which  lirst  had  to  be  unloaded.  In  UoO,  it  rented  for  £100  per 
annum,  with  the  ground  allotted  to  it.  Tlie  ferry  course  was  a  little  below  the  bridge; 
there  was  a  tolerable  road  from  the  old  ferry-house  to  the  landing— above  that,  it  was 
wild  and  unfrequented— the  "point  rock"  first,  and  then  the  well  known  "Chic.pies 
rock,"  rising  in  solitary  grandeur.  There  was  scarcely  a  foot-path  between  the  rock 
and  the  river,  and  a  hunter  or  fisher  might  be  seen  climbing  his  way  along  the  side  of 
the  hill.  Strangers  used  to  visit  this  rock  as  a  great  natural  curiosity,  but  Iht-y  gene- 
rally went  over  the  hill,  as  the  path  at  the  shore  was  nearly  impassable.  Pine  and 
spruce  bushes  grew  in  the  crevices  of  the  rock  and  on  the  hill.  It  was  a  great  place  for 
fox  hunting. 

The  old  feiTy-house  now  occupied  by  Peter  Epley,  in  Locust  street,  was  built  in  the 
early  settlement  of  the  place;  the  large  room  at  the  upper  end  was  built  long  afU-r  the 
other  part  of  the  house,  by  J.  Lowden,  who  kept  the  ferry  for  many  years.  There  was 
a  stone  kitchen  at  the  lower  end,  which  was  pulled  away  a  few  years  ago,  to  make  room 
for  the  brick  buildings  now  there.  The  barn  was  across  the  road,  where  Ilaldeman's 
store  is.     It  was  burnt  by  lightning  the  last  day  of  8th  month,  1709  or  '70. 

Sixty  years  ago  the  idea  of  a  bridge  across  the  Susquehanna  was  laughed  at. 

The  main  road  up  the  river  went  by  the  door  of  the  Miss  Barbers,  over  the  breast 
of  the  dam,  and  into  what  is  now  called  Second  .street,  continuing  over  the  Chicques 
hills. 

Where  the  row  of  houses  now  .stands  on  Water  street,  below  the  turni)ikc,  was  what 
was  called  the  bank,  where  the  young  people  used  to  congregate  for  play.  On  it  was 
a.  thicket  of  bushes,  wild  plum  and  mulberry  trees,  grape  vines,  strawberries  and  wild 
flowers.  The  school  house  was  where  E.  Wright  and  sisters  now  live.  In  those  days 
there  was  no  regular  school.  Strangers  were  employed  without  any  recommendation, 
and  retained  or  not,  according  to  their  behaviour. 

The  main  road  to  Lancaster  was  to  the  south  of  where  the  turnpike  now  is.  The 
first-mile  stone  was  about  40  yards  north  of  Friends'  meeting-house.  The  mark  was 
76  miles  to  Philadelphia;  10  to  Lancaster.  Up  the  Shawnee  run,  as  far  back  as  Wm. 
Todd's  tan-yard,  was  a  thicket  of  trees,  wild  fruit  and  fiowcrs.  The  well  known 
ground-hog  spring,  coming  out  of  the  bank  at  the  south  side  of  the  run,  was  a  beautiful 
shady  and  sequestered  spot,  where  the  children  used  to  have  their  little  i)artii-s.  It 
took  its  name  from  its  being  said  that  the  hole  in  the  bank  was  made  by  a  ground-hog. 

The  stone  house  now  occupied  by  John  L.  Wright,  was  built  .souutime  between  1740 
and  '50;  also,  the  httle  stone  mill  on  Shawnee  rtm.  They  were  built  by  James  Wright, 
father  of  the  present  James  and  Wm.  Wright.  There  was  flour  made  at  this  mill  for 
the  use  of  Braddock's  army:  it  was  packed  in  small  casks  made  for  the  purpo.se, 
and  carried  on  pack-horses.  It  was  taken  to  what  was  then  called  liaystown.  There 
were  a  few  small  buildings  scattered  through  the  neighborhood,  built  mostly  by  iwr- 
sons  who  had  served  a  time  with  the  first  settlers,  as  a  compensation  to  them  for  paying 
their  passage  over  to  this  country,  they  being  themselves  unable  to  pay.  Many  of  them 
had  come  from  Germany.  One  of  the  first  of  this  kind  of  buiklings  now  stands  in  the 
upper  end  of  the  town,  and  is  occupied  by  Peter  3Iays.  Adjoining  this  building,  at 
the  end  towards  the  river,  stood  the  first  place  for  public  worship  in  the  town.  It  was 
a  small  squared  log  building  ;  the  logs  are  now  in  an  outbuilding  of  Wm.  Wright. 
Robert  Barber,  now  in  his  82d  year,  remembers  attending  meeting  there.  Catharine 
Peyton  and  Mary  Pearley,  public  ;Friends  from  Ireland,   hold  meetings  there  :  they 


368  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

travelled  the  country  on  horseback.  Before  this  building  was  erected,  the  meetings 
were  lield  in  private  houses.  At  length,  on  account  of  the  discipline  not  being  properly- 
attended  to,  it  was  altogether  put  down  by  the  monthly  meeting  of  Sadsbury.  Some 
years  since,  however,  they  requested  and  obtained  permission  to  hold  meetings  here 
again  ;  they  then  built  the  present  brick  meeting  house. 

There  used  to  be  a  small  shop  on  the  corner  where  Dr.  Houston's  house  now  stands ; 
and  on  the  opposite  north  corner  there  was  a  house,  sometimes  occupied  by  a  tenant  or 
tradesman. 

There  were  cherry  trees  on  each  side  of  the  lane  from  S.  B.  Heise's  to  below  E. 
Wright  and  sisters,  and  down  to  the  ferry  house.  Cherries  were  very  scarce  in  the 
neighborhood,  and  being  in  a  great  variety  here,  the  peo^jle  came  from  all  quarters  for 
them.  As  they  were  ripe  about  harvest,  when  all  were  busy,  first-day  was  fixed  upon 
to  come  for  them.  It  got  the  name  of  cheriy  fair — hucksters  came  from  Lancaster 
with  their  baskets,  and  liundreds  of  people  were  collected  at  the  old  ferry-house,  the 
only  public  house  then  in  town.  These  fairs  were  continued  many  years — until  their 
impropriety  became  so  glaring  that  they  were  abolished. 

About  half  a  mile  from  Columbia,  on  the  road  leading  to  the  Chicques,  among  the 
hills,  was  the  place  called  Smoke-town.  Many  now  living  may  remember  it.  A  little 
stream  wound  along  amongst  the  hills;  three  or  four  little  cabins  were  built  near  to- 
gether, and  a  few  spots  of  level  ground  were  sometimes  cultivated  by  the  inhabitants. 
It  was  the  rendezvous  for  strolling  beggars  and  such  kind  of  people:  many  a  midnight 
brawl  has  been  witnessed  here.  All  vestiges  of  this  settlement  are  now  gone,  and  the 
land  belongs  to  the  Hogendoblers. 

In  olden  times,  the  place  being  more  thinly  settled  than  it  is  now,  the  people  seemed 
more  affectionate  to  each  other.  When  a  death  occurred  in  the  neighborhood,  it  cast  a 
gloom  over  all  the  inhabitants,  even  if  it  was  from  among  the  lowest  class,  and  some  of 
every  family  attended  the  funeral.  The  neighbors  for  many  miles  round  were  known 
to  each  other;  if  a  stranger  was  seen  in  the  place,  great  curiosity  arose  to  know  who  he 
was  and  from  whence  he  came.  The  first  proprietors  being  all  related  or  connected  with 
each  other,  the  greatest  hannony  and  friendship  existed  between  them.  In  those  days 
tea  was  looked  upon  as  too  effeminate  for  men.  There  were  no  stores  nearer  than  Lan- 
caster, and  luxuries  which  all  partake  of  now,  were  little  known  then.  There  was  great 
difficulty  in  getting  shoes,  especially  for  children. 

The  defeat  of  Braddock's  anny,  in  1755,  produced  great  excitement  here.  All  the 
females  and  children  of  the  jjlace,  to  the  number  of  about  30,  went  to  Philadelphia  and 
spent  the  winter.  They  occupied  the  house  on  Chestnut  street,  which  stood  on  a  part 
of  the  ground  where  the  Arcade  now  is.  The  men  who  remained,  fortified  the  store- 
house of  J.  L.  Wright. 

In  the  year  1757  or  '58,  there  was  no  physician  in  the  place,  and  there  being  a  number 
of  children  who  had  never  had  the  small  pox,  Dr.  Moore  of  Philadelphia,  a  friend  of 
Susannah  Wright,  was  engaged  to  come  and  inoculate  them.  One  or  two  of  the  children, 
on  whom  the  inoculation  did  not  take,  died.  It  was  the  opinion  then,  that  it  would  not 
do  to  inoculate  the  second  time,  as  there  would  be  danger  of  taking  the  small  pox  the 
natural  way,  and  thus  the  person  woi;ld  have  a  double  portion. 

When  the  revolutionary  war  broke  out  there  was  a  great  excitement  in  all  ranks  of 
society;  the  peaceable  and  quiet  state  of  the  place  seemed  entirely  changed — all  was 
military.  There  were  meetings  in  every  corner,  preparing  for  war — some  exercising 
with  old  brooms  or  sticks,  there  being  few  arms  amongst  them. 

Columbia  occupies  the  slope  of  a  hill,  the  business  part  of  the  town  extending  along 
the  river  bank.  The  Susquehanna  and  Tidewater  Canal  navigation  extends  from  here 
to  the  Maryland  State  line,  a  distance  of  36  miles,  and  thence  to  Chesapeake  Bay  at 
Havre-de-Grace.  It  is  the  Southern  terminus  of  the  Pennsylvania  Canal.  It  has 
Railroad  communication  by  the  Pennsylvania  R,  R.  East  and  West;    by  the  Reading 


APlajt  Designed  kor  the 
ToVfN  OF  LAXCASTER,M.\IICHI730, 

reduced  from  the  Oriqinal  in  the  Office  of  the  Secrcfmi'^  of  fh  c  Commuti 
wealth  atEmrishiircj. 


•^"^s- —    ^aBEsss-^^^s^gs— — •'-^^"-^ 

— '^tt 

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5  PC     ; 

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SquarelOp. 

165  feet. 


lf.3  D  W. 


"1- 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY,  3^9 

and  Columbia  R.  R.  Nortli;  and  by  the  branch  lino  of  the  Nortlioni  Central  R.  R. 
from  Wrightsville  on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  Sus(|nehanna,  Soutli.  Tlie  sjilendid 
bridge  which  spans  the  river,  is  more  tlian  a  mile  and  a  <iuarter  long,  was  bunit 
during  the  Rebellion,  but  has  been  rebuilt  and  is  ready  for  traffic  at  tlic  present 
time  (December  18G8.)  The  principal  trade  of  the  borough  is  in  lundter  from  tlie  upper 
parts  of  the  Sus(iuehanna;  mucli  capital  is  invested  in  tliis  trade.  One  of  tlie  most 
prolific  deposits  of  iron  ore  occurs  in  the  neighborhood  of  Columbia,  and  supplies  the 
numerous  furnaces  here  and  in  the  vicinity.  The  coal-trade  of  Columbia  is  also  con- 
siderable.    It  has  9  churches,  and  its  fine  High  Scliool  building  is  deservedly  admired. 

Lampeter,  East.— Bounded  N.  by  Manheim,  N.  E.  by  Upper  Leacock,  Y..  by  Lcac<x-k, 
S.  E.  by  Paradise,  S.  by  Strasburg,  S.  W.  by  "West  Lampeter,  AV.  by  Lancaster  township. 
Area,  13, 791  acres.  Population  in  1800,  2,305;  Taxables,  047;  value  of  Real  and  Personal 
Property,  $1,370,598.  Itcontains5  Grist  and  2  Saw  Mills,  7IIotels,  4  Stores  and  10  Com- 
mon Schools.  The  Conestoga  creek  bounds  the  townshii)  N.  AV.,  the  Pecpiea  S.  E.  and  Mill 
creek  traverses  it  centrally,  the  course  of  all  three  being  S.  W.  The  Pennsylvania  Rail 
Road  crosses  the  township  centrally  with  a  station  at  Bird-in-hand,  or  Enterprise.  The 
former  name  is  said  to  have  originated  in  the  sign  of  an  inn,  displaying  a  man  with  a 
bird  in  his  hand  and  pointing  to  two  other  birds  on  a  tree,  and  pictorially  illustrating 
the  proverb  that  "a  bird  in  the  hand  is  worth  two  in  the  bush."'  P.  O.  at  Enterprise, 
Fertility,  Greenland  and  Soudevsburg. 

Lampeter,  AVest. — Bounded  N.  and  AV.  by  Lancaster,  E.  by  East  Lampeter,  S.  E, 
by  Strasburg,  S.  by  Providence  and  S.  AV.  by  Pcijuea.  Area,  11,437  acres;  Population 
in  1800,  1,771;  Taxables,  440;  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  4:1,104,391.  It 
contains  5  Grist  and  3  Saw  ^lills;  0  Hotels,  2  Stores  and  8  Common  Schools.  The 
Pequea  is  the  S.  E.  boundary  and  the  Conestoga  the  X.  AV.  receiving  at  the  AV'esteni- 
most  extremity  of  the  township  Mill  creek,  which  crosses  the  Northern  section.  P. 
O.  at  Lampeter,  AVheatland  Mills  at  the  Eastern  extremity  of  the  townsliip  on  the 
Pe«iuea,  and  AVillow  Street. 

Lancaster. — Bounded  N.  by  JIanhehn  and  Lancaster  city,  E.  by  E.  and  AV.  Lam- 
peter, S.  by  Pequea,  and  AV.  by  3Ianor.  Surface,  hilly;  soil,  limestcme.  The  Conesto- 
ga Creek  Hows  in  a  very  serpentine  course  along  its  Southeastern  boundary.  Area, 
4,045  acres;  popul.  in  1800,  924;  taxables,  170;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Projx'rty, 
.$558,104.  It  contains  3  Grist  and  2  Saw  Mill«,  1  Distillery,  2  Hotels,  and  3  Common 
Schools. 

Lancaster,  City. — Area,  2,500  acres;  Popidation  in  isiio.  17,003;  Taxables  4,000; 
value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  |3, 044,231. 

Lancaster  was  laid  out  by  Governor  Hamilton  as  a  Town  in  1730,  after  the  annexed 
plan,  which  I  found  among  some  loose  papers  in  a  closet  in  the  office  of  the  Secretai-y 
of  the  Commonwealth  at  Harrisburg. 

At  that  time  George  Gibson  kept  a  tavern  here,  with  the  sign  of  the  hickory  tree,  on 
the  public  road,  by  the  side  of  a  fine  spring.  "A  swami^  lay  in  front  of  Gibson's,  and 
another  of  some  extent  lay  to  the  North."  Near  the  spring  there  once  stowl  a  high 
hickory  tree,  which  tradition  says  was  the  centre  of  a  small  handet  of  a  tribe  called  tho 
Hickory  Indians.  The  swamp  North  of  Gibson's  is  supposed  to  have  extended  from  the 
centre  of  the  square  bounded  by  Duke,  Queen,  Chestnut  and  Orange  streets,  to  tlic 
swamp  along  the  run,  now  AVater  Street.  Gibson's  pasture,  afterwards  Sanderson's 
pasture,  was  leased  at  an  early  period  by  IVIr.  Hannlton  to  Adam  Reigart.  .Vn  okl  letter 
mentions  "the  log-cabin  of  the  widow  Buchanan,"  who  was  probably  only  a  tenant,  a.s 
her  name  is  not  among  the  purchasers.  Gibson's  original  tavern  is  said  to  have  occu- 
pied the  site  of  Slaymaker's  hotel,  the  spring  nearly  opposite.  At  that  time  it  con- 
tained about  200  inhal)itants.  "This  year  Stephen  Atkinson  built  a  fulling  mill  at  great 
expense;  biit  the  inhabitants  of  the  upper  part  of  the  creek  assend)led  and  pulled  down 
the  dam  on  the  Conestoga,  as  it  prevented  them  from  rafting  an»l  getting  their  usual 
25 


■370  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

•supply  of  fish.  Atkinson  altered  his  dam  ^vitli  a  twenty  feet  passage  for  boats  and 
fisli." — Eiipj). 

In  1732  a  violent  contest  for  a  member  of  Assembly  took  place  between  Andrew  Gal- 
braitli  and  John  Wright.  On  that  occasion  Mrs.  Galbraith  rode  through  the  town  at 
the  head  of  a  numerous  band  of  horsemen,  friends  of  her  husband.  In  consequence  of 
her  activity,  lier  husband  was  elected. 

In  1734  an  Episcopal  Church  was  built  in  Conestoga,  fifteen  miles  from  Lancaster, 
(locality  iinknown),  and  a  Lutheran  Church  in  Lancaster.  The  seat  of  justice  was  re- 
moved this  year  from  Postlethwaite's  to  Lancaster.  The  hottest  summer  experienced 
in  tlie  county. 

In  1736  the  first  German  Reformed  Church,  a  log-building,  nearly  opposite  the  present 
•church,  was  dedicated;  after  the  completion  of  the  new  church  in  1771,  it  was  converted 
into  a  private  dwelling  and  occupied  as  such  until  January  14,  1836,  when  it  was  de- 
stroyed by  fire.  Rev.  John  Jacob  Hook,  or  Hock,  V.  D.  jM.,  was  German  Reformed 
Pastor  in  1736. — Bwpp. 

August  5,  1736,  at  a  court  of  General  Quarter  Sessions:  Doctor  William  Smitli,  a  vaga- 
bond and  beggar,  being  convicted  before  the  court  of  being  an  impostor,  it  is  the  judg- 
ment of  the  court  that  he  receive,  in  the  town  of  Lancaster,  ten  lashes,  and  be  conducted 
from  Constable  to  Constable,  and  be  whipped  with  ten  lashes,  in  the  most  public  place, 
till  he  comes  to  the  bounds  of  the  county,  at  Octol-aro,  and  there  be  dismissed. — Rujjp.  ■ 

In  1738,  the  number  of  taxables,  in  Lancaster  county,  was  2,560.  About  the  year 
1738,  many  emigrants  from  the  Palatinate,  Germany,  settled  in  Brecknock  township; 
among  these  were  Jacob  Guth,  Christian  Guth,  who  erected  the  first  grist  mill  in  the 
township;  John  Mussleman,  Francis  Diller,  who  erected  the  first  distillery  in  Breck- 
nock; Jacob  Schneder,  Francis  Eckert,  Herman  Deis,  Christopher  Waldhauer,  William 
Morris,  Englishman,  and  some  others. — S.  Boiomaii's  Letter,  in  Ruptp. 

In  1739,  the  Scotch  Presbyterians  were  at  their  request  excused  from  "kissing  the 
Book, ' "  when  giving  evidence  under  oath. 

In  1742  Lancaster  was  incorporated  as  a  borough  by  George  Thomas.  A  cojjy  of  the 
charter  is  given,  in  Division  X. 

In  1743  a  German  Reformed  Congregation  was  organized,  near  Adamstown,  called 
"Modecrick  Church." 

Oct.  3,  1744  a  meeting  to  organize  St.  James'  Episcopal  Church  was  held  at  Lancas- 
ter. The  Rev.  Richard  Locke,  an  itinerant  Missionary,  was  the  first  officiating  Min- 
ister. The  project  of  erecting  a  small  stone  church,  initiated  April  15,  1745,  was  not 
consummated  until  1753. 

This  year,  Murhancellin,  an  Indian  chief,  murdered  John  Armstrong  and  his  two 
men  on  Juniata;  he  was  apprehended  by  Captain  Jack's  party,  but  released  after  a 
confinement  of  several  months  in  Lancaster  prison. 

John  Musser,  [1744]  complained  to  the  Governor  that  the  Indians  barked  his  walnut 
trees,  in  the  town,  designing  the  bark  as  covers  to  their  cabins;  he  asked  £6  for  dam- 
ages and  was  granted  £3. 

In  1745,  the  Roman  Catholics  procured  a  lot,  from  Hamilton's  estate,  on  which  a  few 
years  later  they  built  a  small  log  church,  which  w\as  consumed  by  fire  in  1760;  the 
building  now  used  as  a  School  House,  was  founded  in  1763. 

In  1745,  the  German  pastor  of  the  Lutheran  Church  united  part  of  his  congregation 
with  the  Moravians,  an  act  which  created  much  excitement  among  the  Lutherans  who 
alleged  that  they  were  compelled  to  hear  a  doctrine  which  they  did  not  approve,  or  else 
to  resign  their  church.  This  year  the  "dark  swamp,"  once  in  the  centre  of  Lancaster, 
was  attempted  to  be  cleared  of  wood,  and  a  drain  made  to  carry  oft'  the  water. 

In  1746,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Locke,  an  Episcopal  Missionary  of  the  Society  for  the  Propa- 
gation of  the  Gospel,  rejjorts  the  town  of  Lancaster  to  contain  300  houses. 

In  1749,  James  Webb  complained  to  the  General  Assemblv  of  the  undue  election  and 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  37i 

return  of  a  member  from  Lancaster  county,  stating  that  vinlenco  prevailed,  that  many 
persons  voted  from  5  to  10  times,  maliino-  2.:500  out  of  l.OOU  votes.  The  electi.Mi  was 
■confirmed,  but  the  officers  were  brought  to  the  House  and  reprimanded. 

In  1751  a  large  meeting  was  held  at  Lancaster  which  resolved  upon  the  erection  of  a 
house  of  emplo^-ment  for  the  special  use  of  settlers  who  had  greatly  suffered  from  want 
of  employment  and  the  hostilities  of  the  Indians.  A  farm  was  procured  and  imi>le- 
ments  of  manufacture  purchased.  Stockings  were  made  here,  for  tlie  mamifactniv  t)f 
■whicli  Lancaster  became  soon  noted. 

Lancaster  in  1754.     Extract  from  Gov.  PownalFs  journal: 

"To  Lancaster  one  mile.  Lancaster  a  growing  town  and  making  money— a  manufac- 
tory here  of  saddles  and  packsaddles,  also  of  guns— it  is  a  stage  town— five  Innidred 
Louses — two  thousand  inhabitants. 

Between  Lancaster  and  Wright's  ferry,  I  saw  the  finest  farm  one  can  jMissililv  con- 
ceive, in  the  highest  culture;  it  belongs  to  a  Switzer.     Here  it  was  I  saw  the  metlu^d  of 

watering  meadows  by  cutting  troughs  in  the  side  of  the  hill  for  the  .springs  to  run  in 

"the  water  would  run  over  the  sides  and  water  the  whole  of  the  ground.  If  the  plan 
be  used  in  England  I  never  saw  it. 

A  town  called  Ephrata,  near  Lancaster,  settled  by  i)cople  called  Donkers,  Doopers, 
Dimplers,  they  are  I  think,  a  queer  set  of  protestant  regulars. 

In  speaking  of  Alexandria,  he  says,  there  is  one  good  house  in  it;  it  is  Lord  Fair- 
fax's and  perhaps  seventy  others.'' 

I  copied  ijart  of  CTOvernor  Pownall's  Journal  for  you.  In  the  Book  was  the  follow- 
ing note  in  manuscript: 

"  When  Governor  Pownall  visited  Lancaster  there  was  not  one  good  house  in  the 
town.  The  houses  were  chiefly  of  frame,  tilled  in  with  stone — of  logs — and  a  few  of 
stone.  When  Lancaster  was  laid  out  it  was  the  desire  of  the  proprietor  'to  raise  an 
annual  revenue  from  the  lots;  no  lots  were  therefore  sold  of  any  large  amount;  but 
settlers  were  encouraged  to  build  and  receive  a  lot,  paying  an  annual  sum  as  ground 
rent — hence  the  large  number  of  poor  or  persons  in  indigent  circumstances  who  were 
induced  to  settle  in  Lancaster.  The  Lancaster  town  was  therefore  too  large  at  an  early 
period  in  i^roportion  to  the  population  of  the  surrounding  country,  and  its  inhabitants 
svifltered  as  much  from  a  want  of  emplojnnent  as  from  its  local  situation  remote  from 
water,  it  was  not  nor  could  it  ever  possibly  become  a  place  of  business.  The  ])roprietor 
was  therefore  wrong  in  forcing  the  building  and  settlement  of  Lancaster.  The  town 
outgrew  its  strength,  and  looks  dull  and  gloomy  in  consequence. 

Two  Governors  were  buried  in  Lancaster,  Governor  Wharton  and  Governor  Mittiin. 

"Lancaster,  May  27th.  177S. 

"On  Sunday  last  the  remains  of  ins  Excellency  Thomas  Wharton,  junior.  Esquire, 
President  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 
Captain  General  and  Commander-in-chief  in  and  over  the  same,  was  interred  in  the 
Evangelical  Trinity  Church  in  this  borough  (the  elders  and  vestry  of  that  church  having 
politely  requested  that  the  body  might  there  l)e  interred).  The  attention  i)aid  by  Col. 
Geo.  Gibson,  Lt.  Col.  Stephen  Bayard,  and  Captains  Brown  and  Huston,  in  conduc- 
ing the  military  on  the  occasion  of  his  Excellency's  funeral,  did  them  honour;  and  the 
gentlemen  of  the  borough  in  their  military  character  made  a  very  handsome  ai)peaninc.'. 
"The  affection  which  the  House  of  Assenddy  had  for  his  Excellency  would  not  permit 
his  body  to  be  can-ied  by  any  other  persons  than  members,  twelve  of  whom  bore  liis 
remains  to  the  grave." 

"  When  the  British  came  to  Philadelphia,   Robert  Monis.  J.   M.  Xesbitt  and  several 

others  came  to  Lancaster  for  safety. 

"George  Bartram,  a  merchant  of  Philadelphia,  a  native  of  Scotland,  was  comi>elled 
also  to  come  to  Lancaster.  He  dined  out  with  a  party  of  Whigs  and  took  cold,  which 
caused  his  death  in  his  43d  year  on  the  24th  of  April,  1777,  and  was  V)uried  in  front  of 


372  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

the  Episcopal  church.  A  neat  marble  slab  on  the  pavement  marks  the  spot  whei-e  his-- 
remains  were  deposited." 

Peter  Scliaub,  of  Lancaster  county,  setting  forth  to  the  Assembly,  that  when  the 
forces  under  Col.  Dunbar  were  at  Lancaster,  on  their  way  to  Philadelphia,  a  consider- 
able number  of  horses  and  cattle  belonging  to  them  were  put  into  his  meadow,  and 
kept  there  for  two  days,  whereby  the  greatest  part  of  the  grass  was  destroyed,  required 
compensation  for  damages  sustained;  Jacob  Myers  and  others  valued  the  damages  at 
£11. 7s.  The  Assembly  considered  the  petition,  September  19th  1755.  John  Brubaker 
presented  a  similar  petition;  his  damages  were  £8. 6s. 

Col.  Dunbar  was  an  officer  under  Edward  Bvaddock,  who  met  with  a  fatal  reproof, 
July  9th,  1755,  near  Pittsburgh,  for  his  overweening  confldence  and  reckless  temerity. 
— Rwpp- 

In  1758,  the  freemen  of  the  county,  by  reason  of  the  badness  of  the  roads  to  Phila- 
delphia, in  spring  and  fall,  pray  to  be  excused  from  attendance  there  in  the  Supreme 
Court,  and  request  a  county  coiu't  in  lieu  thereof. 

Li  1759,  owing  to  the  distracted  state  of  the  country  by  Indian  cruelties  and  French 
hostilities,  a  barrack  was  erected  in  Lancaster,  containing  500  men,  for  the  security  of 
the  country,  Mr.  Bausman,  barrack-master. 

In  1760,  statistics  of  Lancaster  county — 436,346  aci'es  of  land,  5,635  taxables,  each 
taxed  £1.3s.     Total  tax  £6,178.10s. 

In  1763,  a  petition  by  settlers  on  the  Conestoga,  complains  of  its  dams,  as  destroying 
the  former  fishery  of  shad,  salmon  and  rock-fish,  which  were  before  in  abundance, 
Avhile  the  tributary  streams  had  plenty  of  trout. 

In  1763  the  house  of  correction  was  erected.  The  famous  massacre  of  Indians  by 
the  Paxton  Boys,  wliicli  took  place  this  year,  is  fully  described  in  a  former  part  of  this, 
volume,  i^Sges  179  sq. 

In  1764,  the  Rev.  Mr.  Barton,  Rector  of  St.  James'  Church,  describes  Lancaster  as  a 
very  respectable  and  wealthy  place,  containing  600  houses.  He  reports  also  that  a 
German  surgeon  married  then  about  300  couples  a  year,  worth  to  him  £150. 

In  1765  the  Presbyterians  ei-ected  a  lai'ge  meeting  house.  Building  Committee: 
AVilliam  Montgomery,  John  Craig,  James  Davis. 

In  1783-1784  Johann  David  Schopf,  who  had  been  Commissioner  of  the  Margrave  of 
Brandenburg  during  the  Revolution,  undertook  a  journey  through  the  Middle  and 
Southern  States  and  the  Bahamas,  and  published  an  account  of  his  travels  at  Erlangen 
in  1788.  From  that  rare  and  able  book  I  have  translated  the  following  account  of 
Lancaster,  which  Avill  doubtless  be  perused  with  great  interest: 

"Among  the  interior  cities  of  all  North  America,  Lancaster  is  the  most  important. 
Although  hardly  eighty  years  old,  it  has  already  900  houses.  Its  rapid  growth  cannot 
be  ascribed  to  the  nearness  of  a  river,  for  the  Susquehanna  flows  10  miles  to  the  South, 
and  the  small  Conestoga  2  miles  to  the  East.  This  town  was  originally  designed  to 
have  been  located  on  the  Susquehanna,  and  a  wooden  Court  House  and  jail  had  actu- 
ally been  erected  near  Wright's  Ferry,  but  Hamilton,  a  distinguished  lawyer,  used  his 
influence  to  have  the  town  located  on  land-  belonging  to  him.  His  family  still  retain 
the  proprietory  rights,  and  draw  an  annual  income  of  at  least  £1,000  sterling  from 
ground-rents.  These  ground-rents  are  unequal,  according  as  the  respective  lots  were 
taken  up  at  an  earlier  or  later  period,  or  are  situated  in  different  parts  of  the  town;  for 
the  lots  taken  up  at  the  first  beginning  of  the  place  pay  least;  but  with  the  gradual 
growth  of  the  town  tlie  price  of  the  lots  was  raised.  The  town  is  laid  out  with  regu- 
larity; the  Court  House  here,  also,  is  in  the  centre  at  the  intersection  of  two  of  the 
main  streets,  which  detracts  considerably  from  its  appearance.  It  is  said  that  not  more 
than  fifty  English  families  dwell  here;  all  the  rest  are  Germans;  but  the  English  lan- 
guage, though  not  dominant,  is  the  language  of  the  courts.  The  inhabitants  follow 
agricultural,  industrial  and  commercial  pursuits.     The  commerce,  however,  is  not  very 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  878 

•considerable,  because  the  town  is  still  too  near  to  Philadelpliia.  It  has  a  haiulsonie 
Lutheran  Church  and  a  Latin  School.! 

"But  the  greatest  attraction  which  Lancaster  presented  to  mo,  was  the  pleasure  I  de- 
rived from  the  acquaintance  with  the  Rev.  Henry  IVIuhlenberg.  pastoi-  of  the  Luthei-an 
•Church,  and  now  Principal  of  the  College  there. 

"This  excellent  man,  by  his  own  diligence,  has  made  considiMahlo  attainments  in  na- 
tural science  and  is  indefatigable  in  his  investigations  of  the  animals,  jilants  and  min- 
erals of  his  neighborhood.  I  have  great  reason  to  regret  the  circmnstaiue  that  I  made 
his  acquaintance  so  late  and  for  too  short  a  time;  l)ut  it  was  the  more  jjrecious  and  I 
shall  cherish  my  recollection  of  him  the  more,  because  he  is  the  onhi  natire  Americnu 
with  whom  I  became  acquainted,  who  is  a  lover  of  science  and  of  whom  I  was  able  to 
make  scientitic  inquiries.  If  his  exemplary  diligence  and  search  of  knowledge  were 
more  generally  found  among  his  countrymen,  America  would  soon  become  lietter 
acquainted  with  her  own  products,  and  natural  science  become  greatly  em-iched.  His 
cabinet  of  home  minerals,  though  small,  is  nevertheless  remarkable,  l)ecause  a  Iwttor 
one  is  not  found  elsewhere." 

"  The  same  author  furnishes  some  curious  specimens  of  the  peculiar  idiom,  known  as 
Pennsylvania  Dutch,  which  .seems  to  have  been  eighty  years  ago  as  rii'hly  developed  as 
it  is  at  this  day;  tlie  reader,  familiar  with  this  indigenous  dialect,  will  have  no  ditliculty 
to  understand  the  following  extracts  from  conversations  had  by  Schopf,  with  Pennsyl- 
vania farmers  in  1783: 

Ich  hab'  wollen  mit  my  nachljar  tshinen  and  a  shtick  geclart  land  pnnliasen.  Wir 
batten  no  doubt  a  goote  bargain  gmacht  und  hatten  kenne  goot  drauf  ausmache.  Ich 
■war  aber  net  capable  so'ne  summe  Geld  aufzumache,  und  konnt  nicht  liinger  expecten. 
Das  thiit  my  nachbar  net  gleiche,  und  fing  an  mich  eebel  zu  u.sen;  .so  dacht  ich  's  ist 
besser  du  toost  mitaus." 

"Mine  stallion  iss  ivverde  Fens  getshumpt  and  hat  dem  Xachbar  sei  wheat  abscheu- 
lich  gedamatsht." 

Subjoined  is  an  interesting  account  of  Lancaster  in  1833,  originally  written  for  the 
Commercial  Herald,  and  preserved  in  Hazard's  Register  of  Pennsylvania,  vol.  12: 

"From  Paradise,  where  our  last  sketch  was  made,  we  resume  our  journey  on  the 
Pennsylvania  Railroad,  and  in  about  nine  miles  enter  the  city  of  Lancaster.  In  this 
distance  we  cross  Mill  creek  by  a  viaduct  550  feet  long  and  40  feet  high,  and  Concstoga 
creek  by  a  viaduct  1,413  feet  long,  and  60  feet  high.  The  latter  is  among  the  noblest 
structures  in  the  State,  perhaps  on  the  Continent.  Its  great  length  is  occasioned  by 
the  width  of  the  Conestoga  valley,  at  this  point  requiring  a  large  proportion  of  land 
bridge.  It  is  built  upon  the  Town  patent  or  Lattice  plan,  difleringin  this  respect  from 
the  other  bridges  upon  the  road,  in  which  Burr's  model  has  been  pursued.  Tlie  con- 
tractor was  Amos  Campbell,  of  New  Jersey,  who  constructed  the  present  bridge  at  the 
falls  of  Schuylkill,  several  on  the  Germantown  Railroad;  and  who  is  engaged  to  build 
all  the  important  bridges  on  the  Philadelphia  and  Trenton  Railroad.  The  Pennsylvania 
Railroad  crosses  the  Conestoga  about  half  a  mile  above  the  tuinpike  bridge,  which  lat- 

1  Lancaster  has  now  also  a  Clleire.  "In  the  Interest  of  the  Germans,  who,  from  various  i.reju.ilces. 
have  hitherto  failed  to  unite  with  their  Enalish  fellow  citi/.ens  in  the  establishment  of  an  e.lucatlonal 
institution,  the  Assembly  granted  in  the  fall  of  17SG,  a  charter  and  10,000  acres  of  land,  for  the  eree- 
tion  of  a  College  at  Lancaster.  This  College  is  to  bear  the  name  of  Dr.  Franklin,  who  has  ma-lc 
munificent  donations  to  it.  The  Germans  arc  greatly  rejoiced  with  this  undertaking.  The  7.e«l  and 
liberality  with  which  thev  enter  into  every  good  work  which  contemphues  the  prosperity  of  their 
religion  and  nation,  warrants  the  hope  that  this  College  will  speedily  ciuiil  in  wealth  and  reputation 
the  oldest  Colleges  in  Americy."  (Extract  from  a  letter  from  I'hiludelphla,  1787.)  IheHev.  .Mr. 
Muhlenberg  states  in  a  letter,  dated  .Tune  6.  1787,that  this  College  has  gone  int..  operation  with  five 
tutors.  Kev.  Mr.  Muhlenberg  is  President ;  Kev.  -Mr.  Hendel,  Vice-1'rincipal  :  the  Kev.  Mr.  Melz- 
iaimer,  Professor  of  German,  Latin  and  Greek;  Mr.  Reichenbach,  Professor  ..f  Mathematics,  and 
the  English  minister,  the  Kev.  Mr.  Hutchins,  teaches  English  and  the  Helles-Lcttres. 


374  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

ter  is  a  substantial  stone  structure  of  some  four  or  live  arches.  It  was  erected  about- 
tke  year  1789,  by  Abraham  Witmer,  a  patriarch  of  the  numerous  and  respectable  tribe  _ 
of  that  name.  By  an  act  of  the  Legislature,  passed  in  1787,  this  intelligent  and  enter- 
prising German  obtained  authority  to  construct  the  bridge,  and  to  charge  a  reasonable 
toll.  It  continued  to  be  his  private  property  until  five  or  six  years  ago,  vi^hen  it  vras 
purchased  by  the  county  of  Lancaster,  and  made  free  to  all  comers  and  goers.  The 
preamble  of  the  law  referred  to  is  curious  and  interesting,  on  account  of  the  contrast 
which  it  exhibits  between  the  resources  and  enterprise  of  the  Commonwealtli  at  that 
time,  and  at  the  present.  A.  safe  crossing  of  the  Conestoga  was  then  essential  to  the 
whole  communication  between  Philadelphia  and  the  interior — it  was  often  impassable 
for  many  days  together — and  yet  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  had  not  the  means  to  con- 
struct a  bridge  which  a  single  county  now  would  readily  undertake. 

The  public  spirited  enterprise  of  a  Pennsylvania  fanner  supplied  the  deficiency,  and 
entitled  him  to  honorable  mention  in  every  history  of  internal  improvement  in  this  State.! 
His  w/is  the  second  bridge  constructed  under  State  authority,  probably  the  second  of 
any  magnitude  in  the  State.  The  first  was  built  in  1787,  under  a  similar  grant  from 
the  Legislature  over  Keshamony  creek  on  the  Bristol  road,  by  CHiai'les  Bessonett  and 
Gershom  Johnson,  "proprietors  of  the  stages  from  Philadelphia  to  Trenton  on  the 
Kew  York  road."  The  Philadelphia  and  Lancaster  Turnpike  Company — the  first  in 
the  state  or  country — was  not  chartered  until  1792,  five  years  after  the  grant  to  Abraham 
Witmer. 

What  a  host  of  reflections  spring  from  the  recollection  of  these  simple  facts.  Only 
forty-five  years  ago,  the  two  great  communications  from  Philadelphia,  one  leading  to 
jSTew  York,  and  the  other  to  our  interior,  were  rendered  precarious  by  the  want  of 
bridges  over  such  streams  as  the  Conestoga  and  the  Xeshamony.  In  that  short  period 
what  changes  have  enterprise  and  industry,  the  genuine  growth  of  free  institutions, 
produced?  More  than  forty  millions  of  dollars  have  been  expended  in  the  construction 
of  roads,  bridges  and  canals. 

The  Rail  Road,  after  crossing  the  Conestoga,  passes  through  the  beautiful  farm  of  _ 
the  late  Mr.  Coleman,  and  enters  the  corporate  limits  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  on  its 
northern  edge.  The  elevation  of  the  ground  on  which  the  city  is  chiefiy  built,  induced 
the  Engineer,  (Major  Wilson)  on  the  first  location,  to  carry  his  line  around  half  a  mile 
north  of  the  principal  street,  along  a  small  valley  sloping  to  the  Conestoga.  He  con- 
sidered that  the  city  would  be  as  well  accommodated  by  a  short  branch  of  inconsidera- 
ble expense,  and  which  would  not  interfere  with  his  choice  of  ground  for  the  main  line. 
After  the  routes  chosen  by  him  had  been  graded,  the  people  of  Lancaster  induced  the 
Legislature  to  carry  a  line  nearer  the  main  street,  involving  a  heavy  deep  cut,  and  an 
additional  expenditure  of  one  hundred  thousand  dollars.  It  is  doubtful  whether  they 
will  derive  advantage  from  the  change.  In  the  deep  cutting,  which  occurs  nearly  all 
the  distance  through  the  city,  no  useful  communication  can  be  had  with  the  road,  and 
it  must  prove  inconvenient  in  many  other  respects.  If  they  are  satisfied,  however,  far 
be  it  from  us  to  complain. 

Lancaster  is  one  of  the  three  towns  in  Pennsylvania  upon  wliich  the  Legislature  have 

IThe  above  statement  requires  correction.  Binkley's  Bridge,  which  seems  really  to  be  the  oldest 
stone  arched  bridy:e  in  the  county,  if  not  in  the  State,  was  built  at  the  eharae  of  Christian  Binkley  in 
17S9.  His  expenditure  having;  straightened  his  circumstances,  his  nei^-hbors  proposed  that  he  should 
transfer  the  bridge  to  the  public  "in  consideration  of  X1,U00  in  gold  and  silver  coin,  current  lawful 
money  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania ;"  acceding  to  said  proposal,  the  amount  was  raised  by  volun- 
tary subscription  in  the  vicinity.  This  bridge  stood  as  originally  erected  until  the  summer  of  1867^ 
when  one  of  the  piers  gave  way,  necessitating  the  rebuilding  of  the  same,  which  was  completed  late 
in  the  fall  of  1868.  The  old  flour  and  grist  mill,  adjoining  the  Bridge  and  built  by  Christian  Binkley, 
was  converted  in  1SG6  into  a  first-class  paper  mill,  known  as  "  The  Printers'  Paper  Mill."  Christian 
Uinkley  is  certainly  entitled  to  great  praise  for  the  disinterested  zeal  and  public  spirit,  which  prompt- 
ed him  for  the  benefit  of  the  public  at  large,  to  erect  this  substantial  bridge  at  his  own  expense. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  375 

conferred  tlie  disnitied  title  of  city.  Of  these  it  is  third  in  uiaj^nitude— its  populiition 
in  1830  being  7,700.  It  has  a  :Mayor,  lieeorder,  Alderman  and  Connmm  Couneil,  with 
a  charter  modeled  after  that  of  Philadelphia.  The  streets  are  laid  out  with  rea.sonablo 
regularity,  are  of  convenient  width,  and  the  principal  ones  are  well  pave<l.  A  stylo  of 
building  prevails  there,  not  the  most  picturesque,  and  as  wc  should  imagine  neither  econ- 
omical or  convenient.  About  two-thirds  of  the  liouses  have  but  a  single  very  l«w 
story— with  heavy  eaves,  and  highly  sloped  roofs,  affording  the  least  possible  accom- 
modation in  proportion  to  tlie  ground  occupied,  and  to  the  expenditure  for  rnofnig— 
always  an  important  item.  We  Avish  those  Avho  build  hereafter  would  reft.nn  this 
fashion  altogether.  As  an  additional  motive  for  so  doing  we  would  mentiou  tiie  opini<jn 
of  many  eminent  physicians,  that  Cholera  is  most  apt  to  seize  those  who  sleep  on  ground 
floors.  If  this  theory  be  true,  Lancaster  may  lay  her  accuiuit  f(n-  a  severe  visitation, 
should  the  pestilence  enter  her  borders. 

Lancaster  contains,  nevertheless,  many  excellent  houses,  much  good  society,  and  a 
large  share  of  wealth,  and  of  productive  industry.  It  ow^es  its  prosperity  and  impor- 
tance, mainly,  to  the  fertile  and  admirably  cultivated  country  which  surrounds  it — a 
district  surpassed  by  none  on  the  Continent,  for  capacity  to  furnish  what  man  reqnii-es 
for  comfort  and  convenience.  Several  branches  of  manufactures  and  mechanic  art.s,  are 
extensively  followed  here — especially  the  making  of  stage  coaches,  and  of  the  itecidiar 
vehicles  (hence  called,  Conestoga  wagons,)  and  harness  used  on  the  great  turnpikes, 
which  lead  to  the  west  and  north.  It  is  not  long  since  a  post-coach  built  in  Lancaster, 
took  a  premium  over  many  competitors  in  New  York  and  New  Jersey. 

Lancaster  was  the  seat  of  Government  of  the  State  from  1799  to  1812,  wlieu  llarris- 
burg  succeeded  to  that  dignity.  The  Legislature  sat  in  the  present  Couit  House,  situ- 
ated in  the  middle  of  the  main  street,  according  to  a  practice  fonnerly  in  vogue,  and 
which  is  only  defendable  on  the  ground  that  it  enables  the  Judges  to  refresh  themselves 
by  occasional  peeps  through  the  window,  at  the  passing  world,  when  the  lawyei-s  grow 
tedious,  or  the  evidence  is  unentertaining.  It  has  certainly  great  inconveniences,  es- 
pecially if  the  street  be  paved  with  pebbles,  and  travelled  with  Conestoga  wagons.  In 
such  a  Court  House  many  a  poor  fellow  may  have  been  tried,  and  condemned  by  a 
tribunal  who  heard  but  little  of  what  the  witnesses  testilied. 

For  the  information  of  those  who  are  curious  in  wine,  we  would  remark,  that  they 
may  always  procure  the  article  of  excellent  quality  at  the  principal  hotels  in  Lancaster. 
Let  them  only  inquire  for  "Reigarfs  particular,''  and  they  will  surely  be  satisfied,  how- 
ever fastidious  their  taste;  or  if  it  Avould  amuse  them  to  know  all  the  particulars  of  St. 
Clair's  defeat,  let  them  seek  out  Captain  Slough,  who  once  kept  the  tavern  at  the  cor- 
ner of  the  Court  House  Square,  and  who  played  a  conspicuous  part  on  that  disastrous 
occasion. 

At  Lancaster  is  the  head  of  the  Conestoga  navigation,  an  improvement  of  that  stream 
by  locks  and  dams,  down  to  its  junction  with  the  Sus<iuehaima,  a  distance  of  about 
fourteen  miles.  Its  cost  was  aboiit  eighty  thousand  dollars,  principally  sub.scribed  in 
Lancaster  county,  but  it  has  not  realized  the  expectation  of  the  proprietors.  The  locks 
(constructed  entirely  of  timber)  have  proved  too  feeble  to  resist  the  pressure  of  water 
upon  them,  and  there  is  not  trade  to  justify  the  expense  of  rebuilding,  or  repairing. 
The  project,  in  truth,  was  not  founded  in  a  wise  calculation  of  the  course  of  trade,  and 
perhaps  would  not  have  been  attempted,  but  for  a  certain  feeling  of  preference  for 
Baltimore  over  Philadelphia,  which  once  prevailed  in  Lancaster,  and  which  we  liope  to 
see  removed  by  a  more  free  connnunication  with  Philadelphia,  and  a  frank  intercliango 
of  kind  offices. 

Lancaster  suffers,  (in  the  estimation  of  sti-angers,  at  least,)  for  want  of  go<Kl  water. 
That  in  common  use,  derived  from  wells,  is  so  strongly  impregnated  witli  lime,  ius  to 
be  disaoreeable  to  the  taste,  and  unfit  for  many  domestic  purposes.  We  woidd  recom- 
mend this  subject  to  the  serious  attention  of  the  friends  of  Temperance  in  that  city. 


876  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

When  they  urge  water  as  the  best  beverage,  they  should  be  prepared  to  supply  it  of 
good  and  wholesome  quality.  For  our  part,  we  never  drink  the  article  in  Lancaster, 
except  in  the  fonn  of  tea  or  coffee,  and  even  these  are  rendered  unpalatable  by  the 
properties  of  the  water.  We  do  not  know  whether  any  plan  of  supplying  the  city 
with  pure  water  is  practicable.  If  it  be  so,  we  would  hold  up  the  example  of  Easton, 
Reading  and  Columbia,  all  situated,  like  Lancaster,  on  a  limestone  rock,  and  yet  all  sup- 
plied with  excellent  water  from  the  surrounding  hills. 

From  Lancaster  we  proceed  westward  on  the  Rail  Road  through  the  great  limestone 
range  which  we  have  heretofore  described,  and  through  farms  of  the  best  quality,  to 
its  termination  at  Columbia  on  the  Susquehanna,  a  distance  of  twelve  miles.  One 
mile  beyond  Lancaster  we  cross  the  turnpike  leading  to  Harrisburgh,  the  great  mail 
route  from  Philadelphia  to  Pittsburg.  Two  miles  further  we  cross  the  Little  Conestoga 
by  a  viaduct  804  feet  long,  and  47  feet  high.  At  the  upper  end  of  the  borough 
of  Columbia  the  Rail  Road  descends  to  the  level  of  the  Susquehanna  by  an  inclined 
plane  1,720  feet  long,  with  a  perpendicular  height  of  90  feet.  From  the  foot  of  the 
plane  it  is  conducted  imnrediately  on  the  bank  of  the  river  along  the  whole  front  of 
the  town,  to  the  Basin  at  the  upper  extremity,  which  terminates  the  Pennsylvania 
Canal.  Near  the  same  spot  is  a  noble  bridge  across  the  Susquehannah,  a  mile  in 
length.  This  coming  together  of  thi'ee  such  works,  promises  to  make  Columbia  a  most 
important  position." 

The  water-works,  supi)lying  the  City  with  Conestoga  Water,  were  erected  in  1837-'38, 
at  an  original  cost  of  about  $106,000.  Subseqent  alterations  and  enlargements  have, 
perhaps,  doubled  the  original  cost. 

Gas  was  introduced  into  the  City,  February  21,  1850.  The  Gas  company  was  char- 
tered April  7,  1849.  The  works  were  erected  at  an  original  cost  of  f  28, 555.00.  The 
fu-st  Gas  was  manufactured  from  rosin,  but  the  works  were  adapted  to  the  manufacture 
of  Gas  from  coal  in  1852. 

Lancaster  City  has  9  Banking  establishments,  10  places  of  Worship,  57  Common 
Schools,  2  daily,  1  semi-weekly  and  6  weekly  Newspapers. 

IVIore  particulars  concerning  the  public  buildings  will  bo  found  in  Division  IV,  con- 
cerning Churches  in  Division  Y,  concerning  Education  in  Division  VI,  concerning  Phi- 
lanthropic institutions  and  beneficiary  Societies,  in  Division  VIII. 

Leacock.— Bounded  N.  by  Earl,  E.  by  Sahsbury,  S.  by  Paradise,  W.  by  E.  Lampe- 
ter and  N.  W.  by  Upper  Leacock.  Area,  11,272  acres;  Population  in  1860,  2,051;  Tax- 
ables,  483;  value  of  real  and  personal  property,  |1, 018,158.  It  contains  2  Grist,  and  2 
Saw  mills,  3  Hotels,  8  Stores  and  10  Common  Schools.  Mill  creek  flows  along  the  North- 
ern and  Pequea  creek  along  the  Southern  boundary  of  the  township;  the  Pennsylvania 
R.  R.  traverses  its  S.  W.  extremity;  station  at  Gordonville,  where  as  well  as  at  Inter- 
course are  P.  O. 

Leacock,  UppEn.— Bounded  N.  by  W.  Eart,  E.  by  Earl,  S.  E.  by  Leacock.  S.  by  E. 
Lampeter,  N.  W.;by  Manlieim.  Area,  ll,272acres;  Population  in  1860,  2,112;  Taxables, 
547;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,062,882.  It  contains  3  Gnst,  and  3  Saw- 
mills, 6  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  12  Common  Schools.  This  township  is  extremely  well  wat- 
ered, the  Conestoga  flowing  along  the  N.  W.  and  the  S.  boundaries.  P.  O.  at  Bareville, 
Groff  's  Store  and  Leacock. 

Little  Britain.— Bounded  N.  E.  by  Colerain,  S.  E.  by  Chester  co.,  S.  by  the 
State  of  jVIavyland,  W.  by  Fulton  township,  and  N.  AY.  by  Drumore  township.  CentraUy 
distant  from  the  city  of  Lancaster  20  ms.  S.  E.  Greatest  length  10^  ms.,  breadth  G  ms. 
Area,  18,900  acres;  surface,  rolling;  soil,  clay.  Pop.  in  1860,  1,822;  taxables,  412. 
The  Octoraro  creek  and  its  W.  branch  flows  on  the  N.  E.  and  S.  E.  boundary,  and  the 
Racoon  Run  crosses  it  centrally  from  N.  to  S. ;  near  the  middle  of  the  township  is  situated 
Little  Britain  church.  Little  Britain  P.  O.  is  near  the  S.  W.  boundary,  81  miles 
from  W.  C.  and  58  from  Harrisburg.      There  are  in  this  township  2  Forges,  5  Tan- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  377 

neries,  2  Fulling  mills,  11  Grist  mills,  11  Saw  mills,  :3  Clover  mills  ami  a  small  Woollen 
Factory. 

Real  and  Personal  Estate,  $444,590;  Ccmnnon  Seliools.  7.  The  P.  0.  arc:  Kirk's 
Mills,  Little  Britain,  Oak  Hill,  Oak  Shade  and  Wrijilitsdale.  The  villages  are:  Asli- 
ville.  Bethel,  Eastland,  Elim,  Kimseyville.  Pike'. s  Peak,  Pine  Grove  ami  Sprinfj  Hill. 
The  following  minerals  are  ascertained  to  be  found  in  this  township: 

Octahedral  magnetic  oxide  of  iron,  on  the  Serpentine  ridge,  on  Joel  Jackson's 
farm. 

Massive  and  crystalized  ferruginous  oxide  of  chrome,  or  chromate  of  iron,  occurs  on 
a  minor  ridge  of  Serpentine,  about  a  mile  north  of  the  main  Serpentine  ridge,  being 
about  two  miles  west  of  the  southern  western  point  of  Chester  county,  on  the  proi)ertv 
of  McKim,  Sims  &  Co.,  of  Baltimore,  adjoining  Joel  Jack.son's  farm.  The  disin- 
tegrated crystals  of  chromate  of  iron,  are  found  coating  the  cavities  of  all  the  ravines 
made  in  the  sides  of  the  hill,  and  indicate  the  existence  of  this  valuable  material  in 
quantity. 

jMagnesite.  An  extensive  locality  of  this  valuable  mineral  occur.s,  fomiing  veins  in 
the  Serpentine  of  considerable  thickness,  same  locality,  and  is  extensively  quarried  and 
manufactured  by  Messrs.  McKim,  Sims  &  Co.,  of  Baltimore,  into  sulphate  of  magne- 
sia, (epsom  salts.)  These  gentlemen  have  succeeded  in  making  a  purer  salt  at  a  nuich 
less  price  than  it  can  be  imported,  which  has  entirely  excluded  importation;  and  the 
United  States  are  now  almost  entirely  supplied  from  this  establishment.  Four  lumdred 
or  five  hundred  tons  of  magnesite,  have  been  o]>tained  from  this  locality,  and  Messrs. 
McK.  &  S.  manufacture  1,500,000  lbs.  of  Ei)som  .salts  annually. 

Actynolite,  in  green  compressed  crystals,  in  talc,  Serjientine  ridge,  on  Joel  Jackson's 
fann. 

Noble  Serpentine,  with  delicate  veins  of  amianthus,  Serpentine  ridge,  on  Joel  Jack- 
son's fann. 

Chalcedony.  An  interesting  locality  of  this  mineral  occurs  near  the  magnesite  above 
described,  about  one  and  a  half  miles  distant  from  the  celebrated  locality  at  Bock 
Springs,  and  near  the  locality  of  magnesite  and  chromate  of  iron. 

Makheim. — Bounded  N.  by  Warwick,  E.  by  Upper  Leacock  and  E.  Lampeter,  S.  by 
Lancaster  city  and  township,  W.  by  East  Hempfield.  Surface,  rt)lling:  soil,  limestone  and 
clay.  Area,  16,666  acres;  Population  in  1860,  2510;  Taxables,  6"-27;  value  of  Real  and 
Personal  Property,  |1, 656.679.  It  contains  5  Grist  and  5  Saw  Mills,  2  Distilleries.  11 
Hotels,  4  Stores  and  13  Common  Schools.  The  Little  Conestoga  tiows  in  a  Southerly 
course  along  the  Western,  and  the  Conestoga  in  a  S.  W.  direction  along  the  Eastern 
boundaries  of  the  township.  The  Pennsylvania  R.  R.  crosses  the  Southernmost  ex- 
tremity, and  after  passing  through  Lanca.ster  city,  traverses  the  S.  W.  pail  of  the  town- 
ship, forming  a  bifurcation  at  Dillerville.  P.  0.  at  Binkley's  Biidge.  Landis  Valley, 
Manheim,  Neffsville  and  Oregon. 

Maxok. — Bounded  N.  by  East  and  West  Hempfield,  E.  by  Lancaster  and  Conestoga, 
W.  and  S.  W.  by  the  Susquehannah  river;  centrally  distant  from  the  city  of  Lancaster 
6  miles  S.  W. ;  greatest  length  and  greatest  breadth,  about  8  miles.  The  Conestoga 
river  forms  the  S.  E.  boundarj-,  receiving  from  the  township,  the  Little  Conestoga,  and 
its  W.  branch.  Surface,  hilly  and  rolling;  soil,  limestone;  Area.  25,700  acres;  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  4,619;  Taxables,  1,187;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property.  ^2.020.709. 
It  contains  14  Grist  and  4  Saw  Mills,  3  Distilleries,  8  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  21  Connnon 
Schools.  This  township  contains  the  borough  of  Washington  on  the  Sustiuelianna 
River,  the  village  of  Millersville,  where  is  located  the  State  Normal  School,  and  the 
most  interesting  historical  locality  in  the  County,  the  famous  Indian  town  of  Conestogo, 
about  7  miles  distant  from  Lancaster  City.  Not  a  vestige  of  its  Indian  character  re- 
mains, but  the  early  annals  of  the  county,  preserved  in  this  volume,  assign  to  it  a 
prominence  altogether  uni.iue.     The  first  massacre  of  the  Conestogo  Indians  took  place 


378  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

here.  It  is  generally  known  as  Indian  Town.  P.  O.  at  Highville.  Manor  and  Millers- 
ville.     The  whole  of  its  river  scenery  is  picturesque  and  grand. 

Manlieiin,  Borough. — Population  in  1860,  856;  Taxables,  274;  Value  of  Real  and 
Personal  Property,  $157,944. 

About  1760  or  1761,  Wilhelm  Heinrich  Steigel,  an  eccentric  German,  who  for  many 
years  had  managed  the  Elizabeth  Iron  Works,  laid  out  this  town.  He  bought  200 
acres  of  land  from  Messrs.  Stedman  of  Philadelijhia,  built  a  large  brick  house,  which  the 
simi^licity  of  the  times  described  as  a  great  castle,  remaining  to  this  day,  with  Dutch 
tiles  in  the  fire-places,  and  a  coarse  kind  of  German  canvas  tapestry  hanging  on  tho 
walls.     It  was  built  of  imported  brick  and  contained  a  pulpit  in  the  salon. 

Steigel  was,  in  turn,  iron-master,  glass-manufacturer,  a  preacher  and  teacher,  and 
died  in  the  latter  capacity  very  poor,  a  special  act  for  his  relief  having  been  passed 
Dec.  24,  1774. 

In  1762  Manheim  contained  3  houses.     Andrew  Bartruft"  erected  the  third  house. 

Marietta  BorougJi. — Population  in  1860,  2,186;  taxables,  402;  value  of  Peal  and 
Personal  Property,  §308,434.  It  was  incorporated  in  1812,  and  the  adjoining  villages 
of  Waterford  and  New  Haven  were  included  in  the  borough.  The  original  name  of 
the  place  was  Anderson's  Ferry,  so  called  after  Anderson,  whose  farm  then  covered 
about  one  half  of  the  town  plot;  he  was  a  man  of  much  enterprise  and  public  spirit. 
He  cut  the  road  through  the  hills  towards  York  and  built  extensive  ferry  accommoda- 
tions on  the  opposite  bank  of  the  river;  when  they  were  finished,  the  bridge,  projected 
to  have  been  built  at  Marietta,  was  erected  at  Columbia,  and  Anderson  was  ruined. 
Marietta  has  a  considerable  trade  in  lumber  and  coal.  Eagle  and  Donegal  Furnaces 
are  in  operation  close  by.  The  principal  street  of  the  borough  runs  along  the  river  and 
is  a  mile  and  a  half  long.  The  borough  contains  several  churches,  and  has  within  its 
limits  13  Hotels  and  8  Common  Schools. 

During  the  British  war,  Jacob  Grosh,  in  response  to  Governor  Snyder's  appeal, 
formed  a  volunteer  company  of  107  men.  The  women  of  Marietta  assembled  in  a 
school  house  and  made  garments  and  knapsacks  for  the  volunteers  who  thus  left  fully 
equipped  for  Marcus  Hook. 

Martic— Bounded  N.  by  Pequea,  N.  E.  by  Providence,  E.  and  S.  E.  by  Drumore, 
S.  and  W.  by  the  Susquehanna  River,  N.  W.  by  Conestoga.  Area,  31,542  acres;  Popu- 
lation in  1860,  1780;  Taxables,  482;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $276,506. 
It  contains  3  Grist  and  5  Saw  3Iills,  1  Forge,  4  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  8  Common  Schools. 
The  Pequea  creek  flows  in  a  S.  W.  course  along  the  Northern  boundary.  Muddy  creek 
on  the  S.  E.  and  the  Tuccpian  creek  crosses  it  centrally.  This  township  is  very  hilly, 
with  fine  river  scenery,  especially  near  McCall's  Ferry.  P.  O.  at  Bethesda,  Marticville, 
Blount  Nebo  and  Rawlinsville. 

Mount  Joy. — Bounded  N.  by  Dauphin  county,  N.  E.  by  Lebanon  county,  E.  by 
Rapho,  S.  by  E.  Donegal,  W.  by  W.  Donegal.  Area,  16,373  acres;  Population  in  1860, 
2,760;  Taxables,  566;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $738,186.  It  contains  6  Grist 
Mills  and  1  Saw  IMill,  2  Hotels,  2  Stores  and  12  Common  Schools.  The  Conewago  creek 
flows  along  the  N.  W.  border,  and  the  little  Chiquesalunga  on  the  Eastern  boundary. 
The  Harrisburg  and  Lancaster  R.  R.  skirts  the  twp.  on  the  South.  It  contains  the  bor- 
oughs of  Mount  Joy  and  Elhabethtoion. 

Mount  Joy,  Borough.—Avea,  400  acres;  Population  in  1860,  1,739;  Taxables,  405; 
value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $215,360.  This  place  was  laid  out  in  1812  by  Jacob 
Rohrer  and  disposed  of  by  lottery;  the  adjoining  village  of  Richland,  now  part  of  the 
borough,  was  laid  out  a  year  or  two  later  by  several  persons.  Mount  Joy  is  a  thriving 
place,  contains  several  churches,  a  female  seminary  and"  a  boys'  school. 

Paradise.— Bounded  N.  by  Leacock,  E.  by  Salisbury,  S.  E.  by  Sadsbury,  S.  by 
Bart  and  Eden,  W.  by  Strasburg,  JST.  W.  by  E.  Lampeter.  Area,  11,980  acres;  Popu- 
lation in  1860,  2,081;  Taxables,  470;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $823,968.    It 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  379 

contains  8  Grist  and  4  Saw  Mills,  1  Distillery,  f.  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  fl  Common  Scliools. 
The  Peqnea  creek,  running  in  a  Westerly  direction,  is  the  Northern  boundary  of  this 
township.  P.  O.  at  Bellenionte,  Kinzer's,  Leaman  Place  and  Paradise,  a  thriving  villa;;e, 
originally  settled  by  Mr.  Abraham  Witmer,  who  built  a  mill  there;  when  in  1804  it  was 
made  a  post-town  and  needed  a  name,  Mr.  Witmer  remarked  that  to  him  it  was  a  i)ani- 
dise,  and  thus  it  obtained  its  pleasant  name.  It  contains  several  cliurches,  and  at 
present,  a  Soldiers'  Orphan  School. 

Pexn. — Bounded  N.  by  Lebanon  county,  N.  E.  by  Elizabetli.  E.  by  Warwick  S.  E. 
by  Manheim,  S.  by  E.  Hempfield,  W.  by  Kaplio.  Area,  2."3,:{42  acres;  Population  in 
1860,  1,771 ;  Taxables,  507;  value  of  Keal  and  Personal  Property  sSOlLr^O.  It  contains  ~f 
Grist  and  2  Saw  Mills,  1  Distillery,  4  Hotels,  5  Stores  and  9  Common  Schools.  The  big 
Chiquesalunga  creek  skirts  the  AVestern  boundary.  The  Reading  and  Cohnnbia  H.  I{. 
enters  the  tp.  at  the  S.  W.,  and  crosses  the  Southern  section;  stations  at  Seller's  and 
Keller's;  P.  O.  at  Penn  and  White  Oak. 

Pequea. — Bounded  N.  by  Lancaster  tp.,  E.  by  W.  Lampeter,  S.  E.  by  Providence, 
S.  by  IMartic,  W.  by  Conestoga.  Area,  included  in  Conestoga  township.  Poi)idation 
in  1860,  1,168;  Taxables,  273;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  ^0:30,3.37.  It  con- 
tains 3  Grist  and  3  Saw  Mills,  2  Distilleries,  4  Hotels,  2  Stores  and  6  Common  Schools. 
The  Conestoga  flows  along  the  Northern  and  the  Pequea  along  the  Southern  bounda- 
ries. 

Providence. — Bounded  N.  by  W.  Lampeter,  N.  E.  by  Straslnn-g,  E.  by  Eden,  S. 
by  Drumore,  AV.  by  jMartic  and  N.  AV.  by  Pequea.  Area,  included  in  Martic  town- 
ship. Population  in  1860,  1,810;  Taxables,  G08;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property, 
$358,922.  It  contains  3  Grist  and  3  Saw  Mills,  6  Hotels,  4  Stores  and  8  Connnon 
Schools.  Big  Beaver  Creek,  flowing  along  the  Northeastern  boundaiy,  unites  with 
the  Pequea,  which  forms  the  N.  AY.  boinidary.  P.  O.  at  New  Providence  ami 
Smith  villa. 

Rapho. — Bounded  N.  by  Lebanon  county,  E.  by  Penn,  S.  E.  by  E.  Hempfield.  S.  by 
W.  Hempfield,  S.  W.  by  E.  Donegal,  AV.  Ijy  Mount  .loy.  Area,  26,367  acres:  Popula- 
tion in  1860,  3,528;  Taxables,  917;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property;  ^1,225,:',01.  It 
contains  9  Grist  and  2  Saw  Mills,  1  Furnace,  2  Distilleries,  4  Hotels,  3  Stores  and  17 
Common  Schools.  The  little  Chiquesalunga  creek  flows  along  the  AVestern  boinidary  in  a 
Southerly  direction  and  joins  the  big  Chiquesalunga,  which  runs  along  the  Eastern  an<l 
Southern  boundaries  of  the  tp.,  near  Mussehnan's  mill  at  its  S.  AV.  extremity.  P.  O. 
at  Mastersonville,  Mount  Hope,  Old  Line  and  Sporting  Hill.  In  ^lay,  1741,  the  inhab- 
itants of  the  North-east  part  of  Donegal  township  petitioned  for  the  erection  of  a  new 
township  to  be  called  Rapho. 

Sadsbxtry. — Bounded  N.  by  Salisbury  township,  E.  by  Chester  co.,  S.  by  Colerain 
township,  and  AV.  by  Bart.  Centrally  distant  S.  AV.  from  the  city  of  Lancaster,  16  ms. 
Greatest  length  H,  greatest  breadth  5  ms.;  area,  12,111  acres;  surface,  hilly  and  rolling; 
soil,  limestone  and  clay.  Pop.  in  18G0,  1,739;  Taxables,  90.").  The  Octoraro  creek 
rises  near  and  flows  along  the  Eastern  boundary,  and  gives  motion  to  three  forges  with- 
in the  township,  and  one  immediately  below  its  Southern  line.  3Iine  ridge  runs  along  the 
N.  boundary,  at  the  foot  of  which  on  the  AVihnington  and  Lancaster  turnpike  roail  is 
a  post  ofiice  called  the  "Gap,"  established  at  the  "  Gap  tavern."' 

A^alue  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $346,289.  It  contains  .;  Grist  and  7  Saw  Mills, 
3  Forges,  3  Hotels,  4  Stores  and  8  Common  Schools.     P.  O.  at  CHuistiana  and  Smyrna. 

Salisbury.— Bounded  N.  by  Caernarvon,  E.  by  Chester  county,  S.  by  Sadsbnry 
township,  and  AV.  by  Paradise,  Leacock  and  Earl  townships.  Centrally  distant  E.  from 
Lancaster  about  16  miles;  greatest  lengtii  8,  greatest  breadth  6  miles;  Area,  20,300 
acres.  Surface,  rolling;  soil,  limestone;  Population  in  1860.  3725;  Taxables,  345.  It 
is  drained  by  the  Pequea  creek,  upon  the  branches  of  which  are  sevenil  Mills  and  one 
Foro-e.     The  AVclsh  mountain  runs  along  the  North,  and  Mine  ridge  upon  its  South 


380  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

boundary.  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,190,015.  It  contains  9  Grist  and 
8  Saw-Mills,  1  Forge,  10  Hotels,  12  Stores  and  17  Common  Schools.  P.  O.  at  Cain's, 
Cambridge,  Gap,  Pequea,  Salisbury  and  South  Hermitage. 

Strasburg. — Bounded  N.  by  E.  Lampeter,  E.  by  Paradise,  S.  E.  by  Eden,  S.  by  Prov- 
idence, W.  by  W.  Lampeter.  Ai-ea,  13,698  acres;  surface,  hilly  and  rolling;  soil,  lime- 
stone. Population  in  1860,  1,858;  Taxables,  511;  value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property, 
$1,000,986.  It  contains  9  Grist  and  4  Saw  Mills,  2  Distilleries,  3  Hotels,  and  8  Common 
Schools.  The  Pequea  flows  in  a  Southwesterly  course  along  the  Northern  and  Western, 
and  big  Beaver  creek  along  the  Southern  boundaries.  P.  O.  at  Martinville  and  Stras- 
burg. 

Strasburg,  Borough. — Area,  880  acres.  Population  in  1860,  921;  Taxables,  270; 
value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $192,313.  An  old  German  settlement;  a  Mr. 
Sample,  ancestor  of  an  old  Lancaster  County  family,  was  the  first  and  only  English 
settler  at  the  time  of  the  Revolution.  The  place  was  formerly  known  as  Bettelliausen, 
Beggarstown.  The  logs  for  the  first  house  were  hauled  by  a  Mr.  Hoftman.  The  first 
house  in  Strasburg  was  erected  in  1733.  The  ancient  Road  from  Lancaster  to  Philadel- 
phia ran  through  this  place,  and  from  it  was  called  the  Strasburg  Road.  The  old  King's 
Highway  ran  through  Strasburg  to  the  mouth  of  the  Conestoga.  It  contains  several 
churches  and  a  branch  Rail  Road  connects  with  the  Pennsylvania  Central  R.  R.  at  Lea- 
man  Place. 

Warwick. — Bounded  N.  by  Elizabeth,  N.  E.  by  Clay,  E.  by  Ephrata  and  W.  Earl; 
S.  E.  by  Upper  Leacock,  S.  by  Manheim  and  West  by  Penn.  Area,  11,670  acres;  sur- 
face, rolling;  soil,  limestone,  clay  and  gravel.  Population  in  1860,  3,057;  Taxables, 
806.  Value  of  Real  and  Personal  Property,  $1,084,944.  It  contains  7  Grist  and  5  Saw 
Mills,  2  Distilleries,  8  Hotels,  7  Stores  and  10  Common  Schools. 

The  Cocalico  Creek  flows  in  a  Southerly  direction  along  the  Eastern  boundary.  P. 
O.  at  Brunnersville,  Litiz,  Millway  and  Rothsville. 

The  tp.  received  its  name  from  Richard  Carter,  one  of  the  first  settlers,  and  first 
constable  appointed  in  1739.  On  the  fann  of  Simon  Hostetter,  part  of  the  old  Carter 
tract,  is  a  lake  200  feet  in  circumference,  of  great  depth,  which  at  one  time  was  errone- 
ously su^jposed  to  be  bottomless.  Rocks  come  up  to  the  water's  edge  on  one  side,  and 
if  large  stones  are  rolled  over  the  rocks  into  the  water,  they  may  be  heard  for  several 
seconds  to  bound  from  rock  to  rock  in  their  descent. 

Litiz. — During  Count  Zinzendorf 's  visit  to  Lancaster  county  in  1743,  he  stayed  with 
Mr.  Jacob  Huber,  of  Warwick  townshi]?.  The  same  evening  after  his  arrival,  he  ad- 
dressed the  assembled  neighbors.  Many  more  would  have  attended,  had  they  not  been 
prevented  by  Mr.  George  Kline,  Mr.  Huber' s  neighbor,  who  made  eff"orts  to  dissuade 
others  from  hearing  him,  and  endeavored  to  excite  unkind  feelings  against  him;  how- 
ever, during  the  succeeding  night,  he  became  very  uneasy,  touching  his  course;  his  con- 
science told  him  loudly,  he  had  not  acted  rightly.  The  following  day,  Count  Zinzen- 
dorf went  to  Lancaster,  where  he  had  permission  to  preach  in  the  court  house.  Kline 
followed  him  thither  to  hear  him  preach,  and  was  one  of  his  most  attentive  hearers. 
The  Count's  address  removed  all  his  prejudice,  and  made  such  an  impression  on  his 
mind,  that  he,  as  well  as  some  of  his  neighbors,  requested  him  to  visit  them  again,  or 
to  send  them  a  minister  who  preached  like  him;  this  the  Count  promised  to  do,  and 
Immediately  on  his  return  to  Bethlehem,  sent  the  Rev.  Jacob  Lischy  to  them,  Avith 
orders  also  to  visit  other  pions  persons,  who  resided  in  various  parts  of  Lancaster  county, 
whom  the  Count  had  visited  previously.  After  that  they  were  for  a  number  of  years 
visited  by  others  from  Bethlehem.  Their  meetings  were  partly  held  in  pi-ivate  houses, 
and  partly  in  a  Lutheran  church,  which  was  built  in  1741,  on  Mr.  George  Kline's  land, 
and  known  as  St.  Jacob's  church.  The  Reverend  Theophilus  Neyberg,  who  was  then 
the  Lutheran  minister  at  Lancaster,  preached  every  four  weeks  in  this  church  imtil 
1746,  when  he  left  the  Lancaster  congregation,  and  devoted  his  whole  attention  to  the 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY.  381 

Lutheran  congregation  in  Warwick  township,  and  fmally  united  himself  with  the 
greater  part  of  his  liock  with  the  Moravian  Society. 

In  1747,  they  conchuled  to  apply  to  the  conference  at  Bethkheni,  for  an  cnlained 
minister,  who  would  live  among  them,  and  who  could  attend  to  the  spiritual  affairs  of 
their  small  congregation;  this  request  was  readily  granted,  on  condition  that  they  would 
provide  a  suitable  dwelling  for  him  and  his  i'amily.  As  soon  as  ^Ir.  George  Kline  lieard 
this,  he  offered  three  and  three  quarter  acres  of  land,  at  tlio  lower  part  of  his  farm,  for 
this  purpose,  and  it  was  determined  to  build  a  suitable  house,  which  might  serve  for  a 
dwelling,  church  and  school  house.  On  the  9th  of  February,  1748,  this  house  was  con- 
secrated, and  on  the  22d  of  July,  following,  the  Rev.  Leonhard  Schncll  niDved  into  it, 
as  their  minister  and  .school  teacher.  On  the  thirteenth  of  3Iay  following,  he  «ip«iied 
the  school  with  four  boys  and  three  girls.  This  house  was  then  known  as  the  ••  War- 
wick Church  and  School  House,"  and  .stood  East  of  the  present  site  of  Litiz. 

In  1754  it  was  determined  to  establish  a  similar  c()ngregatif>n  like  that  at  Bethlrhoni. 
Mr.  George  Kline  being  one  of  the  nu)st  zealous  members  of  the  then  but  sniall  llork, 
and  having  no  heirs,  offered  them  to  accept  his  farm  of  more  than  six  hundred  acres 
for  that  purpose.  This  kind  offer  was  gratefully  accepted,  and  the  title  thereof  trans- 
ferred to  the  society  according  to  law.  In  the  spring  of  that  year,  Mr.  George  Kline 
had  built  a  large  two  stoiy  stone  house  for  a  residence,  which,  however,  he  occupied 
but  a  short  period,  as  he  moved  to  Bethlehem,  where  he  ended  his  life.  This  house 
stood  until  1867,  when  it  was  taken  down. 

In  1757,  the  village  w^as  laid  out  by  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  Seidel,  and  ^Ir.  .John  Renter, 
who  were  sent  from  Bethlehem  for  that  purpose,  and  the  name  of  Litiz  was  given  to  it, 
in  memory  of  a  village  in  Bohemia,  from  which  the  iVirefathers  of  the  United  BivthRMi 
had  emigrated. 

In  1761,  the  present  Parsonage  was  built,  and  the  greater  part  of  the  upper  stttry  was 
dedicated  as  a  place  of  worship.  It  was  provided  with  a  small  organ,  and  the  walls 
were  adorned  with  a  number  of  beautiful  oil  paintings;  the  works  of  the  celebrated 
Hayd,  representing  all  the  most  remarkable  scenes  of  our  Saviour's  life.  In  this  Hall, 
the  congregation  worshipped  until  the  13th  of  August,  1787,  when  the  present  church 
Avas  consecrated. 

In  1763,  the  Warwick  church  and  school  house,  was  removed  into  the  village,  to  serve 
as  a  dwelling  and  school  house  for  the  teacher,  who  had  the  charge  of  the  sdiool  for 
such  children  as  did  not  belong  to  the  Society.  In  those  days,  schools  were  n«t  as  nu- 
merous as  in  our  day,  and  there  was  not  another  school  within  foiu-  miles  of  l.itiz,  con- 
sequently, the  children,  from  the  adjacent  country,  were  all  sent  to  this  scIhm.I.  The 
children  of  the  Society  had  then  a  separate  school.  Among  those  who  resided  in  this 
house,  and  served  as  teachers,  the  Rev.  Bernhard  A.  Grube,  deserves  particular  notice. 
It  was  not  only  the  object  of  this  good  man  to  teach  the  children  to  rea<i,  write  and 
cypher,  but  also  to  impress  good  morals  on  their  minds,  and  to  acipiaint  them  with  their 
Saviour.  Various  were  the  methods  which  he  adopted,  but  one  in  particular  we  wouhl 
mention:  being  an  excellent  ornamental  writer,  he  wrote  in  his  pupils'  books,  their 
names,  adding  some  Avish  or  prayer,  and  from  time  to  time,  he  presented  them  witli 
hymns  of  his  own  composition,  or  passages  from  Scripture,  beautifully  written.  Many 
of  these  trifling  presents,  proved  seeds  sown  into  good  ground,  which  gi-ew.  and  have 
brought  fruit  unto  salvation.  To  this  day,  there  are  Bibles  and  spelling  books  to  bo 
found  in  Warwick  township,  in  which  is  found  his  writing,  and  many,  who  arc  gn.nd, 
and  great-grand  children,  of  those,  who,  as  children  received  his  trilling  pivsents  m 
those  long  by-gone  days,  hold  them  as  dear  as  their  forefathers  did. 

In  1771,  the  St.  Jacob's  church  was  taken  down,  and  removed  to  the  fulling  null  below 
the  village,  and  converted  into  a  dwelling  house,  for  the  miller:  this  house  stands  to  this 
day,  and  is  at  present  the  property  of  Mr.  John  Keller. 

The  grave  yard,  Avhich  belonged  to  this  church,  is  yet  in  existence,  and  is  known  by 


882  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

the  name  of  "  Warwick  Grave  Yard;"'  it  is  located  a  short  distance  southwardly  from 
the  village,  near  the  Lancaster  road.  To  pei-sons  who  are  fond  of  reading  epitaphs  on 
old  tombstones,  this  place  offers  a  fine  opportunity. 

Having  given  the  reader  sonie  account  of  the  early  settlement  of  this  interesting 
village,  we  shall  now  attemi>t  to  describe  it,  as  we  find  it  in  our  day. 

It  is  not  saying  too  much,  if  we  state,  that  it  is  probably  the  neatest  and  cleanest 
village  in  Lancaster  county.  Its  location  is  nearly  East  and  West,  extending  in  that 
direction,  about  three-fourths  of  a  mile.  There  is  not  only  pavement  before  all  the 
houses  through  the  whole  village,  but  the  dift'erent  paths  leading  to  the  church,  schools, 
«&c.,  are  well  paved,  with  bricks  or  limestone  slabs.  The  square,  around  which  are 
located  the  institutions,  church  and  parsonage,  is,  perhaps,  not  surpassed  in  beauty  by 
any  other  spot  in  the  county;  such  is  its  splendor  in  the  summer  season,  that  it  fre- 
quently occurs,  that  travellers  stop  in  their  journey  to  give  it  a  closer  examination 
than  a  mere  transient  notice. 

It  is  enclosed  with  a  white  fence,  and  tastefully  laid  out  in  gravel  walks;  around  it  is 
an  avenue  of  locust  and  cedar  trees,  and  the  interior  is  adorned  with  Linden  Cedar 
and  Balm  of  Gilead  trees,  and  a  very  great  variety  of  shrubbery. 

The  church  is  6G  feet  in  length,  and  50  feet  in  depth;  it  is  built  of  limestone,  and 
has  a  very  fine  appearance,  and  the  mason  work  in  its  front  is  generally  considered  a 
master-piece  of  workmanship;  it  is  ornamented  with  a  neat  spire,  and  has  a  town 
clock,  which  is  remarkable,  because  it  strikes  the  quarters.  It  has  two  galleries,  and 
is  provided  with  an  excellent  organ.  Originally,  thei-e  was  no  pulpit  in  the  church, 
but  merely  a  table,  covered  with  black  cloth,  at  which  the  minister  officiated.  It  being 
fifty  years  in  1837,  since  the  church  had  been  consecrated,  various  alterations  were 
undertaken  in  that  year,  and  among  others,  also,  that  of  placing  a  pulpit  in  the  place 
of  tlie  table.  After  all  the  repairs  were  completed,  the  congregation  celebrated  the 
fiftieth  anniversary  of  their  church  on  Sunday  the  13th  of  August,  1837.  A  brief 
account  of  such  a  celebration  among  the  Moravians  may  perhaps  be  interesting  to  the 
reader;  we  shall,  therefore,  attempt  to  give  some  description  of  this  church  festival. 
The  church  was  previously  beautifully  adorned  with  various  inscriptions,  and  most 
tastefully  decorated  with  flowers  and  evergreens,  and  the  musicians  selected  and  prac- 
tised their  best  sacred  music;  and  to  render  it  still  more  harmonious,  invited  a  number 
of  the  best  vocal  and  instrumental  performers  from  Bethlehem  and  Nazareth,  to  assist 
them  on  the  occasion.  On  the  evening  of  the  13th,  the  congregation  met  for  the  purpose 
of  solemnly  closing  the  remarkable  period  of  fifty  years,  during  which  the  Lord  had 
permitted  them  to  worship  in  this  sanctixary.  Early  on  the  morning  of  the  13th,  all 
the  inhabitantss  were  awakened  by  solemn  music,  announcing  to  them  the  approach  of 
the  happy  day,  for  which  old  and  young  had  been  looking  with  such  joyful  anticipation. 
At  |eight  o'clock,  the  congregation  met  for  the  first  time,  in  the  new  period  of  their 
church's  existence,  and  dedicated  the  church,  as  well  as  themselves  anew  to  the  Lord. 
At  ten  o'clock,  they  met  again,  when  an  excellent  address,  suitable  to  the  occasion,  was 
delivered,  and  an  account  read  of  the  first  consecration,  August  13th,  1787,  and  also 
the  names  of  all  those  who  served  as  ministers  within  the  transpired  period.  At  two 
o'clock,  there  was  a  Love  Feast,  a  church  ceremony  which  is  customary  at  all  festival 
occasions  among  the  Moravians — in  token  of  fellowship  and  brotherly  union,  and  is  in 
imitation  of  a  custom  in  the  priinitive  churches;  during  which  the  congregation  and 
the  choir,  accompanied  with  instrumental  music,  alternately,  sang  anthems,  which  had 
been  expressly  printed  for  the  occasion;  after  that,  the  communicants  met  for  the  first 
time  at  the  Lord's  table  in  this  new  era  of  their  church.  In  the  evening,  the  beautiful 
square,  which  we  have  attempted  to  describe,  was  tastefully  illuminated  with  upwards 
of  800  lights,  and  the  whole  congregation,  together  with  numbers  from  the  adjacent 
country,  met  in  it  for  the  purpose  of  solemnly  closing  this  joyful  festival.  Anthems, 
which  had  been  expressly  printed  for  the  occasion,  were  handed   to  all  present,  when 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY.  383 

in  the  .solemn  evening  hour  of  that  blessed  Sabbath,  siuroundcd  by  thousands  of  l.>eau- 
tiful  tiowcrs,  and  accompanied  with  instrumental  music,  all  united  in  sin<;ing  the 
praises  of  the  Lord,  for  all  the  blessings  conferred  on  them  as  a  congregation;  the  scene 
was  a  heavenly  one,  and  vrill  long  be  remembered  by  all  who  witnessed  it. 

In  ISoT,  the  church,  after  having  stood  70  years,  underwent  a  tin uougli  repair  and 
many  alterations  Avere  made,  so  that  its  internal  and  external  appearance  became  more 
modern. 

The  following  ministers  labored  iu  succession,  in  the  congregation  at  Litiz: 

1742,  Count  Nicolas  Louis  de  Zinzendorf;  174o.  Jacob  Lischy;  1745,  Daniel  Ncuberts; 
1747,  Leonard  Sclmell;  1749,  Christian  H.  Ranch;  1748  to  17o:3,  Abraham  Heinke. 
Senior;  1754,  Michael  Zahm  and  Christian  Bader;  1755,  Christian  Krogstrupp  and 
Abraham  Reinke,  Senior;  1755  to  1787,  JMathew  liehl;  175G,  Francis  Christian  Lembke; 
175G,  David  Nitshmann,  Daniel  Bishop  and  Daniel  Neubert;  1757,  George  "SVeiser; 
1759,  Jacob  Till;  17C0,  Abraham  Rusmyer  and  Godfrey  Roesler;  17G2,  Christian  Krog- 
strupp; 1763,  Bernhard  Adam  Grube;  1765,  Nicholas  Eberhard;  1774,  Godfrey  Roesler; 
1784,  John  Klingsohr;  1790,  Andrew  Huebner  and  Abraham  Reinke,  Junior:  1801. 
John  Ilerbst,  John  Meder  and  John  F.  Freeauf;  1811,  Jacob  Van  Vleck  and  Constan- 
tine  Miller;  1812,  Andrew  Benade,  John  3L  Beck  and  Abraham  Reinke.  Junior:  1822. 
Thomas  Longballe;  1823,  John  Christian  Beckler:  1829,  Andrew  Benade  and  John  F. 
Loeffler;  1836,  William  Eberman  and  Charles  F.  Kluge;  1843,  Peter  Wulle  and  Cliarlcs 
AV.  Senft;  1857,  Samuel  Reinke;  1860,  Edmund  de  Schweinitz:  1866.  Lewis  F.  Kamp- 
man;  1868,  Edward  T.  Kluge. 

The  Brothers'  Eovse.—ln  1759,  the  Brothers'  House  at  Litiz  was  built— which,  however, 
is  not  used  for  its  original  intent  at  present.  It  is  built  of  limestone,  is  three  stories  high. 
60  feet  in  length  and  37  feet  in  depth.  The  basement  story  was  occupied  as  a  kitchen  and 
dining  room;  the  tirst  story  was  divided  into  four  rooms,  iu  each  of  which  nine  or  ten 
brethren  resided;  part  of  the  second  story  consisted  of  a  large  hall  or  chaix-1,  for  .spiritual 
purposes,  which  was  provided  with  a  very  excellent  organ.  The  remaining  pari  was 
divided  into  dwelling;  rooms,  in  one  of  which  resided  the  elder  and  steward:  the  duty  of 
the  fonner  was  tocare  for  the  spiritual  welfare  of  tliose  in  the  house,  and  those  of  the  latter 
for  the  temporal  concerns  thereof.  One  of  the  rooms  in  the  second  story  was  set  apart  for 
the  boys  between  the  ages  of  twelve  and  eighteen.  The  greater  part  of  the  third  story 
Avas  occupied  as  a  dormitory,  where  they  all  slept;  aside  of  it,  was  a  room  set  apart  for 
such  as  might  get  sick,  and  one  of  the  brethren,  who  had  the  office  of  waiting  on  them, 
resided  in  this  room.  In  each  room  where  the  biethren  resided,  there  was  one  who  was 
called  the  overseer,  whose  duty  it  was  to  correct  any  disorders  that  might  arise,  care 
for  fuel,  repairs  and  cleanliness  of  the  room.  In  the  room  in  which  the  boys  resided, 
there  were  generally  three  overseers,  whose  duty  it  was  to  guard  their  morals,  and 
to  guide  them  in  the  path  of  virtue  and  religion,  go  with  them  t.^  cIuutIi.  and  during 
the  winter  season,  to  devote  three  evenings  in  the  week  for  instructing  tliem  iu  useful 
knowledge.  These  boys  were  partly  employed  in  the  town,  and  i)artly  in  the  Brother 
House,  in  learning  various  mechanical  trades.  In  the  rear  of  the  building,  there  are 
several  houses,  which  were  fonnerly  occupied  as  .shops  for  cabinet  makers,  iliair  makecs, 
weavers,  &c.  The  shoemakers  and  tailors  had  their  shops  in  the  house.  There  also 
belonged  a  very  extensive  farm  to  it,  on  which  a  number  were  employed.  Much  atten- 
tion was  paid  to  fattening  cattle,  and  it  was  nothing  unusual  to  l>uy  whole  droves  for 
that  purpose,  which  when  fat  were  sold  to  the  Lancaster  and  Philadelphia  butchers. 
In  the  year  1817  it  was  found  proper  to  discontinue  the  Brother  House  at  Litiz.  and 
after  that  period,  it  was  for  a  time  occupied  by  .several  families,  and  at  present  is  used 
for  school  purp<.ses.  During  the  Revolutionary  war,  it  was  for  a  .short  peno.l  used  as 
a  hospital  for  invalid  soldiers,  a  number  of  whom  died  there,  and  were  bund  a  short 
distance  eastwardly  from  the  village.  Although  this  system  did  not  suit  all  who  .-esuled 
in  this  house,  yet  it  must  be  admitted,  that  there  are  numbers,  who  wdl  ever  a.scnl>e 


384  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

their  welfare  to  having  been  in  their  younger  years  inmates,  and  under  the  care  and 
admonition  of  such  who  fi'om  experience  could  guide  and  instruct  them. 

'^  The  Sisters''  House.''''  This  was  built  A.  D.,  1758.  It  is  likewise  built  of  limestone, 
three  stories  high,  90  feet  in  length  and  37  in  depth;  the  internal  arrangement  is  the 
same  as  that  described  of  the  Brother  House.  At  this  time  it  is  not  occupied  for  its 
original  purpose,  but  ;t  is  in  connection  with  Linden  Hall  and  is  used  for  school 
purposes. 

There  was  never  any  kind  of  vow  of  celibacy  connected  with  these  Institutions;  any 
of  the  sisters  can  leave  the  house  if  she  has  any  desire  to  change  her  situation. 

In  larger  Moravian  communities,  similar  houses  are  established  for  such  widows  as 
desire  to  live  retired,  and  are  called  widows'  houses.  The  individuals  residing  in  these 
establishments  pay  a  small  rent,  by  which,  and  by  the  sums  paid  for  their  board,  the 
expenses  thereof  are  defrayed,  assisted  occasionally  by  the  profits  on  the  sale  of  orna- 
mental needlework,  confectioneries,  &c.,  on  which  some  of  the  inmates  subsist.  We 
hope  our  account  of  these  Institutions  will  prove  satisfactory  to  our  readers,  and  par- 
ticularly to  such  as  have  hitherto  entertained  different  opinions.  They  are  in  their 
character  nothing  more  than  the  different  asylums  for  widows,  homes  for  working 
women  and  young  men,  which  are  found  in  Philadelphia  and  other  cities,  and  we  are 
inclined  to  think,  the  idea  for  establishing  those  in  the  cities,  has  been  borrowed  from 
the  Moravian  Institutions. 

TJie  Grave  YcwdA  — This  beautiful  spot  is  located  on  a  rising  ground  to  the  South  of 
the  village,  of  which  we  will  give  the  reader  some  account,  there  being  perhaps  not 
another  similar  arrangement  to  be  found  in  Lancaster  county : 

After  entering  the  gate,  the  visitor  finds  himself  in  a  beautiful  aveiuie  of  cedar  trees, 
which  separates  the  graves  of  the  males  from  those  of  the  females,  the  former  being  on 
the  right  and  the  latter  on  the  left  as  he  passes  on.  We  have  before  stated  that  the 
congregation  is  divided  into  classes;  in  the  same  order  then  as  it  is  divided,  so  they  are 
laid  on  the  grave  yard ;  here  the  visitors  find  the  rows  containing  nothing  but  the  mar- 
ried men;  and  on  the  opposite  side,  luarried  Avomen;  as  he  passes  on,  those  of  the  single 
classes;  and  further,  those  of  little  boys  and  girls  under  the  age  of  twelve.  The  graves 
are  all  of  two  sizes,  being  without  distinction  of  an  oblong  shape,  and  flat  on  the  top, 
to  which  shape  they  are  brought  by  two  moulds,  ex^jressly  kept  for  that  purpose,  one 
for  adults  and  the  other  for  children.  The  sides  are  planted  with  sod,  and  the  tops  are 
overrun  with  the  Virginia  mountain  pink,  which  in  the  month  of  May  is  in  full  bloom, 
and  renders  the  appearance  of  the  graves  one  of  the  most  beautiful  imaginable.  On 
each  grave  there  is  a  marble  tombstone  which,  without  distinction,  lies  flat  on  the  grave, 
verifying  the  old  adage  "Death  levels  all,  both  great  and  small." 

The  epitaphs  contain  the  name,  birth  and  departure;  to  some,  a  few  more  lines  have 
been  added,  a  number  of  which  are  truly  edifying,  and  very  striking.  Each  tombstone 
is  numbered  and  the  highest  number  in  February,  1869,  is  727.  The  first  person  was 
buried  there  in  1758. 

The  Litiz  Spring. — This  spring,  which  is  visited  by  so  many  persons,  is  situated  on 
the  land  of  the  Society,  about  one-half  mile  westwardly  from  the  village,  and  is  proba- 
bly one  of  the  largest  springs  in  Pennsylvania.  There  are  two  fountains  from  which 
all  the  water,  which  forms  a  considerable  stream,  is  discharged,  and  has  water  sufficient 
for  some  of  the  largest  merchant  mills  in  the  county.     From  its  head  to  the  Conestoga, 

1  November  8,  1758,  a  lad  of  three  years,  named  John  Baumgartner,  was  buried  in  this  Grave  Yard; 
being  the  first  interment;  the  occasion  was  improved  by  solemnly  consecrating  this  parcel  of  ground 
as  a  resting  place  for  the  remains  of  the  departed.  On  the  arrival  of  the  funeral  procession,  an  appro- 
priate address  was  delivered  by  the  Rev.  Matthew  Hehl;  then,  the  usual  funeral  service  ■\>'hile  the 
corpse  was  let  in  the  grave,  was  read;  after  which,  the  assembled  congregation  knelt  down,  and  with 
solemn  prayer  consecrated  the  spot,  for  all  who  in  future  would  be  interred  here,  to  rest  in  hope  till 
that  important  moment  when  Christ  shall  call  those  who  died  in  the  Lord,  from  their  graves  to  a  glo- 
rious resurrection. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  385 

into  wliicli  the  stream,  denoniiiiated  on  the  map  of  Lancaster  county,  "  Cai-tcr's  Crock  " 
empties,  it  is  six  miles,  and  in  that  distance,  there  are  seven  mills.  The  water  is  tlic  pure 
limestone,  and  very  fresh.  In  former  times,  it  fonned  a  largo  pond,  around  wliich  In- 
dians resided,  of  which  the  number  of  Indian  arrow  heads,  hatchets,  and  stones,  used 
for  throwing  in  their  slings,  give  ample  proof.  Could  these  Indians  return  and  see  the 
great  change  which  has  taken  place  at  their  spring,  they  would  jirohahly  net  hclieve  it 
to  be  the  same,  from  which  they  had  formerly  drunk.  Al)f)ut  the  year  17S0,  some  of 
the  inhabitants  of  Litiz  began  to  improve  it  by  enclosing  it  with  a  circular  wall  ajul 
filling  up  part  of  the  pond,  and  in  later  years  the  remaining  part  was  tilled  up, 
and  where  was  fonnerly  a  considerable  body  of  water,  there  is  at  this  time  a 
beautiful  park  of  trees.  Various  improvements  were  undertaken  from  time  to  time; 
but  at  no  period  was  it  found  in  such  an  improved  state  as  at  this  time.  Around  it  are 
a  number  of  seats,  and  on  the  hill,  from  under  which  it  has  its  source,  are  hand- 
somely laid  out  gardens,  arbors  and  ornamental  shrubbery.  Fi'om  the  spring  to  tho 
village  is  an  avenue  of  Linden  and  jMaple  trees,  winding  along  the  stream,  the  path  of 
which  is  partly  covered  with  gravel,  and  i^artly  Avith  tan,  which  renders  access  to  it  easy 
in  wet,  as  well  as  dry  weather.  Along  this  avenue  there  are  various  scats  under  shade 
trees  for  the  accommodation  of  visitors,  and  also  several  neat  bridges,  in  case  they  wish 
to  cross  the  stream. 

The  population  of  Litiz  is  about  500;  tlie  number  of  houses  113.  Formerly  there 
was  an  extensive  chip  hat  and  bonnet  manufactory  carried  on  by  Mr.  Matthias  Tschudy, 
which  gave  emplojanent  to  manj^  He  was  the  only  person  in  the  United  States  that 
understood  the  art  of  manufacturing  them,  and  supplied  nearly  all  the  cities  and  coun- 
try with  his  hats.  The  palm  leaf  and  straw  hats,  coming  into  fashion,  they  were  pre- 
ferred, and  consequently  the  factory  was  discontinued. 

Organs  were  also  built  in  Litiz  in  former  times,  which  for  tone  and  excellent  work- 
manship, are  very  celebrated.  A  number  of  the  best  organs  in  Philadelphia,  Baltimore 
and  Lancaster,  are  si^ecimens  thereof  ;  and  among  others,  the  large  and  beautiful  organ 
in  the  Lutheran  church,  at  Lancaster,  is  one  of  them.i 

In  former  times,  the  augurs  which  were  sent  from  England  had  no  screw,  serving  as 
a  point,  as  we  have  them  in  our  day.  The  invention  of  this  screw  was  first  made  at 
Litiz,  by  ]Mr.  John  H.  Ranch,  Senior,  during  the  last  century;  the  pattern  was  then 
sent  to  England  by  Judge  Henry,  after  which  the  screw  point  was  generally  introduced. 
The  original  augur,  made  at  Litiz,  by  John  Henry  Ranch,  in  1776,  is  now  the  i)roperty 
of  his  grand-son,  E.  H.  Ranch,  of  Lancaster.  It  was  among  the  rehcs  exliibited  at  the 
Great  Sanitary  Fair  held  at  Philadelphia  in  1804. 

For  an  account  of  the  Schools,  see  Division  VI. 

Washington.  Borough.— Foimlation  in  1860,  560;  Taxables,  199;  Value  of  Real 
and  Personal  Property,  $67,823. 

1  Abridged  from  Mr.  John  Beck's  revision  of  the  article  on  I.itiz  in  Rupp's  History  of  Lancaster 
Countv. 


26 


^86 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


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OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  38" 


DIVISION  III. 


BIOGRAPIIICAL, 

AND 

EARLY   SETTLERS. 

Atlee,  Samuel,  a  colonel  of  tlie  first  regiment  of  troops  raised  on  the  borders  of 
Lancaster  and  Chester  counties  in  the  Revolution,  He  covered  the  retreat  from  Long 
Island,  and  being  wounded  was  taken  prisoner  by  the  British,  and  kept  confined  in 
New  York.  After  his  release  he  left  tlie  army,  and  was  elected  to  offices  of  trust  by 
the  people.     Died  suddenly  in  Philadelphia. 

Atlee,  William  Augustus,  born  at  Philadelphia,  July  1,  1735.  He  moved  to  Lan- 
caster at  a  very  early  age,  was  a  prominent  citizen  and  an  active  and  leading  Whig 
during  the  Revolution.  He  was  commissioned  a  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of 
Pennsylvania,  August  16,  1777,  and  held  his  place  until  his  death  in  1793,  from  yellow 
fever  contracted  in  Philadelphia,  while  attending  court. 

Barton,  Benjamin  S.,  M.  D.,  professor  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  was  bom  at 
Lancaster,  Pennsylvania,  in  1766.  His  mother  was  the  sister  of  the  celebrated  Rittenhouse. 
In  1786  he  went  to  Great  Britain  and  pursued  his  medical  studies  at  Edinburgh  and 
London.  He  afterwards  visited  Gottingen,  and  there  obtained  the  degree  of  Doctor  in 
Medicine.  On  his  retm-n  from  Europe  in  1789,  he  established  himself  as  a  physician  in 
Philadelphia,  and  soon  obtained  an  extensive  practice.  In  the  same  year  he  was  ap- 
jDointed  professor  of  natural  history  and  botany  in  the  college  of  Philadeli)hia.  On  tlie 
resignation  of  Dr.  Griffiths  he  was  appointed  professor  of  materia  medica ;  and  succeeded 
Dr.  Rush  in  the  department  of  the  theory  jand  practice  of  medicine.  He  died  in  181o. 
His  chief  publication  is  Elements  of  Zoology  and  Botany. 

Barton,  Thomas,  i  was  born  in  Ireland,  in  the  year  1730.  He  received  his  education 
at  Trinity  College,  Dublin.  Shortly  after  he  graduated,  he  came  to  this  country,  and 
engaged  as  an  assistant  tutor  in  the  Academy  of  Philadelphia,  where  he  i-emained  for 
two  years.  In  January,  175.'),  he  w^ent  to  England  with  letters  testimonial  fri>m  the 
Professors  of  the  College,  and  the  Clergy  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  with 
an  earnest  petition  from  the  inhabitants  of  Huntingdon,  Pa.,  that  he  might  be  appointed 
their  Missionary.  After  the  necessary  preliminaries  had  been  attenileil  to,  he  was  or- 
dained, and  came  back  to  this  country  as  itinerant  Missionary  for  the  counties  uf  York 
and  Cumberland. 

Having  reached  Philadelphia  about  the  10th  of  April,  n.').),  he  inunediately  wrote  to 
the  people  of  Huntingdon,  apprising  them  of  his  arrival;  whereupon  they  sent  a  num- 
ber of  wagons  to  remove  his  efiects.  He  reached  the  field  of  his  labors  about  the  close 
of  May,  and  his  first  business  w\as  to  make  himself  acquainted  with  the  condition  and 
the  numbers  of  the  three  congregations  of  York,  Huntingdon  and  Carlisle;  and.  after 
he  had  settled  Wardens  and  Vestrymen  in  each,  they  all  met,  and  according  to  tlieir 
numbers,  agreed  mutually  that  he  should  officiate  three  Sundays  in  six  at  Huntingdon, 
two  at  Carlisle  and  one  at  York;  and,  having  ascertained  that  there  were  within  the 
1  From  Sprague's  Ann.ils  of  the  American  Pulpit. 


388  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

limits  of  liis  Mission  large  numbers  of  the  communion  of  the  Church  of  England  in 
Shippensburg,  and  some  four  or  five  other  settlements  in  that  region,  he  determined  to 
visit  each  of  those  places  four  times  a  year,  to  jjrei^are  them  for  the  Sacrament  of  the 
Lord's  Supper,  and  to  baptize  their  children. 

Scarcely  had  Mr.  Barton  commenced  his  labors,  before  his  attention  was  drawn  to  the 
wretched  condition  of  the  poor  Indians,  some  of  whom  resided  at  no  great  distance  from 
him;  and,  having  heard  that  a  number  of  them  had  come  down  from  the  Ohio  to  Carlisle 
to  dispose  of  their  fur  and  deer-skins,  he  took  occasion  to  go  among  them,  and  to  en- 
deavor to  secure  their  good  will,  in  the  hope  of  making  himself  useful  to  them.  He 
invited  them  to  church,  and  such  of  them  as  had  any  knowledge  of  English,  came,  and 
seemed  very  attentive.  These,  subsequently,  brought  their  brethren  to  shake  hands  with 
him;  and  the  result  of  the  interview  was  that  he  had  great  hope  of  being  able  to  bring 
them  under  the  influence  of  Christianity.  But,  just  at  that  time,  the  tidings  came  that 
the  forces  under  the  command  of  General  Braddock  had  been  defeated,  as  they  were 
marching  to  take  Du  Quesne,  a  French  fort  upon  the  Ohio ;  and  this  was  soon  succeeded 
by  an  alienation  of  the  Indians,  which  put  an  end  to  all  hope  of  prosecuting  successfully 
any  missionary  eftbrts  among  them. 

Mr.  Barton,  now  finding  himself  exposed  to  the  incursions  of  the  French  and  the  In- 
dians, was  compelled  to  organize  his  own  people  for  defence  against  their  enemies;  and 
such  were  his  zeal  and  activity,  that  he  even  put  himself  at  the  head  of  his  congrega- 
tions, and  marched,  either  by  night  or  by  day,  whenever  there  was  an  alarm.  In  1758, 
the  young  men  within  his  Mission  ofiered  to  join  the  army  if  Mr.  Barton  would  accom- 
pany them ;  whereupon  he  proposed  himself  to  General  Foi-bes  as  Chaplain  of  the  troops, 
and  his  services  were  thankfully  accepted.  He  was,  however,  absent  from  his  ordinary 
duties  but  a  short  time,  though  it  was  long  enough  to  give  him  the  opportunity  of  making 
tlie  acquaintance  of  Washington,  Mercer  and  other  distinguished  ofiicers  in  the  army. 

For  nearly  twenty  years,  Mr.  Barton  resided  at  Lancaster,  and  was  Rector  of  St.  James' 
church  there;  but  he  divided  his  Sunday  labors  between  that  church  and  two  other 
churches — one  at  Carnarvon,  about  twenty  miles  from  Lancaster,  the  other  at  Pequea, 
nearly  the  same  distance  in  a  diflerent  direction.  In  addition  to  these  stated  duties,  he 
officiated  occasionally  at  the  churches  of  New  London  and  White  Clay  Creek — the  one 
distant  thirty-five,  the  other  sixty  miles  from  his  residence.  So  great  was  the  amount 
of  labor  that  he  performed,  and  such  the  fatigue  and  exposure  to  which  he  was  sub- 
jected in  his  missionary  excursions,  that  he  became  sensible  that  his  constitution  was 
greatly  impaired;  but  lie  still  kept  on  laboring  to  the  extent  of  his  ability;  and  the 
letters  which,  from  time  to  time,  he  wrote  to  the  Venerable  Society,  show  that  he  was 
resolved  to  persevere  in  his  labors  until  his  health  should  entirely  fail,  or  Providence 
should,  in  some  other  way,  hedge  up  his  path. 

Mr.  Barton  had  never  lost,  in  any  degree,  his  interest  in  the  Indians;  and  was  ac- 
tually planning  an  excursion  of  a  few  months  among  them,  in  or  about  the  year  1764, 
when  his  hopes  were  again  blasted  by  the  breaking  out  of  the  Indian  War,  which  ren- 
dered any  approach  to  them  utterly  hopeless. 

In  1770,  Mr.  Barton  received  the  Honorary  degree  of  Master  of  Arts,  from  King's 
College,  New  York. 

As  the  War  of  the  Revolution  came  on,  Mr.  Barton  found  himself  not  a  little  impeded 
in  the  discharge  of  his  ministerial  duties,  and  was  ultimately  obliged  to  retire  from  his 
field  of  labor  altogether.  In  a  letter  dated  November  25,  1776,  he  thus  describes  his 
situation : 

"I  have  been  obliged  to  shut  up  my  churches,  to  avoid  the  fury  of  the  populace,  who 
would  not  suffer  the  Liturgy  to  be  used,  unless  the  Collects  and  Prayer  for  the  King 
and  Royal  Family  were  omitted,  which  neither  my  conscience  nor  the  declaration  I 
made  and  subscribed,  when  ordained  would  allow  me  to  comply  Avith;  and,  although  I 
used  every  prudent  step  to  give  no  offence  even  to  those  who  usurped  authority  and 


OF  LAXCASTER  COUNTY.  389 

rule,  and  exercised  the  severest  tyranny  over  us,  yet  my  life  and  itropi-rty  luivc  Iwcu 
threatened,  uron  mere  suspicion  of  being  unfriendly  to  Avliat  is  call.'d  thJ  'Anu-rioan 
cause.'  Indeed,  every  clergyman  of  the  Cluuch  of  England,  wlio  dared  to  a.t  upon 
proper  principles,  was  marked  out  for  infamy  and  insult,  in  consequence  of  whi.h.  the 
Missionaries  in  particular  have  suffered  greatly.  Some  of  tliem  have  heen  .h-agged  from 
their  horses,  assaulted  with  stones  and  dirt,  ducked  in  water,  obliged  to  tlee  for  their 
lives,  driven  from  their  habitations  and  families,  laid  under  arrests  ami  imprisoned.  I 
believe  they  were  all  (or  at  least  most  of  tliem)  reduced  to  the  same  necessity  witli  me 
of  shutting  up  their  churches.  It  is,  liowever,  a  great  pleasure  to  me  to  assure  the 
Venerable  Society  that,  though  I  have  been  deprived  of  the  satisfaction  of  discharging 
my  public  duties  to  my  congregations,  I  have  endeavored  (I  trust  not  unsuccessfully') 
to  be  beneficial  to  them  in  another  way. 

'•I  have  visited  them  from  house  to  house  regularly,  instructed  tlieir  families,  bajt- 
tized  and  catechized  their  children,  and  performed  such  other  duties  in  j)rivate  as  atoned 
for  my  suspension  from  public  preaching." 

Mr.  Barton,  refusing  to  take  the  oath  of  allegiance  to  the  Commonwealth,  was  per- 
mitted to  sell  his  property,  leave  the  Colony,  and  pnss  within  the  British  lines.  He 
arrived  at  New  York  in  November,  1778.  Having,  before  leaving  Lancaster,  first  been 
placed  on  the  limits  of  his  county,  and  afterwards,  for  a  long  time,  confined  to  his 
house,  his  health,  which  had  been  reduced  by  his  severe  labors,  now  became  much 
more  impaired  by  his  confinement.  A  dropsy  ensued,  under  which  he  languislied  until 
the  25th  of  May,  1780,  when  he  died  at  the  age  of  fifty  years. 

Mr.  Barton  was  married,  in  1753,  to  a  sister  of  the  celebrated  David  Ritteuliouse,  at 
Philadelphia.  He  left  a  widow  and  eight  children,  one  of  whom,  Benjamin  Smith,  was 
a  distinguished  Professor  in  the  University  of  Pennsylvania,  and  died  in  1815.  The 
eldest  son,  William,  was  the  author  of  the  Life  of  Eittenliouse.  Mrs.  Bai-ton,  the 
widow,  passed  her  last  years  in  the  house  of  her  nephew  and  niece,  Dr.  Samuel  Bard 
and  his  wife.     "Within  a  few  days  of  their  decease,  she  also  died,  at  the  age  of  ninety. 

]\Ir.  Barton  published  a  Sermon  on  Braddock's  Defeat,  in  1755. 

John  Penn,  the  Proprietary  of  Pennsylvania,  speaking  in  a  letter  of  the  important 
services  that  Mr.  Barton  rendered  in  resisting  the  attacks  of  the  French  and  Indians, 
says: 

"Mr.  Barton  deserves  the  commendation  of  all  lovers  of  their  country.  *  *  «  * 
Had  others  imitated  his  example  Cumberland  would  not  have  wanted  men  enougli  to 
defend  it;  nor  has  he  done  anything  in  the  military  way  but  what  hath  increased  his 
character  for  piety,  and  that  of  a  sincerely  religious  man  and  zealous  minister.  In 
short,  he  is  a  most  worthy,  active  and  serviceable  Pastor  and  Missionary,  and  as  such, 
please  to  mention  him  to  the  Society." 

Baker,  John  Christopher,  Rev.,  D.  D.,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  May  7,  1702; 
had  5  years'  education  at  Nazareth  Hall,  and  pursued  a  course  of  Theological  studies 
under  Rev.  Dr.  Lochman,  a  Lutheran  minister,  at  Lebanon.  Licensed  in  1811  by  the 
Synod  of  Pennsylvania,  he  successively  acted  as  Assistant  Minister  in  the  Gemian  con- 
gregation at  Philadelphia,  Pastor  of  the  church  at  Germantown  in  1812,  and  Pastor 
of  Trinity  Lutheran  church  of  Lancaster  in  1828.  In  the  latter  capacity  lie  ser\-cd 
faithfully  and  acceptably  until  January  30,  1853.  After  severing  his  connection  with 
Trinity  church  he  returned  to  Philadelphia  in  charge  of  St.  Luke's  Lutheran  church, 
and  died  there,  ]\Iay  26,  1859.  His  mortal  remains  were  taken  to  Woodward  Hill  Cem- 
etery. He  was  an  earnest,  laborious  and  faithful  minister,  and  is  held  in  loving  re- 
membrance. 

Bowman,  Samuel,  Rt.  Rev.,  D.  D.,  was  the  fourth  child  of  Captain  Samuel  Bow- 
man, an  officer  in  the  Revolutionary  army,  who  took  an  active  part  in  the  battle  of 
Lexington,  and  at  the  close  of  the  war  settled  at  Wilkesbarre,  Wyoming  Valley,  Lu- 
zerne county,  Pennsylvania.     Bishop  Bowman  was  born  there  May  21st,    1800.     The 


390  AUTHENTIC     HISTORY 

judicious  and  enliglitened  views  of  his  father,  husbanded  by  the  refined  tastes  and 
Christian  virtues  of  his  mother,  born  and  nurtured  in  the  Church,  were  the  influences 
that  surrounded  the  earliest  years  of  liis  hfe.  At  the  chartered  Academy  of  Wilkes- 
bai're,  an  institution  equal  to  any  of  its  contemporaries,  he  received  his  education.  He 
was  destined  for  the  bar  and  pursued  his  legal  studies  for  a  time  under  the  late  Charles 
Chauncy,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia.  Soon  after  commencing  the  practice  of  the  law,  he 
felt  an  invincible  desire  to  enter  the  Church.  He  applied  for  holy  orders,  and  was  ad- 
mitted by  Bishop  White  to  the  Diaconate  in  18231  and  to  the  Priesthood  in  1824.  He 
began  his  ministry  at  St.  John's  Church,  Pequea,  Lancaster  county,  in  1823,  where  he 
remained  about  two  years.  After  a  brief  residence  at  Easton,  Pa.,  where  he  had  charge 
of  Trinity  Church,  he  returned  to  his  first  cure,  which  he  held  until  1827,  when  he  was 
invited  to  take  charge  of  St.  James',  Lancaster.  After  the  death  of  Rev.  Mr.  Clark- 
son,  the  Eector  with  whom  he  was  associated,  he  was  elected  in  his  place  and  filled  that 
position  until  his  death;  for  on  his  elevation  to  the  Episcopate,  his  parishioners,  dread- 
ing to  sever  the  relations  so  long  and  so  happily  sustained,  prevailed  upon  him  to  con- 
tinue them.  In  1845,  the  clergy  elected  him  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of  Pennsylvania, 
but  the  Laity  refusing  to  concur,  he  cordially  supported  the  nomination  of  Rev.  Dr.  A. 
Potter,  who  was  eventually  chosen.  In  1848  he  was  elected  Bishop  of  the  Diocese  of 
Indiana,  but  his  strong  attachment  to  Lancaster  controlled  his  decision  to  decline.  In 
May,  1858,  he  was  chosen,  and  in  August  of  the  same  year,  consecrated  Assistant 
Bishop  of  Pennsylvania. 

His  death  took  jjlace  on  Saturday,  August  3,  1861,  between  8  and  9  A.  M.  He  had 
left  Pittsburgh  at  6  A.  M.,  by  the  Allegheny  Valley  Railroad  on  a  visitation  to  the 
spiritually  destitute  "Oil  District."  After  the  train  had  proceeded  about  nineteen 
miles,  an  injury  to  the  road  caused  by  a  late  freshet  and  a  land-slide  nearly  two  miles 
beyond,  induced  some  of  the  passengers  to  walk  the  distance;  the  Bishop  was  among 
the  number.  Unable  to  keep  u])  with  the  others,  he  was  missed  when  the  train  was  on 
the  point  of  starting,  and  was  subsequently  found  lying  by  the  road-side,  his  face 
buried  in  his  hat,  stretched  out  at  full  length,  "a  corpse,  without  signs  of  bruise  or 
stx-uggle;  his  watch,  purse  and  i^apei's  untouched."  The  majority  of  physicians  con- 
sulted, ascribe  his  death  to  apoplexy,  but  his  family  physician  to  disease  of  the  heart. 

The  remains  were  at  once  taken  to  Lancaster,  where  they  arrived  on  Sunday  morning, 
August  4th.  The  funeral  obsequies  took  place  at  St.  James',  Lancaster,  on  Tuesday, 
Aiigust  6th,  at  5  o'clock,  P.  M.  Two  Bishops,  some  seventy  Clergymen,  all  the  resident 
ministers  of  other  communions,  and  a  vast  concourse  of  citizens  were  present. 

Bishop  Bowman  was  twice  married.  His  first  wife,  Susan,  daughter  of  the  late 
Samuel  Sitgreaves,  Esq.,  of  Easton,  Pa.,  bore  him  three  children,  one  of  whom,  a 
daughter,  survives.  His  second  wife,  Harriet  R.,  daughter  of  the  late  Rev.  Joseph 
Clarkson,  Rector  of  St.  James',  died  some  years  ago. 

The  Bishop's  body  lies  in  the  churchyard  of  St.  James',  by  the  side  of  his  departed 
friends. 

Buchanan, 2  James,  the  Hon.  Was  born  in  Franklin  county  on  the  23d  day  of 
April,  1791.  His  birth-place  was  a  wild  and  romantic  spot  in  a  goi-ge  of  the  Cove,  or 
North  Mountain,  about  4  miles  west  of  Mercersburg,  and  bearing  the  peculiar,  but  not 
inappropriate  name  of  "Stony-batter."  His  father,  .James  Buchanan,  senior,  was  a 
native  of  Ireland,  and  one  of  the  most  enterprising,  intelligent  and  influential  citizens 
of  that  part  of  the  State.  His  mother,  Elizabeth  Speer,  remarkable  for  her  superior 
intellect  and  genuine  piety,  was  born  in  the  Southern  part  of  Lancaster  county. 

Five  years  after  his  birth  his  parents  removed  into  the  town  of  Mercersburg,  then 
recently  laid  out,  where  he  was  brought  up  and  fitted  for  college.  He  entered  Dickinson 
College,   Carlisle,  then  under  the  Presidency  of  the  Rev.  Dr.  Davidson,  in  the  year 

lAugiist  25th,  1S23;  on  the  same  day  of  the  month  he  was  consecratec]  Bishop  in  1S58. 
2  Written  by  the  Rev.  E.  Y.  Buchanan,  T).  T>.,  brother  of  the  deceased. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY,  391 

1805,  being  at  the  time  in  his  15th  year.  In  1809,  he  graduated  with  distinction;  and 
in  tlie  same  year,  commenced  the  study  of  law  in  Lancaster,  in  the  office  of  James 
Hopkins,  Esq.  Three  years  after,  or  in  1812,  ho  was  admitted  to  the  bar.  He  at  onco 
opened  an  office  in  Lancaster,  and  was  almost  immediately  successful  in  obtaining 
business;  his  studious  habits,  his  fine  abilities,  his  agreeable  maiuici-s  and  conx'ct  de- 
portment, all  combining  to  attract  clients  to  him.  He,  in  a  very  short  time,  tof>k  his 
place  among  the  foremost  at  the  bar,  and  had  the  command  of  as  much  business  an  ho 
could  attend  to.  There  were  soon  very  few  important  cases,  either  in  Lancaster,  or 
the  neighboring  counties,  in  which  he  was  not  employed;  or  at  least,  in  which  there 
was  not  an  effort  made  to  secure  his  services.  In  a  very  few  years,  besides  deservedly 
acquiring  the  reputation  of  being  one  of  the  ablest  and  best  lawyers  in  the  State,  or  in 
the  country,  he  had,  from  being  the  possessor  of  very  little,  amassed  what  he  considered 
a  competence,  and  withdi-ew  almost  entuely  from  practice.  His  first  public  employ- 
ment of  any  kind  was  that  of  prosecutor  for  Lebanon  county,  a  position  to  which  lie 
was  appointed  in  1813,  by  Jared  Ingersoll,  Esq.,  then  Attorney  General  of  the  State, 
under  Governor  Snyder.  This  office  he  in-obably  retained  but  a  short  time.  In  the 
next  year,  at  the  early  age  of  23,  and  only  two  years  after  his  admission  to  the  bar,  he 
was  nominated  by  his  friends  for  the  State  Legislature,  and  elected.  In  the  following 
year,  or  1815,  he  was  again  nominated  and  elected.  In  both  the  sessions  of  the  Legis- 
lature in  which  he  sat,  he  was  one  of  the  most  ])rominent  members;  by  the  .sensibleness 
and  justness  of  his  views,  and  the  force  of  his  high  character  and  eminent  abilities, 
exerting,  though  so  young  a  man,  not  a  Uttle  influence.  He  was  always,  as  on  a  more 
extended  arena,  in  after  life,  at  his  post,  and  took  an  interest  in  eveiything  that  was 
done.  His  mode  of  expressing  his  views,  was  then,  asaftenvards,  clear  and  convincing. 
In  the  same  year  in  which  he  was  first  elected  to  the  Legislature,  he  went  as  a  private 
in  a  company  of  volunteers  to  Baltimore,  to  aid  in  defending  it  against  an  anticipated 
attack  from  the  British;  and  thus  he  early,  by  a  voluntary  exposure  of  himself  to 
danger,  gave  evidence  of  that  fire  of  sincere  and  true  patriotism,  which,  till  the  last 
day  of  his  life,  glowed  fervidly  in  his  bosom.  In  the  year  1820,  his  fellow  citizens  of 
the  Congressional  District  in  which  he  lived,  (composed  of  the  counties  of  Lancaster, 
Chester  and  Delaware,)  and  without  solicitation  from  him,  confened  on  him  the  further 
honor  of  electing  him  to  the  National  House  of  Representatives.  They  elected  him 
again  in  1822,  1824,  1826  and  1828;  when  he  declined  further  re-election.  His  tenn  of 
service  in  the  House  expired  on  the  3d  of  March,  1831.  During  nearly  all  the  time 
that  he  was  a  member  of  the  House,  he  was  a  member  of  the  Judiciary  Committee; 
and  in  the  last  Congi-ess  to  which  he  was  elected,  he  succeeded  Daniel  Webster  as 
chairman  of  that  Committee.  ]\[oreover,  he  was,  from  almost  his  first  entrance  into 
the  House,  one  of  its  most  prominent  and  leading  members,  taking  mnk  witli  such 
men  as  Randolph,  ]\IcDuffie,  P.  Barbour  and  others,  and  expressing  his  views  in  a 
clear  and  forcible  manner  on  all  the  important  (luestions  that  came  before  it.  His 
speeches  then,  as  since,  were  models  of  lucidness,  chastencss  and  force.  One  of  the 
most  remarkable  of  them  was  that  delivered  at  the  Bar  of  the  Senate,  at  the  conclusion 
of  the  trial  of  Judge  Peck;  he  being  chaii-man  of  the  able  committee  appointed  to 
conduct  the  case  before  the  Senate.  This  speech  has  rarely  been  excelled  in  ability 
and  eloquence. 

In  the  same  year  in  which  he  ceased  to  be  a  member  of  the  House,  he  was  sent  by 
President  Jackson  as  3Iinister  Plenipotentiary  to  the  Court  of  St.  Peterfjburg;  where  he 
made  a  most  favorable  impression,  both  for  himself  and  his  country,  and  where  he  nego- 
tiated the  first  Commercial  Treaty,  which  this  government  ever  had  with  that  of  Rus- 
sia. In  1833,  he  returned  from  Russia;  and  in  this  same  year  he  was  elected  by  the 
Le<^islature  of  Pennsylvania  to  fill  a  vacancy  in  the  Senate  of  the  United  States  occa- 
sioned by  the  resignation  of  William  Wilkins.  who  had  been  appointed  to  succeed  him 
at  the  Court  of  the  Czar.     He  was  afterwards  twice  elected  for  the  full  terms  of  six 


392  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

years;  though  soon  after  his  secoud  election,  he  resigned  to  take  a  place  in  the  Cabinet 
of  President  Polk,  His  whole  time  of  service  in  the  Senate,  was  the  same  as  it  had 
been  in  the  House;  viz,  10  years. 

In  the  body  of  which  he  was  now  a  member,  he  took  a  similarly  high  rank  to  that 
which  he  had  occupied  in  the  House.  He  frequently  measured  arms  with  Clay,  "Web- 
ster and  others,  and  without  discredit  or  disadvantage  to  himself.  He  was,  during 
most  of  the  time,  the  principal  leader  of  the  Administration  party,  and  expressed  him- 
self at  large,  and  very  ably,  on  all  the  important  questions  under  discussion.  During 
most  of  the  time,  he  was  chairman  of  the  important  Committee  on  Foreign  Relations. 

In  1845,  he  was  tendered  by  the  then  recently  inaugurated  President,  James  K.  Polk, 
the  position  in  his  Cabinet  of  Secretary  of  State.  This  position  he  occupied  with  great 
honor  to  himself  and  advantage  to  the  country.  "While  in  the  State  Department,  the 
Oregon  Boundary  Question  was  finally  settled,  the  war  with  Mexico  was  carried  on 
and  successfully  terminated,  and  California  acquired. 

In  1849,  on  the  expiration  of  Mr.  Polk's  Presidential  term,  Mr.  Buchanan  retiree;!  to 
his  home  at  "Wheatland,  whei-e  he  remained  till  1853,  when  President  Pierce  tendered 
him,  of  his  own  accord,  the  Mission  to  the  Court  of  St.  James.  This  Mission  he  was 
averse  to  acceiiting,  but,  on  its  being  pressed  upon  him,  he  at  length  accepted  it.  He 
remained  in  England  till  the  Spring  of  1856.  "While  there  he  was  treated  with  marked 
respect  by  all  classes,  fi-om  the  Queen  down.  Lord  Clarendon  had  reason  to  respect  his 
abilities;  for  he  found  him  more  than  a  match  in  his  diplomatic  coi-respondence  with 
him.  His  dispatches  while  Secretary  of  State  and  IMinister  to  England,  have  not  been 
excelled  by  those  of  any  other  Cabinet  or  other  Minister. 

In  June  of  the  year  he  returned  from  England,  he  was  nominated,  (again,  without 
any  effort  on  his  part)  by  the  Democratic  National  Convention,  which  met  at  Cincin- 
nati, as  their  candidate  for  the  Presidency,  and  in  the  following  November,  he  was 
elected.  And,  thus,  from  an  humble  beginning,  after  having  previously  occupied  an 
unusual  number  of  distinguished  and  honorable  positions  connected  with  the  Govern- 
ment, he  found  himself,  at  the  age  of  65,  exalted  to  what  is  perhaps  really  the  highest 
jjolitical  position  on  earth.  The  duties  of  this  high  office  he  discharged  with  ability; 
and,  though  much  blamed  for  his  course  during  the  last  few  months  of  his  adminis- 
tration (a  period,  when  the  affairs  of  the  country  had  come  to  the  fearful  crisis  to  which 
they  had  long  been  tending)  yet,  in  all  he  did,  and  in  all  he  abstained  from  doing,  he 
was  actuated  by  the  highest  and  purest  motives  of  patriotism.  He  did  that,  and  that 
only,  which  he  believed  he  was  authorized  to  do,  and  which  he  thought  it  best  and  his  duty 
to  do.  He  himself  feared  not  the  verdict  of  future  times,  as  to  his  course,  and  as  to  his 
policy;  and  on  more  than  one  occasion,  within  only  a  year  or  two  of  his  death,  he  had 
been  heard  to  say,  that,  had  he  to  pass  through  the  same  state  of  things  again,  he 
could  not,  before  his  God,  see,  that  he  could  act  otherwise  than  as  he  did.  In  sincere 
and  cordial  love  for  the  Union  he  was  second  to  no  one.  The  principal  respect  in  which 
he  differed  from  many  others  was  as  to  what  were  the  best  and  most  legitimate  means 
of  iireserving  or  restoring  the  Union.  At  the  expiration  of  his  Presidential  term,  in 
March  1861,  he  returned  to  his  home  at  "Wheatland,  where  he  spent  the  remainder 
of  his  life,  enjoying  the  society  of  his  neighbours  and  friends,  and  employing  himself 
with  his  books  and  his  pen.  One  of  the  books  most  frequently  perused  by  him  was  the 
Bible;  in  the  teachings  of  which  he  was  a  firm  believer,  and  on  the  promises  of  which 
he  cheerfully  relied.  He  had  always  been  a  believer  in  the  Holy  Scriptures,  and  in  the 
truth  of  the  Christian  religion;  and,  besides  being  always  strictly  moral  in  his  conduct, 
had  been,  in  many  respects,  a  devout  and  religious,  as  well  as  a  kind  and  charitable 
man.  But  he  had  never  made  an  open  profession  of  being  a  disciple  of  Christ,  until 
within  the  last  few  years,  when  he  became  a  communicant  of  the  Presbyterian  Church. 
He  died  calmly  and  peacefully  on  Monday,  the  first  day  of  .June,  1868.  On  the  Thui-s- 
day  following,  his  remains  were  followed  to  the  grave,  by  such  numbers  of  his  fellow- 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  893 

citizens,  (including  a  large  number  of  persons  from  abroad)  as  indicated,  tliat.  how- 
ever he  may  have  been  censured  by  persons  of  opposite  political  opinions,  while  livinn. 
he  was  yet  one,  who,  in  public  estimation,  was  both  w  ijreat  and  w  (jood  man;  one,  de- 
serving for  his  acknowledged  strict  integrity  and  his  well  known  benevolence,  esteem 
and  regard;  as,  for  his  learning,  satesmanship,  elotiuence  and  talents,  he  cunimaudcd 
deference  and  respect. 

On  opening  his  Will,  it  was  found  that  he  had  remembered  the  pt>or  of  Lancaster,  a« 
well  as  the  Church  of  which  he  was  a  member;  and  had  arranged  that  a  handsome  a<l- 
dition  should  be  made  to  the  Fund  which  he  had  appropriated  for  their  Ix-nefit,  years 
before.  It  may  be  added,  that  in  person  he  was  large;  in  manners  courteous  and 
polished;  and  that  his  stores  of  knowledge  and  his  powers  of  conversation  were  sucli, 
that  no  one  could  be  long  in  his  company  without  being  deeply  interested,  ami  without 
receiving  valuable  information. 

Carmichael,  JohnI  was  born  in  the  town  of  Tarbert,  in  Argyleshire,  Scotland,  Oc- 
tober 17,  1728.  His  parents,  Donald  and  Elizabeth  (Alexander)  Cannichacl,  were  both 
exemplary  members  of  the  Presbyterian  church,  and  migrated  to  this  country  in  the  year 
1737.  As  they  drew  near  the  American  coast,  after  a  long  voyage,  a  sudden  gust  well 
nigh  overturned  the  vessel;  and  their  son  John,  then  a  little  boy  eight  years  old,  was 
precipitated  overboard;  but,  happily,  the  waves  bore  him  within  reach  of  the  Captain, 
and  his  life  was  saved.  After  remaining  a  short  time  at  New  York,  they  removed  to 
Hackensack,  a  Dutch  settlement  in  New  Jersey,  where  they  experienced  nuich  kind- 
ness from  the  people;  but  the  irreligion,  especially  the  profanation  of  the  Lord's  day, 
that  prevailed  theie,  led  the  pious  father  to  seek,  particularly  on  account  of  liis  cliildrcn, 
a  more  congenial  residence.  Such  a  place  he  found  in  what  was  then  called  Ward 
Session,  a  few  miles  from  Newark,  N.  J.  Here  the  family  attended  the  ministry  of  tho 
Rev.  Aaron  Burr,  whose  preaching  made  a  deep  impression  on  the  mind  of  this  son, 
and  whose  addresses  at  the  Communion  table  he  always  remembered  as  having  been 
characterized  with  great  pathos  and  power. 

In  the  year  1745,  death  deprived  him  of  his  father;  he  entered  the  College  of  New 
Jersey  in  the  year  1755,  and  was  admitted  to  the  degree  of  Bachelor  of  Arts,  in  August, 
1759.  In  November  following,  he  was  summoned  to  the  death-bed  of  his  mother,  where 
he  witnessed  a  scene  of  remarkable  Christian  triumph. 

After  studying  Theology  at  Princeton,  under  the  direction  of  the  Kev.  Samuel  Davies, 
who  had  succeeded  to  the  Presidency  of  the  College  the  year  he  graduated,  he  was 
licensed  to  preach  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Brunswick,  on  the  8th  of  3Iay,  17(10. 

Some  time  in  the  year  1760,  he  received  a  call  from  the  church  of  the  Forks  of  Bran- 
dywine,  Chester  county.  Pa.,  to  become  their  Pastor.  This  call  he  accepted;  and  tho 
Presbytery  of  Newcastle,  then  lately  constituted  from  a  part  of  the  Donegal  Presby- 
tery, met  at  the  Forks  of  Brandywine,  April  21,  1761,  and  ordained  him  to  the  work  of 
the  ministry,  and  installed  him  Pastor  of  that  Congregation.  This  connection  con- 
tinued until  it  was  tenninated  by  his  death. 

When  the  war  of  the  Revolution  came  on,  ^sh:  Carmichael  showed  himself  an  earnest 
and  uncompromising  friend  to  the  liberties  of  his  country.  In  the  summer  ot  1 .  .•» 
the  militia  of  the  town  of  Lancaster  requested  him  to  preach  a  military  .sennon,  pnntcU 

^^Th^e  Rev^  Dr' J.  N.  C.   Gricr,  in  a  discourse  which  he  preached  in  1849,  cntaining 
the  History  of  the  Church  of  the  Forks  of  Bran.lywine,  pays  the  following  tribute  to 

Mr.  Carmichael:  .    ,  .     ,  i  .     ■  i.»,.  ;„  ♦!,« 

-The  Rev.  John  Carmicliael  was  an  eloquent  man,  m  his  day,  and     mightj  m  the 
Scriptures.'     He  was  a  man  of  ardent  feelings,  and  what  he  did,  he  did  -|  '   -  "J..'  ^ 
He  was  the  Pastor  of  this  congregation  during  the  whole  of  the  great  A-- -    '  I^^ 
lution;  and,  like  most  of  the  Presbyterian  clergpnen  of  that  day,  he  e-spou-v-'d  th.  cause 
1  Abridged  from  SpragueM  AnnaU  uf  the  American  Pulpit. 


394:  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

of  his  comitry,  like  one  who  would  rather  perish,  battling  for  freedom,  than  live  a  slave. 
He  was  long  spared  to  the  aftections  and  the  prayers  of  his  people,  going  in  and  out 
before  them,  as  a  burning  and  a  shining  light,  breaking  to  them  the  bread  of  life;  and 
being  an  example  to  the  flock  over  which  the  Holy  Ghost  had  made  him  an  overseer, 
ever  calling  upon  them  'to  be  followers  of  him,  even  as  he  also  was  of  Christ.' 

"The  congregation  increased  under  his  ministry,  which  lasted  about  twenty-four 
years.  He  died  greatly  respected,  and  deeply  lamented  by  his  people — and  having  in  all 
the  churches  of  his  Presbytery  the  reputation  of  a  man  thoroughly  furnished  for  his 
work — one  who  needed  not  to  be  ashamed,  because  he  rightly  divided  the  word  of 
truth." 

Clark,  John,  General,  a  native  of  this  comity,  was  born  in  1751.  At  twenty-five  he 
entered  the  public  services  of  his  country.  Congress  appointed  him,  Febi'uary  6,  1778, 
as  one  of  the  auditors  for  the  army  under  General  Washington.  He  was  also  aide-de- 
camp to  Gen.  Green.  The  following  letter  from  Washington,  to  Congress,  speaks  of 
Clark's  character: 

Head  Quarters,  Valley  Forge,  Jan.  2,  1778. 

I  take  the  liberty  of  introducing  Gen.  John  Clark,  the  bearer  of  this,  to  your  notice. 
He  entered  the  service  at  the  commencement  of  the  war,  and  has  for  some  time  past 
acted  as  aide-de-camp  to  j\Iajor  General  Green.  He  is  active,  sensible,  and  enteri^rising, 
and  has  rendered  me  great  services  since  the  enemy  has  been  in  Pennsylvania,  by  pro- 
curing me  constant,  and  certain  intelligence  of  the  motives  and  intentions  of  the  enemy. 
It  is  somewhat  uncertain  whether  the  state  of  his  health  will  admit  of  his  remaining  in 
the  military  line ;  if  it  should,  I  sliall  perhaps  have  occasion  to  recommend  him  in  a  more 
particular  manner  to  the  favor  of  Congress  at  a  future  time.  At  present,  I  can  assure, 
that  if  you  should,  while  he  remains  at  York,  have  any  occasion  for  his  services,  you 
will  find  him  not  only  willing,  but  very  capable  of  executing  any  of  your  commands. 
Respectfully,  Geo.  Washington. 

At  the  close  of  the  Revolution,  Clark  resunied  the  practice  of  law  at  York.  He  died 
December  27,  1819. 

Eberly,  John,  M.  D.,  was  born  in  Manor  township,  in  1789,  and  died  at  Lexington, 
Ky.,  in  1838.  He  was  distinguished  as  a  practitioner,  medical  via'iter  and  linguist.  His 
works  are  the  following:  Notes  Of  Lectures  on  the  Theory  and  Practice  of  Medicine; 
Philadelphia,  1844.  Treatise  on  the  Diseases  and  Physical  Education  of  Children. 
Treatise  of  the  Materia  Medica  and  Therapeutics,  1847. 

Elder,  JonN,l  was  born  in  the  County  of  Antrim,  Ireland,  in  the  year  1706.  His 
father,  Robert  Elder,  migrated  to  America  about  the  year  1730,  and  settled  a  few  miles 
North  of  what  is  now  Harrisburg,  Pa.  He  brought  all  his  family  with  him,  except  his 
son  Joliii,  the  eldest  of  his  children,  who  was  left  with  his  uncle,  the  Rev.  John  Elder, 
of  Edinburgh,  to  complete  his  studies  for  the  ministry.  He  (the  son)  was  licensed  to 
preach  in  the  year  1732;  and,  some  time  after,  (probably  in  1736,)  agreeably  to  previous 
arrangements,  followed  his  father  and  family  to  America.  In  August,  1737,  the  churches 
in  Pennsboro'  and  Paxton,  Pa.,  applied  to  the  Newcastle  Presbytery  for  a  candidate, 
and  ]\Ir.  Elder  was  sent  in  answer  to  the  request.  On  the  12th  of  April,  1738,  the  people 
of  Paxton  and  Derry  invited  him  to  become  their  pastor;  and,  about  the  same  time,  he 
was  called  to  one  or  two  other  places.  He  accej)ted  the  call  from  Paxton  and  Derry, 
and  was  ordained  and  installed  on  the  22d  of  November  following. 

As  Mr.  Elder  resided  on  the  frontier  of  the  Province,  the  members  of  his  congrega- 
tion were  generally  trained  as  "Rangers"  in  defence  against  the  Indians.  Many  a 
family  mourned  for  its  head,  shot  down  by  a  concealed  foe,  or  carried  away  captive. 
The  men  were  accustomed  to  carry  their  rifles  with  them,  not  only  to  their  work  in  the 
field,  but  to  their  worship  in  the  sanctuary;  and  their  worthy  minister  kept  his  beside 
him  in  the  pulpit.  It  was  no  uncommon  occurrence  for  death  to  overtake  them,  as  they 
1  Abridged  from  Sprague's  Annals  of  the  American  Pulpit. 


OP    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  395 

returned  from  the  public  services  of  tlie  Sabbath  to  their  scattered  jilaiitation.  In  17:,«, 
the  meetiiig-house  was  surrounded  ^Yith  Indians,  while  Mr.  Elder  was  proacliiiij,';  but 
the  spies  having  noticed  the  large  nundwr  of  rifles  that  the  hearershad  bn.uglit  for  their 
defence,  the  party  silently  withdrew  from  their  and)ush,  without  makiiij;  an  attack.  In 
1757,  an  attack  was  actually  made,  as  the  people  were  leaving  the  churcli,  and  two  or 
three  were  killed.  During  the  summer,  they  had  some  security  by  means  of  the  visits 
of  friendly  Indians;  but,  at  other  seasons  of  the  year,  nuirders  freciucntly  occumHl,  and 
they  foiuid  it  impossible  to  discover  the  criminals.  Mr.  Elder  himself  supcriHtendcd  tlio 
military  discipline  of  his  people,  and  became  Captain  of  the  mounted  nuMi,  widely 
known  as  the  "  Paxton  boys."  He  aftenvards  held  a  Colonel's  commission  in  the  pro- 
vincial service,  and  had  the  command  of  the  block-houses  and  stockades  fronj  the  Suh- 
quehanna  to  Easton.  His  apology  for  this  extraordinary  course,  lies  in  the  exti-aonli- 
nary  state  of  things  which  led  to  it.  It  is  not  easy  to  overestimate  the  susix'nse  and 
terror  in  which  the  inhabitants  of  that  frontier  region  lived  from  17.14  to  17G:}.  Elder 
besought  the  Governor  to  remove  the  Conestoga  Indians,  because  they  harbored  mur- 
derers; and  he  engaged,  if  this  were  done,  to  secure  the  frontier  without  exjiense  totho 
Province.  This  being  refused,  a  party  of  his  Rangers  detennined  to  destroy  the  triljc; 
and  they  called  on  Elder  to  take  the  lead  in  the  enterprise.  He  was  then  in  his  fifty- 
seventh  year.  Mounting  his  horse,  he  commanded  them  to  desist,  and  reminded  tliem 
that  the  execution  of  their  purpose  would  inevitably  involve  the  destruction  of  the  inno- 
cent with  the  guilty;  but  their  prompt  reply  was — "Can  they  be  innocent  who  harbor 
murderers?" — at  the  same  time,  pointing  indignantly  to  instances  in  which  their  wives 
and  mothers  had  been  massacred,  and  the  crimin.Tls  traced  to  the  homes  of  the  Conesto 
gas.  He  still  earnestly  opposed  the  measure,  and  at  last  placed  himself  in  the  rf»ad,  that 
they  might  see  that  they  could  advance  only  by  cutting  him  down.  AVhcn  lie  saw  that 
they  were  preparing  to  kill  his  horse,  and  that  all  his  entreaties  were  entirely  unavail- 
ing, he  withdrew  and  left  them  to  take  their  OAvn  course.  The  persons  engaged  in  tliis 
desperate  enterprise,  were  chiefly  Presbyterians,  who  resided  in  that  neighborhotKl,  and 
not  a  few  of  them  were  men  far  advanced  in  life.  They  perfonued  their  work  thor- 
oughly and  mercilessly,  destroying  in  Lancaster  and  Conestoga,  every  Indian  they  could 
find.     On  the  27th  of  January,  1764,  Elder  wrote  to  Governor  Penn,  as  follows: 

"  The  storm  which  had  been  so  long  gathering,  has,  at  length,  exphnled.  Had  Gov- 
ernment removed  the  Indians,  which  had  been  frequently,  but  without  effect,  urged, 
this  painful  catastrophe  might  have  been  avoided.  What  could  I  do  with  men  heated 
to  madness?  All  that  I  could  do  was  done.  I  expostulated;  but  life  and  reason  were 
set  at  deflance.  Yet  the  men  in  private  life  are  virtuous  and  respectable;  not  cniel, 
but  mild  and  merciful.  The  time  will  arrive  when  each  palliating  circumstance  will  Iks 
weighed.  This  deed,  magnified  into  the  blackest  of  crimes,  shall  be  considered  as  one 
of  those  ebullitions  of  wrath,  caused  by  momentary  excitement,  to  which  human  in- 
firmity is  subjected." 

The  Indians  were  at  length  removed  by  the  Governor,  from  every  exposed  place,  to 
Philadelphia;  and  many  apprehended  that  the  "Paxton  boys,"  in  the  overtlowing  of 
their  wrath,  Mould  pursue  them  thither.  The  Governor  issued  a  proclamation,  setting 
a  reward  on  the  head  of  one  Stewart,  supposed  to  be  the  ringleader,  and  some  of  his 
associates.  Elder  wrote  to  the  Governor  in  their  deicnce,  stating  the  true  .lianu-ter 
of  the  men,  and  the  palliating,  if  not  justifying,  circmnstancestmder  which  they  acted. 
Several  pamphlets  were  pubHshed,  commenting  on  the  case  with  great  severity,  and 
some  of  them  representing  the  Irish  Presbyterians  as  ignorant  bigots  or  lawless  ma- 
rauders. But,  amidst  all  the  violent  attacks  and  retorts,  Elder  is  never  .stigmatized  as 
abetting  or  conniving  at  the  massacre;  nor  is  his  aiithority  pleaded  by  ti.e  actors  in 

their  defence.  ,  ,, 

The  union  of  the  Synods  bn.ught  >[r.  Elder  ami  the  other  members  of  Donega  1  rcs- 
bytery  into  the  same  body  with  the  leading  members  of  the  "  >cw  Side      1  resbjtcry 


896  AUTHENTIC  HISTOEY 

of  Newcastle.  For  a  while,  they  maintained,  ostensibly,  vinion  of  action;  but,  at  length, 
the  "Old  Side"  men  withdrew  from  the  Synod,  on  account  of  dissatisfaction  in  respect 
to  certain  cases  of  discipline,  and  formed  themselves  into  a  separate  Presbytery.  They, 
however,  finally  returned,  and  were  scattered,  with  their  own  consent,  in  Donegal, 
Newcastle,  and  Second  Philadelphia  Presbyteries. 

Mr.  Elder  joined  the  Second  Presbytery  of  Philadelphia,  May  19,  1768.  In  the  for- 
mation of  the  General  Assembly,  he  became  a  member  of  the  Presbytery  of  Carlisle. 
He  died  in  the  year  1792,  at  the- age  of  eighty-six;  having  been  a  minister  of  the  Gospel 
sixty  years,  and  the  minister  of  the  Congregations  in  Paxton  and  Derry,  fifty-six. 

Mr.  Elder  was  married,  about  the  year  1740,  to  IMary,  daughter  of  Joshua  Baker, 
who  Avas  armourer  under  King  George  the  Second;  and,  by  this  marriage,  he  had  four 
children — two  sons  and  two  daughters.  After  her  death,  he  was  married  to  Mary, 
daughter  of  Thomas  Simpson,  and  sister  of  General  Michael  Simpson,  of  Revolution- 
ary memory,  who  was  a  Captain  under  General  Montgomery,  at  Quebec.  By  his  sec- 
ond marriage  he  had  eleven  children.  The  last  of  the  whole  number  (fifteen)  died  in 
April,  1853,  at  Harrisburg,  in  his  eighty-seventh  year. 

Franklin,  "Walter,  was  born  in  the  city  of  New  York  in  February,  1773.  His 
father  having  during  his  minority  removed  to  Philadelphia,  he  there  studied  law,  and 
was  admitted  to  the  bar  in  April,  1794.  He  was  appointed  Attorney  General  of  Penn- 
sylvania in  January,  1809,  which  ofiflce  he  held  until  January,  1811,  when  he  was 
appointed  President  Judge  of  the  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  of  the  second  judicial 
district  of  Pennsylvania,  which  then  comprised  the  counties  of  Lancaster,  York  and 
Daujihin,  to  which  were  afterwards*  added  Cumberland  and  Lebanon.  He  continued 
in  this  office  till  his  death,  which  took  place  in  February,  1888.  He  was  distinguished 
for  his  eminent  integrity  and  his  superior  attainments  as  a  jvirist,  for  the  clearness  of 
his  conception  and  the  strength  and  vigor  of  his  mind.  His  dignity  of  manner  and 
uniform  coi'rectness  of  deportment  sprang  from  religious  principle,  and  he  was  em- 
phatically, in  the  highest  sense,  a  Christian  gentleman.    (By  Hon.  T.  E.  Franklin.) 

Fulton,  Robert,  was  born  in  Little  Britain,  Lancaster  county,  Pennsylvania,  in 
1765.  At  a  suitable  age  he  was  api^renticed  to  a  jeweller  in  Lancaster,  where  he  acci- 
dentally caught  a  taste  for  painting — in  the  cidtivation  and  practice  of  which  he  was 
subsequently  qiiite  successful.  His  passion  for  the  art  induced  him  to  relinquish  his 
trade  and  make  a  voyage  to  London,  where  he  was  cordially  received  by  Benjamin 
West,  then  President  of  the  Royal  Academy,  and  with  whom  he  maintained  a  constant 
friendship  till  death  separated  them.  In  painting,  Fulton's  success  did  not  equal  his 
expectations;  and  he  therefore  gradually  withdrew  his  attention  from  it,  and  devoted 
it  to  the  Mechanic  Arts.  As  early  as  1793  we  find  that  he  had  conceived  the  project  of 
propelling  vessels  by  the  power  of  steam;  as  he  addressed  a  series  of  letters  at  that 
time  to  Earl  Stanhope,  on  that  subject,  and  on  the  more  general  one  of  Internal  Im- 
provement; these  letters  were  favorably  received  and  duly  acknowledged  by  Stanhope. 

During  his  residence  in  England  the  British  Government  granted  him  patents  for 
many  useful  inventions  in  the  mechanic  arts.  He  then  crossed  over  to  France  and 
spent  several  years  at  Paris,  where  he  devoted  himself  to  the  study  of  several  of  the 
modern  languages,  to  philosophy,  and  the  higher  branches  of  mathematics.  While  in 
Paris  he  lived  on  terms  of  great  intimacy  with  Joel  Barlow,  the  author  of  our  national 
poem,  the  Columbiad;  and  in  1797,  in  conjunction  with  Barlow,  he  made  his  first  ex- 
periment in  submarine  explosion.  In  1806  he  returned  to  this  country,  and  prosecuted 
at  New  York  his  investigations  relating  to  steam  navigation  and  submarine  explosion. 
A  full  explanation  of  the  latter  subject  was  published  in  1810,  under  the  title  of  "Tor- 
pedo War."  The  country  was  then  on  the  eve  of  the  war  with  England;  and  in  1813 
the  government  placed  in  his  hands  an  appropriation  for  the  steam  ship,  "Fulton  the 
First,"  which  was  built  under  his  superintendence,  and  excited  universal  admiration 
for  its  tremendous  power  as  an  engine  of  war. 


OF   LAXCASTER   COUNTY.  397 

His  first  experiment  in  steam  navigation  was  made  on  the  Hudson  river  in  lsu7 
With  the  aid  of  Robert  R.  Livingston,  he  constructed  a  boat  in  which  he  made  a  trip 
to  Albany.  Speaking  of  this  experuncnt  he  said;  "The  moniiny  I  left  New  York 
tliere  were  not  perhaps  thirty  persons  in  the  city  who  believed  that  the  boat  would  .novo 
one  mile  an  hour,  or  be  of  the  least  utility.  And  when  we  were  putting  off  from  tho 
wharf,  which  was  crowded  with  spectators,  I  heard  a  mnnbcr  <.f  sarcastic  ivmarlcH 
Tills  is  the  way,  you  know,  in  which  ignorant  men  compliment  what  they  call  philo.so- 
phers  and  projectors."  But  the  multitude  was  disappointed,  eveu  his  most  Ningiiiuo 
anticipations  were  exceeded.  His  vessel  "walked  the  waters  like  a  thing  of  life."  Ho 
made  the  trip  from  New  Y'ork  to  Albany,  in  33  hours,  and  back  agai.i  in  ;jO  h..ui-s. 

The  following  account  of  this  first  steamboat  was  published  at  the  time,  and  was 
undoubtedly  a  reality,  although  it  was  tinged  with  the  marvellous.  "Passing  ui.  tho 
river  she  excited  the  astonishment  of  the  inhabitants  on  the  shore,  many  of  whom  had 
not  heard  of  an  engine,  much  less  of  a  steamboat.  She  was  described'  by  some  who 
indistinctly  saw  her  pass  in  the  night,  as  a  monster  moving  on  the  waters,  defying  tho 
tide,  and  breathing  flames  and  smoke.  Her  volumes  of  fire  and  smoke  by  night  at- 
tracted the  attention  of  the  crews  of  other  vessels.  Notwithstanding  the  wind  and  tide 
were  adverse  to  its  progress,  they  saw  with  astonishment  that  it  was  rapidly  approach- 
ing them;  and  when  it  came  so  near  that  the  noise  of  the  machinery  and  paddles  was 
heard,  the  crews  in  some  instances  sunk  beneath  their  decks  from  the  terrilic  sight,  and 
left  their  vessels  to  go  on  shore,  while  others  prostrated  themselves  and  besought  Prov- 
idence to  protect  them  from  the  approaches  of  the  horrible  monster,  which  was  march- 
ing on  the  tide,  and  lighting  its  path  by  the  fire  it  vomited." 

Fulton  died  on  the  24th  of  February,  1815,  in  the  50th  year  of  his  age,  and  in  tho 
midst  of  his  usefulness — but  ahuost  in  penury.  Sixty  years  only  have  elapsed  since 
he  made  his  first  voyage  on  the  Hudson  in  the  steamboat  Clemiont,  and  the  .same  trip 
is  now  made  in  less  than  one-third  of  the  time  in  which  he  made  it:  and  instead  of  a 
solitary  boat  on  that  river,  hundreds  of  them,  like  floating  palaces,  are  daily  traversing 
our  rivers,  lakes,  coasts  and  seas  of  the  eastern  world — almost  annihilating  time  and 
space  by  the  celerity  of  their  movements.  The  memory  of  such  a  man  should  be  cher- 
ished by  his  countrymen — it  is  the  only  patrimony  which  he  beciueathed  his  cliildren. 

Gibson,  John,  General,  a  brave  soldier  of  the  French  and  Revolutionary  wars,  was 
born  at  Lancaster  in  1740,  and  died  in  the  western  countiy  in  18'22.  It  was  to  him 
that  Logan  delivered  his  celebrated  speech,  the  translation  of  which  by  Gen'l  Gibson 
has  been  spread  over  America  and  Europe. 

Grosh,  Jacob,  a  native  of  Lancaster  county,  was  born  January  2."5th,  1777,  of  Ger- 
man IVIoravian  parents.  He  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  during  eleven  years. 
and  subsequently  was  twice  appointed  Associate  Judge  of  Lancaster.  He  died  at  his 
residence,  in  Marietta,  November,  1860. 

Hand,  Edward,  was  born  December  31st,  1744,  at  Clydafi",  King's  County.  Province 
of  Leinster,  Ireland.  He  died  at  his  farm,  "Rockford,"  near  Lancaster.  September  3d, 
1802. 

In  1767,  he  received  the  appointment  of  Surgeon's  >Iate,  or  Surgeon,  to  the  18th 
Royal  Irish  Regiment  of  foot,  and  sailed  with  that  regiment  from  the  Cove  of  Cork, 
May  20th,  1767,  and  arrived  at  Philadelphia,  July  11th.  He  was  Ensign  in  the  s;unc 
regiment,  and  the  commission  being  dated  1772,  it  would  seem  that  he  purchased  it  in 
this  country. 

He  went  with  the  18th  to  Fort  Pitt,  and  returning  to  Philadelphia  in  1774,  he  resigned 
his  commission,  and  received  a  regular  discharge  from  Ireland.  In  the  same  year  lie 
came  to  Lancaster,  with  recommendations,  in  order  to  practise  his  profession  of  Physic 
and  Sui-gery.  In  1775  he  married.  His  first  American  commission  bears  date  June  ..)th, 
1775.  He  was  on  Prospect  Hill,  20th  August  following.  He  left  Lancaster,  Lieutenant 
Colonel  of  the  First  Battalion  of  Pennsylvania  Riflemen,  famous  for  its  exploits  dunng 


398  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

the  war.     He  rose  to  the  rank  of  Adjutant  General,  still  retaining  that  of  Brigadier 
General. 

He  was  the  Adjutant  General  at  the  battle  of  Yorktown,  and  marched  with  the  troops 
back  to  Philadelphia,  where  the  Army  was  disbanded.  After  the  war  he  resumed  the 
practice  of  medicine. 

In  1798  he  was  appointed  Major  General  in  the  Provisional  Army. 

He  assisted  in  accomplishing  the  independence  of  his  adopted  Country,  with  zeal, 
ability  and  fidelity,  high  in  public  esteem.  As  a  physician  venerated,  in  private  life 
respected  and  beloved,  he  died  lamented  by  all  who  knew  him,  especially  by  the  poor, 
to  whom  he  gave  professional  aid  gratuitously;  and  when  successive  generations  shall 
have  passed  away,  his  name  and  his  fame  shall  survive  in  the  history  of  his  country's 
glory. 

The  subjoined  letter  from  General  Washington,  the  original  of  which  is  in  the  hands 
of  General  Hand's  grand-daughter,  accords  the  highest  meed  of  praise  to  the  gallant 
subject  of  this  notice: 

Mount  Vernon,  January  lith,  1784. 

Dear  Sir:  When  I  left  Philadelphia,  I  hoped  to  have  had  the  pleasure  of  seeing  you 
at  Annapolis,  before  my  departure  from  thence,  and  to  have  had  an  opportunity  (previ- 
ous to  my  resignation)  of  expressing  to  you  personally,  amongst  the  last  acts  of  my 
official  life,  my  entire  approbation  of  your  public  conduct,  particularly  in  the  execution 
of  the  important  duties  of  Adjutant  General. 

Notwithstanding  I  have  been  disappointed  in  that  expectation,  and  have  it  now  in  my 
power — only  as  a  i^rivate  character — to  make  known  my  sentiments  and  feelings  respect- 
ing my  military  friends;  yet,  I  cannot  decline  making  use  of  the  first  occasion,  after  my 
retirement  of  informing  you,  my  dear  sir,  how  much  reason  I  have  had  to  be  satisfied 
with  the  great  zeal,  attention  and  ability  manifested  by  you,  in  conducting  the  business 
of  your  Department;  and  how  happy  I  should  be  in  ojiportunities  of  demonstrating  my 
sincere  regard  and  esteem  for  you.  It  it  unnecessary,  I  hope,  to  add  with  what  pleasure 
I  should  see  you  at  this  place,  being  with  great  truth,  my  dear  sir. 

Your  real  friend  and  most  ob't  serv't, 

G.  Washington. 

The  Hon'ble  Gen'l  Hand. 

Keagt,  John  M.,  M.  D.i  the  distinguished  educator,  was  born  in  in  Martic 
township  about  the  year  1795,  of  German  descent,  on  the  paternal  and  maternal  side, 
the  name  of  his  mother's  family  being  Litzenberg.  He  died  in  Philadelphia,  in  the 
winter  of  1836-7,  and  is  buried  in  Laurel  Hill  Cemetery.  In  1819  he  published  a  series 
of  articles  in  the  Baltimore  Chronicle,  which  he  reprinted  at  Harrisburg  in  1824,  in  an 
octavo  pamphlet  of  38  pages.  In  1827  he  published  his  Pestallozzian  Primer,  at  Harris- 
bvu'g,  a  book  made  up  largely  of  the  more  modern  object  lessons,  but  under  the  name 
of  "Thinking  Lessons,  and  Lessons  in  Generalization."  As  soon  as  the  child  knows 
a  vowel  and  a  consonant,  he  is  taught  to  spell  and  read  the  syllables  which  they  form. 
In  the  Introduction,  the  author  advocates  the  teaching  of  a  child  to  read  words  "as  if 
they  were  Chinese  symbols,^''  and  without  a  previous  knowledge  of  the  letters,  a  prac- 
ticable mode  which  avoids  the  absurdity  of  telling  a  cliild  that  see-a-tea  (which  should 
spell  sate)  spells  cat ! 

In  1827,  Dr.  Keagy  opened  a  Classical  Academy  in  Harrisburg,  where  new  studies 
and  modes  of  instruction  were  introduced,  such  as  the  Natural  Sciences  taught  orally 
in  an  excellent  conversational  style,  for  there  were  no  proper  books  at  that  period.  Be- 
sides being  a  classical  scholar,  the  Doctor  knew  Hebrew,  German,  and  French;  he 
knew  the  principles  of  mechanics,  and  insisted  that  steam  boilers  should  have  more  fire 
surface.  Had  he  been  brought  up  as  a  machinist,  he  would  have  invented  tubular  boil- 
ers, having  constructed  a  copper  model  composed  ijartly  of  tubes. 
ITke  first  syllable  rhymes  with  plague. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


399 


After  some  years  of  instructing  at  llarrisburg,  the  Doctor  went  to  Phihulelnlu-|  to 
take  charge  of  the  Friends'  High  School,  and  whilst  there  he  was  elected  cLsical 
Professor  at  Dickuison  College,  but  did  not  live  to  act.  Doctor  Keagy  was  (k-eplv  and 
practically  religious-a  Methodist,  but  entirely  free  from  the  demonstrative  an-fnoisv 
characteristics  of  his  denomination  at  that  day.  He  had  charitable  fcelin-s  lowinl 
other  denominations,  and  several  times  went  with  a  few  of  his  b..arding  i.upils  t*.  the 
Catholic  church,  where  he  conformed  to  the  acts  of  the  congregation,  and  taught  hi« 
pupils  that  politeness  required  such  conformity  when  visiting  the  chinches  of  vari<ju.s 
denominations.     (By  Prof.  8.  8.  Ilaldeman.) 

Maxwell,  Hugh,  was  born  at  Port,  a  Ferry,  Ireland,  December  7,  1777.  His 
father's  family  were  Scotch;  his  mother's,  English.  When  about  twelve  yearsOf  age 
he  came  to  Philadelphia  as  ward  and  heir  of  a  rich  maternal  uncle  named  liinghani. 
At  the  age  of  nineteen  he  entered  into  the  book  publishing  business  in  i)artnershii) 
with  Matthew  Carey,  and  in  connexion  with  him  published  one  of  the  tirst  litei-ary 
magazines  in  Philadelphia.     He  afterwards  edited  a  magazine  called  the  Port-Fo'io. 

While  engaged  in  book  publishing,  he  cast  his  own  type  and  made  his  own  w(xkI 
cuts. 

In  the  financial  crisis,  which  occurred  soon  after  the  war  of  1812,  he  lost  heavily  in 
business,  and  retired  to  his  farm  near  the  city.  The  activity  of  his  mind  would  not 
suffer  him  to  remain  long  in  retirement;  he  removed  to  Youngmaustown  and  afterwards 
to  Bellefonte,  iu  both  of  which  places  he  published  newspapers. 

In  1817  he  removed  to  Lancaster  and  established  The  Lancaster  Gazette,  whieli  he 
edited  and  published  for  a  nmiiber  of  years.  He  then  purchased  The  Lancaster  Jour- 
nal, one  of  the  oldest  Democratic  papers  in  the  State,  w^hich  he  published  until  18^0. 

While  a  citizen  of  Lancaster  he  was  ever  an  ardent  and  effective  advocate  of  a  State 
system  of  public  improvements.  He  was  one  of  the  most  active  members  of  a  com- 
pany organized  in  1820  for  the  improvement  of  the  navigation  of  the  Conestoga,  and 
called  the  first  meeting  (held  at  Columbia)  for  the  purjiose  of  interesting  the  i)eoplc 
in  one  of  his  cherished  projects,  the  uniting  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia  with  the  Su.s- 
quehanna,  at  that  point,  by  rail.  He  had  the  satisfaction  of  seeing  this  work  carried 
to  completion,  amid  much  opposition  and  ridicule.  He  was,  if  not  the  founder,  t»ne  of 
the  originators  of  the  "Mechanic's  Literary  Association"  of  Lancaster,  and  its  tii-st  Pix- 
sident;the  author  of  several  useful  inventions,  among  which  the  "Printers'  Roller,"  for 
which  he  obtained  letters  patent,  in  1817,  was  the  most  important.  He  was  one  of  the 
first  to  call  attention  to  the  causes  of  boiler  explosions,  for  which  he  rcceivetl  much 
commendation  iu  the  newspapers  at  that  early  day.  He  discovered  the  Lyken's  Valley 
and  Short  IMouutain  coal  fields,  and  with  William  White,  ex-Sheritf  of  Lancaster,  sent 
the  first  coal  to  market  from  those  mines.  As  a  writer,  Mr.  JIaxwell  was  remarkable 
for  facility  and  vigor,  was  an  industrious  reader,  a  profound  thinker  and  a  bold  leader 
in  public  affairs.  He  died  at  the  residence  of  his  son.  Dr.  Thomas  :>raxwell.  Jackson 
Hall,  Franklin  county,  Nov.  1st,  1860. 

Among  the  young  men  in  his  printing  ofHces  who  rose  to  jiositions  of  inlluence,  John 
W.  Forney,  of  Philadelphia,  and  John  H.  Pearsol,  founder  and  still  one  of  the  publishers 
of  the  Lancaster  Express  newspaper  are  worthy  examples.     (By  Mrs.  J.  li.  81/i'f^r.) 

Mifflin,  Thomas,  was  born  in  Philadelphia,  1744.  He  took  an  active  part  in  jjie 
struggle  against  British  oppression,  was  a  member  of  the  Continental  Congirss  in  1774, 
and,  though  a  Quaker,  joined  the  patriot  army  in  1775,  and  by  his  great  abilities  s<H)n 
rose  to  the  rank  of  Major  General.  In  1787,  he  was  a  member  of  the  convention  that 
framed  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States.  The  following  year  he  wius  elected 
President  of  the  Executive  Council,  and  afterward,  first  Governor  of  Pennsylvania 
under  the  Constitution  of  1790.     He  died  in  1800.  in  the  city  of  Lancaster. 

MiLLEK,  Henky,  Gen.,  was  an  active  and  gallant  ollicer  in  the  Hevolnt.onary  army, 
who  took  part  in   most  of  the  important  battles  fought  in  this  and  the  ne.ghbonng 


400  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

States.  He  was  also  a  General  in  the  war  of  1812.  He  was  born  at  Lancaster  in  1741, 
and  died  at  Carlisle,  in  1824. 

Muhlenberg,  Fred'k  Augustus,  M.  D.,  was  born  on  the  14th  of  March,  1795. 
He  was  the  youngest  son  of  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Ernest  Mulilenberg,  who  was  distinguish- 
ed as  an  eminent  Botanist,  and  was  pastor  of  Trinity  Lutheran  Church  from  1780  to 
his  decease  in  1815.  His  son,  Frederick  A.,  the  subject  of  this  notice,  studied  medicine 
with  the  celebrated  Dr.  Benjamin  Rush,  of  Philadelphia,  and  graduated  with  high 
honors  at  the  University  of  Pennsylvania  on  the  9th  day  of  April,  1814.  He  com- 
menced the  practice  of  medicine  when  only  nineteen  years  of  age,  having  his  office  in 
his  father's  residence,  then  the  parsonage,  now  occupied  as  a  law  office  by  Newton 
Lightner,  esq.  He  followed  his  profession  with  success  and  distinction  for  a  period  of 
over  fifty  years,  and  it  is  the  testimony  of  all  who  witnessed  his  professional  ministra- 
tions that  no  physician  better  understood  and  exercised  the  duties  of  a  physician  and 
friend  in  the  sick  room  than  he.  When  compelled  by  failing  health  to  relinquish  prac- 
tice, many  old  families  whom  he  had  attended  for  years  could  hardly  be  prevailed  u^ion 
to  give  him  up. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  always  more  or  less  prominently  identified  with  the  public  in- 
terests, though  never  allowing  these  duties  to  interfere  with  the  practice  of  his  pro- 
fession. In  1821  he  was  appointed  Prothonotary  by  Gov.  Hiester,  and  in  1827  Gov. 
Shulze  appointed  him  Register  of  Wills.  When  Prothonotary,  Judge  Long,  then  a 
mere  lad,  served  as  his  clerk  in  that  office,  to  whose  memory  we  are  indebted  for  most 
of  the  data  for  this  brief  sketch.  He  served  as  Trustee  and  Treasurer  of  old  Franklin 
College  for  many  years,  and  subsequently  was  one  of  the  most  active  members  of  the 
School  Board.  He  was  elected  President  of  the  Lancaster  Bank,  at  a  time  when  that 
institution  was  on  the  decline,  and  to  his  excellent  judgment,  with  the  aid  of  the  late 
James  Evans,  as  Cashier,  the  subsequent  populai'ity  of  that  old  institution  was  due. 
He  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Bachman.  He  was  appointed  a  Trustee  of  the 
State  Lunatic  Asylum,  when  that  institution  was  founded  at  Harrisburg,  which  position 
he  held  until  relieved  at  his  own  request.  He  also  held  many  minor  trusts,  being  one 
of  those  men  never  seeking  office,  but  always  sought  for  to  serve  his  fellow-citizens. 
In  18 —  he  was  nominated  by  the  Democratic  party  as  a  candidate  for  Congress,  against 
Mr.  Stevens,  but  popular  as  he  was  he  could  not  overcome  the  strong  majority  of  the 
opposition. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  a  patriot  of  the  old  school.  He  served  as  a  volunteer  in  the  war 
of  1812,  and  so  long  as  the  Democratic  party  was  the  war  party  of  the  country,  he  held 
its  principles  and  enjoyed  its  confidence.  But  when  that  party  arrayed  itself  against 
the  Administration  of  the  Government,  in  its  life-and-death  struggle  to  crush  the  late 
gigantic  rebellion,  he  cut  loose  from  his  party  organization,  and  stood  shoulder  to 
shoulder  with  the  thousands  of  patriotic  war  Democrats  who  preferred  their  country 
to  party.  He  took  an  active  interest  in  the  organization  of  the  Union  League,  and 
was  its  first  President.  Throughout  the  war  he  was  firm  and  unyielding  in  his  attach- 
ment to  the  cause  of  Liberty  and  Union,  and  felt  a  deep  interest  in  the  reconstruction 
of  the  Government  on  the  basis  of  loyalty  and  equal  rights — holding  that  in  this  he  was 
adhering  to  the  true  principles  of  the  old  Democratic  party  in  which  he  had  been  schooled. 

But  the  most  pleasant  word  to  us  remains  to  be  said,  because  we  know  that  in  saying 
it  we  do  not  fiatter  the  dead.  Dr.  Muhlenberg  was  a  good  man — nay,  more,  he  was  a 
Christian,  which,  as  Dr.  Young  has  so  tersely  expressed  it,  is  "the  highest  style  of 
man."  During  his  long  and  eventful  life  he  was  warmly  interested  in  the  prosperity 
of  Trinity  Lutheran  Church,  of  which  he  was  a  faithful  member  and  officer,  and  he 
never  failed  to  use  his  influence  to  promote  the  cause  of  Religion  and  Education  among 
the  citizens  of  his  native  place : 


-A  good  man  never  dies; 


His  life  on  Earth  is  but  the  infancy, 
The  opening  bud,  of  an  Immortal  life! 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY, 


401 


Dr.  Muhlenberg  died  at  Lancaster,  after  a  protracted  illness,  atte.ule.l  with  Krvat 
physical  .sufferings,  borne  with  Christian  fortitu.lc  and  resignation,  July  n,  1SG7  i„  tl,o 
73d  year  of  his  age. 

Muhlenberg,  Henry  Ernst,  D.D.,i  was  the  youngest  sr.n  of  llcnrv  Melchior  Muhlen- 
berg, D.  D.,  and  was  born  at  the  Trappe,  Montgomery  county,  Pa.',  in  tlu«  yi-ar  17.-i:5. 
The  rvidiments  of  his  education  he  received  in  his  native  place,  and.'  after  the  n'in..v:ii 
of  his  father  to  Philadelphia,  he  attended  the  public  schools  in  that  city.  In  the  Spring 
of  17G3,  when  in  the  tenth  year  of  his  age,  with  Iiis  brothers  Peter  ai"i<l  Frederick,  ho 
was  sent  to  Europe,  to  finish  his  Academic  studies,  and  to  lay  the  foundation  of' hi» 
theological  course.  After  a  voyage  of  seven  weeks,  tliey  readied  England,  and  s-H.n 
after  they  sailed  for  Holland.  The  brothers  proceeded  directly  to  Halle,  and  young 
Henry,  having  been  placed  under  the  care  of  an  attendant,  went  by  way  of  Oldenburg, 
Bremen  and  Hanover,  with  the  intention  of  visiting  Eiid^eck,  his  father's  native  jdaee, 
and  in  which  many  of  his  relatives  still  resided.  On  the  journey  an  incident  oceuiTcd 
which  showed  the  resolute  purpose,  wiiich  even  at  that  early  period  of  his  life  he  jjos- 
sessed.  Having  been  basely  deserted  by  the  man  to  whose  protection  lie  liad  U^en 
confided,  in  a  land  in  which  he  was  an  entire  stranger,  he  commenced  tlie  long  joiuney 
on  foot,  without  money  or  friends,  in  no  way  depressed  or  disposed  to  desjiond.  As  ho 
approached  the  end  of  his  dark  and  dreary  jcmrney,  when  almost  exhausted  by  tlio 
fatigue,  he  was  met  by  a  stranger,  whose  benevolent  heart  was  touched,  when  he  lieaixl 
the  sad  tale  of  the  inexperienced  youth,  and  pitying  his  helpless  condition,  lie  gener- 
ously carried  him  on  his  back  to  Einbeck,  and  cheered  him  by  the  way  with  the  recital 
of  pleasant  stories.  He  never  ascertained  the  name  of  this  kind  friend  wlio  relieved 
him  in  his  lonely  situation,  but  at  the  time  he  confidently  believed  that  it  was  some 
good  angel,  commissioned  by  Providence  to  afltbrd  aid  to  him  in  this  hour  of  need.  He 
Avas  soon  after  sent  by  his  friends  at  Einbeck  to  Halle,  where  he  at  once  conunencecl 
his  studies,  to  use  his  own  language,  "among  the  orphan  children  at  tlie  Orplian 
House."  In  this  school  he  continued  for  some  years,  spending  a  larger  time  in  the 
highest  classes  than  was  necessary,  as  he  had  not  yet  reached  tlie  age  re(piired  for  ad- 
mission into  the  University.  Tiiis  he  entered  in  the  year  170i>,  and  remained  a  mem- 
ber about  one  year.  After  an  absence  from  his  home  of  seven  years,  it  was  natui-al 
that  he  should  wish  to  return.  He  thought  it  desiral)le.  also,  to  take  advantage  of  Dr. 
Kunze's  company,  who  was  about  to  sail  for  the  United  States,  a  trip  across  the  ix-can, 
in  those  days,  being  a  much  more  formidable  undertaking  than  at  the  present.  During 
his  residence  abroad,  he  had  made  good  use  of  his  time  and  opportunities,  storing  his 
mind  with  useful  knowledge,  and  disciplining  it  for  futiu-e  effort.  He  also  sccui-ed  tho 
acquaintance  of  some  of  the  most  learned  theologians  of  Gennany,  with  whom  lie.  in 
after  life,  maintained  a  correspondence,  and  whose  friendship  he  found  of  gi-eat  value 
to  him. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  arrived  in  this  country  in  1770.  and  was  the  same  year  onlainod  by 
the  Synod  of  Pennsylvania,  then  in  session  at  Reading.  He  immediately  comnieneiMl 
the  work  of  the  ministry,  and  w^as  associated  in  his  labors  for  many  yeai-s.  with  his 
father,  who  was  still  pVeaching  in  Philadelphia,  and  had  charge  of  sevei-al  congrega- 
tions in  the  vicinity.  He  occupied  this  field  till  177G.  when,  in  conseciuenoe  of  his 
attachment  to  his  coimtry,  and  his  devotion  to  the  principles  of  the  American  Kevohi- 
tion,  he  was  obliged,  with  his  family,  to  flee  from  the  city  on  the  approach  of  the  Krit- 
ish.  Although  he  afterwards  returned  for  a  season,  he  was  again  forci-d  to  n-tiiv, 
during  the  occupancy  of  tlie  city  by  the  enemy.  Disguised  under  a  blanket,  and  with 
a  rifle  on  his  shoulder,  narrowly  escaping  by  the  way  with  his  life,  he  withdivw  to  tlio 
coinitry,  where,  relieved  for  a  time  from  professional  duties,  he  engaged  with  git>at  real 
in  the  study  of  Botany.  Here,  no  doubt,  was  awakened  that  anient  an.l  enthus.a.st.c 
love  for  this  favorite  piu-suit,  which  afterwards  so  strongly  manifested  its*.lf.  On  the 
1  Abrkl-ed  from  a  sketch  in  the  Evangelical  Kevlew  for  April,  l-5i. 

27 


402  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

departure  of  the  Britisli  troops  lie  resumed  his  clerical  duties  in  Philadelphia,  and  con- 
tinued to  labor  there,  till  the  year  1779,  when  he  resigned,  in  order  to  take  charge  of 
congregations  in  Montgomery  county.  Pa.  In  the  following  year,  however,  having 
been  invited  to  Lancaster,  and  believing  that  it  would  aftbrd  a  sphere  of  wider  influence, 
and  more  extended  usefulness,  he  consented  to  accept  the  appointment.  In  the  Spring 
of  1780,  he  removed  to  the  scene  of  his  new  home,  and  at  once  entered  upon  his  work 
here,  to  which  he  assiduously  and  faithfully  devoted  himself,  during  a  period  of  thirty- 
five  years,  till  the  end  of  his  life.  In  the  midst  of  his  usefulness,  the  shaft  of  death 
was  sped,  and  his  earthly  career  terminated.  On  the  23d  of  May,  1815,  he  died  of  apo- 
plexy, in  the  sixty-second  year  of  his  age.  Conscious  of  his  approaching  dissolution, 
he  committed  his  congregation  and  the  interests  of  the  church  at  large  to  the  Great 
Bishop  and  Shepherd  of  souls  ;  clasping  to  his  heart  the  Bible,  as  his  dearest  treasure, 
and  firmly  clinging  to  the  Rock  of  Age.s,  he  calmly  and  peacefully  fell  asleep  in  Jesus, 
and  entered  upon  his  eternal  rest.  His  remains  were  followed  to  the  grave  by  an  im- 
mense, concourse  of  weej^ing  friends,  and  an  appropriate  discourse  was  delivered  by  Rev. 
Dr.  Helmuth,  of  Philadelphia,  from  the  text — Remember  them  vilikli  have  the  rule  over 
yoMi  who  have  spoken  unto  you  the  word  of  God;  whose  faith  follow,  considering  the  end 
of  their  conversation. 
The  death  of  Dr.  INIuhlenberg  was  universally  lamented. 

Multis  ille  bonis  flebilis  occidit. 

He  had  enjoyed  the  uninterrupted  regard,  not  only  of  his  own  congregation,  but  his 
virtues  were  enshrined  in  the  hearts  of  the  whole  commvinity.  He  was  highly  esteemed 
in  all  the  walks  of  life,  and  everywhere  produced  the  impression  that  he  was  an  vij^right 
and  sincere  christian.  He  possessed  those  excellencies  of  character,  which  always  win 
the  affections,  and  secure  for  an  individual  warm  and  devoted  friends.  He  was  ever 
ready  to  furnish  relief  to  the  needy,  and  to  minister  comfort  to  the  afflicted.  His  heart 
overflowed  with  symjiathy  for  the  suflering,  and  all  who  came  within  his  reach  expe- 
rienced his  kindness  and  liberality.  The  young  he  regarded  with  the  most  tender  in- 
terest, and  zealously  labored  to  promote  their  good.  His  influence  over  them, was  un- 
bounded. They  entertained  for  him  feelings  of  the  most  profound  respect,  which  they 
on  all  occasions  evinced.  When  the  Doctor  met  them  on  the  street,  engaged  with  their 
sports,  they  would  immediately  suspend  operations,  and  quietly,  with  their  hats  raised, 
wait  until  he  had  passed  them.  His  manners  were  easy  and  affable,  Inxt  dignified. 
There  was  nothing  in  his  composition  austere  and  repulsive,  yet  there  was  that  which 
i-epelled  rudeness  or  undue  familiarity.     At  times  he  was  quite  humorous  and  playful, 

Neque  semper  arcum 
Tendit  Apollo — 

his  conversation  abounding  with  pleasantry,  and  diftusing  a  genial  charm  over  all  who 
came  within  the  circle  of  his  influence.  His  eye  was  expressive  of  a  kind  heart,  and 
his  whole  countenance  reflected  the  warm.est  benevolence.  He  was  extremely  fond  of 
music,  and  on  several  instruments  perfornred  with  much  skill. 

In  per.son.  Dr.  ]\Iuhlenberg  was  of  medium  stature,  of  a  florid  complexion  and  a 
robust  frame.  In  the  city,  in  which  he  spent  more  than  half  his  life,  there  are  given 
many  traditional  accounts  of  his  extraordinary  physical  strength.  On  a  cei'tain  occa- 
sion a  beggar  -vdsited  his  study,  and  behaving  rather  insolently  in  his  presence,  it  is  said 
the  Doctor,  without  any  ceremony,  picked  the  fellow  up,  and  carried  him  out  of  the 
parsonage,  with  the  greatest  facility  lifting  him  over  the  front  porch,  very  much  to  the 
surprise  of  the  stranger,  and  the  amusement  of  the  spectators.  At  another  time  he 
observed  some  men,  as  he  was  passing,  laboring  to  remove  from  a  wagon  a  large  plank; 
he  stopped  and  told  them  if  they  would  desist  from  their  profanity,  he  would  help  them, 
and  appaiently  without  any  difficulty,  he  alone  accomplished  the  work,  in  which  they 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  403 

had  unitedly  failed.     He  was  a  great  pcdestiian,  frequently  .starting  on  foot  from  Lan- 
caster to  Philadelphia,  a  distance  of  GO  miles,  and  reRardin),'  tlic  walk  a.s  a  triHintj  f«-at. 

Dr.  ]Muhlenberg  possessed  a  vigorous  intellect  and  extensive  ac(iuii-einc«ntK.  Tlie 
University  of  Pemisylvania,  in  1780,  conferred  upon  him  the  degree  <.f  A.  M.,  and  at  a 
later  period,  honored  him  with  the  Doctorate  of  Divinity.  He  was  regjudwl  as  a  sound 
Theologian,  a  good  linguist,  and  a  fine  oriental  scholar.  His  attainim-nts  in  infflicine. 
chemistry  and  mineralogy  were  considerable.  In  the  natvnal  s(.ion<-*'s,  g.-nfi-allv,  lie 
took  a  deep  interest.  Botany  was  his  fivvorite  jtursuit.  Finding  tliat  tliisstudv  ilis- 
played  in  North  America  a  vast  field  of  inquiry,  he  very  soon  engaged  in  it  with  jinlor 
and  perseverance,  in  which  he  was  assisted  by  his  European  friends,  lledwlg.  Selirvlier 
and  others.  In  this  department,  at  that  time,  he  was  probably  nnsuri)assed  by  any  one 
in  the  United  States,  Dr.  Baldwin!  pronounces  him  the  Aincriean  lAniwuH.  and  sayg, 
to  this  appellation  he  is  justly  entitled.  He  was  often  quoted  in  Euroixi  as  authority. 
He  carried  on  a  large  transatlantic  correspondence  with  tlie  most  distinguished  natural- 
ists then  living,  and  by  his  communications  to  learned  societies,  contributed  nnich  to 
the  advancement  of  natural  science.  He  was  connected  with  numerou.s  scientific  a.s.<i<>- 
ciations,  and  was  visited  at  his  home  in  Lancaster  by  Humboldt,  Schoejif,  and  other 
mvans  of  Europe,  on  their  tour  through  this  country. 

Dr.  Muhlenberg  frequently  wrote  for  the  press.  Numerous  articles  on  scientific  (pies- 
tions,  from  his  pen,  appeared  in  the  newspai)crs  of  the  day.  His  Catalogus  Plantnrum 
and  Descriptio  Uberior  (?/■«»«";!?<??*  are  well  known.  Ilia  Flora  Lrtncantriensin  rvma'ma. 
still  in  manuscript. 2  He  has  also  left  valuable  materials  on  Theology  and  Kthir»,  tlio 
preparation  of  which  for  publication,  we  hope  will  yet  engage  the  attention  of  cue  of 
his  surviving  relatives. 

Eamsay,  David,  j\I,  D.,  was  born  in  Drumore  township,  Lanca.ster  county.  Pa,,  on 
the  2d  day  of  April,  1749,  The  house  is  still  standing  in  which  he  was  born,  and  is  on 
the  farm  now  owned,  I  beheve,  by  Mr,  Joseph  Showalter,  of  the  Borough  of  Oxford.  Pa, 
His  studies  preparatory  to  entering  college,  were  directed  by  the  Kev,  Sanipsou  Smith, 
the  pastor  of  the  Presbyterian  Church  at  Cliestmit  Level,  He  graduated  at  Princeton, 
N,  J.,  in  1765,  and  received  a  diploma  of  Bachelor  of  Physic  from  the  Medical  College  of 
Philadelphia  in  1772,  which  College  subsequently  became  the  University  of  Pennsylva- 
nia, He  removed  to  Charleston,  South  Carolina,  in  177:1  At  the  connneneement  of 
the  revolution  and  during  its  progress  he  took  a  decided  and  active  part  in  the  cause 
of  freedom,  at  which  time  he  was  a  member  of  the  Legislature  of  South  Carolina,  in 
which  he  continued  during  the  war.  He  was  also  a  member  of  the  Privy  Council,  and 
was  banished  by  Cornwallis  to  St.  Augustine,  In  1782  he  was  elected  a  memlnr  of 
Congress,  and  was  again  elected,  and  chosen  President  pro  tcmpoi-e.  during  the  illness 
of  Hancock,  in  1785.  He  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession  and  was  nnich  distin- 
guished for  his  attention  to  its  duties,  in  1786.  On  the  2:3d  of  January,  1787,  he  mar- 
ried 3Iartha,  daughter  of  Henry  Laurens,  Governor  of  South  Carolina,  by  wh.mi  lio 
had  eleven  children;  of  these  eight  survived.  His  father,  James  liam.sjiy,  marrie<l 
Jane  Montgomery,  a  cousin  of  Gen.  Richard  ]\[ontg..mery  of  Quebec  notoriety.  This 
relationship  is,  at  the  present  time,  insusceptible  of  direct  i>roof,  but  the  eireumstanees 
favoring  the  assumption  are  numerous  and  .piite  .strong.  If  this  relationship  were 
estabUshedby  family  records,  her  family  could  be  traced  "from  the  pres.-nt.  through 
an  unbroken  succession  of  ten  centuries  to  the  first  known  of  the  name.  Hoger  de 
Montgomerie,  who  was  'Count  of  Montgomery,  before  the  coining  of  Hollo   m  !•]•.. 

Dr  Ramsay  wrote  a  "History  of  the  revolution  in  South  Carolina,"  which  he  gave 
to  the  public  in  1785,     He  published  his   "  History  of  the  American  Revolution,     in 

lEeliqui*  BakUvinianiv.    By  William  Darlington,  31.  D  ,  184.3,  \>.  1S8. 

2He  a  so  publKlied   "  Vn  English  and  German  Lexicon  and  Gram.nar,"  2  voU        BcJo  t.cl  der  tin 

.sue  ai>o  puuii.utu  i  .^  (^omnanlon  to  the  CatcchlJm,  or  a  court© 

weihun^'  des  Franlilin  CoUegiums,"  Lancaster,  L88.       A  i  ompanion 

of  Instr^uction  in  the  Christian  Religion,  for  the  benefit  of  the  young. 


404  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

1790;  the  "Life  of  Washington"  in  1801;  and  a  "History  of  Sonth  Carohna"  in  1808- 
He  also  wrote  a  "Universal  History"  and  a  "History  of  the  United  States"  np  to  the 
year  1808.  He  died  of  a  wound  received  from  a  nuuiiac  on  the  7th  of  May,  1815. — 
From  the  "  Oxford  Press,''  June  13,  18G8. 

Reynolds,  John- Fulton,  Major  General,  was  born  in  Lancaster,  Pa.,  on  the  21st 
of  September,  1820.  He  was  educated  in  the  schools  of  his  native  city,  and  in  1837  was 
appointed  a  Cadet  at  West  Point.  He  graduated  from  the  Military  Academy  in  1841; 
in  July  of  the  same  year  he  was  appointed  brevet  Second  lieutenant  in  the  Third  Artil- 
lery, and  was  ordered  to  Fort  McHenry,  Baltimore;  three  months  later  he  was  promoted 
to  a  Second  lieutenancy;  early  in  1843,  he  was  ordered  to  St.  Augustine,  and  at  the 
close  of  the  year  was  transferred  to  Fort  Moultrie.  In  1845  he  was  sent  to  Corpus 
Christi,  and  afterwards  to  Fort  Brown.  In  June,  1846,  he  was  promoted  to  first  lieu- 
tenant, and  marched  with  his  battery,  accompanying  General  Taylor's  army  into  Mexico; 
was  engaged  at  the  battle  of  Monterey,  and  two  days  thereafter  was  bre vetted  captain 
for  gallant  conduct.  On  the  21st  of  February,  1847,  he  was  in  the  battle  of  Buena 
Vista,  and  received  the  brevet  of  major  for  meritorious  services.  At  the  close  of  the 
Mexican  war  he  was  sent  to  the  forts  on  the  coast  of  New  England,  where  he  remained 
four  years,  when  he  was  appointed  a  staff  officer  to  General  Twiggs,  and  in  1853  went  to 
New  Orleans,  but  in  the  following  year  returned  to  the  east  and  was  stationed  at  Fort 
Lafayette,  until  he  was  attached  to  an  expedition  which  was  sent  across  the  plains  to 
Utah.  He  reached  Salt  Lake  City  in  August,  1854;  in  IMarch,  1855,  he  was  promoted 
to  a  captaincy,  and  sent  across  the  mountains  to  California.  During  the  year  he  re- 
mained on  the  Pacific  coast  he  engaged  in  expeditions  against  the  Indians,  commanded 
posts,  and  at  one  time  was  on  a  board  to  examine  candidates  for  admission  into  the 
army  from  civil  life.  In  December,  1850,  he  arrived  at  Fortress  Monroe,  and  in  the 
summer  of  1858  was  placed  in  command  of  battery  C,  of  the  Third  regiment,  and  was 
ordered  to  cross  the  plains  with  his  command,  to  Utah.  The  battery  was  one  of  the 
most  efficient  in  the  service,  and  hence  Secretary  Floyd  sought  to  destroy  it  by  mounting- 
it  and  sending  it  across  the  Rocky  mountains.  The  company,  however,  arrived  in  safety 
at  Fort  Van  Couver  in  December,  1859. 

In  September,  1860,  Major  Reynolds  was  appointed  commander  of  cadets  at  West 
Point;  in  May,  1861,  he  was  appointed  lieutenant-colonel  of  the  Fourteenth  infantry, 
and  sent  to  New  London,  Connecticut,  to  recruit  his  regiment  to  its  maximum  strength. 
In  August  he  was  promoted  to  the  rank  of  brigadier-general  of  volunteers,  and  was 
ordered  to  command  Fort  Hatteras;  but,  at  the  request  of  Governor  Curtin,  General 
Reynolds  was  assigned  to  the  command  of  the  First  biigade  of  the  Pennsylvania  Reserve 
Corps.  He  marched  and  fought  with  his  brigade  on  the  peninsula,  and  in  Pope's  cam- 
paign.    General  Pope  says  in  his  report: 

"Brigadier-General  John  F.  Reynolds,  commanding  the  Pennsylvania  Reserves, 
merits  the  highest  commendation  at  my  hands.  Prompt,  active  and  energetic,  he  com- 
manded his  division  with  distinguished  ability  throughout  the  ojierations,  and  perform- 
ed his  duties  in  all  situations  with  zeal  and  fidelity. ' ' 

After  the  retreat  of  Gen.  Pope  to  the  defences  around  Washington,  it  became  ap- 
parent that  the  enemy  contemplated  an  invasion  of  Maryland  and  probably  of  Penn- 
sylvania. Governor  Curtin,  therefore,  on  the  4th  of  September,  1862,  issued  a  pro- 
clamation calling  out  75,000  of  the  State  militia,  and  on  the  12th  Gen.  Reynolds  was 
relieved  from  the  command  of  the  Reserve  Corps,  and  ordered  to  proceed  to  Ilarrisburg, 
at  the  request  of  the  Governor,  to  organize  and  command  tliese  forces.  He  received 
the  men  who  were  pouring  in  incessant  streams  to  the  Capital,  organized  them  into 
brigades,  and  marched  them  up  Cumberland  Valley  to  protect  the  borders  of  the  State. 
After  the  battle  of  Antietam  the  militia  was  disbanded,  and  General  Reynolds  rejoined 
the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  and  assumed  command  of  the  First  corps;  he  rendered  dis- 
tinguished service  at  the  battle  of  Fredericksburg,  and  carried  the  enemy's  works  on 


OF   LAN'CASTER   COUXTV.  405 

the  left.  He  was  appointed  military  -„venu.r  of  that  .ity,  a.i.l  Iiis  aclininistniti..n  ..f 
affairs  so  was  vigorous  and  equitable  that  the  loyal  citizens  i-cjoi.-ed  in  the  estahUsh- 
ment  of  the  authority  of  the  United  States  in  their  midst.  His  troops  were  prt-Hfut. 
but  were  not  called  into  action  at  the  battle  of  C'hancelh.i-sville.  iWheii  (Joncra'l 
Meade  moved  the  army  from  Frederick  into  Pennsylvania,  exiK-etinj;  eatli  hour  to 
encounter  the  rebel  force,  he  selected  General  Reynolds,  his  bosi.ni  friend,  and  the  man 
of  all  others  in  whom  he  reposed  the  most  implicit  conhdence,  t.)  lead  the  advanw 
wing,  composed  of  three  corps,  the  First,  Third  and  Eleventh.  Momiii;,'  an«l 
evening,  frequently  during  the  day,  and  in  the  still  hours  of  ni^ht,  tliesT-  two 
distinguished  soldiers,  Pennsylvania's  noblest  contributions  to  the  army,  ennld  1>e 
seen  in  close  consultation  and  earnest  discussion.  The  connnanding  genenil  eoinninni- 
cated  fully  all  liis  plans  and  intended  movements  to  his  comi)ani<.n,  and  heani  witli 
deep  interest  the  comments  of  the  great  soldier.  Reynolds  in  turn,  witli  the  \vh..le 
ardor  of  his  noble  nature,  entered  into  tlie  worlc  assigned  him;  he  hd  f«.rtli  his  tniops. 
marching  at  the  head  of  the  great  army  as  a  patriot  going  out  to  battle  for  tlie  honor  of 
his  country  and  the  liberty  of  his  race. 

When,  on  the  morning  of  the  1st  of  July,  he  rose  to  tlie  summit  of  the  liills  in  front 
of  Gettysburg,  he  saw  at  a  glance,  as  his  practised  eyeViewed  the  country  around  him, 
that  there,  on  those  rocky  hills,  must  be  fought  the  great  battle,  which  was  to  decide 
whether  the  honor  of  the  Northern  people  should  be  preserved  inviolate,  or  wlielher 
their  cities,  and  country,  and  villages  should  be  sacked  and  destroyed  by  the  inva<ling 
foe. 

Arriving  nearer  the  town,  at  eleven  o'clock  in  the  forenoon,  he  found  General  IJuford's 
cavalry  division  already  skirmishing  with  the  Confederate  troops,  who  ajipeared  two 
miles  to  the  westward.  Reynolds,  with  his  accustomed  boldness  to  attack,  did  not  lies- 
itate  as  to  his  duty,  or  wait  for  instructions;  he  was  an  accomplished  .sohlier,  and  know- 
ing that  it  was  Meade's  determination  to  fight  tlie  enemy  on  the  fii"st  advantageous 
ground  in  his  front,  immediately  advanced  to  the  support  of  Buford's  cavaln,-,  and  en- 
gaged the  enemy.  The  First  corps  pushed  fonvard  through  the  town  to  occupy  a  hill 
on  the  west  side,  near  Pennsylvania  College,  where  it  encountered  Heath's  division  of 
Hill's  corps  of  Confederate  troops.  The  battle  opened  with  artillery,  in  which  the 
enemy  at  first  had  the  advantage.  Reynolds  rode  forward  to  change  the  position  of  the 
batteries;  the  rebel  infantry  immediately  advanced,  pushing  forward  a  heavy  skirmish 
line,  and  charged  upon  the  guns,  expecting  tocai)tuie  them.  General  Reynolds  ordeivd 
up  Wadsworth's  division  to  resist  the  charge,  and  rode  at  the  head  of  the  column  to 
direct  and  encourage  the  troops;  but  his  gallantry  made  him  a  conspicuous  mark  for 
the  deadly  bullets  of  rebel  skirmishers,  and  he  was  shot  through  tlio  neck,  and  fell 
mortally  wounded,  dying  before  he  could  be  removed  from  the  field.  The  loss  of  tlieir 
brave  leader,  personally  the  most  popular  officer  of  his  rank  in  the  army,  might  well  have 
seriously  affected  the  behaviour  of  the  men;  but  the  spirit  with  which  liis  prcscni-c  had 
inspired  them  did  not  perish  at  his  death;  his  corps,  led  by  the  senior  officer.  General 
Doubleday,  repulsed  the  enemy  in  a  gallant  charge,  while  the  fighting,  for  a  time, 
became  a  hand-to-hand  struggle,  during  which  the  rebel  General  Archer  and  liis  wlu.le 
brigade  were  captured  and  sent  to  the  rear. 

General  Reynolds  was  charged  l)y  some  military  criti.s  with  rashness  in  prematiuvly 
bringing  on  the  battle  of  Gettysburg;  but  it  would,  perhaps,  be  more  .in>t  to  say  that 
he  had  but  little  direct  agency  in  bringing  it  on;  that  it  was  unavoi.lable:  tliat  it  wa.s 
forced  upon  us  by  the  rebels;  that  if  they  had  not  been  held  in  check  that  day.  they 
would  have  pressed  on,  and  obtained  the  impregnable  position  which  our  tnM>ps  wen.' 
enabled  to  hold;  and  that,  most  of  all,  the  hand  of  Providence,  who  gave  ns  at  l.x>t 
a  signal  victory,  guided  the  arrangements  of  that  memorable  day.- 

1  Sypher's  History  of  the  Pennsylvania  Feservcs. 

2  Prof.  Jacobs'  Notes  on  the  battle  of  G-ettysbursf. 


406  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

General  Reynolds  was  one  of  America's  greatest  soldiers;  the  men  he  commanded 
loved  him  dearly;  he  shared  with  them  the  hardships,  toil,  and  danger  of  the  camp,  the 
march,  and  the  field;  devoted  to  his  profession,  he  was  guided  by  those  great  principles 
which  alone  can  prepare  a  soldier  to  become  the  defender  of  the  liberties  of  a  free 
people.  He  nobly  laid  down  his  life  a  sacrifice  on  his  country's  altar,  at  the  head  of  his 
brave  corps,  that  victory  might  crown  the  efforts  of  those  who  followed  him  to  fight  the 
great  battle  of  the  Nation.  He  fell,  valiantly  fighting  for  his  country.  Still  more,  he 
died  in  the  defence  of  the  homes  of  his  neighbors  and  kinsmen.  No  treason-breeding 
soil  drank  his  blood,  but  all  of  him  that  was  mortal  is  buried  in  the  bosom  of  his  own 
native  State.  His  body  was  carried  to  Lancaster  and  was  buried  in  the  family  enclo- 
sure in  the  Lancaster  cemetery,  on  the  4th  of  July,  1863. 

Over  his  remains  the  fannly  have  erected  a  handsome  and  substantial  marble  monu- 
ment, commemorative  of  the  patriotic  services  of  the  deceased.  On  the  south  side,  sur- 
mounted by  the  military  emblem  of  the  sword  and  belt,  is  the  inscription — "John 
Fulton  Reynolds,  Colonel  of  the  Fifth  Infantry  United  States  Army  and  Major  General 
of  Volunteers.  Born  Sept.  21,  1820.  Killed  at  the  Battle  of  Gettysburg,  while  com- 
manding the  Left  Wing  of  the  Army  of  the  Potomac,  July  1,  1863."  On  raised  panels 
immediately  below  are  the  words  "  Chancellorsville, "  "Gettysburg."  On  the  north, 
under  the  national  coat-of-arms,  are  the  words  "Rogue  River"  and  "Mechanicsville." 
On  the  west,  the  American  fiags  crossed  over  "  Gaines  Mills,"  "  Second  Bull  Run"  and 
"Fredericksburg."  And  on  the  east,  the  military  emblem  of  the  cannon,  with  the 
Mexican  battle-fields  on  which  the  deceased  won  promotion,  "Fort  Brown,"  "INIonte- 
rey' '  and  ' '  Buena  Vista. ' '  i 

Ross,  Geokge,  one  of  the  signers  of  the  Declaration  of  Independence,  was  the  son 
of  a  clergyman  by  the  same  name,  who  presided  over  the  Episcopal  Church  at  New 
Castle,  in  the  State  of  Delaware,  in  which  town  he  was  born  in  the  year  1730. 

At  an  early  age,  he  gave  indications  of  possessing  talents  of  a  superior  order.  These 
indications  induced  his  father  to  give  him  the  advantage  of  a  good  education.  At  the 
age  of  eighteen  he  entered  upon  the  study  of  law,  under  the  superintendence  of  an 
elder  brother,  who  was  at  that  time  in  the  practice  of  the  profession,  in  the  city  of 
Philadelphia. 

Soon  after  being  admitted  to  the  bar,  he  established  himself  at  Lancaster,  at  that 
time  near  the  western  limits  of  civilization.  He  soon  became  connected  in  marriage 
with  a  lady  of  a  respectable  family.  For  several  years  he  continued  to  devote  himself, 
with  great  zeal,  to  the  duties  of  his  profession,  in  which,  at  length,  lie  attained  a  high 
reputation,  both  as  a  counsellor  and  an  advocate. 

Mr.  Ross  commenced  his  political  career  in  1768,  in  which  year  he  was  first  returned 
as  a  representative  to  the  Assembly  of  Pennsylvania.  Of  tliis  body  he  continued  to  be 
re-elected  a  member,  until  the  year  1774,  when  he  was  chosen  in  connection  with  several 
other  gentlemen,  a  delegate  to  the  celebrated  Congress  which  met  at  Philadelphia.  At 
the  time  he  was  appointed  to  a  seat  in  this  Congress,  he  was  also  appointed  to 
report  to  the  Assembly  of  the  province,  a  set  of  instructions,  by  which  the  conduct  of 
himself  and  colleagues  were  to  be  directed.  The  instructions  thus  drafted  and  reported, 
were  accepted  by  the  Assembly.  In  concluding  these  instructions,  the  Assembly  ob- 
served: "that  the  trust  reposed  in  you  is  of  such  a  nature,  and  the  modes  of  executing 
it  may  be  so  diversified  in  the  course  of  your  deliberations,  tliat  it  is  scarcely  possible 
to  give  you  particular  instructions  respecting  it.  We  shall,  therefore,  only  in  general 
direct,  that  you  are  to  meet  in  Congress  the  committees  of  the  several  British  colonies, 
at  such  time  and  place  as  shall  be  generally  agreed  on,  to  consult  together  on  the 
present  critical  and  alarming  situation  and  state  of  the  colonies,  and  that  you,  with 
them,  exert  your  utmost  endeavors  to  form  and  adopt  a  plan,  which  shall  afford  the 
best  prospect  of  obtaining  a  redress  of  American  grievances,  ascertaining  American 
1  Contributed  by  J.  M.  W.  Geist,  Esq. 


OF    LAN-CASTER   COUNTY.  407 

rights,  and  establishing  that  union  and  harmony,  which  is  most  essential  to  tlie  wi-lfaro 
and  happiness  of  both  countries.  And  in  doing  tliis,  you  are  strictly  charged  t(.  avoid 
everything  indecent  or  disrespectful  to  the  mother  state."' 

Mr.  Ross  continued  to  represent  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  the  nalinnal  LegiMa- 
ture,  until  January,  1777,  when,  on  accovmt  of  indisposition,  he  was  ol.jigcd  to  retire. 
During  his  congressional  career,  his  conduct  met  the  wannest  aj.prohation  of  his  con^ 
stitueuts.  He  was  a  statesman  of  enlarged  views,  and  under  the  inlluenco  of  a  general 
patriotism,  he  cheerfully  sacrificed  his  private  interests  for  the  public  gootl.  The  high 
sense  entertained  by  the  inhabitants  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  of  his  xeal  for  the  gtMnl 
of  his  country,  and  of  his  constituents  in  particular,  was  expressed  in  the  following 
resolutions:  "Resolved,  that  the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  fifty  pounds,  out  of  the  comity 
stock,  be  forthwith  transmitted  to  George  Ross,  one  of  the  members  f>f  Asscinblv  for 
this  county,  and  one  of  the  delegates  for  this  colony  in  the  Continental  Congress;  and 
that  he  be  requested  to  accept  the  same,  as  a  testimony  from  this  county,  of  their  sc-nso 
of  his  attendance  on  the  public  business,  to  his  great  private  loss,  and  of  their  appro- 
bation of  his  conduct.  Resolved,  that  if  it  be  more  agreeable,  "Mr.  lioss  jjurchasc  with 
l^art  of  the  said  money,  a  genteel  piece  of  plate,  ornamented  as  he  thinks  proper,  t«> 
remain  with  him,  as  a  testimony  of  the  esteem  this  county  has  for  him,  by  reason  of 
his  patriotic  conduct,  in  the  great  struggle  of  American  liberty."  Such  a  testimony 
of  respect  and  affection,  on  the  part  of  his  constituents,  nuist  have  been  not  a  littlo 
gratifying  to  the  feelings  of  Mr.  Ross.  He  felt  it  his  duty,  however,  to  decline  accept- 
ing the  present,  offering  as  an  apology  for  so  doing,  that  he  considered  it  as  the  duty 
of  every  man,  and  especially  of  every  representative  of  the  people,  to  contril^nfe,  by 
every  means  within  his  power,  to  the  welfare  of  his  country,  without  expecting  i>ecn- 
niary  rewards. 

The  attendance  of  Mr.  Ross  in  Congress  did  not  prevent  him  from  meeting  with  the 
provincial  Legislature.  Of  this  latter  body  he  was  an  active,  energetic,  and  intlucntial 
member.  In  the  summer  of  1775,  it  was  found  by  the  general  Assembly,  that  the  cir- 
cumstances of  the  State  required  the  adoption  of  some  decisive  measuivs,  esiH'cially  in 
respect  to  putting  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  the  province,  in  a  state  of  defence.  A 
committee  was  accordingly  appointed,  of  which  Mr.  Ross  was  one,  to  report  what  meas- 
ures were  expedient.  In  a  few  days  that  committee  did  report,  recommending  to  the 
people  to  associate  for  the  protection  of  their  lives,  and  liberty,  and  proi«;rty.  and 
urging  upon  the  several  counties  of  the  province  the  importance  of  collecting  stoR-s  of 
ammunition  and  arms.  A  resolution  was  also  offered,  providing  for  the  payment  of  all 
such  associations  as  should  be  called  out  to  repel  any  attacks  made  by  the  IJritish 
troops.  To  carry  these  plans  into  effect,  a  general  conunittee  of  public  sjifety  was  ap- 
pointed, and  clothed  with  the  necessary  authority.  To  this  committee  Mr.  Hoss  was 
attached,  and  was  one  of  its  most  active  and  efficient  members.  He  also  belongi'.l  to 
another  important  committee,  viz.,  that  of  grievances. 

On  the  dissolution  of  the  proprietary  government  in  Pennsylvania,  a  gcnend  conven- 
tion was  assembled,  in  which  m.  Ross  represented  the  county  of  Lancaster.  Here, 
again,  he  was  called  to  the  discharge  of  most  important  duties,  bemg  appomted  to  a.s- 
sist  in  preparing  a  declaration  of  rights  on  behalf  of  the  State,  for  forming  rules  of 
order  for  the  Convention,  and  for  defining  and  settling  what  should  l.e  considered  high 
treason  and  misprision  of  treason  against  the  State,  and  the  punishment  winch  should 
be  inflicted  for  those  oftences.  ,    •     i.    r.-  ♦i,o 

In  the  year  1779,  Mr.  Ross  was  appointed  a  ju.lge  of  the  court  ot  adnundtj  A u^  1 1  o 
State  of  Pennsylvania.     This  was  on  the  14th  of  April.     He  --^  l--""^  ,  ;3; 
however,  the  honourable  station  which  he  now  filled  but  a  short  t•"H^       "     -  ^-^ 
of  July  Allowing,  he  was  suddenly  and  violently  attacked  by  the  gout,  .hich  teniunated 

his  useful  life,  in  the  fiftieth  year  of  his  age.  ,  w    .i  .  ,.,^,.iMlin.'  ac- 

In  respect  to  the  character  of  Judge  Ross,  we  have  httle  t<.  a.1.1  to  the  p.v...lin,  ac 


408  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

count.  As  a  lawyer,  even  before  the  revolution,  he  was  among  the  first  of  his  profes- 
sion, a  rank  which  he  continued  to  hold,  while  he  practised  at  the  bar.  As  a  politician, 
he  was  zealous,  patriotic,  and  consistent.  As  a  judge,  he  was  learned  and  upright, 
and  vincomnionly  skilful  in  the  despatch  of  business.  He  comprehended  with  ease 
causes  of  the  greatest  intricacy,  and  formed  his  decisions,  which  often  displayed  much 
legal  knowledge,  with  great  promptness.  It  is  to  be  added  to  his  honor,  that  Avhile  he 
was  thus  distinguished  abroad,  he  was  characterized  in  the  fulfilment  of  his  do- 
mestic duties,  by  an  uncommonly  kind  and  aftectionate  disposition. 

Scott,  Joshua,  an  Englishman,  surveyor  and  engineer,  lived  for  many  years  in  Lan- 
caster. His  large  map  of  the  County,  on  a  scale  of  an  inch  to  a  mile,  was  published 
January  1,  1824.  For  science,  accuracy  and  finish  it  compares  favorably  with  the  best 
government  maps  of  the  period  and  the  current  maps  of  the  Coast  Survey,  though 
published  forty  years  later,  are  not  superior  to  it. 

Smith,  Samuel  Stanhope,  D.D.,  LL.D.,  was  born  March  IG,  1750,  at  Pequea,  this 
county,  where  his  father,  the  Rev.  Robert  Smith,  kept  an  academy.  In  his  IGth  year 
he  entered  the  Junior  Class  at  Princeton  College,  and  took  his  degree  before  the  com- 
pletion of  his  18th  year.  He  accepted  a  call  of  Tutor  in  the  Department  of  Classics 
and  Belles  Lettres,  at  Princeton,  which  he  filled  from  1770  to  1773.  About  that  time  he 
was  licensed  to  preach,  and  after  a  useful  residence  in  Virginia,  in  the  double  capacity 
of  Pastor  of  a  Congregation  and  Principal  of  a  Seminary,  he  was,  in  1779,  elected  to  the 
Chair  of  Moral  Philosophy  in  Princeton  College,  and  succeeding  Dr.  Witherspoon,  who 
died  in  1794,  in  the  Presidency,  he  held  that  office  until  1812,  when  he  resigned,  and  died 
in  1819.  In  1783  he  received  the  degree  of  D.D.  from  Yale  College,  and  in  1810  that  of 
LL.D.  from  Harvard  College.     He  published  several  volumes  of  sermons  and  essays. 

Snyder,  Simon,  was  born  in  Lancaster,  November,  1759.  He  was  a  member  of  the 
Constitutional  Convention  of  1790.  In  1797,  he  was  elected  to  the  Legislature,  where, 
by  successive  re-elections,  he  served  eleven  years;  and  in  1802,  was  chosen  Speaker  of 
the  House  of  Representatives.  In  1808,  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth, 
which  office  he  held  nine  years,  having  been  twice  re-elected.     He  died  in  1820. 

Stevens,  Thaddeus,!  was  born  at  Danville,  Caledonia  county,  Vermont,  on  the  4th 
day  of  April,  1792,  and  died  at  his  residence  in  this  city,  at  midnight,  on  the  11th  day 
of  August,  18G8.  His  parents  were  poor,  in  a  community  where  poverty  was  the  rule 
and  wealth  the  exception.  Of  his  father  I  know  but  little,  save  that  he  enlisted  in  the 
war  of  1812,  and  died  in  the  service.  Upon  his  mother  chiefly  fell  the  burden  of  rearing 
their  four  sons.  She  was  a  Avoman  of  great  energy,  strong  will,  and  deep  piety.  Early 
seeing  the  ambition  and  fully  sympathizing  with  the  aspirations  of  her  crippled  boy, 
she  devotedly  seconded  his  efibrts  for  the  acquisition  of  knowledge,  and  by  her  industry, 
energy  and  frugality,  largely  aided  him  in  procuring  a  collegiate  education.  He  returned 
her  aftection  with  the  full  strength  of  his  strong  nature ;  and  for  many  years  after  he 
had  acquired  fame  and  fortune  in  his  adopted  State,  had  the  pleasure  of  making  an 
annual  pilgrimage  to  the  home  which  he  had  provided  for  her  comfort,  and  where  she 
dispensed,  with  means  he  furnished,  a  liberal  charity. 

In  the  last  year  of  his  life,  in  writing  his  will  with  his  own  hand,  while  making  no 
provision  for  the  care  of  his  own  grave,  he  did  not  forget  that  of  his  mother,  but  set 
apart  an  ample  sum  for  that  purpose,  directing  yearly  payments,  upon  the  condition 
"that  the  sexton  keep  the  grave  in  good  order,  and  plant  roses  and  other  cheerful  flow- 
ers at  each  of  the  four  corners  of  said  grave  each  spring."  In  the  same  instrument, 
devising  one  thousand  dollars  in  aid  of  the  establishment  at  his  home  of  a  Baptist 
Church,  of  which  society  his  mother  was  an  earnest  member,  he  says;  "I  do  this  out 
of  respect  to  the  memory  of  my  mother,; to  whom  I  owe  whatever  little  of  prosperity  I 
have  had  on  earth,  which,  small  as  it  is,  I  desire  emphatically  to  acknowledge." 

IFrom  the  Eulogy  of  Hon.  O.  J.  Dickey,  prom >unced  in  the  House  of  Uepreseiitatives  at  Washing 
ton.  D.  C,  December  17,  1868. 


OF    LANCASTER    COfNTV.  409 

After  attending  the  common  schools  of  the  nei-liboi-h..od,  l.u  (ilid  l\,v  i-o\U"n.  :vt  tho 
Peacham  Academy,  in  liis  native  county,  entered  the  University  of  Verinont"  aiul  rc 
mained  there  about  two  years.  The  college  suspending  operations  .>n  account  of  tho 
war,  he  proceeded  to  Dartmouth,  and  graduated  at  that  institution  in  1S14.  Afn-r  lead- 
ing law  at  Peacham  in  the  office  of  Judge  Mattocks  f„i-  s..n.e  montlis.  ho  loft  liis  native 
State  and  settled  in  Pennsylvania  in  1815,  first  in  the  town  of  York,  wlioix"  he  taught  an 
academy  and  pursued  his  legal  studies.  The  rules  of  cunt  in  tliat  distri<-t  haviiig 
required  students  to  read  one  year  ii\  the  oflice  of  an  attorney,  he  went  to  Hel  Air.  Har- 
ford county,  Md.,  and  Avas  there  examined  and  admitted  to  practice  in  August,  181G. 
He  at  once  returned  to  Pennsylvania  and  opened  a  law  ottice  at  (tettysburg,  in  tho 
county  of  Adams,  and  entered  upon  the  ])ractice  of  his  profession  in  tliat  and  a«ljoinin;j 
counties.  He  was  soon  in  the  possession  of  an  extensive  and  lucrative  bu-siucsa,  to 
Avhich  he  gave  his  entire  attention  for  some  sixteen  years. 

Mr.  Stevens  first  engaged  actively  in  politics  with  the  anti-masonic  party  of  lH28-'29, 
which  he  joined  in  their  opposition  to  secret  societies.  He  was  elected  to  the  jjopular 
branch  of  the  Legislature  of  his  State  in  1833,  as  a  representative  from  the  county  of 
Adams,  and  continued  to  serve  in  that  body  almost  without  interruption  luitil  \>H0, 
during  which  entire  period  he  was  the  leader  of  the  party  in  the  Legislature,  if  not  tlie 
State.  During  this  service  he  championed  many  measm-es  of  imj)rovement;  among 
others  the  Common  School  system  of  Pennsylvania,  which,  at  a  critical  moment,  lie 
saved  from  overthrow  by  a  speech  which  he  always  asserted  to  have,  in  his  opinion,  been 
the  most  effective  he  ever  made. 

By  that  single  effort  he  established  the  principle,  never  since  seriously  fpiestioned  in 
Peimsylvania,  that  it  is  the  duty  of  the  State  to  provide  the  facilities  of  education  to  all 
the  children  of  the  Commonwealth.  In  behalf  of  this  measure  he  joined  hand  with  his 
bitterest  personal  and  political  enemies.  He  highly  eulogized  for  his  ci)urse  n]>on  this 
question,  the  chief  of  the  opposing  political  party.  Governor  George  Wolf,  and  denounciU 
with  all  his  power  of  invective  the  time-servers  of  his  own  party.  Himself  the  diiid  of 
j)0verty,  he  plead  the  cause  of  the  poor,  and  by  the  force  of  his  will,  intellect  and  elo- 
quence, broke  down  the  barriers  erected  by  wealth,  caste  and  ignorance,  and  earned  a 
name  that  will  endure  as  hmg  as  a  child  of  Pennsylvania  gratefully  i-enieuibei-s  the 
blessings  conferred  by  light  and  knowledge. 

In  18o7-'38  Mr.  Stevens  was  a  member  of  the  Convention  called  to  revise  the  CoiLsti- 
tution  of  Pennsylvania,  an  assemblage  which  numbered  as  members  many  of  the  strongest 
men  of  the  State,  among  whom  Mr.  Stevens  stood  in  the  front  rank.  This  Convention, 
notwithstanding  the  able  and  strenuous  opposition  of  a  strong  minority,  led  by  ^Ir. 
Stevens,  inserted  the  word  "white"  as  a  qualification  of  suflrage,  thus  disfranchising  a 
race.  On  this  account  he  refused  to  append  his  name  to  the  completeil  instnunent,  and 
stood  alone  in  such  refusal.  For  the  same  cause  he  opposed,  but  unsuccessfnlly,  the 
ratification  by  the  people. 

In  1843  Mr.  Stevens,  finding  himself  deeply  in  debt  by  reason  of  losses  in  the  iroti 
business,  and  liabilities  incurred  in  numerous  indorsements  matle  for  frienils,  lemovetl 
to  Lancaster  county,  one  of  the  largest,  richest,  and  most  popuKms  counties  in  the 
State,  and  resumed  the  practice  of  his  profession.  His  i-eputation  as  a  lawyer  liad 
preceded  him,  and  his  income  almost  at  once  became  the  largest  at  the  l)ar.  In  a  few- 
years  he  paid  his  debts  and  saved  the  bulk  of  his  estate.  In  1848  and  1850,  he  was 
elected  to  Congress  from  Lancaster  county,  when,  declining  to  be  a  candidate,  he  re- 
turned to  his  profession  until  1858,  when  he  was  again  elected  and  continued  U>  lioU 
the  seat  without  interruption  until  his  death.  His  course  uj.on  this  tloor  has  pa«.setl 
into  and  forms  no  unimportant  part  in  the  history  of  a  mighty  i.eoi.le  in  a  givat  criMS 
of  their  existence.  But  I  have  promised  to  leave  to  others  to  say  what  may  U-  vmmr 
in  illustration  of  his  great  achievements  in  his  latter  days. 

To  those  here  who  judged  of  the  personal  appearance  of  the  deceased  only  as  they 


•ilO  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

looked  on  him  bearing  the  burden  of  years,  and  stricken  with  disease,  though  he  still 
stood  with  eye  undimmed  and  will  undaunted,  I  may  say  that  in  his  prime  he  was  a 
man  physically  well  proportioned,  muscular  and  strong,  of  clear  and  ruddy  complexion, 
with  face  and  feature  of  great  nobility  and  under  perfect  command  and  control.  In 
his  youth  and  early  manhood,  notwithstanding  his  lameness,  he  entered  with  zest  into 
almost  all  of  the  athletic  games  and  sports  of  the  times.  He  was  an  expert  swimmer 
and  an  excellent,  horseman.  AVhen  residing  at  Gettysburg  he  followed  the  chase,  and 
kept  his  hunters  and  hounds. 

On  a  recent  visit  to  his  iron  works,  I  found  the  old  mountain  men  garrulous  with 
stories  of  the  risks  and  dangers  of  the  bold  rider,  as  with  horse  and  hound  he  followed 
the  deer  along  the  slopes  and  through  the  gaps  of  the  South  Mountain. 

In  private  life,  among  his  friends,  Mr.  Stevens  was  ever  genial,  kind  and  considerate. 
To  them  he  was  linked  with  hooks  of  steel.  For  them  he  would  labor  and  sacrifice 
without  stint,  complaint  or  regret.  In  his  hours  of  relaxation  there  could  be  no  more 
genial  companion.  His  rare  conversational  powers,  fund  of  anecdote,  brilliant  sallies 
of  wit,  and  wise  sayings  upon  the  topics  of  the  hour,  made  his  company  miich  sought, 
and  many  of  these  are  the  current  coin  of  the  circles  in  which  he  moved. 

Mr.  Stevens  was  an  honest  and  truthful  man  in  public  and  private  life.  His  word 
was  sacred  in  letter  and  spirit,  and  was  never  paltered  in  a  double  sense.  In  money 
matters  he  was  liberal  to  a  fault,  and  out  of  his  immense  professional  income  he  left 
but  a  meagre  estate.  In  his  private  charity  he  was  lavish.  He  was  incapable  of  say- 
ing no  in  the  presence  of  want  or  misery.  His  charity,  like  his  political  convictions, 
regarded  neither  creed,  race  nor  color.  He  was  a  good  classical  scholar,  and  was  well 
read  in  ancient  and  modern  literature,  especially  on  subjects  of  philosophy  and  law. 
In  his  old  age  lie  read  but  few  books.  Shakspeare,  Dante,  Homer,  Milton  and  the 
Bible  would,  however,  generally  be  found  u^^on  his  table  in  his  sleeping  room,  where 
he  was  accustomed  to  read  in  bed.  He  was  simple  and  temperate  in  his  habits.  He 
disliked  the  use  of  tobacco,  and  for  forty  years  never  used  or  admitted  in  his  house 
intoxicating  drinks,  and  only  then  by  direction  of  his  physician. 

Mr.  Stevens  was  deeply  loved  and  fully  trusted  by  his  constituents.  He  was  often  in 
advance  of  their  views;  sometimes  he  ran  counter  to  their  prejudices  or  passions;  yet 
such  was  his  popularity  with  them,  so  strong  their  faith  in  his  wisdom,  in  the  integrity 
of  his  actions  and  the  purity  of  his  purpose,  that  they  never  failed  to  sustain  him. 

Popular  with  men  of  all  parties,  with  also  his  own  supporters,  his  name  was  a  house- 
hold word.  To  them  and  among  themselves,  "Old  Thad"  was  a  name  of  endearment, 
while  even  his  foes  spoke  of  him  with  pride  as  the  ' '  Great  Commoner. ' '  No  man  ever 
died  more  deeply  mourned  by  a  constituency  than  Thaddens  Stevens. 

Having  briefly  selected  some  of  the  incidents  that  marked  the  history  of  my  friend, 
I  will  in  conclusion  say  a  few  words  of  him  on  the  subject  in  connection  with  which  he 
is  probably  more  widely  known  than  any  other — slavery.  Mr.  Stevens  was  always  an 
anti-slavery  man.  From  the  time  he  left  his  native  mountains,  to  the  moment  of  his 
death  he  was  always  not  only  anti-slavery  in  the  connnon  acceptation  of  the  term,  but 
a  bold,  fearless,  determined  and  uncompromising  foe  of  oppression  in  any  and  every 
form.  He  was  an  abolitionist  before  there  was  such  a  party  name.  His  opposition  to 
American  slavery  never  altered  with  his  party  connection,  and  was  never  based  upon 
mere  questions  of  expediency  or  political  economy.  He  always  viewed  it  as  a  great 
wrong,  at  war  with  the  fundamental  principles  of  this  and  all  good  governments,  as  a 
sin  in  the  sight  of  God,  and  a  crinre  against  man.  For  many  years,  long  before  it  be- 
came popular  to  do  so,  he  denounced  this  institution  as  the  great  crime  of  the  nation, 
on  the  stump,  in  the  forum,  in  party  conventions,  in  deliberative  assemblies.  On  this 
question  he  was  always  in  advance  of  his  party,  his  State,  and  his  constituents. 

Always  resident  in  a  border  county,  he  defended  the  fugitive  on  all  occasions,  asserted 
the  right  of  free  speech,  and   stood  between  the  abolitionist  and  the  mob,  often  with 


OF    LANCASTER    COUXTV.  4  1  j 

peril  to  himself.     This  was  one  great  cause  of  liis  having  hcon  so  long  in  a  n.innritv 
and  of  his  entrance  late  in  life  into  the  councils  of  the  nation;  but  for  this,  he  was 
fully  compensated  by  living  to  see  the  destruction  of  an  institution  wlii.b  ho  'loathed 
and  by  receiving  for  his  reward,  and  as  the  crowning  glory  of  his  hfc.  the  blessings  of 
millions  he  had  so  largely  aided  to  make  free. 

The  remains  of  Mr.  Stevens  lie  in  Lancaster,  in  a  private  cemetery,  cstablislicd  by 
an  old  friend,  in  a  lot  selected  by  liimself,  for  reasons  as  stated  in  the  touching  anil 
beautiful  epitaph  prepared  by  himself  for  inscription  on  liis  tomb:  "I  repose  in  tliis 
quiet,  secluded  spot,  not  from  any  natural  preference  for  .solitude,  but  finding  otlier 
cemeteries  limited  by  charter  rules  as  to  race,  I  have  diosen  it  that  T  might  Ik-  enabletl 
to  illustrate  in  my  death  the  principles  whidi  I  have  advocated  through  a  long  life- 
equality  of  man  before  his  Creator." 

Weiser,  Conrad,!  an  active,  enterprising  man,  conspicuous  in  the  annals  of  tliis 
county  from  its  organization  till  17G0,  was  born  in  Germany,  lOilO.  At  the  age  of  13, 
in  1709,  he  left  his  Vaterland,  accompanied  by  his  father  and  seven  brothers  and  si.sters; 
with  three  or  four  thousand  other  Germans,  they  went  to  England;  tliencc  they  sailctl 
for  New  York,  where  they  arrived  the  13th  of  June,  1710.  In  the  fall  of  the  sjime 
year,  the  father  of  the  subject  of  this  notice,  and  hundreds  of  German  families,  weio 
transferred  at  Queen  Anne's  expense  to  Livingston  District,  where  many  of  them 
remained  till  1713;  that  year  about  one  hundred  and  fifty  families  moved  to  Scholiarie 
to  occupy  lands  presented  to  Queen  Anne  by  a  Mohawk  chief,  for  the  benefit  of  tliese 
Germans.  While  residing  here,  Conrad  Weiser's  father,  in  1714,  became  acquainted 
with  Quagnant,  a  chief  of  Maqua  or  Mohmrk  nation.  Quagnant  proj)oscd  to  the  fatlier 
to  take  Conrad  with  him  into  his  country,  and  to  teacli  liim  the  language  sjiokcn  by 
his  nation;  the  father  consented,  and  Conrad  accompanied  the  chief  to  his  house  in  the 
autumn  of  1714.  Here  his  sufferings,  according  to  Weiser's  own  journal,  were  almost 
intolerable.  He  was  exposed  to  to  the  inclemencies  of  a  severe  M-inter,  ^'pinched  by 
Tiunger  and  frosV''  menaced  with  death  by  the  inebriated  Indians,  to  escape  which,  he 
had  often  to  flee  and  conceal  himself  till  reason  was  restored,  and  "a  second  tobtr 
thotight,'''  restrained  their  threats.  Having  spent  eiglit  months  among  them,  and 
acquired  the  principal  part  of  tlie  Mohawk  language,  he  returned  to  the  German  colony, 
where,  as  interpreter,  he  acquired  a  competent  knowledge  of  the  language,  in  a  very 
short  time. 

Owing  to  a  defect  in  the  titles  to  their  lands  which  involved  them  in  difticulties.  tliis 
German  colony  was  dispersed;  some  remained  at  Schoharie;  among  these  was  A\  eiser, 
the  interpreter,  others  left,  in  search  of  a  new  home;  tlicse  wended  their  coiu-so  in  a 
south-westerly  direction  till  they  struck  the  Susquehanna,  where  they  nuule  canoe.s 
freighted  these  with  families  and  goods;  floated  down  the  river  to  the  mouth  of  Swatara 
creek  thence  they  worked  their  way  up  till  they  reached  a  fertile  spot  in  TuliK'h.xkon, 
where  they  settled  amidst  the  Indians,  in  1723. 

Weiser,  as  stated,  remained  at  Schoharie,  till  1729,  when  he,  liis  wife  and  four  clul.l- 
ren  left,  and  followed  his  relations  and  friends  to  Tulpchocken,  wliere  they  were  all 
cordially  received.  Here  he  took  up  a  tract  of  land  within  a  few  miles  of  the  site  of 
Womelsdorf. 

He,  as  occasion  demanded  it,  acted  as  interpreter  between  tlie  Indians  an.l  (.erman 
settlers.  Though  he  had  determined  to  spend  his  remaining  days  in  i.nvate.  Ins  talents 
soon  attracted  the  attention  of  the  Government,  and  his  services,  as  u.terpreter,  were 
required,  by  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Lieut.  Govern. .r  of  Pennsylvania  as  early  a.s 
1731;  for  that  purpose,  Weiser  accompanied  Shekellany  and  Cehaeluiuey,  In.lians«lu. 
had  returned  from  the  Six  Nations,  to  Philadelphia.  He  was  called  on  i-eiK'ate.lly  to 
act  as  interpreter  while  pursuing  the  improvement  of  his  fann.  _^ 

He  was  a  man  of  unbounded  benevolence,  and  disposed  ^-to  hope  all  things.       it  ^as 
IFrom  Rupp's  History  of  Lancaster  County,  p.  256  s<i. 


412  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

through  him  the  Moravian  bretliren  were  made  attentive  to  Indian  natives,  especially 
the  Iroquois,  or  Six  Nations.  Mr.  Spangenberg  received  the  lirst  account  of  them  from 
Conrad  Weiser,  a  justice  of  the  peace,  and  interpreter  to  the  Government  in  Pennsyl- 
vania. The  Governor  and  Proprietor  of  Pennsylvania  had  sent  him  in  the  winter  of 
1736,  to  treat  with  the  Iroquois,  concerning  a  war  ready  to  break  out  between  them 
and  the  Indians  of  Virginia,  and  to  endeavor  to  settle  the  dispute  amicably.  On  this 
journey  of  nearly  five  hundred  miles,  he  suffered  great  hardships.  The  weather  was 
uncommonly  severe,  and  he  had  to  force  his  way,  mostly  on  foot,  through  deep  snow, 
thick  forests,  brooks  and  rivers,  carrying  provisions  for  several  weeks  on  his  back. 

Count  Zinzendorf  visited  him  August  14,  1702,  where  he  met,  at  Tulpehocken,  a 
numerous  embassy  of  sachems  or  heads  of  the  Six  Nations,  returning  from  Philadelphia. 
The  count  was  desired  to  preach  the  Gospel  to  the  Indians;  Weiser  was  interpreter  on 
this  occasion,  adding  in  conclusion  of  the  discourse :  "  This  is  the  man  whom  God  hath 
sent,  both  to  the  Indians  and  to  the  white  people,  to  make  known  his  will  unto  them,'' 
confirming  his  words,  after  the  Indian  custom,  by  a  present  of  a  piece  of  red  cloth. 

Sometime  in  the  month  of  September,  Conrad  Weiser  visited  Shamokin,  a  populous 
Indian  town,  where  he  interpreted  between  Shikellimus  and  the  Count. 

He  attended  all  the  principal  Indian  treaties  held  for  a  period  of  more  than  twenty- 
five  years.  About  the  year  1752,  Conrad  Weiser,  in  connection  with  the  Governor  of 
Pennsylvania,  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Mr.  Peters,  Secretary  of  the  Land  Office,  Messrs. 
Turner  and  B.  Franklin,  was  appointed  a  trustee  and  manager  of  the  Public  Schools, 
which  were  established  through  the  eftbrts  of  the  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter.  By  virtue 
of  their  commission,  the  trustees  established  schools  at  Lancaster,  York,  Reading,  New 
Hanover,  Skippack,  and  Goshenhopen. 

During  the  French  and  Indian  hostilities,  as  Lieutenant  Colonel,  he  commanded  the 
second  battalion  of  the  Pennsylvania  regiment,  consisting  of  nine  companies.  ' '  They 
were  thus  distributed — one  company  at  Fort  Augusta,  one  at  Hunter's  mill,  seven 
miles  above  Ilarrisburg,  on  the  Susquehanna,  one  half  company  on  the  Swatara,  at  the 
foot  of  the  North  mountain,  one  company  and  a  half  at  Fort  Henry,  close  to  the  Gap 
of  the  mountain,  called  the  Tothea  Gap,  one  company  at  Fort  Williams,  near  the  forks 
of  the  Schuylkill  river,  six  miles  beyond  the  mountains,  one  company  at  Fort  Allen,  at 
Gnadenhiitten,  on  the  Lehigh;  the  other  three  companies  were  scattered  between  the 
rivers  Lehigh  and  Delaware,  at  the  disposition  of  the  captains,  at  farm-houses,  others 
at  mills,  from  three  to  twenty  in  a  place. ' ' 

The  duties  of  the  numerous  positions  he  filled  were  always  discharged  with  fidelity 
and  ability;  he  was  both  capable  and  honest.  He  closed  his  eventful  life,  July  13, 
1760.  His  remains  were  interred  July  15,  near  Womelsdorf,  Berks  county.  He  left 
seven  children  and  many  relatives  to  lament  his  death.  Weiser  was  a  man  of  strong- 
mind — cultivated  in  the  never  failing  school  of  experience.  His  poetical  eftusions  only 
remain,  a  few  of  which  are  said  to  be  well  written.  The  following  is  the  concluding  • 
verse  of  a  hymn  furnished  by  him  at  a  church  dedication: 

Fuer  Feuer,  Krieir  "nd  M'assers-Noth 
Wollst  Ju  dies  Haus  bcwahren  ! 
Darnit  naeh  unserm  sel'yren  Tod 
Die  Nachkommen  erfahren, 
Uass  wir  dick,  waliren  Gott,  geliebt 
Fnd  uns  in  deinem  AVort  geubt, 
Um  deines  Namens  willen. 

Yeates,  Jaspek,  born  at  Philadelphia,  in  1745,  settled  at  Lancaster  in  1764,  was 
appointed  Judge  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  the  State  in  1791  and  died  at  Lancaster 
in  1817. 

Twenty-five  years  of  his  life  were  spent  upon  the  bench,  the  greater  i>ortion  of  which 
he  was  in  the  difterent  circuits  of  the  State.     His  mind  was  vigorous  and  his  opinions 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  413 

bold.     Pennsylvania  fomul  in  him  a  "good  and  faithful  sen-ant.*'     His  Hoi)ort,«,  the 
second  of  the  Pennsylvania  series,  immediately  suteecdinf,'  Mr.  Dalhi-s'.  ......r.  .•  .'.■.••.. 

honor  upon  him,  both  as  an  author  and  a  lawyer. 


EARLY  SETTLERS.i 


Many  foreigners  had,  prior  to  the  issuing  of  Anne's  pmcliiiuaiion,  (ii'tenniiicd  to 
seek  refuge  in  America.  The  Canton  of  Bcni,  in  Switzerland,  had  einiiluycd 
Christopher  de  Graftenried  and  Lewis  ^litchel  or  ^lichelle,  as  pioneers,  with  instnic- 
tions  to  search  for  vacant  lands  in  Pennsylvania,  Virginia  or  Carolina.  One  of 
these,  Michelle,  a  Swiss  miner,  had  been  in  America,  prior  to  1704  or  170."(.  tnivei-sing 
the  country  to  seek  out  "a  convenint  tract  to  settle  a  colony  of  their  people  on."  Ho 
was  among  the  Indians  in  and  about  Conestogo  during  170(i  and  1707.  ''in  search  «tf 
some  mineral  or  ore;"  and,  "it  is  believed,  he  and  his  associates  built  a  foil  not  far 
from  Connejaghera,  many  miles  above  Conestogo." 

In  the  year  1707  a  few  Quaker  pioneers  settled  in  Kennet,  Chester  county.  Among 
others  were  Vincent  Caldwell,  Thomas  Wickersham,  Joel  Bailey,  Thomas  Hope  and 
Guyan  ]\Iiller. 

No  actual  settlements  had  been  made  prior  to  1708  or  1709  in  Lancaster  county: 
but  a  few  whites  had  abodes  among  the  Indians  on  the  Sus(,nehanna.  These  were 
Indians  traders,  and  all  Frenchmen.  Their  names— Bezalioii,  Chaitier.  .Tessop  and  Lo 
Tort.  Chartierhad,  prior  to  1704,  lived  long  among  tlie  Shawanah  Indians,  and  uih.ii 
the  Susquehanna. 

Of  the  above  Indian  traders,  Bezalion  was  the  only  one  licensed. 
Ibout  the  year  1706  or  1707,  a  number  of  the  persecuted  Swiss  Mennonites  went  to 
Eno-land,  and  made  a  particiUar  agreement  with  the  Honorable  Proprietor.  ^\  dham 
Peun,  at  London,  for  lands  to  be  taken  up.     Several  families,  from  the  Palatinate,  de- 
scendants of  the  distressed  Swiss,  emigrated  to  America  and  settled  hi  Lancaster  county 

"'TheteacUtions,  respecting  the  flrst  visit  to  the  place  of  subsecpient  settlement  are 
discrepant.  From  public  documents  and  some  private  papers  in  the  posses.sion  o  Abra- 
ham Meylin,  and  others,  residing  in  West  Lampeter  township,  we  may  eoi.hden  ly  state 
that  the  Meimonites  commenced  a  settlement  in  1709  or  1710,  at  the  place  wheiv  the 
Herrs  and  Meylins  now  reside,  near  Willow  Street.         ,     .      ,        ., ,  .  ., ,  ,  ^^.„ 

,.  A  Swiss  company,  to  emigrate  to  America,  and  settle  m  tl-  -ildernes>.  h.wl  W 
organized,  but  who  the  projector  of  it  was,  we  cannot  state.     The  Ij :''-;-         ^ 
Mevlin  h  s  son  Martin,  and  John  Hans  Herr,  John  Rudolph  Bun.lol^.  >  .    tin  K.u.h 
l'!o^imeriZ^nOhorl.oU^,  Hans  Funk,  Michael  Oborholtz,  Wen.le   liow.naii  and 
the"o^;^^^^^^^      conestogo  in  1709,  selected  a  tract  of  ten  ^or^^^^^^^^^^^ 
on  the  north  side  of  Pequea  creek,  and  shortly  afterwards,  Vrocmea..^^^^^ 

same.  It  is  dated  October  10,  1710-the  -----^^  ^-,7^;;^ t  "e  Ir^'^H  ^ 
the  23d  of  the  same  month.  The  27th  of  Apnl,  1.11,  the  ^"^^y^-^  ^^  "'^^^J.^.  „^ 
request  of  the  first  purchasers,  subdivided  the  said  ten  thousand  acie.s  n.to  so  many 
parts  as  they  had  previously  agreed  upon."  j 

It  appears' from  tradition  and  other  --^^^^f^J^^^^^^^^^^^^ 
agreement  with  William  Penn,  and  by  permission  of  the  ^^  »      J^^^*^  ;;^.  .,^  j^^„^.,,^  „,.,! 
Gookin,  they  commenced  making  improvements  be  ore  a  ^^  '       !*  ;\    ;;\^,,,,  ,,,„t 
that  while  some  were  felling  trees,  removing  /"«^^;^^-"f''^;"^^^'"^;if"Vhe  following 
to  Philadelphia  to  obtain  a  wanant  for  their  choice  tract  of  .oo.ls.     The 
documents  strengthen  the  tradition  to  be  correct  in  the  mam  fact.. 

rrnn,  Mr    Rui.p-s  HIstury  of  Lancajter  connly  and  bU 

1  Most  of  the  particulars  given  are  taken  from  Mr.  Kupp  s  nui    > 

Collection  of  Thirty  Thousand  Names. 


414:  AUTHEXTIC    HISTORY 

' '  By  the  commissioners  of  property — Whereas  we  have  agreed  with  John  Rudolph 
Bundely,  Martin  Kendig,  Jacob  Miller,  Hans  Ilerr,  Martin  Oberholtz,  llans  Funk, 
Michael  Oberholtz  and  one  Wendel  Bowman,  Swissers,  lately  arrived  in  this  province, 
for  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  situate  on  the  northwesterly  side  of  a  hill,  about  twenty 
miles  easterly  from  Connystogoe,  near  the  head  of  Pecquin  creek,  for  which  said  land, 
they  are  to  pay  the  sum  of  five  hundred  j)ounds,  sterling  money  of  Great  Britain,  in 
manner  following:  that  is  to  say,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds,  part  thereof  in 
hands,  at  ye  issuing  of  these  presents,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  pounds  more  thereof 
(together  with  forty-eight  pounds  like  money,  being  the  interest  of  four  hmidred  pounds 
for  two  years)  at  the  end  of  two  years  and  six  months,  from  the  time  of  the  survey  of 
the  said  lands,  (one-half  year's  interest  of  the  whole  being  abated),  one  hundred  and 
eighteen  pounds  further,  part  thereof  with  interest,  included  within  one  year,  then  next 
after  one  hundred  and  twelve  pounds  (the  interest  being  included)  further  part  thereof, 
within  one  year,  then  next  after,  the  sum  of  one  hundred  and  six  pounds  full  residue 
thereof,  that  of  all  interest  for  the  same,  within  one  year,  that  next  following,  so  that 
the  said  five  hundred  jDOunds  and  interest,  as  aforesaid,  is  to  be  paid  in  six  years  next 
after  the  time  of  survey.  And  also  that  the  said  purchasers,  their  heirs  and  assigns, 
shall  pay  unto  the  proprietary  and  Governor,  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the 
sum  of  one  shilling  sterling  aforesaid,  quit-rent  yearly  forever,  for  every  hundred  acres 
of  the  said  ten  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  that  said  purchasers  shall  have  said  lands 
free  of  quit-rent  for  the  two  first  years  next  after  the  survey  thereof,  and  the  said  pur- 
chasers requesting  of  us  a  warrant  for  the  location  and  survey  of  the  said  land  aforesaid. 
These  are,  therefore,  to  authorize  and  require  thee  to  survey  or  cause  to  be  surveyed, 
unto  the  said  purchasers,  the  full  quantity  of  ten  thousand  acres  of  land  (with  reasona- 
ble allowance  for  roads  and  highways)  in  one  entire  tract,  at  or  near  the  place  aforesaid, 
and  subdivide  the  same  (if  they  request  it)  into  so  many  small  tracts  or  parts  as  they 
shall  agree  or  appoint  to  each  of  them  his  respective  share  to  be  holden  by  the  pur- 
chasers, their  heirs  and  assigns,  under  the  rents,  payments  and  agreements  aforesaid, 
subject  to  distress  for  the  said  rent  in  case  of  non-payment;  and  of  thy  transactions  and 
doings  in  the  premises,  by  virtue  of  these  presents  thou  art  to  make  such  returns  int(i 
the  Secretary's  office,  with  all  reasonable  expedition.  Given  under  our  hands  and  seals 
of  the  province,  the  tenth  day  of  the  eighth  month  at  Philadelphia,  A.  D.  1710. 

Edwaed  Shippen, 
Gkiffeth  Owen, 
Tnos.  Story." 
"To  Jacob  Taylor,  Surveyor  General. 
"Warrant  Book,  1700—1714,  p.  229. 

On  the  23d  of  October,  the  land  was  surveyed  and  divided  among  the  Meylins,  Herrs, 
Kendigs,  and  others  of  the  company. 

By  warrant,  dated  July  5,  1712,  there  were  surveyed,  November  1,  1712,  Pequea,  now 
Strasburg  township,  for  Amos  Strettle,  3380  acres,  who  afterwards  sold  it  in  smaller 
tracts;  the  principal  persons  to  whom  he  sold,  prior  to  1734,  were  Henry  Shank,  TJlrich 
Brackbill,  Augustine  Widower,  Alexander  Fridley,  Martin  Miller,  George  Suavely, 
Christian  Musser,  Andrew  Shultz,  John  Fonts,  Jacob  Stein,  John  Hickman,  John 
Bowman,  Valentine  Miller,  Jacob  Hain,  John  Herr,  Henry  Carpenter,  Daniel  Ferree, 
Isaac  Lcfcvre,  Christian  Stoner,  John  Beiers,  Hans  Lein,  Abraham  Smith,  John  Jacob 
Hoover,  Septimus  Robinson,  Samuel  Hess,  Samuel  Boyer,  John  Musgrove. 

The  Mennonite  settlers  having  determined  to  send  for  their  friends  in  Europe,  a 
council  of  the  whole  society  was  called,  at  which  their  venerable  minister  and  pastor, 
Hans  Herr,  presided,  and  after  fraternal  and  free  interchange  of  sentiment,  much  con- 
sultation and  serious  reflection,  lots,  in  conformity  to  the  custom  of  the  Mennonites, 
were  cast,  to  decide  who  should  return  to  Europe  for  the  families  left  behind  and  others. 
The  lot  fell  upon  Hans  Herr,  who  had  left  five  sons.  Christian,  Emanuel,  John,  Abra- 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  415 

liam  and  one  whose  name  we  liave  net  learned,  i  This  defisi..n  was  a-roeal.lo  to  Iuh 
omi  mind;  but  to  his  friends  and  char-e  it  was  unae.ei.tahlo;  to  lie  "separated  con 
ihrem  prediger,  from  tlieir  preacher,  could  be  borne  witli  reluctance  and  IieavineKs  of 
heart  only.  They  were  all  too  ardently  attached  to  him  to  dieerfully  ac-quiewe  in  this 
determiimtion.  Reluctantly  they  consented  to  his  departine— after  nnu-li  anxiety  mani- 
fested ou  account  of  this  unexpected  call  of  their  pastor  from  them.  Tlieir  (sorrows 
were  alleviated  by  a  proposal  made  on  the  part  of  Martin  Kendi;;,  that,  if  approval, 
he  would  take  Hans  Herr's  place — this  was  cordially  as.sented  to  by  all.  Witlioiit  un- 
necessary delay,  Martin,  the  devoted  friend  of  the  colony,  made  ready— went  to  Phila- 
delphia, and  there  embarked  for  Europe;  after  a  prosperous  voyajje  of  five  or  six  weeks, 
he  reached  the  home  of  his  friends,  where  he  was  ret-eived  with  ai)ostolie  ffreetin^jsand 
salutations  of  joy.  Having  spent  some  time  in  pieliminary  arrangements,  he  an<l  a 
company  of  Swiss  and  some  Germans,  bade  a  lasting  adieu  to  their  old  homes,  and 
dissolved  the  tender  ties  of  friendship  with  those  whom  they  left.  "With  his  oompanv, 
consisting  of  the  residue  of  some  of  those  in  America,  and  of  Peter  Yoitlca,  Jacob 
Miller,  Hans  Tschantz,  Henry  Funk,  John  Houser,  John  Bachman,  Jacob  Weber, 
Schlegel,  Venerick,  Guldin,  and  others,  he  retm-ned  to  the  nao  home,  where  they  were 
all  cordially  embraced  by  their  fathei's  and  friends. 

"At  a  meeting  of  the  commissioners,  Sept.  10,  1712 — the  late  connnissioners  having 
granted  10,000  acres  of  land  to  the  Palatines,  by  their  warrant  dated  Otli.  Btli.  1710,  in 
l^ursuance  thereof  there  was  laid  out  to  Martin  Kendig,  l)esides  the  2,000  acix's  already 
contirmed  and  paid  for,  the  like  (quantity  of  2,000  acres,  towards  Susfpielianna,  of  wliich 
the  General  Surveyor  has  made  a  return.  The  said  ^lartin  Kendig  now  apix-aring  de- 
sirous that  the  said  land  may  be  granted  and  confirmed  to  iVIaria  Warenbuer.  for  wliom 
the  same  was  taken  up,  or  intended,  and  who  is  to  pay  the  consideration  of  it.  But 
upon  further  consideration  of  the  matter,  it  is  agreed  among  themselves  that  tlic  s;iid 
land  shall  be  confiinned  to  Daniel  Fierre  and  Issac  Lefevre,  two  of  tlie  said  witlow's 
sons,  and  the  consideration  money,  viz:  £140  at  £7  per  100  acres,  by  agreement  having 
been  for  some  time  due,  but  is  now  to  be  paid  down  in  one  sum.  'Tis  agreed  that  tlicy 
shall  only  pay  £10  for  interest,  that  is  £150  lor  the  wliole." 

"The  said  Martin  Kendig  now  (Sept.  10,  1712)  appearing  .lesirous  that  the  said  (2000 
acres)  land  may  be  granted  and  confirmed  to  jNIaria  "Warenbuer,  for  trh<»a  the  Mine  ira* 
taken  up  or  intended,  ^x.''' 

This  tract  was  then  in  Chester  county,  Coucstoga  township,  now  East  Sti-asbnrg.  in 
this  county.  It  composed  the  farms  now  (1844)  owned  by  Henry  A.  C'arpeiitrr.  Fenx' 
Brinton,  John  C.  Lefevere,  Joseph  L.  Lefevere,  Jacob  Hershey,  Cluistian  Lenian, 
Henry  and  Jacob  Brackbill,  Theo.  Sherts,  Isaac  B.  Burrowes,  Jacob  Eshleman.  C'liris- 
_tian  Hershey,  Messrs.  "V\^itmer,  R.'  Conyngham,  Esti.,  R.  Taggart.  Phili].  K(.ster, 
Henry  Shert'z,  John  Shertz,  F.  S.  Burrowes,  D.  Lefevre. 

In  1713,  Christopher  Schlegel,  late  of  Saxony,  took  up  with  a  view  to  settle,  though 
he  afterwards  transferred  his  interest  in  his  tract  of  one  thousand  acres,  to  others- 
this  land  is  on  a  stream  fiowing  into  the  Conestoga,  "not  far  from  the  lan.l  grante.l  to 
the  Palatines."  It  was  afterwards  the  place  where  the  Cartlidges.  Indian  agent.s  itv 
sided.  Another  person,  Benedictus  Venerick,  late  of  Germany,  took  up  two  hundml 
acres,  near  the  Palatines,  in  1715.2  Between  the  Pe.piea  and  Cnestoga  cveks,  near 
the  Susquehanna,  Richard  Carter,  an  Englishman,  a  wheel-wright,  locatvd  and  un- 
proved two  hundred  acres,  in  1716.  The  san^e  year,  Alexander  Ik-ws  took  up  four 
hundred  acres  on  the  south  side  of  the  Conestoga;  Anthony  Pretter,  ol   hast  Jersc-j. 

1  Three  of  Hans  Hevr's  sons  settled  in  what  is  now  callcl  We.t  Lampeter  «--;;'j; -^;,,7,;" 
Manor  township;  from  these  sprang  a  numerous  connexion  ol  Hc.-rs,  no  e  '';';7,;,'^,7^';  ,';,"..„„,/. 
of  that  name,  de^cenaants  of  Hans  Herr,  are  ta.xablos  resul.n,  wuh.n  '-"..';  '^;i,;;,  ^^^J, 

2.  In  and  about  Smoketown,  in  1715,  l>eter  Hellas,  Daniel  Hannan,  \\  .lli..m  Kwn., 
settled. 


416  '  AUTIli:NTIC    HISTOEY 

three  hundred  acres,  nearPequea,  on  south  side  of  Conestoga;  and  John  Gardiner,  Jr., 
from  Philadelphia  county,  two  hundred  acres,  on  the  same  side  of  Conestoga.  About 
this  time,  Jacob  Greider,  or  Kreider,  Jacob  Hostater,  Hans'  Frantz,  Schenk,  and  others, 
settled  on  the  banks  of  Conestoga;  Joseph  Cloud,  in  1717,  took  up  500  acres  near 
Pequea  creek.  The  same  year,  settlements  were  begun  on  the  banks  of  Octoraro. 
William  Grimson,  constable  of  Sadsbury  township,  in  1717,  was  among  the  first  settlers 
on  the  Octoraro;  his  neighbors  were  the  Cooksons,  Mayes,  Jervis,  Irwins,  and  some 
years  afterwards,  the  Pattersons,  Darbys,  MaJckrels,  Leonards,  Jones,  Steels,  Mat- 
thews, Cowens,  Murrays,  Millers,  Allisons,  Mitchels,  and  others,  all  of  whom  settled 
on  or  near  Octoraro. 

The  Swiss  settlement  received  an  augmentation  in  171 5-1 G  and  17;  besides  those 
already  named,  were  Hans  Mayer,  Hans  Kaigy,  Christian  Hearsey,  Hans  Graaf,  (who 
afterwards  settled  Graaf 's  Thai)  Hans  Pupather,  Michael  Shank,  Henry  Pare,  Peter 
Leman,  Melchior  Breneman,  Benedictus  Witmer,  Henry  Funk,  Jacob  Landis,  Ukicli 
Houry,  Hans  Faber,  Isaac  Coffman,  Melchior  Erisman,  Michael  Miller,  Jacob  Kreutzer, 
Jacob  Boehm,  Theodorus  Eby,  Michael  Donegar,  and  others. 

Down  the  Conestoga,  towards  Susquehanna,  settlements  were  made  between  1716 
and  1719.  Among  those  who  took  up  lands  and  settled  thereon,  were  David  Jones, 
Edmund  Cartlidge  and  John  Cartlidge.  Edmund  Cartlidge  resided  in  Darby  to^vn- 
ship,  Chester  county,  as  early  as  1698,  and  in  1711,  in  Philadelphia  countj'-,!  John,  his 
brother,  for  many  years  an  Indian  agent,  was  at  one  time  held  in  high  estimation  by 
the  proprietary's  agents;  but  like  many  others,  the  day  of  trouble  came  upon  him 
'■^ and  he  was  not  remembered.^^'^  A  warrant  "for  land"  was  issued,  dated  "October 
1st,  1718,  for  him  to  take  up  on  theniorth  side  of  Conestoga  creek,  at  some  convenient 
place,  three  hundred  acres,  and  to  make  an  addition  thereunto  of  two  hundred  acres, 
to  be  by  him  enclosed  and  held  for  the  conveniency  of  pasturage  for  the  term  of  four- 
teen years,  in  consideration  of  his  services  among  the  new  settlers." 

It  was  at  the  house  of  this  gentleman  a  number  of  councils  were  held  with  the  In- 
dians. We  have  been  in  the  house,  built  1719,  in  which  the  councils  were  held.  It  is 
now  owned  by  Benjamin  Wright,  of  Manor  township. 

It  appears  from  the  Public  Records  at  West  Chester,  that  John  Cartlidge  sold  liquor 
by  the  small,  prior  to  1718,  among  the  neighbors  on  the  banks  of  the  Conestoga.  It 
was  so  reported  by  his  vigilant  ' '  fellow  inhabitant, ' '  to  the  court.  Christian  and 
Joseph  Stoneman,  Sigismund  Landart,  all  late  of  Germany,  took  up  lands  on  the  Cone- 
stoga, prior  to  1719,  and  Francis  Neiflf  on  the  west  bi'anch  of  Little  Conestoga,  prior  to 
1715. 

Tlie  following  persons  located  lands  in  1719:  Jenkin  Davis,  late  of  AVales,  near  or  on 
the  branch  of  Conestoga  creek,  George  Steward,  near  the  Susquehanna,  James  Le 
Tort,  on  or  near  Susquehanna,  where  he  had  his  station  as  Indian  trader,  and  received 
a  warrant  for  one  hundred  acres.  Le  Tort,  Bizaillon  and  Chartier  had  resided  some 
years  previous  to  the  commencement  of  Swiss  settlements  among  the  Indians;  Chartier 
was  among  them  before  1704,3  and  in  1717,  upon  his  request,  he  received  a  warrant  for 
three  hundred  acres,  where  he  "  had  seated  himself  on  the  Susquehanna  river,  above 
Conestoga  creek,  including  within  the  survey  the  improvement  then  made  by  him,  for 
which  he  agreed,  on  behalf  of  his  son,  Peter  Chartier,  in  whose  name  he  desired  the  sur- 
vey to  be  made,  to  pay  for  the  same." 

In  1714,  Peter  Bizaillon,  who  had  license  to  trade,  prior  to  1703,4  received  a  warrant 
from  the  commissioners  of  property:  "We  do  hereby  authorize  and  allow,  Peter  Be- 
zaillon,  Indian  trader,  to  seat  himself  at  Pashtang,  or  any  other  Indian  town  or  place 

1  Public  Rec,  West  Chester,  Vol.  A.  p.  291. 

2  John  'Jartlidge  was  one  of  His  Majesty's  Justices  of  the  Peace,  appointed  in  1718,  July  4th.— Co?. 
Rec.  III.,  40. 

3  Col.  Kec.  II.  133. 
i  Col.  Kec.  II.  100. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTV.  4I7 

on  Susquehanna,  in  this  province,  and  to  erect  such  l.uildin-s  as  arc  ueces.s:iry  for  hin 
trade,  and  to  enclose  and  improve  sucli  «iuantities  of  hmd  as  he  shall  think  lit  for  the 
accommodation  of  his  family  there,  until  further  order  shall  he  -ivcn  by  the  pr.)priet..r 
or  his  commissioners:  Pronded,  always,  That  the  said  Peter  shall  not  act  or  procce.1  in 
anything  under  color  hereof,  but  by  the  free  leave  and  approbation  of  tho  Intliann 
amongst  whom  he  dwells  or  resides. ' ' 

In  various  parts  of  the  county  surveys  were  made,  from  1714  to  1718.  A.  Dubrio. 
Esq.,  of  Drumore  township,  kindly  furnished  us  accounts  of  suiTcys  matle  in  Little 
Britain  and  other  southern  town.ships. 

A  survey  was  made  in  Little  Britain  for  Alexander  Ross— warrant  dated  Nov.  .".. 
1714— land  situated  near  the  middle  of  the  township,  on  Little  Conowinf,'o  creek,  now 
held  by  Christian  King,  and  others.  Another  survey  in  part  of  .seven  hundred  acres 
was  made  for  Edward  Sleadwell,  granted  to  him  by  warrant  dated  >Liy  T),  1717,  hituate.l 
in  the  south-west  corner  of  the  county,  nearly  surrounded  Ijy  Octoraro  creek,  and  con- 
tained two  hundred  acres,  and  after  his  decease  was  divided  between  his  son  and  rou- 
in-law,  John  Priest;  and  has  since  passed  by  the  name  of  ^^Prmt's  Neck.''  There  were 
other  surveys  made  between  1715  and  1720  in  the  south-west  part  of  the  township. 

"  Teague's  Endeavor.'" — A  Maryland  patent  was  granted  to  Mary  Graham.  June  G. 
1715,  for  one  hundred  acres,  now  held  by  Bobert  iMaxwcll. 

"  Cornwall.'''' — A  Maryland  patent,  granted  to  Emanuel  Grubb,  for  onehundri'(l  acre>. 
in  1716,  and  another,  1720,  for  two  hundred  acres;  now  held  by  Jeremiah  B.  ll:iine^. 
Levi  Brown,  and  others.  Three  Partners. — Another  'Maryland  i)atent,  granted  to 
Thomas  Jacobs,  September  IG,  1720,  a  large  tract  now  held  by  James  Porter  and  others. 
From  the  foregoing,  it  is  evident,  that  the  Swm  Settlement,  with  their  _^/i<;  country. 
attracted  considerable  attention,  while  it  was  yet  in  its  infiincy. 

Not  to  weary  the  i;eader  with  general  details  of  individual  settlers,  we  shall  i)re.sent  a 
public  document  possessing  more  than  ordinary  interest  to  the  numerous  descendants  of 
those  whose  names  are  recorded  in  it.  They  had  all  come  to  this  country  previous  to 
1718,  and  had  purchased  and  held  lands  before  1729.  We  are  indebted  to  Abi-ahani 
Meyliu,  of  West  Lampeter  township,  for  a  copy  of  it.  This  document  h;usbeen  ui)wanls 
of  one  hundred  and  foui-teen  years  in  the  possession  of  the  !Meylin  family.  It  is  an  art 
passed  Anno  Eegni  Georgii  II.  Regis  Magme  BrUannm,  Francice  et IlibernuB^  tertio,  Oc- 
tober 14,  1729. 

Whereas,  By  encouragement  given  by  the  Honorable  William  Pemi,  Esq.,  late  Pro- 
prietary and  Governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  by  i)eniii.ssiou  of  his 
Majesty,  King  George  the  First,  of  blessed  memory,  and  his  predecessors.  Kings  an<l 
Queens  of  England,  &c.,  divers  Prote.stants,  who  were  subjects  to  the  EemiK-ror  of 
Germany,  a  Prince  in  amity  with  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain,  transiwrted  them.selvcs 
and  estates  into  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  between  the  years  o?ie  thousand  tecfn 
hu7idred,  and  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighteen  ;  and  since  they  came  hither  have 
contributed  very  much  to  the  enlargement  of  the  British  Empire,  and  t«)thc  raising  and 
improving  sundry  commodities  fit  for  the  markets  of  Europe,  and  hare  ahray*  bfhir,d 
themselves  religiously  and  jieaceahly,  and  have  paid  a  due  regard  and  obedience  to  the 
laws  and  government  of  this  province;  And  whereas.  Many  of  .s;iid  pers4.n.s,  to  wit, 
Martin  Meylin,  Hans  Graaf,  and  others,  all  of  Lancaster  county,  in  the  .s;iid  i.rovince, 
in  demonstration  of  their  affection  and  zeal  for  his  present  Majesty's  i.ei-son  and  «ov- 
erument,  quaUfied  themselves  by  taking  the  qualification,  and  subs.-ribing  the  declara- 
tion directed  to  be  taken  and  subscribed  by  the  several  acts  of  parliamcHt,  made  for  the 
security  of  his  Majesty's  person  and  Government,  and  for  preventing  the  dangei>  which 
may  happen  by  Popish  Recusants,  &c.,  and  thereupon,  have  humbly  s.gnUie<l  to  the 
Governor  and  Representatives  of  the  freemen  of  this  province,  in  Genenil  As.si«ml.lj. 
that  they  have  purchased  and  do  hold  lands  of  the  proprietaiy.  and  othen*,  hisMajc.st>  .s 
subjects  within  this  province,  and  have  likewise  represented  their  great  desire  of  beuig 

28 


418  AUTHEXTIC  HISTOEY 

made  partakers  of  those  privileges  whicli  the  natural  horn  suhjects  of  Great  Britain  do 
enjoy  within  this  province;  and  it  being  just  and  reasonable,  that  those  persons  who 
have  bona  fide  purchased  lands,  and  who  have  given  such  testimony  of  their  affection 
and  obedience  to  the  Crown  of  Great  Britain  should  as  well  be  secured  in  the  enjoy- 
ment of  their  estates,  as  encouraged  in  their  laudable  affection  and  zeal  for  the  English 
constitution ; 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Hon.  Patrick  Gordon,  Esq.,  Lieut.  Governor  of  the  province  of 
Pennsylvania,  &c.,  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  freemen  of  the  said  pro- 
vince, in  General  Assembly  met,  and  by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  Martin  Meylin, 
Hans  Graaf.  Christian  Stoneman,  Jacob  Funk,  Francis  Neiff,  Francis Neiff,  Jr.,  George 
Kindeck,  John  Burkholder,  John  Burkholder,  Jr.,  Abraham  Burkholder,  Micliael 
Bowman,  John  Hess,,  John  Frederick,  Christopher  Preniman,  ]\Iartin  Harnist,  Joseph 
Buckwalter,  Felix  Landes,  Jr.,  Adam  Preniman,  John  Funk,  John  Bohman,  John 
Taylor,  Henry  Neiff,  Michael  Mire,  Henry  Bare,  Peter  Bumgarner,  Melcor  Huftbrd, 
Melcor  Erisman,  John  Brubaker,  Jacob  Nisley,  Hans  Snevely,  Jacob  Goot,  John  Wool- 
slegle,  Jacob  Mire,  Christopher  Sowers,  Joseph  Stoneman,  Ihiniel  Ashleman,  Christian 
Peelman,  John  Henry  Neiff,  John  Henry  Neiff,  Jr.,  Abraham  Hare,  John  Ferie,  Jacob 
Biere,  Peter  Yordea,  Peter  Leamon,  Hans  Jacob  Snevely,  Isaac  Coffman,  Andrew  Coff- 
man,  Woolrich  Eodte/  Henry  Funk,  Boody  Mire,  John  Mylin,  Jacob  Bheme,  John 
Coffman,  Michael  Doneder,  Charles  Christopher,  Andrew  Shultz,  John  Houser,  Chris- 
tian Preniman,  Jacob  Miller,  black,  Henry  Carpenter,  i  Emanuel  Cai'penter,2  Gabriel 
Carpenter,  Daniel  Herma)],  Christian  Herman,^ Philip  Fiere,  Mathias  Slaremaker,3  Big 
John  Shank,  Jacob  Churts,  Jacob  Snevely,  Jr.,  John  Woolrich  llover,  John  Croyder, 
John  Leeghte,  John  Stampher,  Martin  Graaf,  Peter  Newcomat,  Jacob  Bare,  Jr.,  John 
Henry  Bare,  Jacob  Weaver.  Henry  Weaver,  John  Weaver,  David  Longanicker,  George 
Weaver,  Abraham  Mire,  Woolrick  Houser,  John  Mire,  Henry  Musselman,  JMichael 
Shank,  Jacob  Miller,  Jacob  Miller,  Jr.,  Martin  Miller,  Peter  Abye,  Hans  Goot,  Chris- 
tian Staner,  John  Jacob  Light,  Adam  Brand,  Christoijher  Franciscus,  Casper  Lough- 
man,  Frederick  Stay,  John  Line,  John  Swope,  Bastian  Royer,  Jonas  Lei'ow,  Simeon 
King,  John  Abye,  E verba rd  Ream,  all  of  Lancaster  county,  be,  and  shall  be  to  all 
intents  and  purposes  deemed,  taken,  and  esteemed.  His  Majesty's  natural  born  subjects 
of  this  province  of  Pennsylvania,  as  if  they  and  each  of  them  had  been  born  within  the 
said  province;  and  shall  and  may,  and  every  one  of  them  shall  and  may,  within  this 
province,  take,  receive,  enjoy,  and  be  entitled  to  all  rights,  privileges  and  advantages 
of  natural  born  subjects,  as  fully,  to  all  intents,  and  constructions  and  purposes 
whatsoever,  as  any  of  his  Majesty's  natural  born  subjects  of  this  province  can,  do  or 
onght  to  enjoy,  by  virtue  of  their  being  His  Majesty's  natural  born  subjects  of  His 
Majesty's  said  province  of  Pennsylvania. 

London  Lands. — In  1096,  a  company,  called  the  London  Company,  owned  65,000 
acres  of  land  in  Pennsylvania,  usually  known  by  the  name  of  London  Lands;  of  this, 
there  were  47, 800,  in  Lancaster  and  Berks,  Part  of  these  lands  were  rented  at  the 
rate  of  £2  per  100  acres,  with  exception  of  some  thousands  of  acres  sold  from  1718  to 
1720,  by  the  company  to  different  persons.  The  rest  remained  in  possession  of  the 
company  until  1762.  At  this  time  the  heirs  of  those  who  originally  constituted  the 
company  had  been  considerably  scattered,  and  many  entirely  unknown.  An  Act  of 
Parliament  was  therefore  procured  authorizing  the  sale  of  the  land,  and  Dr.  Fother- 

"  IHenry  Zimmerman  or  Carpenter  arrived  in  Pennsylvania  in  tlie  year  1698,  and  returned  afterwards 
to  Europe  for  liis  family,  wliom  he  brouj<ht  out  in  1706,  and  settled  first  in  Germantown,  and  removed 
within  the  present  bounds  of  Lancaster  county,  (then  Chester)  in  1717."  His  descendants  are  very 
numerous  and  respectable. 

2.  Emanuel  Zimmerman  or  Carpenter,  son  of  Henry  Carpenter,  was  born  in  Switzerland, in  the  year 
1702  and  died  1780.  His  influence  was  salutary  and  great  in  the  county.  He  had  the  unbounded  con- 
fidence of  his  fellow-citizens. 

3.  The  name  was  originally  in  German  Schleicrmacher. 


OF  LAXCASTER  COUNTY.  419 


low. 


gill,  Daniel  Zachavy,  Thomas  How,  Deboicaux  Bowly,  Luke  Iliinle,  Rielianl  IK 
Jacob  Hagen,  Sylvanus  Giovc  and  William  Heron,  were' the  agents  apiK-iiite.!  to  suirt'- 
intend  the  business.  Their  attorneys  in  this  country  were  Samuel  Shwinaker,  Jacob 
Cooper  and  Joshua  Howell.  In  1762,  sales  were  aeconliu-rly  elVectcd  to  tlio  great 
satisfaction  of  the  occupants  of  the  land,  who  had  generally  made  considerable  im- 
provements, cleared  away  the  wood,  and  erected  comfortable  fann-hou.scs,  and  out- 
buildings, many  of  them  not  being  altogether  aware  of  titles;  but  .supi)Osing  that  they 
were  possessed  of  a  fee  simple  estate  in  soil — the  price.s,  howevci-,  at  which  they  wcro 
held,  were  not  unreasonable;  each  settler,  it  is  believed,  with  few  exceptions,  jmr- 
chased  the  tract  upon  which  he  was  seated.  There  were  a  few  sipiatters  who  were  not 
willing  to  comply. 

The  case  of  Horrabine  is  still  remembered  by  some  of  the  descendants  of  the  first 
settlers  on  the  London  Lands.  One  Richard  Brazier  had  Mpiatted  in  the  vicinity  of 
the  Slaymakers.  Brazier  died,  left  a  widow  and  some  money — Horrabine  made  suit 
to,  and  married  the  widow.  He  forged  a  deed  for  a  London  tract.  The  misdating  of 
three  days  exposed  the  forgery,  and  he  Avas  tried,  convicted,  cropped  and  sent  to  Hon- 
duras Bay  to  chop  logwood.     His  family  was  left  pennyless. 

Conestoga  Manor  y^a.^  surveyed  for  the  use  of  the  Proprietary  in  1717-1718,  as  ap- 
pears from  the  following  order  to  Jacob  Taylor,  Surveyor  Genci'al. 

"These  are  to  authorize  and  require  thee  without  any  delay  to  survey  or  cause  to  bo 
surveyed  all  that  tract  of  land  lying  between  Sasquehannah  river  and  Conestogo  creek, 
from  the  mouth  of  said  creek  as  far  up  the  river  as  the  land  already  granted  to  Peter 
Chartier,  and  then  by  a  line  running  from  the  said  river  to  Conestogo  creek,  all  wliich 
tract  of  land  for  the  proper  use  and  behoof  of  "William  Penn,  Esq.,  Proinietary  and 
Govcrnor-in-Chief  of  the  said  Province,  his  heirs  and  assigns  forever.  Given  iniiler  our 
hands,  March  1,  1717-1718."     The  Manor  was  afterwards  divided  and  sold  to  purchasers. 

This  sui-vey  included  more  than  10,000  ticres.  It  was  aftei-Avards  sold  in  small  tracts 
and  patented.  The  following  were  the  principal  patentees:  Israel  Peniberton  held  300 
acres,  date  of  his  patent,  October  1st,  1733.  The  Messrs.  Wrights  own  L.jOO  acres — 
date  of  patent,  December  13,  1735 — sold  afterwards  in  smaller  parcels  to  John  Ilcrr, 
Andrew  Stineman,  Daniel  Lintner,  Jacob  Killhaver,  Rudy  Ilerr,  Jacob  Frantz,  Gotlfrey 
Klugh,  Matthew  Oberholtzer,  Rudy  Ilerr,  Jr.,  John  Killhaver,  Christian  Hei-shey,  An- 
drew Kauffman.  James  Pattison,  107  acres,  November  21, 1734.  James  Lt>g-an,  700 
acres,  patent  dated  July  15,  1737,  afterwards  held  by  George  Brenner,  Philip  Bre-nner, 
Christian  Stouffer,  Casper  Souter,  Adam  Fisher,  Valentine  Runnnel,  Lawrence  Cliller, 
Christian  Stake.  ]\Iichael  Baughman,  489,  Michael  Mayer,  131  acres,  both  same  date, 
February  20, 1738.  jMichael  ]\rayer,  sen.,  21 7  acres  patent  dated  OctoberlG,  1737.  Abra- 
ham Steiner,  63  acres.  May  3, 1740.  John  Wistler,  107  acres,  July  3,  1741.  Jacob  Kuntz, 
166;  Anna  Ottila  Betty  Koffer,  166:  Jacob  Ilostetter,  475;  John  Shank,  197  acres,  patent 
dated  July  30,  1741.  Edward  Smout,  113  acres,  June  21, 1743.  Michael  BauKlnnan.  339, 
May  28,  1752.  Abraham  Hare,  424,  April  22, 1751.  Jacob  Wistler,  125;  Valentine  Miller, 
140,  l)otli  ]\Iay  25.  1756.  IMartin  Funk,  237,  Decend)er  18, 1758.  Jacob  Wistler.  202,  Ja- 
cob Shuck,  185,  August  18,  1759.  Abraham  and  John  Miller,  89;  Valentine  Ilaith,  20; 
Robert  Beatty,  220,  February,  1700.  Samuel  Ilerr,  247;  John  Kea-y,  188;  Henry  Funk, 
150;  Jacob  Wistler,  173:  Ludwicli  and  Frederick  Ziegler,  209,  June,  1700.  John  Witn.er, 
77;  Abraham  Miller,  204;  Rudolph  Hcrr,  170;  Jacob  Witmer,  77,  Xovember.  17G1.  James 
McMastcr,  247,  April,  1701.  John  Keagy,  150;  Henry  Funk,  177;  David  Hare,  105;  John 
Miller,  150;  George  Adam  Dustier,  112;  John  Correll,  209;  Cluistian  Stoner,  244.  all 
dated  1761.  ^lichael  Kauffman,  110;  John  Kauttman,  118;  Jacob  Kauffman,  107:  Chris- 
tian Kauffman,  103;  Michael  Kauffman,  118;  Abraham  Steiner,  200;  John  Wonnelv, 
115;  Jacob  Whistler,  19;  Jolan  Kreemer,  184;  Bartholome>v  Butt,  40;  John  orntT  UO, 
all  dated  1702.^  Philip  Ulweiler,  39;  Benjamin  Miller,  220:  David  Hare.  Jr  94;  Peter 
Snyder,  SO;  Henrv  Atkinson  and  Adam  Bigging,  49;  Peter  Witmer,  132,  dat.-l  1 


420  '  AUTHENTIC  HISTOPwY 

Jolm  Miller,  60,  January  19,  1764.  John  Newcomer,  100;  Joseph  Nelson,  100;  Jacob 
Wisler,  178;  Mary  Wright,  119,  dated  1767.  John  Kendrick,  558;  James  Pratt,  332, 
1768;  Henry  Buckley,  150,  1769.  William  Wright,  257,  1770.  Ulrich  Rebur,  232;  John 
Manning,  165,  1772.  Jacob  Ashleman,  340,  1774.  Indian  Town,  414;  Blue  Rock,  800 
:aci'es.     We  omitted  fractions  of  acres. 

"Thomas  Penn  estimated  the  value  of  Conestogo  Manor,  being  65  miles  from  the 
city  of  Philadelphia,  13,400,  at  £40  per  hundred  acres,  £5,360,  Pennsylvania  cur- 
rency. There  is  no  date  to  the  paper  from  which  we  made  the  extract." — Sparks' 
Franldiii,  III.  553. 

"  The  settlement  of  the  Ferrees  and  Lefevres,  received  a  considerable  augmentation 
about  this  time.  The  promising  fruitfulness  of  the  country,  beside  other  advantages, 
attracted  settlers;  among  them  are  the  names  of  Slaymaker,  Witmer,  Lightner,  Eschel- 
man,  Herr,  Hershey,  Espenshade,  Baer,  Grofi',  Graaf,  Zimmerman,  Koenig,  Keneagj-, 
Denlinger,  Beck,  Soudor,  Becker,  Ream,  and  many  others. 

A  settlement  was  also  commenced  in  the  interior  of  the  county;  Hans  Graaf  located 
lit  the  head  of  a  small  stream,  known  by  the  name  of  Grove's  Run,  in  AVest  Earl  town- 
ship.i  He  was  joined  next  year  by  Mr.  Wenger,  one  of  whose  grand-sons,  Josei>h 
Wenger,  occupies  the  Homestead. 

From  and  after  1718,  settlements,  in  their  incipient  stages,  had  been  pretty  general 
throughout  'the  greater  part  of  the  county.  The  Mill  Creek  settlement,  and  others, 
were  commenced  about  the  year  1710,  or  20. 

About  the  year  1708,  Alexander  Mack,  of  Shriesheim,  and  seven  others  in  Schwarze- 
nau  Germany,  met  in  a  religious  capacity;  from  which  society,  arose,  what  is  well 
known,  the  Tuiikers,  or  First  Day  German  Baptists;  and  who,  though  apparently  inof- 
fensive, were  made  subjects  of  persecution,  and  were  driven  by  force  of  oppression  into 
Holland,  some  to  Creyfels,  and  the  mother  church  voluntarily  removed  to  Serustervin, 
in  Friesland,  and  thence  emigrated  to  America,  in  1719,  and  dispersed  to  different  parts 

l-'Hans  Graaf  fled  from  Switzerland  to  Alsace,  with  one  of  his  brothers,  about  the  year  1695  or  96;  he 
came  to  Germantown,  where  he  remained  for  a  short  time;  alterwards  settled  on  Grove's  Run,  in  Earl 
township,  both  of  which  were  named  in  honor  of  him.  The  following  circumstance,  as  related  to  us 
by  one  of  his  lineal  descendants,  will  show  the  reader  how  Graaf  was  led  to  settle  in  Graaf 's  Thai;  for 
this  is  the  name  by  which  the  settlement  is  known  to  this  day  : 

Hisliorses  having  strayed  from  I'equea;  while  in  pursuit  of  them  in  a  northern  direction  from  the 
inhabited  parts,  he  discovered  a  tine  spring  in  a  heavily  timbered  spot;  tiie  liead  of  Grove's  Run.  la 
this  elysian  dale,  said  he,  will  I  fix  my  permanent  abode.  He  nevertheless  pursued  his  horses  till  he 
found  them,  and  returned  to  Pequea.  A  short  time  afterwards  he  made  a  disposition  of  his  effects. 
Now  he  returned  to  the  spring,  and  about  one-half  mile  down,  on  the  north  side,  he  erected  a  cabin 
under  a  large  White  Oak  tree,  in  which  he,  his  wife  and  an  only  child,  stayed  all  winter.  In  the  spring 
of  the  year,  having  secured  by  a  warrant,  dated  November  22,  1717,  a  large  tract  of  land,  he  erected  a 
house  near  the  cabin.  The  spot  where  he  erected  the  house  in  the  spring  of  1718,  is  still  pointed  out  by 
his  progenitors.  At  this  time,  as  was  common  with  the  aborigines  in  all  the  new  settlements,  the  In- 
diansTsalled  frequently  at  his  house  to  sell  baskets  and  Hickory  brooms.  Mr.  Graaf  had  six  sons;  as 
soon  as  some  of  them  were  grown  up,  he  turned  his  attention  to  dealing  in  blankets,  and  other  articles 
of  merchandise,  which  he  procured  at  Philadelphia,  and  took  them  to  Harris's  Ferry,  on  the  Susque- 
hanna  and  exchanged  them  for  skins,  furs  and  the  like. 

He  spoke  it  is  said,  the  Indian  language  fluently.  "When  one  of  the  sons  drove,  the  old  gentleman 
accompanied  him,  riding  a  fine  steed,  for  he  kept  none  but  fine  horses.  On  one  occasion,  as  his  team 
was  returning  to  Philadelphia,  Peter,  the  oldest,  was  driving;  in  crossing  the  Brandywine,  which  was 
very  flush  at  the  time,  he  was  in  danger  of  a  watery  grave;  the  father  on  a  lofty  steed,  rode  in,  took  the 
young  fellow  on  his  own  horse  behind  him,  and  seizing  the  lines,  drove  safely  through  the  rushing 
stream. 

He  had  six  sons,  Peter,  David,  the  grandfather  of  John  Graaf  our  informant,  John,  Daniel,  Marcus 
and  Samuel,  who  was  known  as  Graf  der  Jaeger,  the  huntsman. 

Hans  Graaf,  alter  having  served  his  day  and  generation,  the  public  also  on  several  occasions,  and 
having  divided  his  land  among  his  sons,  died,  leaving  a  large  family  connection.  Perhaps  there  is  no 
family  in  the  county,  more  numerous,  respectable  and  useful  citizens  than  the  Graafs.  So,  without 
doubt,  the  magistrates  and  inabitants  of  Lancaster  county  thought,  when  they  mtt  to  settle  upon  the 
bounds  and  give  names  to  townships,  June  9, 1729:  they  had  regard  to  the  worth  of  this  family  in  calling 
one  of  the  townships,  after  the  first'settlers  Graaf,  i.  e.  Earl  township."— iZztpp. 


OF  LAXCASTER  COUNTY.  421 

in  Pennsylvania,  some  to  Conestoga,  some  to  IMill  Creek,  some  to  Oley,  some  to  Skiiv 
pack,  some  remained  at  Germantown,  -niiere  they  fonnecl  a  church  in  1723,  under  the 
charge  of  Peter  Becker. 

Among  the  early  settlers  on  Mill"  Creek,  were  Conrad  Beissel,  a  man  of  some  noto- 
riety in  the  religious  history  of  the  county,  Joseph  ShaefTer,  Hans  ]\reyer,  Henry  Hoehn, 
and  several  Landises. 

The  settlement  near  and  around  Lancaster,  began  to  increase.  Francis  Neff,  Hans 
Henry  Neff,  Doctor  of  Physic,  who,  and  his  descendants,  are  well  known,  Roody  Mire, 
]Michael  Shank,  Jacob  Imble,  and  others,  having  settled  here  for  some  time.  Lancaster 
Avas  commenced  about  the  year  1721,  or  1722.  "  The  settlements  about  the  Indian  vil- 
lages of  Conestoga  were  considerably  advanced  in  improvements  at  this  time;  the  land 
thereabouts  being  exceedingly  rich;  it  is  now  (1721)  surrounded  with  divers  fine  plan- 
tations, or  farms,  where  they  raise  quantities  of  wheat,  barley,  flax  and  hemp,  without 
the  help  of  any  dung." 

Andreas,  Benjamin  and  Christian  Hersiiey,  were  early  settlers  in  tins  County. 
They  were  natives  of  Switzerland  and  went  with  their  father  to  Friedensheim,  in  the 
Palatinate,  who,  with  his  two  sons,  Andreas  and  Benjamin,  emigrated  to  America  and 
settled  in  Lancaster  County  in  1719;  Christian,  the  third  brother,  had  to  stay  on  the 
farm  in  the  Palatinate  until  1739,  when  he  also  came  hither.  These  three  brothers  were 
preachers  among  the  Mennonites.  Andrew,  l)orn  in  1702,  died  in  1792,  leaving  twelve 
children.  Christian,  Andreas,  Johannes,  Benjamin,  Jacob,  Abraham,  Isaac,  Ilcinrich, 
Peter,  Catharina,  Maria  and  Odti. 

John  Brubacher,  a  Swiss,  and  founder  of  the  numerous  Brubacher  family,  was  one 
of  the  earliest  settlers,  and  is  said  to  have  located  in  Hempfield  To^Aniship,  on  the  Little 
Conestoga,  and  to  have  built  the  first  mill  in  Lancaster  County.  The  family  registei-, 
from  which  this  notice  is  drawn,  mentions  neither  the  date  of  his  arrival,  nor  the  exact 
locahty  where  he  built  the  mill. 

About  the  year  1723  a  number  of  Germans,  who  had  been  living  for  ten  years  at  Scho- 
harie in  New  York,  settled  on  the  Swatara  and  Tulpehocken  creeks.  Among  these  was 
Conrad  Weiser,  whose  descendants  are  numerous,  and  include  the  Muhlenberg  family. 

Donegal  was  organized  in  1722;  David  Jones  was  appointed  constable.  The  first 
settlers  were  chiefly  Irish;  among  them  occiu-  the  names  of  Temple,  Patterson,  jVIitch- 
ell,  Hendricks,  Speer,  Galbraith,  Anderson,  Scott,  Lowrey,  Pcdan,  Porter,  Sterrit,  Kerr, 
Work,  Litle,  Whitehill,  Campbell  and  others. 

In  1726  Kobert  Barber,  John  Wright  and  Samuel  Blunston  commenced  a  settlement 
on  the  Susquehanna;  they  were  Quakers  Barber  took  np  and  bought  1000  acres, 
bounded  north  by  Chicques  Hill  and  extending  down  the  river  to  the  present  site  of 
Columbia.     He  and  his  friends  actually  settled  on  their  lands  in  1727. 

For  an  account  of  early  settlers  on  the  land  back  of  the  river  see  page  363. 

In  the  northeastern  part  of  the  county,  a  settlement  was  commenced  about  tlie  year 
1733  or  24,  by  Eberhart  Ream,  whose  descendants  still  reside  in  the  village  called  after 
the  fii-st  settler  and  proprietor.  This  place,  Uke  many  others,  was  occupied  solely  by 
the  Indians,  at  the  time  Mr.  Eeam  located  here.  He  ventured  with  his  wagon  and 
horse  into  the  woods,  where  he  unloaded  his  "fixtures  and  furniture,"  imder  a  largo 
oak  tree  that  spread  its  extended  boughs  over  him  and  his  small  family  till  he  had  put 
up  a  rude  log  cabin,  which  he  built  upon  what  is  now  Lesher's  fann.  His  nearest  mill 
was  on  the  Brandywine,  and  his  nearest  neighbors,  the  Miilbachcrs,  then  living  on  :Mill 
creek.  After  clearing  a  small  spot,  he  procured  a  warrant  and  located  about  four  hun- 
dred acres;  in  172.'5  he  received  a  patent  for  the  same. 

Some  of  his  first  or  early  neiglibors,  who  had  been  attracted  by  the  improved  spot 
and  fine  water,  were  Bucher,  Huber,  Walter,  Keller,  Schwarzwalder,  Leader,  Schneider, 
Killion,  Dock,  Forney,  Rupp,  Balmer,  :May,  [Mayer,  Hahn,  Resler,  Beyer,  Leet,  Schlott, 
Graf,  Wolf,  Feierstein,  Weidman  and  others. 


422  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

In  the  very  infancy  of  the  Pennsylvania  colony,  a  number  of  Welsh,  of  Sterling 
worth  and  excellent  character,  arrived  in  the  province  in  1682.  They  had  early  pur- 
chased of  the  Proprietary,  in  England,  forty  thousand  acres  of  land,  and  settled  west 
of  the  Schuylkill.  A  few  years  later  their  number  was  so  much  augmented,  that  they 
had  settled,  before  1692,  six  townships  in  the  lower  counties. 

The  Welsh  custom  agreed  in  many  respects  with  that  of  the  Swiss  and  Palatines. 
At  first  they  would  send  persons  across  the  Atlantic,  to  take  up  land  for  them,  and 
make  some  preparations  for  the  reception  of  their  families.  Among  the  Welsh,  who 
acted  as  pioneer,  was  the  well  known  Rowland  Ellis,  who  sent  over  Thomas  Owen  and 
family  to  make  a  settlement,  and  as  soon  as  Owen  had  made  some  improvements,  on 
which  he  spent  a  few  years,  Ellis,  and  one  hundred  other  Welsh  passengers,  arrived  in 
1686. 

In  1698,  other  Welsh  families  arrived;. among  them  were  William  Jones,  Thomas 
Evans,  Robert  Evans,  Owen  Evans,  Cadwallader  Evans,  Hugh  Griffith,  Edward  Foulke, 
John  Humphrey,  Robert  Jones,  and  others,  who  purchased  ten  thousand  acres  of  land 
of  Robert  Turner,  in  Gwinedd  township,  Chester  county. 

Another  settlement  was  commenced,  about  the  year  1722  or  1723,  by  the  Welsh,  ex- 
tending to  the  present  site  of  Cliurchtown.  Among  the  principal  settlers  were :  Torbert, 
Douglas,  E.  Davis,  A.  Billing,  Z.  Davis,  Spenger,  Henderson,  Evans,  Ford,  Lardner, 
Morgan,  Robinet,  Edwards  and  Jenkins. 

While  the  Welsh  were  making  improvements,  a  few  miles  south  of  Allegany,  a  region 
on  the  Tulpehocken,  some  Swiss  and  Germans  settled  in  Weber  Thai,  south  of  Cones- 
toga  creek,  so  called  from  the  Webers,  or  Weavers,  who  took  up  between  two  and  three 
thousand  acres  of  land,  in  1723  or  1724.  George  Weber  and  Hans'  Guth,  brothers-in- 
law,  Jacob  Weber  and  Henry  Weber,  all  Swiss,  were  the  first  settlers  contiguous  to  the 
Welsh.  Guth  located  north-east  from  the  Webers.  The  valley,  or  thai,  was  timberless 
when  the  first  settlers  commenced.  Guth  or  Good  settled  in  Brecknock  township, 
where  a  numerous  connection  of  them  reside. 

The  Webers  and  Guths  had,  previous  to  taking  up  land  here,  lived  some  twelve  or 
fifteen  years  near  Lancaster.  They  were  a  young  family,  seeking  a  place  of  permanent 
abode,  where  they  have  since  become  both  wealtiiy  and  numerous.l  George,  the  oldest 
of  the  three  brothers,  had  three  sons  and  two  daughters;  Hans,  Henry,  Samuel,  Maria 
and  INIagdalena.  The  present  generation  of  Weavers  still  possess  the  lands  of  their 
ancestors.  Some  of  them  have  moved  West,  others  to  Canada.  The  Webers  were  soon 
joined  by  Martin,  Schneder,  Miller,  Zimmerman,  Ruth,  and  many  others,  principally 
Mennonites. 

During  the  year  1727,  more  than  a  thousand  Palatines  arrived  in  Pennsylvania;  among 
among  these  were  the  names  of  Diffenderfer,  Ekman,  ]\Icyer,  Bowman,  Eberlee,  Zug, 
Shultze,  Funk,  Frantz,  and  others.  Two  brothers,  Alexander  and  John  Diffenderfer,  sail- 
from  Rotterdam,'-  ai-rived  at  Philadelphia  in  the  month  of  September;  Alexander  settled 
in  Oley,  now  Berks  county,  and  John  at  Siiue  Schwamm,  now  New  Holland,  in  the  woods. 

SWISS    AND    GERMAN   SETTLERS   IN   LANCASTER    COUNTY,  1710—1725. 

1710.  Johann  Rudolph  Bundeli,  Martin  Kendig,  Jacob  ]\Iiiller,  Hans  Griiff,  Hannes 

1.  The  following,  ■which  we  copied  at  the  liouse  of  Samuel  Weaver,  in  1S42.  may  give  the  reader  some 
idea  of  the  numercul  strength  of  the  family.  Christian  Weaver's  father  was  a  native  of  Switzerland. 
Christian  Weaver  was  born  in  Earl  townsliip,  Lancaster  county,  Pa.,  Dec.  25, 1731 — married  Sept.  30, 
1749,  to  31iss  Magdalen  Ruth — lived  55  years  in  a  state  of  matrimony,  and  16  years  as  a  widower.  He 
•was  a  member  of  the  Mennonite  church.  Died  of  a  lingering  disease,  Feb.  13,  1S20,  aged  8S  years,  1 
month,  1  week  and  2  days.  Had  eight  sons  and  five  daughters.  Of  the  seven  sons  and  live  daughters 
■were  born,  before  C.  W's.  deatli,  and  living  at  the  time,  99  grand-children,  88  grand  children's  children, 
and  55  great  grand  children's  children.  His  lineal  descendants  were  309.  Henry  Martin  preached  his 
funeral  discourse.    Text,  .Tohn,  14: 12, 13.    (Rupp.) 

2  They  sailed  in  the  Ship  William  and  Sarah,  William  Hill,  master.  There  were  ninety  Palatine 
families,  malving  in  all  about  400  persons,  in  this  ship.— CW.  liec.  III.  390. 


\  OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY,  403 

\^^  HeiT,  Martin  Obevlioltz,   Hannes  Funk,  :Micliael  Oberlioltz,  Wendel  Eauman,  Hans 

^s.   Meylin,  sen'r,  Hans  JNleylin,  jr.,  Martin  Meylin,  Sanuiel  Gulden,  Joliann  Kuilolf  Vau- 

\^H^  der  Werff,  Daniel  Hermann,   Christian  Brenneniann,   .Tohann  Georf^  Trellinser,  Hans 

^-*    Meyer,  Hans  Haigy,  Christian  Herschi,  Hans  Pupather,  Heinrieh  Biir,  Peter  \elunan, 

^i  Melchior  Brenneniann,   Benedictus  Witnier,  Ileinridi  Funk,   Christopher  Franciscus, 

-..    Michael  Schenck,  Johannes  Landes,  Ulrich  Hanerich,  Emanuel  Herr,  Abraham  Heir, 

Hans   Huber,  Isaac   Kauffmann,    jVIelchior   Erismann,    Michael   Mueller,    Christopher 

^    Schlegel. 

^^        1715.  Hans  Georg  Schutz,   Martin  Ringer,   Michael  Bachmann,  .Jacob  Hochstetter, 

— ^*    Jacob  Kreider,  Benedictus  Venerich,  Jacob  Krentzer,  Jacob  Bohm,  Hans  Faber,  Mar- 

^vtin  Urner,  Theodorus  Eby,  Johannes  Lein,  Heinrieh  Zinnuermann,   Gabriel  Zimmer- 

mann,  Johannes  Shenk,  ]\Iichael  Danegar,  ]\Iarcus  Oberlioltz,  Christian  Stein,  Edward 

,^  ^  ,  Riehm,  Joseph  Steinman,  Siegismund  Landtart, 

\j         1720.  Ulrich  Breclibiihl,   Christian  Mosser,    Andreas  Schultz,  Samuel  Hess,  Peter 

^       Yorde,   Hans  Schantz,   Johannes  Hauser,  Franz  Neff,   seu'r,  Franz  XefT,  jr.,   Georg 

^       Kendig,"  Johannes  Burchhalter,  sen'r,    Johannes   Burchhalter,  jr.,   Abraham  Burch- 

<S      halter,  ]\Iiehael  Baumann,  .Johannes  Hess,  Johann  Fricderich,  Christopher  Brenneniann, 

<...■     Martin  Harnisch,   Joseph  Buchwalter,   Felix   Landes,  Heinrieh  Xeft",  ^Michael  ]Meyer, 

Peter   Baumgardtner,  Melchior   Hofiarth,   Johannes   Brubaeher,    Jacob   Ni'issli,  Hans 

Schnebele,  Jacob  Guth,  Johannes  Wollschlegel,  Jacob  Meyer,  Christopher  Saner,  Joseph 

Steinmann,' Daniel  Eshelmann,   Christian   Biihlmann,   Johann   Heinrieh  Nett',  jun'r, 

Abraham  Heir,   Jacob  Beyer,   Hans  Jacob  Schnebele,  Ulrich  Roth,  Rudolph  Bleyer, 

Carl    Christopher,    Heinrieh    Musselmann,    Matthias    Schleiermacher,    .Jacob  Ivurtz, 

Johann  Ulrich  Huber,  Johannes  Lichty,  Johannes  Stampfer,  Peter  Xeucomer,  Johann 

Heinrieh  Bar,  Jacob  Weber,  Heinrieh  Weber,  Johannes  Weber,  George  Weber,  David 

XLongenecker,  Abraham  Meyer,  Ulrich  Hauser,  Johannes  Jleyer,  Heinrieh  ]Musselniann, 
Michael  Slienck,  Peter  Eby,  Johannes  Guth,  Christian  Steiiier,  Adam  Brandt,  Johann 
Jacob  Lichty,  Casper  Jjaumann,  Fricderich  Stein,  Johannes  Schwaab.  Bastian  Rayer, 
Jonas  La  Rue,  Simeon  Ivonig,  Eberliardt  Riehm,  Hans  Graff,  Johannes  liui)p,  Philip 
Dock. 

1725.  Johannes  Weidman. 

LIST  OF  SETTLERS  PRIOR  TO  1735. 

Among  these,  in  various  parts  of  the  county,  were  the  names  of  Roddye,  Craighead, 
Towstenberier,  Cookson,  Maye,  Jervis,  McCawly,  Story,  Green,  Whitehill,  Her- 
man, Irwin,  Wolf,  Bezoar,  Yenerick,  Ritter,  Millsep,  Royer,  AVoolrick,  Housleman, 
Byerly,  Simon,  Palmer,  Pouteh,  Kitch,  Travenger,  Linder,  Yerdree.  Wise,  Bar- 
nett.  Ringer,  Stoncr,  Albert,  Beard,  Pendall,  Kore,  Owen,  Eave.  Thornbury, 
Marshall,  Biicker,  Lerty,  Jackson,  Beeson,  Nessley,  Swoojx  Bear.  Emiiiet,  Iler- 
sey,  Aston,  Steer,  McNabb,  Smith,  Becker,  Forney,  Rowland,  Weidler,  Elrood,  Stump, 
Snevely,  Eberle,  Oikelberger,  Wypreight,  Fink,  Long,  Lindsey,  Iving,  Read,  Well, 
Blyth,  FuUerton,  Moore,  Francis,  McKane,  Delioof,  Goughnour,  Line,  Dyer,  Hiett, 
Stambach,  Bumgarner,  Iloff,  Noacre,  Lytle,  Darby,  Douglas,  Sturm,  Echman,  Guy, 
Philips,  Easier,  Shinover,  Scroop,  Yarner,  Mackrell,  Shilly,  Turner.  Hoffman,  Ivnowl, 
Whitmer,  Kinrigh,  Burkhard,  Leephart,  Pleystow,  Weightman,  Burkhunter,  Ander- 
son, Piggot,  Wiesenant,  Black,  Leonard,  Steel,  liamsay,  Sype,  Lynck,  Lowdon,  Mus- 
selman,  INIatthews,  McClanahan,  Staigy,  Braden,  Burton,  Gale,  Cowen,  Robinson,  IMur- 
ray,  Benson,  Shannon,  Brown,  Kelly,  Allison,  Eddy,  Fulton,  :\Iitchell  of  Sadsbury, 
Foster,  Graypeel,  iShryer,  Clineliaws,  Haniist,  Webb,  Reitt",  Watson.  ^lontgomeiy, 
McCardy,  Le  Rue,  Adlunin,  Cleni.son,  Conode,  Plumb,  Shieffer,  Warder,  Denning, 
Reist,  Slemman,  Armor,  Templeman,  McConnel,  Sensiney,  Tiller,  Huston.  :\reixell, 
Geer,  Wolfspanier,  Baughman,  Ters,  Henning,  Andrew,  3IcNealy,  I{udeneglee,  Kitz- 
miller,   Le  Chaar,   Buslmi,  R^ede,  teixghing,  Jjjck,  Flemming,  3IcClelland,  Howard, 


t 


aar,   Buslmi,  R^ede,  teirghing,  Jjjck,  Flei 


424  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

Ellmaker,  Adams,  Ilaines,  Haltzinger,  Tettenhauer,  Hokenbrack,  Davison,  Bishair, 
Seklenridge,  Saunders,  Slierrard,  Moler,  Stinson,  Ranck,  Keyser,  Slierk,  David,  Paxton 
of  Sadsbuiy,  Robertson,  Cox,  Heistand,  Pence,  Painter,  Pouts,  Livistone,  Keller, 
Winger,  Liglitner,  Bomberger,  Kreil,  IMcGarry,  Shallyberger,  Higgenbothem,  Evalt, 
Walter,  Middleton,  Hanrick,  Hey,  Baldvpyn,  Campbell,  Vanlere,  Stile,  Musgrove,  Ball, 
McKimm,  Philips,  Pegelli,  Brittan,  Dyer,  Dieffenbach,  Gilmore,  Boyd,  Over,  George, 
Lamb,  Bishop,  Stritch,  Krebs,  Hasting,  Alexander,  McNealy,  Kahoon,  Hudson,  Wen- 
del,  Feezer,  Westhaver,  Cuftroot,  Weitman,  Lloyd,  Lynck,  Hewston,  Berrier,  Buchanan, 
Saudter,  Sherrick,  Perry,  Cumpton,  Reynolds,  Moftat,  IMoody,  AUinson,  McClenn,  Lit- 
tle, Shennon,  Classprinner,  Kling,  Griitith,  Shizler,  Henderson,  iMcClure,  Hughes, 
Thomes,  Walter,  Duffield,  Stetter,  Kate,  Crall,  Holler,  Crawford,  Denny,  Scott,  Balten, 
Bracken,  McPherson,  Pennock,  Rippy,  Daws,  Walker,  Roln-er,  Richardson,  Linville, 
Wall,  Gaille,  Ross,  Postlewhait,  Pugh,  Beckott,  Enck,  Imble,  Booson,  Kyle,  Baud,  Elis, 
Blackshaw,  Dougherty.  ,'\!V,'  'o   j       ■'  '    ••'*^~ 

Further  details  subsequent  to  the  organization  of  the  County,  have  already  been 
given  in  the  topographical  part,  under  the  different  townships  and  localities. 


Coi^y  of  an  Act  of  Naturalization: 

ANNO  REGNI  GEORGII  II.  REGIS  MAGN^  BRITANNIA,  FRANCIS  AND 
HIBERNI.E  DUODECIMO. 

At  a  GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  of  the  Province  of  PENNSYLVANIA,  begun  and 
liolden  at  Philadelphia  the  Foiu-teenth  Day  of  October,  Anno.  Dom.  1738.  In  the 
Twelfth  Year  of  the  Reign  of  our  Sovereign  Lord  GEORGE  II.  by  the  Grace  of  God, 
of  Great  Britain,  France  and  Ireland,  KINO,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  «S:c.  And  from 
thence  continued  by  Adjournments  to  the  First  Day  of  May,  1739. 

ANNO   DUODECIMO  GEORGI  11.  KEGIS. 

An  ACT  for  the  better  enabling  divers  Inhabitants  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  to 

trade  and  hold  Land  within  the  said  Province. 

Whereas,  by  the  Royal  Charter  of  the  late  King  Charles  the  Second,  to  William 
Penn,  Esq;  late  Proprietary  and  Goveruour  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  Licence 
is  granted  to  all  Persons  not  specially  forbidden,  to  transport  themselves  and  Families 
into  the  said  Province,  in  such  Shipping  as  by  the  Laws  of  the  Kingdom  of  England 
they  ought  to  use,  paying  the  Customs  therefore  due,  and  here  to  settle  themselves, 
dwell  and  inherit,  and  plant  for  the  publick  and  their  own  private  Advantage;  with 
License  to  purchase  and  hold  Lands  in  Fee-simple,  or  otherwise,  of  the  said  Proprietary 
and  his  Heirs,  with  full  License  to  all  Persons  who  shall  from  time  to  time  repair  hither 
Avith  a  purpose  to  inhabit,  or  trade  with  the  Natives  of  this  Country,  to  load,  freight, 
and  transport,  all  and  singular  their  Goods,  Wares  and  ]\Ierehandizes,  not  prohibted  by 
the  Laws  and  Statutes  of  England,  into  any  Ports  whatsoever  of  the  said  late  King, 
his  Heirs  and  Successors,  according  to  the  Ijaws  made  or  to  be  made  within  the  said 
Kingdom  of  England,  saving  always  to  the  said  late  King,  his  Pleirs  and  Successors, 
the  legal  Impositions,  Customs,  or  other  Duties,  due  or  to  become  due  by  any  Law  or 
Statute  for  the  said  Wares  or  Merchandizes,  as  by  the  said  Royal  Chai'ter,  among  other 
things,  may  more  fully  appear. 

And  whereas,  Michael  Albert,  William  Albert,  Leonhard  Bender,  George  Miller, 
John  Bushung,  Nicholas  Candle,  John  Hagey,  Charles  Keller,  Stephen  Remsberger, 
Ludovick  Dettenburn,  Jacob  Bare,  jr.,  John  Leiberger,  Michael  Becker,  John  Peter 
Cooher,  Christian  Lawer,  .lohn  Libough,  Bartholomew  Shaver,  Caspar  Stump,  Jacob 
Becker,  Tobias  Pickle,  Peter  Rutt,  George  Klein,  Paul  Tittenhoffer,  Matthias  Tise, 
George  Ludovick  Horst,  Sebastian  Graff,  Johan  Henry  Basseler,  Matthias  Jung,  Jacob 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  '  425 

Scliloug,  Henry  Michael  Immel,  Felix  Miller,  Martin  Weybrecht,  Fredrick  EiKhelber<,'cr, 
Sebastian  Fink,  Hans  Adam  Schreiner,  Christian  Lani^,  Casjjar  Tiller,  Anthony  Bret- 
ter,  Leonhard  EUniaker,  Andreas  Bersinger,  Hans  Graft;  Ja.^olt  Hartnian,  Thcophilus 
Hartman,  Theophilus  Hartman,  jr.,  Benjamin  Witmer,  Abrahani  Witmer,  ,Tf>hanncs 
Pinkley,  Turst  Buckwalter,  Henry  Neaf,  jr.,  Valentine  Ilergelrat,  Henry  Basseler, 
Johan  Stetler,  Leonhard  Homier,  Leonhard  Heyer,  Peter  Schell,  Johan  Xohaker,  Nich- 
olas Miller,  Johan  Hock,  Thomas  Knoppenheiler,  Michael  Knoppenhefler,  Christian 
Leman,  George  Unrook,  Jacob  Schefter,  Valentine  KelTci-,  Jacob  Etshbcrger,  Hennan 
Walburn,  Caspar  Reed,  Christian  Manusmith,  Nicholas  Kutts,  George  Weyrick,  Clnls- 
topher  Ley,  Jacob  Lower,  Hans  Moor,  Johannes  Blnm,  George  Steitz,  Erasmus  Buck- 
enmeyer,  and  George  Graft',  inhabitants  of  the  connty  of  Lancaster;  being  of  tlie  Pro- 
testant or  Reformed  Religion,  and  subjects  of  the  Emperor  of  Germany,  anil  other 
Princes,  now  in  amity  with  the  King  of  Great  Britain,  having  transported  themselves 
with  their  families  and  eftects  into  this  province,  and  being  desirous  to  be  made  par- 
takers of  the  immunities,  belonging  to  the  natural  born  subjects  of  this  province;  and 
to  be  more  effectually  secured  of  those  privileges  and  advantages  granted  by  his  .said 
late  Majesty  King  Charles  the  Second,  to  persons  coming  into  this  Province  to  settle 
and  inhabit,  they  having  (as  a  testimony  of  their  fidelity  and  affection  to  his  present 
Majesty  King  George  the  Second  and  the  Crowai  of  Great  Britain)  taken  the  qualifica- 
tions to  his  Majesty  and  his  government  by  law  appointed  and  enjoined  to  be  taken, 
obtained  leave  to  bring  in  this  bill  to  the  present  Assenrbly. 

Therefoi-e  may  it  please  the  Governor  that  it  may  be  enacted.  And  be  it  enacted  by 
George  Thomas,  Esq.,  Lieutenant  Governor  with  the  Royal  approbation,  under  the 
honourable  John  Penn,  Thomas  Penu,  and  Richard  Penn,  Esqs.,  true  and  absolute 
Proprietaries  and  Governors  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  that  they  the  said  ^Mi- 
chael  Albert,  William  Albert,  Leonhard  Bender,  George  Miller,  John  Bushnng,  Nicholas 
Candle,  John  Hagey,  Charles  Keller,  Stephen  Remsberger,  Ludovick  Dettenburn,  Jacob 
Bare,  junior,  John  Leiberger,  Michael  Becker,  John  Peter  Coolier,  Christian  Lawer, 
-John  Libough,  Bartholomew  Shaver,  Caspar  Stump,  Jacob  Becker,  Tobias  Pickle,  Peter 
Rutt,  George  Klein,  Paul  Tittenhoffer,  Mattliias  Tise,  George  Ludovick  Horst,  Sebas- 
tian Graft',  Johan  Henry  Basseler,  Matthias  Jung,  Jacob  Scliloug,  Henry  Michael  Immel, 
Felix  Miller,  IVLartin  Weybrecht,  Friedrick  Eighelberger,  Sebastian  Fink,  Hans  Adam 
Schreiner,  Christian  Lang,  Caspar  Tiller,  Anthony  Bretter,  Leonhard  Ellmaker,  An- 
dreas Bersinger,  Hans  Graft',  Jacob  Hartman,  Theophilus  Hartman,  Theophilus  Hart- 
man, junior,  Benjamin  Witmer,  Abraham  Witmer,  Johannes  Pinkley,  Turst  Buck- 
waiter,  Heniy  Neaf,  junior,  Valentine  Hergelrat,  Henry  Basseler,  Johan  Stetler,  Leon- 
hard Romler,  Leonhard  Heyer,  Peter  Schell,  Johan  Nohaker,  Nicholas  Miller,  Johan 
Hock,  Thomas  Knoppenhefter,  Michael  Knoppenhefler,  Christian  Leman,  George  Un- 
rook, Jacob  Schefter,  Valentine  Kefter,  Jacob  Etshberger,  Hennan  Walburn,  Caspar 
Reed,  Christian  j\Ianusmith,  Nicholas  Kutts,  George  AVejTick,  Christopher  Ley,  Jacob 
Lower,  Hans  IMoor,  Johannes  Blum,  George  Steitz,  Erasnuis  Buckeimieygr,  and  George 
Graff,  inhabitants  of  the  county  of  Lancaster;  and  every  of  them,  are  hereby  declared, 
and  shall  at  all  times  hereafter  be  esteemed  and  taken,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  to 
be  and  to  have  been,  since  their  first  arrival  in  this  Province,  free  and  fully  able,  and 
capable  to  trade,  trffick,  load,  freight,  and  transport  all  and  all  manner  of  Goods,  Wares 
and  Merchandizes,  not  by  laAV  prohibited  to  be  imported  or  exported,  as  if  they  and 
every  of  them  had  been  the  natural  liege  people  and  subjects  of  the  king  of  Great 
Britain,  born  in  this  Province  of  Pennsylvania;  and  also  they  and  each  of  them  shall 
and  are  hereby  enabled,  and  adjudged  able  to  all  intents,  constructions  and  purpo.ses 
whatsoever,  as  well  to  demand,  take,  have  and  enjoy  any  privileges  and  immunities 
belonging  to  his  Majesty's  Liege  People,  and  Natural  Subjects  of  this  Province,  as  also 
to  have  and  enjoy  all  lands  and  tenements,  and  all  other  hereditaments,  by  way  of  pur- 
chase or  gift,  of  any  person  or  persons  whatsoever;  and  also  to  prosecute,  pursue, 


426  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

maintain,  avow  end  jnstify  all  and  all  manner  of  actions,  suits  and  causes,  and  all  other 
things  to  do,  as  lawfully,  freely  and  fullj^  as  if  they  and  every  of  them  had  been  and 
were  born  Natural  Subjects  of  this  Province,  or  as  any  other  Person  or  Persons  born 
within  this  Province  may  lawfully  in  any  wise  do,  any  Law,  Custom  or  Usage  to  the 
contrary  thereof  in  any  Avise  notwithstanding. 

Indorsed, 

Piiiladel'y,  the  18  of  September. 
Then  lecived  of  Abraham  Witmer  the  sum  of  one  povnd  and  two  shillings  (and  one 
pound  before)  which  is  in  full  for  his  Naturalization.     I  say  recived  by  me, 

CHRISTIAN  GRASSOLD,  Collector. 


The  following  item  was  received  too  late  for  classification: 

"Caleb  Cope,  the  elder,  was  Burgess  of  Lancaster,  Pa.,  under  the  British  Govern- 
ment, immediately  prior  to  the  Revolution.  He  had  five  sous — John,  William,  Thomas 
P.,  Israel  and  r  Jasi>er,  and  also  two  daughters.  Mr.  Hennan  Cope,  just  deceased, 
(1869)  was  a  son  of  John  Cope,  the  eldest  of  the  brothers,  and,  consequently,  a  nephew 
of  Thomas  P.  Cope.  Our  respected  fellow-townsman,  (Philadelphia)  Caleb  Cope,  esq., 
is  a  son  of  the  second  brother.  William.  There  is  an  interesting  historical  reminiscence 
connected  with  the  Cope  family,  in  Lancaster,  which  is  worthy  of  note.  Major  Andre 
was  captured  by  General  Montgomerj',  in  U])per  Canada,  while  on  his  way  to  Quebec, 
November  3,  1775,  find  taken,  with  other  officers,  to  Lancaster,  where  he  became  an 
inmate  of  Caleb  Cope's  house.  There,  the  eldest  brother,  John,  then  13  years  of  age, 
received  lessons  in  drawing  from  Major  Andre;  and  the  three  brothers,  John,  William 
and  Thomas  had,  in  after  life,  vivid  recollections  of  their  games  of  marbles  and  other 
juvenile  sports  with  the  lively  young  English  officer,  who  was  destined  to  figure  so 
terribly  in  the  after  history  of  this  country. ' ' 


Lir<xu.ggI.rtJi  TK^UrjcL". 


THE  COURT  HOUSE  AT  LANCASTER  . 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  427 


diyisio:n'  TV. 


POLITICAL. 
THE  COURT  HOUSE. 

On  ]\Ionda,y,  August  23, 18o2,  the  cornerstone  of  the  present  Court  House  was  laid  by 
S.  Sloan,  Architect,  and  James  Crawford,  Superintendent,  in  the  presence  of  the  Com- 
missioners of  the  county,  the  Judges  of  the  Court,  the  members  of  the  Bar,  and  a  large 
concourse  of  citizens  from  the  city  and  county. 

From  an  address  delivered  on  the  occasion  by  David  G.  Eshleman,  Esq.,  we  gather 
the  following  data  for  permanent  record. 

"  Immediately  after  the  erection  of  Lancaster  count}-,  (in  1739)  a  violent  contention 
arose  as  to  the  most  suitable  place  for  the  seat  of  justice.  Wright's  Ferry  (now  Col- 
umbia,) Lancaster  and  Postlethwaite's — an  old  settlement  and  the  site  of  an  Indian 
wigwam  in  Conestoga  township,  about  7  miles  south  of  Lancaster  Avere  the  three  places 
most  strongly  i-ecommended.  Postlethwaite's  was  thought  to  possess  superior  advan- 
tages and  was  therefore  selected.  A  log  Court  House,  for  which  Postlethwaite  was 
allowed  the  sum  of  seven  shillings,  and  a  log  jail  of  equal  pretensions  were  immediately 
erected,  and  the  Courts  held  there  till  August  term,  1730,  when  the  increasing  influ- 
ence of  the  Lancaster  party  enabled  them  to  procure  the  removal  of  the  seat  of  justice 
to  this  place. 

"A  Court  House  was  then  erected  in  the  centre  of  Lancaster,  Avhere  the  present  old 
Court  House  stands  (1853.)  That  was  built  of  brick,  but  it  was  a  small  and  uncom- 
fortable structure.  The  floor  was  brick  pavement,  and  the  interior  arrangements  gen- 
erally were  of  proportionate  grandeur.  On  the  top  of  the  house  was  a  small  spire  with 
a  clock  of  two  faces,  one  for  tlie  south  and  the  other  for  the  north.  In  that  house  the 
justice  of  Lancaster  coimty  was  judicially  administered  until  about  1781,  when  it  took 
fire  and  was  burnt  down.  The  courts  were  then  held  in  the  house  of  iSIichaol  Ilubley 
until  the  i)resent  old  Court  House  was  finished. 

"The  existing  Court  House  (in  1852)  was  commenced  in  1783,  and  finished  in  1785. 
That  house,  so  far  beneath  the  ideas  of  comfort  and  convenience  of  tlie  present  age, 
was  at  that  time  considered  a  magnificent  structure.  It  was  sntficient  in  size  and  con- 
veniences, not  only  to  acconunodate  the  County  Court  and  the  Supreme  Court  of  the 
Commonwealth,  but  was  for  many  years  the  Capitol  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  sessions 
of  the  Legislature  were  held  therein  from  1799  until  1812.  But  times  change  and  we 
change  with  them.  Our  Avants  keep  pace  with  our  means,  and  a  Court  House  that  was 
sufficiently  large  and  commodious  in  1785,  when  the  population  of  the  county  Avas  less 
than  25,000,  and  the  whole  assessed  value  of  property  Avas  only  a  fcAV  hundred  thousand 
dollars,  and  which  could  even  accommodate  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania  to  1810, 
is  now  found  to  l)e  entirely  deficient  in  size  and  comfort  in  1853,  Avhen  avc  exceed  tAvo 
of  the  States  of  the  Union  in  population,  one  State  in  assessed  value  of  property,  and 
equal  the  fourteenth  part  of  the  Avhole  assessed  valuation  of  Pennsylvania.  A  number 
of  Grand  Juries,  representing  the  honest  and  industrious  fanners  and  mechanics,  Avho 
are  justly  proud  of  the  Avealth  and  prosperity  of  their  county,  conscious  of  the  total 


428  AUTHENTIC     HISTORY 

unfitness  of  the  old  county  buildings  and  of  the  necessity  of  a  new  Court  House,  made 
presentments  to  that  effect  to  the  Court,  and  the  Commissioners  of  the  county,  appre- 
ciating the  wants  of  the  people,  and  imbuetl  with  a  commendable  spirit  of  enterprise, 
immediately  made  arrangements  to  carry  out  the  views  of  their  constituents  as  expressed 
by  the  grand  juries.  This  day's  ceremony  indicates  the  progress  of  the  design,  and 
when  this  building  shall  have  been  finished,  with  the  elegance  which  its  own  impor- 
tance and  the  condition  of  the  county  seem  to  demand,  it  will  stand  for  ages  as  a  proud 
monument  of  the  skill  of  the  Architect  who  designed  it,  and  of  the  public  spirit  of  the 
Commissioners  who  caused  it  to  be  erected." 

The  present  Court  House  stands  on  the  northwest  corner  of  East  King  and  Duke 
streets.  It  is  a  massive,  solid  structure,  164  feet  in  length,  72  feet  in  breadth  and  two 
stories  in  height.  The  basement  is  built  of  plain  sandstone  and  the  super-structure  of 
brick,  the  surface  of  which  is  covered  with  mastic.  Tlie  building  is  strengthened  and 
ornamented  in  the  front,  rear  and  middle  portion  of  the  east  wall,  and  the  roof  par- 
tially supported  by  pillars  resting  upon  buttresses.  From  the  central  portion  of  the 
roof  rises  a  cupola,  in  which  is  a  clock  with  four  faces.  A  statue  of  Justice  is  placed 
upon  the  summit  of  the  cupola. 

The  building  is  entered  from  East  King  street  by  a  flight  of  stone  steps.  The  first 
floor  is  divided  longitudinally  and  transversely  by  wide  arched  passages,  paved  with 
colored  tiles,  along  which  are  arranged  the  various  offices  of  the  officers  of  the  county. 
The  second  floor  is  occupied  principally  by  the  Court  room — 83  feet  in  length,  66  feet 
in  breadth  and  25  feet  in  height,  with  frescoed  walls  and  ceiling.  The  Judges'  bench 
is  placed  at  the  north  end.  In  front  of  the  bench,  a  portion  of  the  room  is  raised  and 
enclosed  for  the  use  of  juries  and  officers  of  the  court.  The  remainder  of  the  room  is 
filled  with  seats  for  witnesses  and  spectators.  Adjoiiung  the  Court  Room  is  the  room 
occupied  by  the  Law  Library.  The  Library  consists  of  a  large  collection  of  standard 
professional  text-books  and  books  of  reports  of  cases  determined  by  the  superior  courts 
of  the  different  States,  and  is  sustained  by  members  of  the  bar,  composing  an  associa- 
tion for  that  purpose. 

The  original  cost  of  the  Court  House,  in  its  completed  condition,  including  furni- 
ture and  the  price  of  the  ground  on  which  it  is  erected,  was  $166,000.  It  was  fully 
occupied  by  the  county  officers  with  the  records  of  their  offices  on  September  7,  1854, 
and  the  first  regular  term  of  Coui-t — being  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions — was  opened  No- 
vember 20,  1854. 

The  Prothonotary,  Register,  Treasurer,  Sheriff,  Recorder,  Clerks  of  the  Court  of 
Quarter  Sessions  and  Orphans'  Court,  and  Commissioners  are  i-equired,  by  law,  to  keep 
their  respective  offices  at  the  seat  of  justice  of  the  County.  All  the  said  officers  are 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  County — the  Treasurer  biennially  and  the  remain- 
der of  them  triennially.  With  the  exception  of  the  Commissioners,  they  must  give 
bonds  to  the  Commonwealth,  with  adequate  surety,  for  the  faithful  perfonnance  of 
the  duties  of  their  several  offices.  The  Prothonotary,  Register,  Recorder,  Sheriff  and 
Clerks  of  the  Quarter  Sessions  and  Orphans'  Court,  are  compensated  by  fees  fixed 
by  law.  The  Treasurer  receive.s  a  salary.  The  Commissioners  are  allowed  com- 
pensation for  each  day  and  mileage,  while  engaged  in  the  performance  of  the  duties  of 
their  office. 

The  Prothonotary  is  the  Clerk  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  and  has  the  custody  of 
its  records  and  seal.  He  keeps  a  docket  for  the  entry  of  Judgments,  records  election 
returns  and  transmits  copies  of  the  same  to  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth. 

The  Register  records  and  files  all  wills  produced  under  the  i^rovisions  of  the  Act  of 
Assembly.  He  has  jurisdiction  of  the  probate  of  wills  and  testaments,  of  the  granting 
of  letters  testamentary  and  administration,  and  of  the  passing  and  filing  of  the  accounts 
of  executors  and  administrators. 

The  Recorder  provides  books  of  record  and  records  therein  all  deeds  of  conveyance 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY,  409 

and  release,  mortgages,  powers  of  attonioy,  and  commissions  and  l)(..nds  of  puljlic  officei-s 
and  Justices  of  the  Peace. 

The  Clerks  of  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  and  Orphans'  Court  have  the  custody  of 
the  records  and  seal  of  their  respective  Courts. 

The  Treasurer  receives  all  moneys  due  or  accruing  to  the  County,  and  j.nys  tiic  samu 
on  proper  warrants. 

The  Sheriff  is  the  executive  otTRcer  of  the  Courts.  His  general  duties  are:  To  keep 
the  peace  within  the  County;  he  may  apprehend  and  commit  to  prison  all  persons  who 
break  the  ])eace  or  attempt  to  break  it;  he  is  required,  by  virtue  of  his  otHcc,  to  i»ursuc 
and  take  all  murderers,  felons  and  rioters;  he  has  the  keeping  of  the  County  jail,  and 
is  bound  to  defend  it  against  all  attacks;  he  executes  within  the  County,  all  process 
issuing  from  the  Courts  of  the  Commonwealth;  and,  iu  case  of  resistance,  has  authority 
to  call  upon  any  individual  to  assist  in  its  execution.  lie  also  gives  notice  of  the  lime 
and  place  of  holding  general  elections. 

The  Commissioners  exercise  the  corporate  powers  of  the  County,  and  have  the 
custody  of  its  seal.i 


LIST  OF  JUDGES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY  FROM  1813. 

Date  of  Ai  - 

Name.  Office.  pointinent  or 

Election. 

Thomas  Clark, Associate, 1813. 

Samuel  Dale,  Associate, 1819. 

Whitehill, Associate, 1820. 

Charles  Smith, President, 1820. 

John  Lightner, Associate, 1822. 

Alexander  L.  Hayes, District, 1S33. 

Alexander  L.  Hayes, Associate, 18-")4. 

Alexander  L.  Hayes, Associate  Law, 18!U. 

Oristus  Collins,  President, 1830. 

Benjamin  Champneys, President, 1810. 

Emanuel  Schaeffer, Associate, 1842. 

Ellis  Lewis, President, 1843. 

Emanuel  Schaeffer, Associate, 1848. 

Jacob  Grosh, Associate, 1842. 

Jacob  Grosh, Associate, 1847. 

Jeremiah  Brown, Associate, 18)1. 

D.  B.  Vondersmith, Associate, I80I. 

H.  G.  Long, President, lyM. 

H.  G.  Long President, l^^'l- 

Ferree  Brinton, Associate, 18j6. 

Peter  Martin, Associate, 1866. 

John  Jay  Libhart, Associate, 1^^^- 


LIST  OF  ATTORNEYS  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Year  of  Admission.  Names.  Year  of  Admission.  Names. 

1729.     Joseph  Growden.  1732.     Francis  Sherrard. 

"         Ralph  Asketon.  1734.     Joshua  Ilopkinson. 

"         John  Emerson.  "         William  Peters. 

1731.     Edward  Harris.  1735.     John  Ross. 

"         John  Moland.  "         Edmund  Ackworth. 

1  The  account  of  the  present  Court  House  has  been  kindly  furnished  by  William  Leaman,  Es  i. 


430 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Year  of  Admission.           Xamcs. 

Year  of  ^ 

Lclmission.           Xames. 

1735. 

William  Harper. 

1765. 

James  Sayre. 

1736. 

James  Calder. 

11 

Henry  Elwes. 

1737. 

Walker  Growden. 

K 

George  Campbell 

u 

James  Keating. 

(( 

Isaac  Hunt. 

ii 

Alexander  Percy. 

1( 

William  Swainey. 

il 

Thomas  Cookson. 

1766. 

Elisha  Price,  Esq. 

li 

Kinny. 

1766. 

Coates. 

1740. 

William  Peters. 

1767. 

James  Wilson,  Phila. 

a 

Benjamin  Price. 

i( 

James  Allen. 

1741. 

Keper. 

1769. 

Casper  Weitzel. 

1742. 

Lap. 

a 

Jacob  Rush. 

u 

Benjamin  Chew. 

<( 

Christian  Hook. 

1748. 

George  Smith. 

(( 

John  Hubley. 

1744. 

James  Reed. 

u 

Thomas  Hartley. 

u 

Tench  Francis. 

1770. 

Daniel  Clymer. 

1746. 

David  Stont. 

1771. 

Ashton  Humphreys. 

<( 

John  Lawrence. 

a 

George  Noarth. 

1747. 

Thomas  Cross. 

1774. 

Jasper  Ewing, 

1749. 

John  Ronshaw. 

1777. 

AVilliam  Lawrence  Blair. 

1750. 

George  Rossi 

(( 

Peter  Hoofnagle,  Esq. 

u 

Joseph  Rose. 

(( 

Wm.  Aug.  Atlee,  Esq, 

<( 

Ranch. 

(( 

John  Hubley,  Esq. 

1751. 

Edward  Shippen,  jr. 

(( 

Jonathan  D.  Sargeant,  Esq. 

a 

John  Mather. 

a 

William  Lewis,  Esq. 

(( 

James  IMorris. 

li 

Jacob  Ruth,  Esq. 

1753. 

James  Smith. 

1778. 

George  Stevenson,  Esq. 

(( 

J.  Read. 

li 

Edward  Burd. 

(( 

William  Parr. 

1779. 

Coloson  Reed. 

1753. 

Thomas  Otway. 

il 

James  Wilson. 

u 

James  Biddle. 

(( 

William  Barton. 

1754. 

Andrew  Colhoun. 

(( 

Robert  Galbreath. 

1756. 

Charles  Morse. 

li 

Col.  Thomas  Hartley. 

n 

Samnel  Johnston. 

1780. 

Stephen  Chambers. 

ti 

David  Henderson. 

1781. 

John  Potts. 

li 

Hugh  Bay. 

il 

Joseph  Hubley. 

11 

James  Whitehead. 

il 

James  Hamilton. 

u 

John  Armand. 

11 

Thomas  Duncan. 

1757. 

George  Read. 

-      1783. 

Stephen  Porter,  Esq. 

1758. 

William  Atlee. 

li 

John  F.  Mifflin. 

1759. 

John  Morris,  jr. 

11 

George  Ross,  Esq. 

1763. 

Wm.  Smji;h. 

11 

John  Wilkes  Kittera. 

li 

Robert  IMagaw. 

11 

George  Thompson. 

1763. 

Nicholas  Wain. 

1783. 

Matthew  McAllister. 

1764. 

John  Currie. 

(( 

John  Vannost,  Esq. 

(( 

Hughs. 

1784. 

James  Riddle. 

(( 

Edw.  Biddle. 

11 

WiUiam  Montgomery. 

1765. 

Alexander  Wilcox, 

1785. 

Jacob  Hubley. 

li 

Jasper  Yeates. 

li 

John  Joseph  Henry. 

11 

Richard  Peters. 

a 

Andrew  Hanna,  Esq.,  Phila, 

li 

Stephen  Porter. 

11 

John  Reily. 

(< 

Andrew  Allen. 

il 

Andrew  Dunlap. 

(( 

Alexander  Porter. 

1787. 

James  Hopkins,  Phila, 

OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY, 


431 


Year  of  Admission.  Names. 

1787.  Charles  Smith,  Esq. 
"  Galbreath  Patterson, 

John  Todd. 

"  Sampson  Levy. 

"  Mr.  Robert  Hudson. 

1788.  James  Campbell,  Esq. 
"  Mr.  Matthias  Barton. 

"  Alexander  Dallas,  Esq. 

"  John  Smith. 

1789.  John  Moore. 

1790.  .Joseph  Bnrd. 

"  Daniel  Smith,  Esq. 

"  David  Moore. 

"  Samuel  Roberts,  Esq. 

"  James  Kelley,  Esq. 

1791.  Thomas  Divff,  Esq. 
"  Samuel  Riddle,  Esq. 

"  Robert  Henry  Duncan, 

"  Thomas  Ross,  Esq. 

"  Charles  Hall,  Esq. 

"  WilUam  Smith,  Esq. 

"  Jacob  Carpenter. 

"  George  Smith. 

"  James  Gibson,  Phil' a. 

"  Mr.  Anthony  Morris. 

"  Mr.  John  Ross,  Jr. -—  ■"" 

1793.  Richard  Smith,  Phil'a. 

"  Robert  Porter,  Esq. 

"  Henry  Wickoff,  Esq.,  Phil'a. 

"  William  Wallace. 

"  Robert  Frazer,  Esq. 

"  George  Duffield,  Esq. 

"  Michael  Kepple,  Esq. 

1793.  Marks  John  Biddle,  Esq. 
"  William  Ross. 

' '         Jonathan  Henderson. 
"         William  Barber,  Esq. 
*'         Evan  Rice  Evans,  Esq. 
"         John  Shippen,  Esq. 

1794.  Aquilla  M.  Bolten,  Esq. 
"         William  Foster,  Esq. 

"         Matthew  Henry. 
'"         Josiah  McElwaine. 
"         John  Montgomery. 
"         Samuel  Scott  Galbreath. 
"         Ralph  Bowie. 

1795.  Jonathan  Harvey  Hunt,  Esq. 
"         Thomas  D.  Dick,  Esq. 

"         Samuel  Bethel,  Esq. 

"         James  Latimer,  Esq. 

"         George  Henry  Kepple,  Esq. 

"         Thomas  Elder,  Esq. 


Year  of  ailniission.  Names. 

179G.     James  Montgomeiy. 
"  Joseph  Hemphill,  Esq. 

"         Fred"k  Smitli,  Es(p 
1797.     George  Fisher,  Esrp 
"         George  Thompson  Ross. 
"         Andrew  Graft",  Jr. 
"         Robert  Hays,  Esq. 
'*         Thos.  Barton  Zantzingcr. 
''         John  Passmore. 
"         Robert  Hazelhurst,  Esq. 

1799.  Patton  Ross. 

"         Charles  Evans,  Esq. 

1800.  John  Hubley,  Esq. 
"         William  ]\Iaxwell. 

1801.  Jonathan  T.  Haight. 
"         WilUam  Clark  Frazer. 

"         Andrew  Buchanan,  Esq. 

1803.  Edward  Godwin,  Esq. 
"         Joseph  Vickroy, 

"  William  Jenkins, 
"  Patrick  Farrelly. 
"         David  C.  Cunningham. 

1804.  John  S.  Bell. 

1805.  John  Hand. 

1806.  David  Snively. 

1808.  Isaac  Darlington,  Esq, 
"         James  McCoUough. 

1809.  William  Barton,  Esq. 
"         Samuel  Baird,  Jr. 

"         Amos  Ellmaker,  Esq. 
Ziba  Pyle,  Esq. 

1810.  Henry  Wilson. 

"         Wm.  S.  Biddle,  Esq. 

1811.  Thomas  Montgomery. 
"         Henry  Shippen. 

"         Molton  C,  Rogers,  Esq. 
"         John  B.  Gibson. 

1812.  Jasper  Slaymaker. 
"  James  Buchanan, 
"         Henry  Bullard. 

"         John  Stroman,  Esq. 

1813.  Jasper  Yeates  Smith. 
"  Joseph  Simon  Cohen. 
"         Edward  Coleman. 

"         George  B.  Porter. 

1814.  Thomas  F.  Pleasants. 
'•         Ebeuezer  Wright. 

"         Clement  A.  Buckley. 

1815.  James  M.  Porter. 
"         Bushnell  Carter. 

";        William  W.  Smith. 
"'         George  R.  H<jpkins. 


432 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


Year  of  Admission.           Names. 

Year  of 

1816. 

Collin  Cooke. 

182G. 

" 

Lewis  M.  Lane. 

a 

(( 

.John  Hallowell,  Esq. 

n 

(1 

Thomas  M.  Read,  Esq. 

ii 

1817. 

.Jacob  B.  Weidman,  Esq. 

1827. 

(( 

Edwin  A.  White,  Esq. 

ii 

(( 

Charles  Herbst. 

ii 

1818. 

Michael  W.  Ash. 

1829. 

a 

Charles  A.  Barnitz,  Esq. 

(t 

ii 

Benjamin  Champneys,  Esq. 

1830. 

a 

Eliphalet  L.  Benedict. 

ti 

ii 

Daniel  Fuller. 

1831. 

a 

Thomas  Ii.  Davis,  Es(j. 

u 

(< 

John  Duer,  Esq. 

(( 

1819. 

George  Heckert. 

1832. 

a 

James  W.  McClung. 

u 

11 

John  Wright,  Esq. 

1834. 

u 

Moses  Cannon,  Esq. 

ii 

1820. 

Nathan  L.  Boulden, 

1835. 

<( 

Samuel  Parke. 

1836. 

ii 

INIichael  Gallagher,  Esq. 

(( 

ii 

Walter  S.  Franklin,  Esq. 

(( 

1821. 

Geo.  W.  Jacobs. 

(( 

(( 

Archibald  I.  Findlay. 

1837. 

(( 

Thomas  B.  McElwee. 

1838. 

a 

William  Norris,  Esq. 

(( 

a 

George  W.  Inline. 

(t 

ii 

Henry  H.  Van  Amringe. 

1838. 

f  i 

William  J.  Christy. 

ii 

u 

John  Ii.  IVIontgomery. 

1839. 

a 

William  N.  Henry. 

(( 

1822. 

George  B.  Withers. 

1840. 

ii 

Washing-ton  Hopkins. 

a 

(( 

Emanuel  C.  Reigart. 

(1 

<( 

John  Adams  Fisher,  Esq. 

u 

(( 

Zepheniah  McLenegan. 

u 

1823. 

Thomas  Kelley. 

1841. 

(( 

Calvin  Mason. 

(( 

(( 

Julien  Henry. 

(( 

a 

Nathaniel  Hall  Loring. 

K 

a 

Evan  Rice  Evans. 

(( 

a 

Robert  M.  Brooke. 

1( 

1824. 

Richard  Porter. 

1842. 

a 

Robert  M.  Barr. 

(( 

a 

Kinsey  J.  Vandyke. 

u 

(i 

Alexander  L.  Hayes. 

u 

u 

John  B.  Mayer. 

11 

1825. 

Reah  Frazer. 

(( 

u 

Henry  Rogers. 

1843, 

1( 

Morris  Wilson,  Esq. 

a 

(1 

Willet  C.  Ogilby. 

(( 

1826. 

Hugh  Wallace. 

(• 

Admission.  Names. 

Anson  V.  Parsons. 

Wm.  C.  Carter. 

William  Whiteside. 

Alexander  Reynolds. 

Henry  G.  Long. 

Henry  M.  Leonard. 

John  Reigart. 

Wm.  B.  Fordney. 

Thomas  H.  Burrowes. 
.     And.  Thomas  Smith,  Esq. 

George  W.  Barton. 

Thomas  E.  Franklin. 

John  K.  Findlay. 

Alexander  W.  Leyburn. 
,     Edward  Purcell. 

Ashbel  Green,  jun'r,  Esq. 

James  Cameron. 

William  F.  Boone,  Esq. 

William  Ayres,  Esq. 
,     I.  Newton  Lightner. 

George  Ford. 

Wm.  F.  Bryan. 

James  Anderson. 
.     Christ'n  H.  Lefever. 
.     J.  L.  Thompson. 

N.  EUmaker. 

Wm.  O.  Jenkins. 
,     Washington  Hall. 

Henry  S.  Magraw. 
,     Jacob  B.  Aniwake. 

Daniel  B.  Vondersmitli. 
,     George  W.  Hai'ris. 

Samuel  Humes  Porter. 

William  R.  Morris 

James  H.  Bull. 

James  H.  Van  Horn. 
,     Amos  SlajTiiaker. 

William  Mathiot. 

Abraham  D.  Ditmars. 

William  P.  Steele. 

Joseph  C.  Passmore. 

Peter  A.  Hawk. 
.     David  W.  Patterson. 

William  Houston. 

Thaddeus  Stevens,  Esq. 

Geo.  M.  Kline. 

A.  Herr  Smith. 

David  G.  Eshleman. 
.     Junius  B.  Kaufman. 

Horace  Hopkins. 

Francis  Bacon,  Esq. 

Francis  Keenau. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 


433 


Year  of  Admission.  Names. 

1843.  Jesse  Land  is. 

"  Samuel  Carpenter. 

1844.  William  E.  Barber,  Esq. 
"  Abraham  A.  Groff. 

"  J.  Graeff  Barton. 

"  John  Potter,  jr.,  Esq. 

"  Elliott  D.  Stewart,  Esq. 

"  Alex.  H.  Hood. 

"  Davis  E.  Bruner. 

"  James  L.  Reynolds. 

"  John  F.  Houston,  Esq. 

1845.  Charles  Denues. 

"  Charles  W.  Penrose,  Esq. 

"  Frederick  S.  Gossler. 

"  La  Fayette  Hiener. 

"  Isaac  E.  Hiester. 

"  Charles  A.  Tomlinson. 

1846.  Wm.  L.  Campbell,  Esq. 
"  James  Black. 

"  Franklin  Pennington. 

"  J.  F.  Osborne. 

"  O.  J.  Dickey. 
^^^^ — George  W.  McElroy.     — - 

'•  Benjamin  Herr. 

"  Zuriel  Swope. 

"  Horace  Hopkins. 

1847.  William  S.  Amweg. 
"  David  G.  McGown. 
*'  Richard  R.  Bryan. 
"  Philip  Gossler. 

"  Geo.  W.  Andrews,  Esq. 

"  Hiram  B.  Swarr. 

"  Patrick  Donnelly. 

"  Bartram  A.  Sheaffer. 

"  W.  W.  Brown. 

"  Geo.  W.  Baker. 

1848.  A.  Jordan  Schwartz,  Esq. 
"  Simon  Stevens. 

"  Geo.  W.  Hunter. 

"  John  B.  Livingston. 

"  Daniel  G.  Baker. 

"  John  J.  Eshleman. 

1848.  Edward  Champneys. 

"  Edward  M.  KauflFman. 

"  James  L.  Gross. 

"  James  P.  Sterrett,  Esq. 

"  John  Williamson,  Esq. 

1849.  John  A.  Hiestand. 
"         John  S.  Walker. 

"         Jonas  D.  Bachman. 
"         John  J.  Shuler. 
"  Wm.  R.  Wilson. 


Year  of 
1849 


1850 


1851 


1853 


1853 


1854 


1855 


1856 


1857 


1858 


Admission.  Names, 

.     Samuel  E.  Hench. 
IL  M.  North. 
John  G.  Thompson,  Esq. 
Henry  A.  Wade. 

John  B.  Gest,  Esq. 
John  M.  Am  wake. 
Henry  S.  Myers.  "^^ 

Emlen  Franklin. 
Edward  Shippen,  Esq. 

James  McConnick,  Esq. 

John  W.  Meckley. 

James  H.  Reigart. 

John  S.  Detweiler. 

Isaac  N.  EUmaker. 

James  L.  Jones,  Esq. 

W.  H.  Elder,  Esq. 

Charles  B.  Weaver,  Esq. 

Charles  Leib,  Esq. 

J.  Ellis  Bonham,  Esq, 

John  S.  Walker,  Esq. 

J.  E.  Hackenberg,  Esq. 

Samuel  Forrey. 

Samuel  H.  Price. 

William  T.  McPhail. 

Henry  A.  Wind. 

Aldus  J.  Neff. 

Kersey  Coates. 

Charles  B.  Wallace,  Esq, 

George  F.  Breneman. 

Peter  Martin  Heitler, 

Charles  A.  Hill. 

Simon  P.  Eby. 

Reuben  H.  Long. 

Wm.  Augustus  Atlee, 

George  Brubaker,  Esq, 

John  C.  Kunkel,  Esq. 

David  BLiir,  Esq. 

W.  F.  S.  Warren. 

James  K.  Alexander. 

Samuel  H.  Reynolds, 

William  Whitehill, 

Joseph  W.  Fisher, 

Edward  O.  Reilly, 

Benj.  F.  Baer. 

P.  L.  Hackenberg. 

Edw.  McGovern. 

W.  J.  McElroy,  Phila. 

Alexander  ILxrris. 

F.  S.  Pyfer. 

John  F.  Brinton. 

Thomas  E.  Cochran,  Esq. 

Robert  Lamberton. 


29 


434 


AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


Year  of  Admission.  Xames. 

1858.  Hamilton  Alricks. 
"  David  Mumma. 

1859.  Roland  Kinzer. 

"  Thaddeus  Stevens,  Jr. 

•'  George  W.  Matchin,  Esq. 

"  Abram  Shank. 

"  A.  J.  Hughes. 

"  F.  S.  Stumbach. 

"  Thos.  Hall  Foreman. 

"  Wiinam  C.  Hays. 

"  Wilberforce  Nevin. 

"  A.  J.  Steinman. 
R.  W.  Shenk. 

1860.  James  A.  Congden,  Esq. 
"  Washington  W.  Hopkins. 
"  William  L.  Scott,  Esq. 

"  James  B.  Tredwell. 

"  William  Leaman. 

"  James  D.  Dougherty. 

1861.  George  M.  Franklin. 

"  ■  Franklin  B.  Gowen,  Esq. 

"  Thomas  H.  Pollock. 

"  Gardner  Furniss,  Esq. 

"  Edwin  Henry  Yundt. 

"  Andrew  M.  Frantz. 

"  John  W.  Bittinger,  Esq. 

1862.  John  M.  Ileyberger,  Esq. 
"  J.  R.  Sypher. 

"  James  Boyd. 

"  David  Wills,  Esq. 

"  George  Nauman. 

"  Hiram  B.  Essick,  Esq. 

"  John  W.  Johnson. 

1863.  Smith  Patterson  Gait. 
"  Benjamin  C.  Kready. 
"  Thomas  M.  Coulson. 

1864.  John  B.  Good. 

"  Adam  J.  Eberly,  Esq. 

"  J.  Duncan  Cotrell. 


Year  of 
1864, 

a 

1865. 


1866 


1867, 


1868 


admission.  Names. 

AVm.  E.  McLaughlin. 

Amos  H.  Mylin. 
,     Henry  G.  Smith,  Esq. 

J.  Glancy  Jones,  Esq. 

Andrew  J.  Sanderson. 

J.  W.  F.  Swift. 

Cassius  E.  Stubbs,  Esq. 

Archibald  T.  Patterson,  Esq. 

Wni.  A.  Wilson. 

William  K.  Seltzer. 

Peter  D.  Wanner. 

H.  Clay  Brubaker. 
.     Peter  B.  Urich. 

Octavus  J.  Norris. 

D.  J.  M.  Loop. 

Andrew  J.  Kauffman. 

Adam  C.  Reinoehl. 

Cyrus  P.  Miller. 

A.  Frank  Seltzer,  Esq. 

Chas.  K.  Robeson,  Esq. 

Edgar  C.  Reed. 

Albert  E.  Carpenter. 

John  0.  Byrne,  Esq. 

Charles  P.  Muhlenberg,  Esq. 

John  K.  Rutter. 

Robert  A.  Townsend. 

Chas.  A.  Mayer,  Esq. 

Chas.  S.  Keyser,  Esq. 

John  B.  Warfel,  Esq. 

Wm.  D.  Seltzer. 
,     Philip  D.  Baker. 

Marriott  Brosius. 

Hon.  Samuel  Hepburn. 

D.  P.  Rosenmiller. 

Capt.  John  P.  Rea. 

Martin  M.  Rutt. 

Major  J.  F.  Frueauff. 

Nathaniel  E.  Slaymaker. 

J.  Porter,  Esq. 


MEMBERS  OF  ASSEMBLY  FROM  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

1727— Thomas  Edwards,  John  Wright,  James  IMitchell  and  Thomas  Reed.  1730— 
John  Musgrove,  Thomas  Edwards,  John  Wright  and  George  Stuart.  1^31 — John 
Koyle,  Andrew  Galbraith,  John  Musgrove,  Thomas  Edwards.  1732 — George  Stuart, 
Thomas  Edwards,  Samuel  Blunston,  Andrew  Galbraith.  1733— Andrew  Galbraith, 
Thomas  Edwards,  John  Wright,  John  Koyle.  1734 — James  Hamilton,  John  Emerson, 
Andrew  Galbraith,  John  Wright.  1735  and  1736— James  Hamilton,  Thomas  Edwards, 
Andrew  Galbraith,  Thomas  Armstrong.  1737 — James  Hamilton,  John  Wright,  An- 
drew Galbraith,  Samuel  Smith.  1738 — James  Hamilton,  John  Wright,  Andrew  Gal- 
braith, Samuel  Smith.  1739 — John  Wright,  Thomas  Ewing,  Thomas  Lindley,  Thomas 
Edwards.     1740 — Anthony  Shaw,  and  the  same  as  before,  except  Thomas  Edwards. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  435 

1741  aud  1742— Samuel  Blunston,  and  the  same  as  before,  except  Thomas  Edwards. 
1743— Anthony  Shaw,  Arthur  Patterson,  Thomas  Lindly,  John  "Wright.  1744— James 
Mitchell,  John  "Wright,  Arthur  Patterson,  Samuel  Blunston.  174.5  and  1746— John 
"Wright,  James  Mitchell,  Arthur  Patterson,  James  Wright.  1747  and  1748 — John 
Wright,  Arthur  Patterson,  James  Webb,  Peter  Worrall.  1749— James  Wright,  Artlmr 
Patterson,  Cahdn  Cooper,  Peter  Worrall.  1750 — Arthur  Patterson,  Calvin  Cooper, 
James  Wright,  James  Webb.  1751— Peter  Worrall,  James  Wright,  Cahin  Cooper, 
Arthur  Patterson.  Those  of  1751,  were  all  re-elected  for  1752,  175.3  and  1754.  1755 — 
No  return  made,  but  James  Wright  and  James  Webb,  appeared.  1756 — Emanual 
-Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James  Webb,  John  Douglass,  1757 — Isaac  Saunders, 
Emanuel  Cai-penter,  James  Webb,  James  Wright.  Those  of  1757,  were  re-elected  for 
1758,  1759  and  1760.  1761  and  1762— Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James 
Webb,  John  Douglass.  1763 — Isaac  Saunders  and  those  before  named,  except  James 
Webb.  1764 — James  Webb,  and  those  of  1763  except  John  Douglass.  1765 — Emanuel 
Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James  Webb,  Jacob  Carpenter.  Those  of  1765  were  re- 
elected for  1766  and  1767.  1768 — Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  James  Webb, 
George  Ross.  1769 — Emanuel  Carpenter,  Jacob  Carpenter,  James  Webb,  George 
Ross.  1770 — Emanuel  Carpenter,  James  Wright,  Joseph  Ferree,  George  Ross.  1771 — 
Emanuel  Carpenter,  George  Ross,  Joseph  Ferree,  William  Downing.  1772 — Joseph 
Ferree,  Jacob  Carpenter,  Isaac  Whitelock,  James  Webb.  1773  and  1774 — Joseph 
Ferree,  James  Webb,  George  Ross,  Matthias  Slough.  1775 — Ciuiis  Grubb,  ^latthias 
Slough,  George  Ross,  James  Webb,  Thomas  Porter,  Bartram  Galbraith.  1776 — Wil- 
liam Brown,  John  McMillan,  Philip  Marsteller,  James  Anderson,  Alex'r  Lowrey,  Lud- 
wig  Lauman.  1777 — Curtis  Grubb,  ]\Iatthias  Slough,  George  Ross  and  James  Webb. 
1778 — John  Gillchrist,  Curtis  Grubb,  Alexander  liowvej,  John  Smiley,  James  Ander- 
son, William  Brown.  1779 — James  Anderson,  John  Smiley,  John  Gillchrist,  Christopher 
Kucher,  James  Cunningham,  William  Brown,  sen.,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  jr.,  William 
Porter.  1780— John  Whitehill,  Emanuel  Carpenter,  Jacob  Cook,  Christopher  Kucher, 
James  Anderson,  Adam  Reigart,  James  Cowden,  Alexander  Lowrey,  ]\Iatthias  Slough, 
James  Jacks.  1781— John  "Whitehill,  Christopher  Kucher,  Jacob  Cook,  Jacob  Carpen- 
ter, Abraham  Scott,  James  Jacks,  Matthias  Slough,  William  Brown,  Jacob  Krug, 
James  Mercer,  James  Porter.  1782— Joseph  Montgomery,  Christopher  Kucher,  John 
Whitehill,  Samuel  John  Atlee,  Abraham  Scott,  James  Jacks,  John  Craig,  Matthias 
Slough,  Curtis  Grubb,  William  Brown,  James  Mercer.  1783— Abraham  Scptt,  William 
Brown,  James  Mercer,  John  Craig,  Matthias  Slough,  Joseph  Work,  Adam  Orth,  Adam 
Hubley,  Jacob  Cook,  William  Parr,  Robert  Coleman. 


STATE  LEGISLATURE. 
Senator.  Assembly. 

William  Hiester,  1840.  Benjamin  Penncll. 

Joseph  ^tcClure. 
Philip  "\'on  Neida. 
Christian  Kiefter. 
Jacob  Foreman. 
Hugh  Andrews. 

1841.  (The  same.) 

Benjamin  Champneys,  1842.  Daniel  Balmer. 

Alexander  H.  Hood. 
Charles  Carpenter. 
Andrew  Thompson. 
Jacob  Foreman. 
John  Warfel. 


436 


Senator. 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 
1843. 


1844. 


A.  Herr  Smith, 


1845, 


1846. 


1847. 


Joseph  Konigmacher, 


1848. 


1849. 


Dr.  E.  Kinzer, 
E.  C.  Darlington. 


1851. 


1852. 


Assembly, 
A,  Herr  Smith. 
Lewis  Urban. 
Charles  Carpenter. 
Benjamin  Herr. 
Abraham  Kauftman. 

A.  Herr  Smith, 
John  G.  Shumau. 
Theodore  D.  Cochran 
Benjamin  Herr. 
Joseph  Paxson. 

Jacob  G.  Shumau. 
Theodore  D.  Cochran. 
Thomas  B.  Jacobs. 
George  MoiTison. 
Christian  Bentz. 

David  W.  Patterson. 
Abraham  Shelley. 
Joseph  C.  Dickenson. 
Christian  Bentz. 
George  Morrison. 

Abraham  Shelley. 
Jeremiah  B.  Stubbs, 
Joseph  C.  Dickenson. 
Thomas  B.  Jacobs. 
David  G.  Eshleman. 

Jeremiah  B.  Stubbs. 
David  G.  Eshleman. 
.Joseph  W.  Fisher. 
Joseph  B.  Hovrer. 
Daniel  W.  Witmer. 

Andrew  Wade. 
Lewis  Hurford. 
Robert  Baldwin. 
Jacob  Neissly. 

A.  Scott  Ewing. 

Moses  Pownall. 
C.  L,  Hunsecker. 
John  C.  Walton. 

B,  F.  Martin. 
B.  A.  Shaeffer. 

Moses  Pownall. 
John  C.  Walton. 
John  A.  Hiestand. 
Daniel  Herr. 
Henry  Gray. 


Senator. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 
1853. 


Jacob  G.  Sliuman, 


1854. 


1855. 


1856. 


Bartram  A.  Shaeflfer, 
Robert  Baldwin, 


William  Hamilton, 
John  A.  Hiestand, 


1857 


1858. 


1859 


1860. 


1861. 


1862. 


437 

Assembly. 
John  A.  Hiestand, 
Daniel  Heir. 
Henry  Gray. 
C.  L.  llunseckor. 
John  Rawlins. 

Daniel  W.  Witmer. 
Hugh  M.  North. 
Emlen  Franldin. 
Jacob  L.  Gross. 
John  F.  HciT. 

George  G.  Bnish. 
Jesse  Reinhold. 
P.  W.  Housekeeper. 
William  Hamilton. 
C.  L.  Hunsecker. 

William  Hamilton. 
John  A.  Hiestand. 
P.  W.  Housekeeper. 
Christ'n  S.  Kauffman. 
Joseph  D.  Po^vnall. 

Emanuel  D.  Roath. 
Samuel  H.  Price. 
Jonathan  H.  Roland. 
Joseph  D.  Pownall. 

Nathan'l  Ellmaker,  jr. 
Samuel  H.  Price. 
Amos  S.  Green. 
Samuel  Keneagy. 

Natliau'l  Ellmaker,  ji-. 
Samuel  Keneagy. 
Jacob  E.  Cassel. 
Amos  S.  Green. 

Joseph  Hood. 
John  ]\r.  Stehman. 
3Iichael  Ober. 
Henry  :^I.  White. 

Heniy  C.  Lehman. 
James  flyers.         ^- 
Natlian  Wf)rley. 
Abraham  Peters. 

Benjamin  C'hanipneys. 
Henry  C  Lehman. 
Nathaniel  Mayer. 
Dr.  H.  B.  Bowman. 


438 

Senator. 
Benjamin  Champneys, 
J.  M.  Dunlap, 


ATJTHEN'TIC  HISTORY 
18C3. 


Assembly. 

E.  K.  Smith. 
Esaias  Billingfelt. 
Nathaniel  Mayer. 
Dr.  H.  B.  Bowman. 


1864. 


Esaias  Billingfelt. 
R.  W.  Shenk. 
Day  Wood. 
Charles  Denues. 


1865. 


Day  Wood.i 
Charles  Denues. 
R.  W.  Shenk. 
J.  M.  Stehman. 


Esaias  Billingfelt, 
Joseph  W.  Fisher, 


1866. 


David  G.  Steacy. 
Andrew  Armstrong. 
Emanuel  D.  Roath. 
John  M.  Stehman. 


1867. 


1868. 


Abraham  Godshalk. 
Adam  C.  Reinoehl. 
Andrew  Armstrong. 
David  G.  Steacy. 

Aaron  H.  Summy. 
W.  W.  Hopkins. 
Jacob  G.  Peters. 
J.  C.  Gatchell. 


GUBERNATORIAL  ELECTIONS. 

OFFICIAL  VOTE. 


Date.  Governor.                    Whole  Vote. 

1841.     David  R.  Porter, 13,999. 

1844.     Francis  R.  Shunk, 15,053. 

1847.  Francis  R.  Shunk, 14,036. 

1848.  William  F.  Johnston, 15,341. 

1851.     William  Bigler, 17,390. 


Date.  Governor.                   Whole  Vote. 

1854.     James  Pollock, 15,661. 

1857.     William  F.  Packer, 15,431. 

1860.     Andrew  G.  Curtin, 20,165. 

1863.     Andrew  G.  Curtin, 30,991. 

1806.     John  W.  Geary, 33,184. 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTIONS. 

OFFICIAL  VOTE. 


Date.  President.  Whole  Vote. 

1840.  W.  H.  Harrison, 15,148. 

1844.  James  K.  Polk, 16,237. 

1848.  Zachary  Taylor, 17,470. 

1852.  Franklin  Pierce, 


Date.  President.                      Whole  Vote 

1856.     James  Buchanan, 19,931. 

1860.     Abraham  Lincohi, 19,657. 

1864.     Abraham  Lincoln, 21,453. 

1868.     Ulysses  S.  Grant, 24,305. 


IDay  Wood  died  before  taking  his  seat  the  second  term  and  John  H.  Shirk  was  chosen  at  a  special 
election  to  fill  his  place. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


439 


CONGRESSIONAL  ELECTIONS. 


Date. 

Congressmen. 

Date. 

1840. 

Jeremiah  Brown. 

1856. 

1842. 

Jeremiah  Brown. 

1858. 

1844. 

John  Strohm. 

1860. 

1846. 

John  Strohm. 

1862. 

1848. 

Thaddeus  Stevens. 

1864. 

1850. 

Thaddeus  Stevens. 

1866. 

1852. 

Isaac  E.  Hiester. 

1868. 

1854. 

Anthony  E.  Roberts. 

Congressmen. 
Anthony  E.  Roberts. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 
Thaddeus  Stevens. 
Oliver  J.  Dickey. 


LIST  OF  COMMISSIONERS  FROM  1794  TO  1868. 


1797. 

John  MeiUn. 

1833. 

John  Erb. 

1798. 

Robert  Maxwell. 

1834. 

Adam  Bare. 

1799. 

Adam  Reigart. 

1835. 

John  Long. 

1800. 

Amos  Slaymaker. 

1836. 

Christian  Hershey. 

1801. 

John  Whitehill,  Jr. 

1837. 

Joseph  Hartman. 

1802. 

Michael  Musser. 

1838. 

Joseph  Patton. 

1803. 

Andrew  Caldwell. 

1838. 

John  Landis. 

1804. 

Michael  Schenk. 

1839. 

John  Miller. 

1805. 

Conrad  Schwartz. 

1840. 

Joseph  Paxton. 

1806. 

James  M'Sparren. 

1841. 

Benj.  Brackbill,  Esq. 

1807. 

George  Weidman. 

1842. 

Frederick  Hippie,  Esq. 

1808. 

Benjamin  Schaum. 

1843. 

Martin  Miller. 

1809. 

James  Patterson,  Jr. 

1844. 

John  Yarns. 

1810. 

Henry  Shirk. 

1845. 

Thomas  Patterson. 

1811. 

John  Bomberger. 

1846. 

John  Landis. 

1812. 

Christian  Herr,  Jr. 

1847. 

John  Witmer. 

1813. 

Christian  Stoufter,  Jr. 

1848. 

Henry  ]\Iusselman.' 

1814. 

George  Musser. 

1849. 

David  Styer. 

1815. 

Jacob  Rohrer. 

1850. 

Samuel  Frey. 

1816. 

Phineas  Ash. 

1851. 

Christian  Hess. 

1817. 

W.  B.  Ross. 

1852. 

John  M.  Hiestand. 

1818. 

Peter  Holl. 

1853. 

Philip  Geist. 

1819. 

Henry  Shirk. 

1854. 

WiUiam  C.  Worth. 

1820. 

Jacob  Duchman. 

1855. 

Daniel  Brandt. 

1821. 

Henry  Roland. 

1856. 

Jacob  F.  Frey. 

1821. 

John  Buchanan. 

1857. 

Daniel  Good. 

1822. 

Henry  M.  Reigart. 

1858. 

Joseph  Boyer. 

1823. 

Henry  Carpenter. 

1859. 

Levi  S.  Reist. 

1824. 

Abraham  Gibbons. 

1860. 

John  Doner. 

1825. 

Samuel  Keller. 

1861. 

William  Spencer. 

1826. 

Emanuel  Reigart. 

1863. 

Da\ad  Kemper. 

1827. 

John  Slaymaker,  .Ir. 

1863. 

Thos.  C.  Collins. 

1828. 

George  Haverstick. 

1864. 

Jacob  B.  Shuman. 

1829. 

Jacob  Kurtz. 

1865. 

Samuel  Slokom. 

1830. 

Michael  Musselman. 

1866. 

Christian  H.  Nissley. 

1831. 

Ch.  L.  Groh. 

1867. 

John  Strohm,  Jr. 

1832. 

Jacob  M'Callister. 

1868. 

J.  C.  Kready. 

440 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


SHERIFFS  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


1729. 

Robert  Barber. 

1773. 

John  Ferree. 

1731. 

John  Galbraith. 

1774. 

John  Ferree. 

1732. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1775. 

John  Ferree. 

1733. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1777. 

William  Kelly. 

1734. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1778. 

William  Kelly. 

1735. 

Samuel  Smith. 

1779. 

Joseph  Work. 

1736. 

Samuel  Smith. 

1780. 

Joseph  Work. 

1737. 

Samuel  Smith. 

1781. 

Joseph  Work. 

1738. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1782. 

Thomas  Edwards. 

1739. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1783. 

Thomas  Edwards. 

1740. 

Robert  Buchannan. 

1784. 

Thomas  Edwards. 

1742. 

James  Galbraith. 

1785. 

John  Miller. 

1743. 

James  Galbraith. 

1786. 

John  ]V[iller. 

1744. 

John  Sterrat. 

1787. 

John  Miller. 

1745. 

James  Sterrat. 

1788. 

James  Ross. 

1846. 

James  Steri-at. 

1789. 

James  Ross. 

1747. 

James  Sterrat. 

1790. 

James  Ross. 

1748. 

[No  name.] 

^ 

■        *        *        * 

1749. 

Andrew  Worrick. 

1797. 

Christian  Carpenter. 

1750. 

Andrew  Work.  (Same  as 

preceding?)      1800. 

Michael  Rhine. 

1751. 

Robert  Stuart. 

1803. 

John  Reitzel, 

1753. 

Thomas  Smith. 

1806. 

Emanuel  Reigart. 

1753. 

Thomas  Smith. 

1809. 

James  Humes. 

1754. 

Thomas  Smith. 

1812. 

Henry  Reigart. 

1755. 

Joseph  Pugh. 

1815. 

George  Hambright. 

1756. 

Joseph  Pugh. 

1818. 

John  Mathiot. 

1757. 

[No  name.] 

1821. 

Frederick  Hambright, 

1758. 

(t 

1824. 

William  White. 

1759. 

William  Smith. 

1827. 

Adam  Diller. 

1760. 

William  Smith. 

1830. 

Adam  Bare. 

1761. 

[No  name.] 

1833. 

David  Miller. 

1762. 

John  Hay. 

1836. 

Peter  Reed,  Jr. 

1763. 

John  Hay. 

1839. 

Anthony  E.  Roberts. 

1764. 

John  Barr. 

1842. 

John  Ehler. 

1765. 

John  Barr. 

1845. 

David  Hartman. 

1766. 

John  Barr. 

1848. 

Jacob  Huber. 

1767. 

James  Webb,  Jr. 

1851. 

Elias  Eby. 

1768. 

James  Webb,  Jr. 

1854. 

George  Martin. 

1769. 

James  Webb,  Jr. 

1857. 

B.  F.  Rowe. 

1770. 

Frederick  Stone. 

1860. 

S.  W.  P.  Boyd. 

1771. 

Frederick  Stone. 

1863. 

F.  Smith. 

1772. 

Frederick  Stone. 

1866. 

Jacob  F.  Frey. 

CORONERS. 

1729. 

Andrew  Galbraith. 

1735. 

James  Armstrong. 

1731. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1736. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1732. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1737. 

Michael  McLare. 

1733. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1738. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1734. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1739. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


441 


1740. 

Joshua  Lowe. 

1742. 

James  Clark. 

1743. 

John  Morris. 

1744. 

Robert  Thompson. 

1745. 

William  Hamilton. 

1746. 

Eobert  Wallace. 

1747. 

Edward  Douglierty 

1748. 

(No  name.) 

1749. 

Robert  Stewart. 

1750. 

Robert  Stewart. 

1751. 

Josepli  Howard. 

1752. 

John  Dougherty. 

1753. 

John  Dougherty. 

1754. 

Jolm  Dougherty. 

1755. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1756. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1757. 

(No  name.) 

1758. 

(No  name.) 

1759. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1760. 

Mattliias  Slough. 

1761. 

1762. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1763. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1764. 

Mattliias  Slough, 

1765. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1766. 

^latthias  Slough 

1767. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1768. 

Matthias  Slough. 

1769. 

Adam  Reigart. 

1770. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1771. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1772. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1773. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1774. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1775. 

Samuel  Boyd. 

1777. 

Francis  Bayley. 

1778. 

Jacob  Bayley. 

1779. 

Jacob  Bayley. 

1780. 

Jacob  Bayley. 

1781. 

John  Ottucr. 

1782. 

John  Offner. 

1783. 

John  Offner. 

1784. 

John  Offner. 

1785. 

John  Offner. 

1786. 

John  Offner. 

1787. 

John  Oft'ner. 

1788. 

Michael  App. 

1789. 

George  Graff. 

1790. 

George  Graft". 

* 

*        *        * 

1812. 

Jeremiah  Mosher. 

1814. 

George  Hambright 

1815. 

William  Ferree. 

1818. 

Thomas  Wentz. 

1824. 

John  Upperman. 

1830. 

Peter  Reed,  Jr, 

1833. 

Anthony  McGlinn 

1836. 

Jacob  Eshleman. 

1839. 

George  Daly. 

1842. 

Daniel  Werntz. 

1845. 

Jacob  Weitzel. 

1848. 

John  Wright, 

1851. 

Frederick  Dern. 

1854. 

Jacob  Hebble. 

1857. 

Levi  Sumrny. 

1860. 

Daniel  Balmer. 

1803. 

A.  B.  Bixler. 

1866. 

George  Leonard, 

A  LIST 

OP  THE  MAYORS  AND  RECORDERS,  FROM   THE  FIRST   INCORPORATION  OF  THE  CITY  OF 
LANCASTER,  AND  THE  YEARS  FOR  WHICH  THEY  SERVED: 


Mayors. 
John  Passmore. 


18181 

1819  \ 

1820  J 

1821  ] 

1822  \  Sam'l.  Carpenter 

1823  J 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830  J 


Nathaniel  Lightner. 


Recorders. 

18181 

1819  i-Mol.  C.  Rogers. 

1820  J 
1821 
1822 
1823 
1824 
1825 
1826 
1827 
1828 
1829 
1830 


Patten  Ross. 


442 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


John  Mathiot. 


M.  Carpenter. 


1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840 

1841 

1842  J 

18431 

1844 

1845 

1846 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851  J 

1852  ] 

1853  \  Christian  Kieffer 

1854  J 

1855  \- 
1856) 

1857  I 

1858  [ 
1859 1 
X860 
1861 
1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868  J 


Jacob  Albright; 
John  Zimmerman. 
Thomas  H.  Burrowes. 


George  Sanderson. 


Patton  Ross, 


2 
fo  \  Jiio-  K.  Findlay. 


William  Jenkins. 


1831 

1832 

1833 

1834 

1835 

1836 

1837 

1838 

1839 

1840  J 

18411 

1842 

184 

1844  J 

1845 

1646 

1847 

1848 

1849 

1850 

1851 

1852 

1853 

1854  \  Vacancy. 

1855] 

1856 

nil    J.  F.  Reigart. 

1859 

1860, 

1861 

1862 
1863 
1864 
1865 
1866 
1867 
1868  J 


"William  Carj^enter. 


CITY  WATER  WORKS. 

Tlie  city  of  Lancaster  is  supplied  with  water  from  Conestoga  creek.  The  project  of 
its  introduction  was  started  in  1836.  In  that  year,  a  Reservoir,  of  the  capacity  of 
2,700,000  gallons,  was  erected  at  the  eastern  extremity  of  East  King  street,  distributing 
pipes  laid  in  tlie  streets  from  the  Reservoir,  and  a  pipe  of  8  inches  calibre  for  supply- 
ing the  Reservoir  laid  from  the  works  on  the  creek.  From  the  Water  House  on  the 
Conestoga,  the  water  was  pumped,  by  means  of  an  undershot  wheel,  a  distance  of  3,800 
feet.  Water  was  first  received  into  the  Reservoir  on  the  27th  day  of  February,  1837. 
The  entire  cost  of  the  works  was  about  $106,000. 

In  the  year  1851,  a  second  basin,  of  the  capacity  of  4,475,000  gallons,  was  erected, 
adjoining  the  one  described  on  its  East  side  and  on  the  same  level.  Water  was  first 
pumped  into  it  on  the  1 1th  day  of  June,  1851.     It  was  constructed  at  a  cost  of  $13,700. 

Both  basins  have  an  equal  depth  of  16  feet,  and  their  united  capacity  may  be  stated 
in  round  numbers  at  7,000,000  gallons. 

Since  the  completion  of  the  original  works,  an  additional  wheel  and  pump  have 
been  erected,  ond  a  main,  of  12  inches  calibre,  laid  from  the  Water  House  to  the  Res- 
ervoirs. 

About  the  year  1856,  a  high  pressure  stationary  steam  engine  was  put  up  at  the 
Water  House  to  propel  the  pumps  during  low  stages  of  water  in  the  Conestoga,  at 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  443 

which  times  the  water-wheels  were  insufficient  for  the  purpose.  The  expense  of  pump- 
ing by  this  means  being  very  great,  in  tlie  years  1864  and  '65,  the  old  undershot  water- 
wheels  were  removed,  and  two  of  Kraat's  turbine  wheels  substituted,  with  the  expec- 
tation that  the  use  of  the  steam  engine  might  be  dispensed  with.  These  wheels,  al- 
though using  considerably  less  water,  and  being  more  clfective  than  undershot  wlieels, 
yet  have  not  at  all  times  accomplished  what  was  anticipated,  and  the  engine  is  koj)!  on 
hand  as  a  resource  in  such  periods. 

The  east  basin  receives  the  water  from  the  creek.  By  means  of  a  pipe,  acting  on  a 
movable  joint  and  attached  to  a  buoy  in  order  that  it  may  rise  and  fall  with  the  vary- 
ing depth,  the  water  is  conveyed,  from  a  point  two  feet  below  the  surface,  and  above 
all  sediment,  into  the  west  basin  from  which  the  city  is  supplied. 

The  sum  of  $16,903,  the  proceeds  of  171  acres  of  land  sold,  forming  part  of  the  prop- 
erty acquired  for  the  water  works,  should  be  deducted  from  the  cost  of  said  works.  1 


THE  POOR  HOUSE  AND  HOSPITAL. 

The  buildings  of  the  county  for  charitable  purposes  are  situated  in  Lancaster  town- 
ship, just  without  the  eastern  boundary  of  the  city.  A  house  of  employment  and 
SUPPORT  FOR  THE  POOR  was  established  by  legislative  enactment  February  27,  1798. 
Under  that  authority  a  large  stone  building,  150  feet  in  length,  43  feet  in  breadth  and 
two  stories  in  height,  was  erected  and  continues  to  be  used  in  accordance  with  its 
original  design.  Internally,  it  is  conveniently  arranged  for  the  boarding  and  lodging  of 
the  himates  and  for  their  appropriate  distribution  according  to  sex,  age  and  i)hysical 
condition.  Provision  is  made  for  such  poor  and  impotent  persons  as  have  gained  a 
legal  settlement  in  the  county,  and  for  strangers,  who  are  suddenly  taken  ill,  or  other- 
Avise  become  indigent  and  must  be  relieved,  until  they  can  be  removed  to  their  proper 
place  of  settlement.     Wandering  paupers  are  also  temporarily  accommodated. 

The  erection  of  the  present  Hospital  and  Insane  Asylum  was  authorized  by  acts 
of  Legislature  of  March  9,  1865,  and  April  4,  1866.  The  building  is  an  extensive  brick 
structure,  its  main  portion  125  feet  in  length,  33  feet  in  breadth  and  three  stories  in 
height;  and  an  adjoining  wing— the  old  Hospital  building  refitted— 100  feet  in  length, 
40  feet  in  breadth,  and  two  stories  in  height.  It  was  fully  completed  in  tlie  fall  of 
1868,  at  a  cost  of  $55,000.  The  hiterior  of  the  principal  part— exclusive  of  aitartmcnts 
occupied  by  the  Superintendent— is  divided  into  six  wards  for  the  reception  of  sick  and 
infirm  and  mild  lunatics,  properly  assorted  and  classiticd  according  to  sex  and  physical 
and  mental  condition.  In  the  wing  are  the  male  and  female  wards  for  the  hopelcs-sly 
and  violently  insane.  Each  ward  is  furnished  with  a  bath  room  and  other  conveniences 
for  the  comfort  and  cleanliness  of  the  occupants.  The  buildings  are  heated  by  fur- 
naces and  supplied  with  water  from  the  city  reservoir. 

In  the  year  1868,  orders  were  paid  for  the  current  expenses  amounting  to  $31,318.oG. 
The  average  number  of  inmates  in  that  year  was  265.  8.210  were  admitted  as  way- 
farers and  furnished  with  supper,  lodging  and  breakfost. 

The  county  is  also  the  proprietor  of  a  tract  of  land  containing  197  acres,  on  which 
the  buildings  described  are  erected.  The  land  is  of  excellent  quality,  and  is  farmed  by 
the  inmates  of  the  Poor  House,  under  the  supervision  of  a  manager  employed  for  tlic 
purpose.     The  farm  has  a  barn  and  other  suitable  buildings  on  it,  and  is  lully  stocked. 

The   Hospital  is  under  the  immediate  control  of  a   Su])crintendent,  and   the   Poor 

•  House  under  that  of  a  Steward.     The  general  government  of  the  Institutions  is  vested 

by  law  in  six  men,  known  as  "Directors of  the  Poor,"  who  are  elected  by  the  «iualilied 

voters  of  the  county.     They  have  power  to  appoint  all  inferior  officers,  and,  witli  the 

1.  Contributed  by  AVilliam  Leaman,  Esq. 


444  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

approval  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  to  make  all  rules  and  regulations  they  may- 
think  necessary  and  proper  for  the  government  and  direction  of  the  Institutions  and 
the  revenues  belonging  thereto.  They  serve  for  three  years,  and  are  divided  into  three 
classes,  in  order  that  the  terms  of  two  of  them  may  expire  each  year.l 


THE  COUNTY  PRISON. 

The  Lancaster  County  Prison  is  located  in  the  eastern  extremity  of  the  city  of  Lancaster, 
between  East  King  and  East  Orange  streets,  on  a  lot  containing  about  4  acres.  The 
wall,  fronting  towards  East  King  street,  is  built  of  sandstone,  having  large  towers  on 
either  side  of  the  entrance,  and  smaller  ones  at  its  extremities.  A  massive  tower,  rising 
to  the  height  of  110  feet,  constitutes  the  principal  portion  of  the  structure.  From  the 
base  of  this  tower,  proceeds  a  single  long  wing  containing  the  cells,  which  are  distri- 
buted in  two  tiers  on  either  side  of  a  passage  dividing  it  throughout  its  entire  length. 
The  cells,  eighty  in  number,  are  of  the  uniform  size  of  15  feet  by  7i  feet.  Adjoining  each 
of  the  cells  in  the  lower  tiers,  are  small  enclosures,  in  which  the  prisoners  are  permitted 
to  exercise  at  i)rescribed  hours.  A  portion  of  ground  surrounding  the  building  and 
forming  the  prison-yard  proper,  is  enclosed  by  a  wall  18  feet  in  height.  The  Prison 
was  finished  and  fitted  for  occupation  in  the  fall  of  1851,  and  prisoners  were  first  re- 
ceived on  the  12tli  day  of  September  of  that  year.     Its  original  cost  was  $110,000. 

The  Prison  is  under  the  management  of  a  Board  of  Inspectors,  consisting  of  six  men 
elected  by  the  qualified  voters  of  the  County,  which  appoints  a  Keeper  and  subordinate 
officers,  and  makes  such  rules  for  its  internal  regulation  and  control  as  shall  not  be  in- 
consistent with  the  Constitution  and  laws  of  the  Commonwealth.  The  government  of 
the  Prison  is  conducted  in  accordance  with  the  principles  of  what  is  known  as  the 
"Pennsylvania  System."  The  convict  is  consigned  to  separate  and  solitary  confine- 
ment in  a  cell  numerically  designated,  and  by  which  he  or  she  is  known  during  his 
or  her  imprisonment,  and  is  required  to  labor  from  sunrise  to  sunset,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  necessary  time  for  meals,  or  perform  as  much  labor  as  would  be  done  by  a 
person  in  ordinary  circumstances  in  that  time.  In  case  of  misconduct,  the  prisoner  is 
disciplined  by  a  reduction  of  food,  and  in  very  refractory  instances,  confinement  in  a 
dark  cell,  and  a  ration  of  eight  ounces  of  bread  may  be  resorted  to.  Each  convict 
receives  one  pound  of  rye  or  wheat  bread  daily;  one  pint  of  coffee  in  the  morning;  half 
a  pound  of  beef  made  into  a  soup,  and  four  potatoes  at  noon;  mush  in  the  evening;  and 
half  a  gallon  of  molasses  per  month. 

From  the  report  of  the  Board  of  Inspectors  for  the  year  ending  November  30,  1868, 
it  appears  that  the  entire  number  of  prisoners  confined  since  the  opening  of  the  Prison 
to  that  date  was  10,674 — white  males,  8,097;  white  females,  1,420;  colored  males,  866 
and  colored  females,  291.  The  number  committed  during  the  year,  excepting  those 
convicted,  was  1,052,  of  which  898  wei-e  for  vagrancy,  drunkenness,  and  disorderly 
conduct  resulting  from  drunkenness.  There  were  sentenced  during  the  same  period, 
62,  of  whom  32  were  born  in  Lancaster  county,  10  could  not  read,  16  could  not  write, 
and  46  were  of  intemperate  habits.  They  were  occupied  as  follows:  9  weaving  carpets, 
3  weaving  bagging,  5  basket  making,  6  cigar  making,  6  shoe  making,  and  5  making 
garments,  &c.  The  manufacturing  operations  during  the  year  produced  as  follows- 
6,481  yards  of  carpet  for  sale,  3,021|  yards  of  carpet  for  customers,  6,195  yards  of  bag- 
ging, 1,436  pairs  of  boots  and  shoes  made  and  mended,  366,150  cigars,  942  baskets,  120 
dozen  grain  bags,  322  nets,  and  26,400  skewers.  The  profits  of  the  labor  of  the  prison- 
ers were  .13,818.32. 

The  whole  number  of  days  ])risoners  were  boarded  dui-ing'  the  year,   was  35,805; 
34,596  at  30  cents  per  day,  and  1,209  at  15  cents  per  day,  amounting  to  |10,560.15, 
1  Contributed  by  William  Leaman,  Esq. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY 


445 


of  which  $5,057.55  were  paid  for  the  maintenance  of  vagrants.  The  actual  cost  of  the 
Prison  to  the  County,  dui-hig  the  year,  in  excess  of  cash  received  and  assets  of  the  man- 
ufacturing department,  was  |1C,014.53.^ 


POPULATION   OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 
From  the  Eighth  Census  of  the  United  States,  Taken  in  1860. 

I.  Population— White 112.85-1 

Free  Colored 3,4.59 

Indian 1 


Total 110,314 

Number  of  Families 21,743 

II.  Population  of  cities,  towns,  etc.,  etc. 


Adamstown 433 

Bart 1,532 

Brecknock 1,488 

Caernarvon 1,592 

Clay 1,438 

Colerain 1,740 

Columbia 5,007 

Conestoga 2,247 

Conoy 1,877 

Drmnore 3,098 

Earl 2,876 

East  Cocalico 1,893 

East  Donegal 2,183 

East  Earl 2,303 

East  Hempfield 2,613 

East  Lampeter 2,205 

Eden 1,072 

Elizabeth 1,005 

Elizabethtown  700 

Ephrata 2,4-37 

Fulton 2,02G 

Lancaster  City. 17,603 

Lancaster-twp 924 

Little  Britain 1,822 

Leacock 2,051 

Manheim-twp 2,510 

Manheim 856 


Manor 3,672 

Marietta 2.186 

Martic 1,780 

Maytown 660 

Mountville 325 

Millersville 947 

Mount  Joy 1,729 

Mount  Joy-twp 2,150 

Newville 183 

Paradise 2.081 

Penn 1,771 

Pequea 1,163 

Providence 1,810 

Rapho 3,328 

Sadsbury 1,"39 

Safe  Harbor 9-0 

Salisbury 3,725 

Springville '-1-' 

Strasburg 1-858 

Upper  Leacock 2.091 

Warwick ^,056 

Washington 639 

West  Cocalico -^^'>'> 

West  Donegal 997 

West  Earl 1-900 

West  Hempfield, 3,1^08 

West  Lampeter 1,7.1 


1  Ccntrltuted  by  "William  Leanian,  Esq. 


446 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

OFFICIAL  RETURN  OF  VOTES  POLLED  IN 


02 

Auditor  \ 

Surveyor 

Congress 

Congress 

;:>        a 
^        ^^        a 

Oene 

< 
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ral. 

6 
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Hi 

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CAN 

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to 

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0 
0 

0 

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o 

1-5 

o 

d 

W 

6 

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^ 

1-5 

< 

H^ 

fist  Ward 

289 

239 

289 

239 

287 

238 

287 

23.) 

280 

282 

283 

281 

247 

2d    Ward.... 

245 

209 

245 

209 

240 

211 

242 

211 

244 

238 

237 

242 

216 

3d  Ward.... 

242 

207; 

242 

207 

240 

207 

241 

207 

239 

237 

237 

238 

218 

4tbWard.... 

310 

145 

310 

145 

263 

185' 

262 

185 

262 

265 

263 

265 

189 

1.  Lancaster. -i 

5tli  Ward.... 

120 

134 

120 

134 

117 

138, 

115 

139 

121 

121 

121 

120 

137 

6th  Ward.... 

182 

203 

182 

203 

133 

203! 

177 

205 

178 

183 

178 

182 

203 

7th  Ward.... 

137 

2^31 

136 

258 

179 

2.551 

134 

253 

134 

132 

134 

133 

255 

?th  Ward.... 

126 

.3.53: 

126 

3.53 

127 

354 

127 

3551 

123 

123 

122 

124 

361 

L9thWard.... 

191 

1842 
305 
95 
466 
127 
144 

223 

1966 
285 
98 
127 

511 

85' 

192 

223 

1966 

285 

98 

127 

51 

85 

193 

223 

2018 

286' 

97 

140 

51 

86 

200 

2231 

2017 
286 

97 
140 

51 ! 

85 

186 

185 

186 

185 

1770 
299 
90 
429 
126 
144 

223 

City  Total . 

1842 
304 
95 
406 
127 
144 

1779 

303 

88 

445 

1     126 

1     139 

1785 
304 
89 
444 
127 
137 

1767 
301 
90 
428 
127 
144 

1766 
296 
90 
429 
126 
144 

1761 
304 
90 
429 
126 
144 

'>049 

286 

3.  Elfzabethtc 

4.  Earl  

96 

140 

5    Elizabeth 

,51 

6.  Stmsburg  bor 

84 

7.  Manlieim  b 

375 
559 
252 
171 

2091 
206  i 
140 1 
129 

375 
559 
252 
171 

209 
206 
140 
129 

1     369 

1     550 

251 

171 

207  i 
206 
140 
131 

369 
547 
251 
171 

210 1 
2061 

140 
1311 

372 
543 
245 
171 

375 
546 
240 
172 

375 
550 
243 
172 

374 
549 
242 
172 

V.0H 

''06 

9.  EastCocali 
10.  E.  Donegal- 

146 

-May  town  — 

131 

11.  Carnarvon. 

12.  Martic 

202 
248 
152 
135 
213 
432 
416 
211 

157 
119 
158 
225 
146 
212 
247 
156 

202 
248 
152 
135 
211 
432 
416 
211 

157 
119 
158 
225 
146 
212 
247 
156 

197 
236 
149 
130 
207 
430 
397 
200 

156 
119 
1571 
223 
144! 
211' 
259' 
165, 

197 
240 
150 
131 
207 
430 
397 
198 

l.')6 
119 
157 
222 
144 
212 
259 
1671 

197 
249 
152 
133 
209 
425 
391 
202 

197 
249 
153 
131 
209 
425 
400 
203 

197 
247 
152 
133 
208 
426 
398 
203 

197 
247 
144 
128 
207 
425 
396 
203 

1,56 

120 

13.  Bart 

1.57 

222 

15   Fulton     

144 

'i'll 

296 

1st  Ward 

165 

18.  Columbia.  | 

id   Ward 

270 

190 

270 

190 

264 

191 

259 

195 1 

264 

264 

265 

266 

191 

3d  Ward 

156 

190 

156 

190 

153 

191 1 

153 

1921 

155 

1.55 

1,55 

1.55 

191 

19.  Saclsbury 

217 

106 

217 

106 

219 

104 

218 

104 

213 

214 

218 

214 

104 

288 
143 
297 

101  i 
185 

81 

288 
143 
296 

101 

185 

8-^ 

286 
141 
291 

92 1 
183 

88 

286 
140 
290 

92 1 
183 1 

89 

286 
142 

285 

286 
142 

289 

286 
142 
291 

286 
140 
Ml 

9^ 

21.  Brecknock. 

22.  Mount  Joy 

183 

bor 

90 

23.  Petersburg 
2i.  "West  Lamp 

25.  donestoga. 

26.  Washingtoi 

236 
303 

61 

28 

235 
303 

61 

28 

228 
303 

63 

28 

231 
303 

61 1 

28 

291 
3o4 

230 
303 

231 
302 

231 

304 

61 

?S 

329 
187 
342 
257 
350 
334 
285 

59' 
196 

187 
144 1 
167 
102 1 

52 1 

329 
186 
342 
257 
350 
334 
285 

59' 
196 
187 
144 

167 
102 

,52 

327 
18S 
337 
250 
850 
328 
286 

60' 
194 
184  i 
145, 
166' 
107i 

52 

326 
185 
334 

248 
349 
329 

286 

62 
1981 
189! 
1451 

167 
107! 

52  i 

329 
188 
335 
257 
333 
331 
281 

329 
188 
336 
257 
341 
332 
382 

331 
188 
334 
256 
342 
329 
284 

324 

188 
336 
256 
340 
332 
282 

61 

194 

187 

2S   Conoy 

145 

29.  Manlieim  t^ 

30.  Millersville 

31.  West  Earl.. 

IfiS 

107 

52 

32.  WestHempfleld 

481 

?47 

481 

?47 

474 

?45 

473 

247 1 

472 

474 

471 

474 

245 

33.  Strasburg  1 

34.  Indiantowi 

35.  West  Coca 

36.  East  Earl.. 

297 
296 
205 
358 
267 
184 
144 

58 
61 

178 
115  i 

168! 

73 1 

37 

297 
296 
205 
358 
268 
183 
143 

58 
61 
178 
115 
168 
74 
37 

291 
294 
203 
356 
262 
179 
140 

591 
62 
176' 
116 
189! 
811 
,39 

293 
294 
203 
355 
263 
179 
141 

59, 
62 
177 
117 

l69 

81 ! 
38 

296 
294 
200 
354 
262 
181 
141 

296 
295 
201 
355 
262 
177 
143 

296 
294 
200 
355 
262 
171 
144 

295 
295 
201 
355 
262 
178 
141 

,59 

6^ 

lico 

178 

117 

37.  Paradise - 

IfiR 

38.  Rohrersto-ft 

39.  Lancaster  1 

79 

twn 

.38 

40.  I^ampeter  p:ast 

392 

.52 

391 

.52 

386 

,52  i 

386 

53 

384 

,387 

384 

387 

53 

41.  Little  Hrita 

208 
279 

1491 
130 

208 
279 

149 
130 

199 
279 

1.50 
130 

200 
279 

150 1 
130 

204 
274 

207 
274 

204 
270 

198 
270 

149 

130 

43.  Penn 

251 
68 
237 
214 
259 
120 
148 

138! 

23 
121 
118 

52 

251 
68 
237 
214 
259 
120 
148 

138 
26 
42 
23 
121 
118 
,52 

249 
61 
234 
198 
249 
117 
147 

139 
31 
43 
23 

122 
120 
52 

249 
61 
235 
204 
249 
117 
147 

139 
31 
43: 
23 
121 
120 
52 

249 
59 
231 
215 
258 
118 
148 

249 
59 
231 
215 
258 
118 
148 

249 
57 
231 
212 
25S 
118 
148 

249 
57 
231 
214 
258 
115 
148 

139 

44.  Adamstowi 
4'i.  Clay 

1 

,31 

43 

23 

47.  Providence 
48    Eden 

V?l 

I'O 

49.  Mount  Joy,  (Upper) 

52 

.50    West  Donegal 

136 

115 

136 

115 

136 

115 

136 

115 

136 

136 

136 

136 

115 

51.  Mount  Joy,  (Lower) 

101 

.39 

101 

.39 

104 

.39 

103 

39 

104 

104 

104 

104 

39 

52.  Kapho,  (S.  S.  H.) 

144 

22 

143 

22 

140 

''5 

140 

25 

138 

140 

140 

141 

2,5 

53.  E.  Donegal— Springville.. 

74 

35 

74 

35 

72 

.36  i 

72 

36! 

74 

73 

73 

73 

36 

51.  Rapho,  (iNewtown)  

111 

6 

111 

« 

110 

*l 

110 

6, 

111 

111 

110 

111 

6 

Total 

15313 

8570 

115304 

8572 

14993 

8674 ' 

15000 

86 

89! 

150 

33 

15069 

15065 

15036 

8761 

OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 
LANCASTER  COUNTY,  OCTOBER  13,  18G8. 


447 


Assembly. 

Associate 
Judge. 

District  \ 
Attorn'' y. ' 

County 
ComvVr. 

Prison  Inspectors. 

Directors  of  the 
Poor. 

Auditor. 

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. 

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282 

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242 

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284 

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287 

239 

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2081  2091 

243 

201 

229 

209 

245 

2091 

246 

244 

211 

209; 

245 

245 

209 

209 

240 

209 

208 

208,  208 

241 

207 

237 

206' 

241 

209 

242 

241 

20s 

208! 

241 

242  2(19 

208 

240 

208 

184 

185!  185! 

271 

183 

257 

183; 

264 

185! 

265 

265 

185 

185 1 

264 

265 

186 

185: 

2t)4 

186 

137 

137'  137 

118 

130 

126 

131 

121 

137 

122 

122 

136 

136; 

121 

113 

145 

137 

121 

137 

203 

2041  203' 

180 

204 

176 

202 

183 

203 

182 

182 

2u3 

2031 

182 

183 

203 

203 

lh3 

203 

255 

2561  255 

135 

256 

135 

255 

137 

254 

136 

136 1  255 

255 

136 

135 

255 

255 

137 

254 

358 

358  358; 

121 

358 

123 

356 

124 

358 

124 

124  357 

357 

121 

123 

361 

357 

124 

357 

223 

223  223 

184 

226 

178 

223 

187 

223 

186 

187  223 

223 

187 

189 

223 

222 

1 

187 

^ 

2018 

2019  2018 

1775 

2014 

1721 

2007 

1786 

2017 

1785 

1785 '201 8  2ul6 

1781 

1782 

2030*2015 

1789 

2017 

287 

287 1  284! 

299 

285 

293 

288 

304 

288 

305 

305 1  287  2871 

305 

305 

2871  287 

305 

286 

9d 

96;  96; 

95 

98 

93 

94 

90 

96 

90 

9u'  96 

96! 

90 

90 

96   96 

90 

96 

140 

1401  140! 

461 

142 

411 

139 1 

431 

140 

429 

4291  140 

1401 

430 

432 

1401  140 

432 

140 

51 

611  51 

127 

51 

125 

51 

127 

51 

127 

126;  51 

51  i 

126 

127 

51   51 

127 

51 

83 

84]  84 

144 

86' 

130 

84! 

114 

84! 

144 

144'  84 

86, 

143 

144 

84!  81 

144 

84 

208 

208,  208, 

375 

209 

367 

2081 

375 

2U8| 

375 

374  208 

208; 

374 

375 

208;  208 1 

375 

20s 

212 

206  206, 

556 

205 

523 

206 

553 

206' 

552 

551  206 

206 

552 

552 

206  206 

551 

200 

140 

1411  140 

249 

143: 

247 

130 

246 

140 

245 

245  139 

137 

232 

246 

139  138 

247 

140 

131 

131  131 

178 

131 

172 

131 

172 

131 

172 

172!  131 

ISl 

172 

172 

131 1  131 

172 

131 

156 

154  156! 

199 

154 

196 

156 

197 

156 

197 

1971  156 

156 

197 

197 

1561  150 

1  197 

156 

120 

1191  120 

252 

116 

245 

120 

247 

121 

249 

249 

120 

120 

249 

248 

121  120 

249 

120 

161 

157:  1571 

147 

160 

147 

158 

155 

157 

162 

155 

157 

156 

156 

156 

157 1  157 

156 

157 

222 

222!  222! 

133 

227 

127 

222 

133 

222 

132 

133 

222 

222 

133 

133 

222  222 

133 

222 

144 

144 

144 

207 

145: 

196 

147 

209 

144 

209 

209 

144 

144 

209 

209 

144  144 

209 

144 

211 

211 

212 

430 

211 

414 

212 

425 

212 

425 

425 

211 

212 1 

426 

425 

212  211 

425 

212 

259 

269 

259 

406 

252 

399 

259 

401 

259 

400 

4U0 

269 

259 

400 

400 

259!  259 

402 

257 

165 

165 1  165 1 

203 

165 

195 

165 

203 

165 

203 

203 

165 

165, 

203 

203 

165,  165 

203 

105 

191 

191 !  191 

265 

195 

261 

191 

265 

191 

265 

266 

191 

191 1 

266 

266 

191 !  191 

266 

191 

191 

191 

191 

154 

192 

155 

191 

155 

191 

155 

155 

191 

191 

155 

156 

191,  191 

155 

191 

112 

104 

104 

215 

108 

209 

106 

216 

105 

216 

216 

105 

105 

216 

216 

105;  105 

216 

105 

92 

92 

921 

284 

92 

281 

92 

287 

92 

286 

286 

92 

92 

286 

286 

92'  92 

287 

92 

183 

183 

183 

141 

186 

143 

185 

143 

185 

143 

143 

185 

185 

143 

143 

185  185 

143 

185 

87 

84!  871 

287 

90 

289 

89 

292 

89 

293 

293 

88 

88 

292 

293 

88!  89 

293 

88 

61 

61   61 

236 

61 

222 

61 

232 

61 

232 

232 

61 

I  61 

232 

231 

61 

61 

232 

01 

28 

28   28 

304 

28, 

296 

28 

302 

28 

304 

302 

28 

28 

304 

303 

28 

28 

304 

28 

57 

61   61 

324 

60 

324 

61 

329 

61 ' 

329 

329 

61 

61 

329 

329 

61 

01 

329 

61 

195 

1951  195 1 

186 

195 

188 

195 

190 

192: 

188 

188 

195 

195 

188 

188 

1951  195 

188 

195 

188 

188 i  188 

330 

183 

328 

187 

336 

188 

336 

333 

186 

188 

334 

337 

1881  188 

337 

188 

145 

145  145 

257 

145  i 

256 

145 

256 

145 

257 

256 

145 

145 

257 

257 

1451  145 

250 

145 

168 

168 1  168 

329 

176! 

327 

168 

316 

168 

347 

345 

167 

168 

347 

350 

168,  167 

348 

108 

107 

107  102 

336 

106 

319 

108 

330 

103 

332 

332 

107 

107 

331 

332 

1081  107 

332 

107 

62 

54   52, 

286 

50 

259 

54 

284 

52 

284 

282 

52 

54 

284 

284 

52!  52 

284 

52 

245 

245!  245: 

477 

248 

468 

245 

473 

245 

474 

474 

245 

245 

474 

474 

245  245 

474 

245 

69 

591  69, 

293 

58: 

295 

59 

296 

59 

295 

294 

59 

69 

295 

296 

59,  59 

296 

59 

62 

62   62' 

293 

62 

295 

62 

294 

62 

295 

295 

62 

62 

295 

295 

62   62 

295 

02 

178 

178'  178 

200 

174 

200 

173 

201 

178 

202 

199 

174 

173 

201 

201 

1871  177 

201 

178 

117 

117:  117 

367 

117 

347 

116 

354 

117 

354 

354 

117 

117 

354 

3M 

117  117 

354 

117 

168 

168,  168 

269 

172 

249 

168 

263 

168 

261 

261 

168 

168 

263 

2(i3 

108  168 

I  262 

168 

81 

80   79 

181 

78 

175 

79 

179 

81 

178 

178 

81 

1  81; 

179 

180 

81,  81 

1  178 

81 

38 

38   37 

144 

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139 

38 

143 

38 

143 

143 

38 

I  38 

143 

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1  143 

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53 

53   53 

391 

52 

368 

53 

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388 

388 

53 

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zm 

53   63 

I  388 

53 

150 

150  149 

207 

149 

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150 

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150 

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206 

150 

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150  150 

1  206 

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130 

130-  130 

279 

130 

257 

131 

274 

130 

271 

273 

130 

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275 

130  130 

1  274 

130 

139 

1391  139 

252 

133 

246 

139 

249 

139 

219 

249 

139 

139, 

249 

249 

139  139 

,     249 

139 

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33   31 

64 

30 

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31 

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31 

59 

55 

31 

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31   31 

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43   43 

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43 

229 

43 

232 

43 

232 

231 

43 

431 

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43   43 

1  232 

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121 
120 

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23   23 

214 

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212 

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215 

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215 

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121!  120 

268 

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121  121 

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120 

120 

115 

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!  107 

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118 

120 

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120  120 

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52 

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39 
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25 

26 

25 

139 

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140 

26 

140 

140 

25 

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141 

1  141 

25  25 

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35 

73 

36 

73 

35 

73 

36 

73 

73 

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1  36 

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36   36 

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110 

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14744  8760 

t 15074 

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15084  8C48  8077 

15091  8679 

448 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


PRESIDENTIAL  ELECTION,  NOVEMBER  3,  1868. 

OFFICIAL  VOTE  OP  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

The  followinoc  table  shows  the  number  of  votes  cast  in  each  district : 


DISTRICTS. 


Lancaster — 1st  Ward 

Do.  2d    Ward 

Do.  3d    Ward , 

Do.  4th  Ward , 

Do.  5tli  Ward 

Do.  6th  Ward 

Do.  7th  Ward 

Do.  8th  Ward 

Do.  9th  Ward 

City,  total 

Adamstown 

Bart 

Brecknock 

Carnarvon 

Clay 

Cocalico,  East 

Cocalico,  West , 

Coleraln 

Columbia,  1st  Ward 

Do.        2d  Ward 

Do.       3d  Ward 

Conestoga 

Conoy 

Donegal,  E. — Maytown 

Do.  Springville 

Donegal,  West 

Drumore 

Earl , 

Earl,  East 

Earl,  West .. 

Eden 

Elizabeth 

Elizabethtown 

Ephrata 

Fulton 

Hempfleld,  West 

Indiantown 

Lancaster  township 

Lampeter,  East 

Lampeter,  West 

Leacock 

Leacock,   Upper 

Little  Britain 

Manheim  borough 

Manheim  township, 

Marietta 

Mart  ic 

Millers  ville , 

Mount  Joy  borough 

Mount  Joy  township — Ilpoer 
Mount  Joy  township — Lower 

Paradise 

Penn , 

Pequea 

Petersburg 

Providence 

Rapho,  (S.  S.  H.) 

Rapho,  (Newtown) 

Rohrersto  wn 

Sadsbury  

Salisbury 

Strasburg  borough 

Strasburg  township 

Warwick 

Washington 

Total 

Republican  Majority 


Whole  Vote. 


Majorities. 


298 
262 
249 
298 
121 
195 
138 
133 
200 

1892 
61 
171 
156 
211 
243 
2ti9 
226 
137 
203 
274 
169 
334 
258 
174 
79 
137 
318 
476 
366 
295 
123 
139 
98 
362 
214 
495 
296 
151 
409 
305 
293 
287 
215 
400 
369 
437 
254 
358 
300 
154 
110 
276 
250 
223 
247 
2rf7 
147 
112 
181 
223 
558 
144 
294 
468 
187 


15,798 
8,509 


7,289 


231 
204 
204 
166 
145 
211 
254 
377 
221 

2013 

26 

139 

184 

146 

42 

146 

179 

228 

172 

184 

197 

59 

130 

131 

36 

114 

277 

138 

106 

47 

122 

62 

97 

190 

138 

246 

56 

41 

52 

27 

104 

114 

152 

209 

154 

232 

118 

96 

91 

48 

40 

171 

140 

15 

60 

117 

25 

4 

81 

102 

193 

87 

57 

191 

193 

8,509 


65 
58 
45 
132 


35 
32 

65 
201 
123 

47 

31 

90 

275 

128 

43 

43 

23 

41 

338 

2o0 

248 

1 

87 

1 

172 

76 

249 

240 

110 

357 

278 

189 

173 

63 

191 

215 

205 

136 

262 

209 

106 

70 

105 

110 

208 

187 

150 

122 

108 

100 

124 

365 

57 

237 

277 


7,563 
274 

7,289 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


449 


POST  OFFICES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY 


Adamstown. 

Akron. 

Bainbridge. 

Baievillc. 

Bart. 

Bartville. 

Beartown. 

Bellemonte. 

Bethesda. 

Biiikley's  Bridge. 

Blue  Ball. 

Bowmansville. 

Brickerville. 

Brunnei-ville. 

Buck. 

Buyerstown. 

Cains. 

Camargo. 

Cambridge. 

Chestnut  Level. 

Christiana. 

Churchtown. 

Clonmell. 

■Cocalico. 

Colemanville. 

Cole  rain. 

Columbia. 

Conestoga. 

Durlach. 

East  Hempfield. 

Elizabeth. 

Enterprise. 


Ephrata. 

Falmouth. 

Farmersville. 

Fertility. 

Fulton  House. 

Gap. 

Goodville . 

Gordouville. 

Goshen. 

Green  Bank. 

Greene. 

Greenland . 

Groff's  Store. 

Hempfield. 

Highville. 

Hinkletown. 

Intercourse. 

Kinzer's. 

Kirk's  Mills. 

Kirkwood. 

Lampeter. 

Lancaster. 

Landis  Valley. 

Landisville. 

Leacock. 

Leaman  Place. 

Liberty  Square. 

Lincoln. 

Litiz. 

Little  Britain. 

Lyles. 


Manhcim. 

Manor. 

]\Iarictta. 

Marticville. 

Martinsville. 

Mastensonvillo. 

May. 

Maj-town. 

Mechanic's  Grove. 

Millcrsville. 

Mi  11  way. 

Mount  Hope. 

Mount  Joy. 

Mount  Nebo. 

Mountville. 

INIuddy  Creek. 

Nefisville. 

New  Danville. 

New  Holland. 

New  Providence. 

Nine  Points. 

Oak  Hill. 

Oak  Shade. 

Octoraro. 

Old  Line. 

Oregon. 

Paradise. 

Penn. 

Pequea, 

Peters'  Creek. 

Pleasant  Grove. 


Qiianyvillc. 

Kawlin.sville. 

Rcanistown. 

Reidenbach's  Store. 

Ruinliold's  Stiilion. 

Reinholdsville. 

Ri>thsvillc. 

Sate  Harbor. 

Salisbury. 

Salunga. 

Schoeneck. 

Silver  Spring. 

Slackwater. 

Smith  ville. 

Smyrna. 

Soudersburg. 

South  Hermitage. 

Sporting  Hill. 

Spring  Garden. 

Stevens. 

Stra.sburg. 

Swartzville. 

Terre  Hill. 

Turkey  IliU. 

Vogansville. 

Wakefield. 

West  Earl. 

Wheatland  Mills. 

White  Oak. 

Willow  Street. 

Wrightsdale. 


FIRE  DEPARTMENT  OF  THE  CITY  OF  LANCASTER. 

Union  Steam  Fire  Engine  and  Forcing  Hose  Company,  No.  1— organized  August 
13,  1760. 

Suu  Steam  Fire  Engine  Company,  No.  1— organized  December  10,  17G3. 
Friendship  Steam  Fire  Engine  Company,  No.  3— organized  December  10,  1763. 
Washington  Steam  Fire  Engine  Company,  No.  4— organized  March  4,  1820. 
American  Engine  and  Hose  Company,  No.  5— organized  July  2,  1(536. 

Humane  Steam  Fire  Engine  Company,  No.  6— organized ,  1839. 

Shiftier  Fire  Engine  and  Hose  Company,  No.  7— organized  July  14,  1853. 
Empire  Hook  and  Ladder  Company,  No.  1— organized  June  9,  18")6. 

There  are  also  Fire  Companies  at  the  following  places:  Columbia— (Columbia  and 
Vigilant;)  Marietta— (Pioneer;)  Litiz,  lilanheim,  and  Mountjoy. 

30 


450 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


DIVISION  Y. 


EELIGIOUS, 


RELIGIOUS  STATISTICS  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY,  ACCORDING  TO  THE 
EIGHTH  CENSUS,  TAKEN  IN  1860. 


Adventist 

Baptist 

Do.     (Mennonite) 

Do.     (Seventh  Day).. 

Do.     (Tunker) 

Do.     (Winebrenner) 

Episcopal 

Friends 

German  Refonned 

Lutheran 

Methodist 

Moravian 

Presbyterian 

Do.  (United)... 

Roman  Catholic 

Swedenborgian 

Union 


Total 220 


35 

1 


11 

15 

24 

60 

2 

19 

3 

4 

1 

15 


350 

2,500 

11,105 

1,000 

2,400 

2,500 

8,125 

2,650 

7,600 

12,250 

21,535 

600 
8,100 

950 
3,400 

250 
5,725 

86,040 


5s 


$        120 

9,100 
42,300 
10,000 

6,050 
17,800 
49,800 
17,150 
71,350 
110,750 
133,375 

9,700 
81,600 

4,000 
55,000 

1,000 
88,300 

$657,395 


BAPTISTS. 
I.  Mennonites. 

a.  Old.  "In  1709,  several  families  from  the  Palatinate,  descendants  of  tlie  distressed 
Swiss  Mennonites  settled  on  Pequea  creek.  With  this  colony  came  Hans  Herr,  a  Menno- 
nite minister,  who  dispensed  to  them  the  word  of  life.  The  Mennonites  were  of  course  the 
first  regularly  organized  denomination  in  the  county.  Among  their  first  ministers  in 
this  county,  before  1725,  were  Hans  Herr,  Ulrich  Breckbill,  Hans  Tschantz,  Hans 
Burkholter,  Christian  Herr,  Benedict  Hirschi,  Martin  Bear,  Johannes  Bauman.  They 
had  been  very  numerous  till  about  the  year  1791,  or  '92,  when  a  certain  Martin  Boehm 
and  others  made  inroads  upon  them,  and  a  considerable  nmnber  seceded  and  united 
themselves  with  the  United  Brethren  or  Vereinigte  Brueder.  They  have  about  forty- 
five  ministers  in  the  county.  These  are  divided  into  bishops  and  ordinary  ministers." — 
Bupp. 

The  Mennonites  had  in  1830  thirty-five  meeting  houses  in  the  county. 
b.  Reformed. 

A  branch  of  the  former  which  seceded  under  the  leadership  of  John  Herr  on  the 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY.  451 

ground  of  alleged  departure  from  the  purity  of  foiiner  times.     The  secession  or  refor- 
mation began  in  1811  (John  Heir,  in  Rupp's  lie  Pasa  Ekklesia,  p.  503  s(|.  i     They  liave 
bishops  and  ordinary  ministers,  3  meeting  houses  and  8  or  10  other  stated  places  in  tho 
county. 
c.  Ornish  or  Amish. 

They  are  sometimes  called  Hooker  Mennonites,  because  they  use  hooks  on  their 
clothes  instead  of  buttons,  and  are  thus  distinguished  from  another  class  called  Button 
Mennonites.  They  settled  in  this  county  at  an  early  date,  and  though  (juite  numerous 
in  1735,  are  now  only  feebly  represented.  They  have  5  or  G  miuLstcrs.  In  doctrine 
they  accept  the  Mennouite  faith,  but  are  more  exclusive,  and  maintain  greater  simplicity 
of  dress  than  other  branches  of  the  Mennonites.  The  name  AmisJi,  or  Ornish  is  derived 
from  Jacob  Amen,  of  Amenthal,  Switzerland,  a  rigid  ^lennonite  i>reacher  of  the  seven- 
teenth century,  (Sliem  Zook,  in  Rupp's //e  Pkmi  Ekklenia,  p.  oGl.)  They  meet  in  private 
houses. 

II.  Seventh  Day  Baptists. 

The  history  of  this  denomination  has  already  been  given  in  Division  II.  s.  v.  Ephratu, 
p.  354  sq. 

III.  TUNKERS  OR  DUXKERS. 

They  are  German  Baptists  and  call  themselves  '"Brethren."  Prior  to  1721  they 
settled  in  this  county,  formed  a  congregation  ministered  by  Peter  Becker.  They  have 
7  places  for  meeting  in  the  county. 

IV.  WiNEBREXNARIANS. 

"This  denomination  is  of  comparatively  recent  origin.  The  name  of  ^^ Church  of 
God,'''  was  assumed  by  it  about  the  year  1827  or '28.  The  church  in  the  city  was 
first  gathered  about  the  year  1820,  under  the  ministry  of  the  late  Rev.  John  Elliott, 
who  preached  the  gospel  many  years  faithfully  and  with  success,  to  an  independent 
congregation  in  the  city.  After  he  left,  the  church  declined,  till  about  the  year  1841, 
when  the  Rev.  John  Winebrenner,  V.  D.  M.,  of  Ilarrisburg,  Rev'ds.  Jacob  Flake  and  Jo- 
seph Ross  and  others  of  the  Eldership  of  the  Church  of  God,  held  protracted  meetings, 
when  a  number  were  revived  and  others  awakened,  and  a  deep  interest  manifested,  and 
soon  a  congregation  of  one  or  two  hundred  was  organized." — Hupp. 

This  denomination  has  Church  edifices  at  the  foUoAviug  places:  Lancaster  City, 
Washington  Borough,  Mount  Joy,  jMaytown,  Bainbridge,  Landisville,  Smith ville  and 
Elizabethtown,  and  an  aggregate  membership  of  900.  It  publishes  an  organ,  called  the 
Church  Advocate  and  a  Sunday  School  paper  called  the  Sunday  School  Gem,  published 
by  the  Rev.  E.  H,  Thomas,  at  Lancaster. 

EPISCOPALIAXS. 

3Iissionaries  of  the  Church  of  England  visited  this  county  as  early  as  1717  or  1719. 

Rev.  Mr.  Backhouse,  of  Chester,  Pennsylvania,  in  a  letter  to  tlie  Society  for  the  Pro- 
pagation of  the  Gospel  in  London,  reports  a  visit  in  1720  to  the  people  of  Conestoga,  70 
miles  back  in  the  country  (from  Philadelphia.) 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Lindsay  visited  Lancaster  County  about  1735. 

St.  James's  Church,  Lancaster,  was  organized  Oct.  3,  1744.  Thomas  Cookson  and 
John  Postlethwaite,  Church  Wardens,  and  Edward  Smout,  Daniel  Sjmg,  AVilliam 
Bristow,  John  Folke,  Morgan  Morgan  and  John  Connelly,  Vestrymen. 

At  a  meeting  of  the  Vestry  on  April  15th,  1745,  steps  were  taken  for  the  ei-ection  of 
a  stone  church.  James  Hamilton,  Esq'r,  granted  a  lot  of  ground;  subscript i..ns 
amounting  to  £16G  9s.  enabled  the  people  to  erect  and  roof  the  church,  44  feet  ni  length 
and  34  feet  in  breadth,  about  1750.  From  1744  to  1750  the  Rev.  Mr.  Locke  oflic.at«d 
at  Lancaster.  He  was  succeeded  in  1751  by  the  Rev.  George  Craig,  durmg  whose  rec- 
torship the  church  was  finished  in  1753,  at  an  additional  cost  of  £102  os.     At  this  time 


452  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

congregations  existed  at  Pequea,  Carnarvon,  Huntingdon  and  Carlisle.  In  1755  the 
sum  of  £38  2s.  6d.  wes  expended  on  furniture  of  the  church  at  Lancaster. 

The  Rev.  Tliomas  Barton  began  his  ministiy  in  1759.  He  reports  in  that  year  50 
communicants  at  Lancaster.  In  1761  the  people,  by  way  of  lottery,  raised  a  consider- 
able sum  of  money,  with  which  they  afterwards  built  a  steeple,  erected  galleries,  bought 
ibells,  and  linished  a  stone  wall  round  the  church  yard.  The  improvements  were  com- 
pleted in  1704.  In  1765  the  Vestry  resolved  that  the  minister  should  be  entitled  to  a 
.'Surplice  fee  of  five  shillings  for  every  grave  dug  in  the  church  yard. 

For  particulars  concerning  Mr.  Barton,  who  left  Lancaster  in  1778,  see  page  387  sq. 

The  ministry  of  Rev.  Joseph  Hutchins  at  St.  James',  Lancaster,  covers  the  period  of 
1783 — 1790.  In  1791  the  Rev.  Elisha  Rigg  became  minister,  and  continued  his  labors 
until  1799,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Joseph  Clarkson,  whose  connection  with 
the  Parish  continued  until  January  35,  1830,  when  he  departed  this  life. 

In  1830  an  arrangement  was  entered  into  by  the  congregations  of  St.  James's,  Lan- 
'caster,  St.  John's,  Pequea,  and  Christ  Church,  Leacock,  for  the  joint  service  of  two 
clergymen  in  said  three  churches. 

On  October  15,  1830,  the  present  edifice  of  St.  James's  Church,  Lancaster,  was  conse- 
crated by  the  Rt.  Rev.  William  White,  D.  D.,  Bishop  of  Pennsylvania.  He  preached 
the  consecration  sermon  from  Ps.  96,9:  "0  worship  the  Lord  in  the  beauty  of  holiness. ' ' 

On  Dec.  1,  1830,  the  Rev.  William  Muhlenberg  entered  upon  his  office  of  Go-Rector 
of  St.  James'  Church,  agreeing  to  officiate  three  Sundays  in  every  month  at  Lancaster, 
and  on  one  Sunday  at  St.  John's,  Pequea.  This  connection  continued  until  June  1836, 
■when  he  resigned. 

The  Rev.  L.  S.  Ives  was  Co-Rector  of  St.  James's  Church  from  October  1836  to  Sept. 
25,  1837.  In  his  place  was  elected,  on  Sept.  37,  1837,  the  Rev.  Samuel  Bovmian,  for 
particulars  of  whose  ministry,  which  terminated  after  his  elevation  to  the  Episcopate 
and  with  his  death,  on  Aug.  3,  1860,  see  page  389,  sq. 

The  present  Rector,  Rev.  J.  I.  Mombert,  D.  D.,  was  elected  Associate  Rector,  May 
23,  1859,  and  Rector  Aug.  30,  1861. 

During  Bishop  Bowman's  pastorate,  St.  John's  Free  Church,  the  Orphan  Asylum, 
Sunday  School  House  and  Parsonage  were  erected;  and  under  that  of  the  present,  the 
Parsonage  and  Orphans'  Asylum  were  enlarged,  the  present  edifice  for  the  Church 
Home  secured,  and  St.  James  Chapel  built,  the  latter  at  an  expenditure  of  upwards  of 
$6,000,  all  paid  for. 

EPISCOPAL  CHURCHES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Lancaster  City,  St.  James'  Church,  St.  John's  Church,  St.  James'  Chapel;  ChurcJi- 
toicn,  Bangor  Church;  Leacock,  Christ  Church;  Paradise,  All  Saints';  Columbia,  St. 
Paul's  Church;  Marietta,  St.  John's  Church;  Mount  Hope,  Hope  Church;  Gap  Mines, 
Grace  Church.  A  new  Church  enterprise  has  been  started  at  Manheim.  Aggregate 
number  of  commvmicants  reported  in  1868,  517.  Estimated  number  of  worshippers, 
2,500. 

EVANGELICxVL  ASSOCIATION. 

This  sect,  sometimes  called  "Albrechtsleute, "  originated  in  this  county  about  1800, 
and  was  founded  by  Jacob  Albrecht,  a  native  of  Berks  County,  who  settled  in  Earl 
township  prior  to  1800.     They  have  several  places  of  worship  in  the  county. 

FRIENDS  OR  QUAKERS. 

They  were  numerous  in  the  county  as  early  as  1735-1730.  In  1739  they  numbered 
not  less  than  1000  families;  at  present  they  have  only  11  meetinghouses,  with  an  aggre- 
gate accommodation  for  2650  persons. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  453 

GERMAN  REFORMED.  1 

The  German  Reformed  congregatit)n  in  Lancaster,  organized  in  ITHf),  had  ah-cady 
attained  considerable  strengtli  at  the  time  when  Schhitter  [arrived;  for  here,  in  1747, 
he  administered  the  Holy  Snpper  to  225  persons,  the  majority  of  whom,  it  is  fair  to 
suppose,  were  members  of  the  Reformed  Church.  There  was  a  small  congi-cgation  also 
at  Seltenreich's,  two  miles  south  of  New  Holland;  another  at  ]\r<)dcncreek,  ^1743), 
another  at  Cocalico,  (1730);  and  still  another  at  Donegal.  Besides  tliese,  it  is  probable 
that  there  existed  in  other  parts  the  nuclei  of  congregations  not  yet  organized.  Such 
was  the  condition  of  the  German  Reformed  Church  in  Lancaster  County,  in  174(;.  when 
Schlatter  arrived  in  America. 

The  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter,  of  St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  was  sent  to  Pennsylvania, 
charged  to  visit  the  destitute  Germans,  of  the  Reformed  faith,  preach  the  Gosjiel  and 
administer  the  Sacraments,  organize  the  people  at  suitable  points  into  congregations, 
settle  ministers  and  consummate  the  work  by  the  organization  of  the  Coetus.  Reach- 
ing Philadelphia  September  6,  1746,  he  immediately  entered  upon  his  work.  Already, 
on  the  23d  of  the  same  month,  we  find  him  in  Lancaster;  and  from  that  time  he  made 
frequent  and  often  laborious  journeys  through  this  county.  Wherever  he  went,  ho 
preached  with  great  acceptance  to  the  people,  baptized  their  children  and  administered 
the  Holy  Communion.  He  formed  neighboring  congregations  into  pastoral  charges, 
and  united  them  more  closely  with  one  another  and  with  the  mother  Church  in  the 
Fatherland,  so  that  by  mutual  co-operation,  the  infant  Church  might  be  more  tinnly 
established  and  more  readily  supplied  with  such  aid  as  it  needed  in  its  weak,  scattered 
and  destitute  condition.  It  is  to  Schlatter,  that  the  German  Refoimed  Cluu-ch  in  Lan- 
caster county  owes,  not  indeed  its  existence,  but  its  regular  organization. 

The  mother  congregation  in  the  city  was  organized  in  1736,  and  its  first  stated  pastor 
was  the  Rev.  John  Jacob  Hock.  Prior  to  that  time  there  was  no  church  edifice,  but  on 
Whitsuntide  of  this  year  a  iiew  log-church  was  consecrated,  amid  the  rejoicings  of  the 
people.  Mr.  Hock  served  the  congregation  sixteen  months;  but  whether  his  ministry 
terminated  by  death  or  removal,  is  unknown.  The  second  pastor  was  the  Rev.  Cdsper 
Lewis  ScJuutrr,  whose  ministry  extends  from  November,  1744  to  ^farch,  1746.  He 
appears  to  have,  been  unworthy  of  his  calling;  for,  having  been  charged  with  several 
misdemeanors  while  at  Lancaster,  he  was  tried,  found  guilty  and  punished.  His  later 
history  is  unknown.  During  the  vacancy  thus  created,  the  Reo.  John  Reiycr,  preached 
as  a  supply.  He  was  a  native  of  the  Palatinate;  but,  emigrating  to  America  in  1731, 
he  settled  in  Lancaster.  His  field  of  labor  lay  rather  in  the  country  than  in  the  town; 
but,  at  the  time  of  Schlatter's  first  visit,  he  was  preaching  for  the  congregation  in  Lan- 
caster. Certain  difficulties  having  sprung  up  between  him  and  the  Church,  Sddatter 
used  his  best  endeavors  to  heal  them.  The  people  were  unanimous  in  securing  a  stated 
minister;  and  JSIr.  Reiger,  himself  deeming  this  best,  withdrew.  He  continufd  to  reside 
in  Lancaster,  where  he  died  March  11,  1769,  and  was  buried  near  the  south-wi-st  corner 
of  the  First  German  Reformed  Church.  The  vacant  congregation  urged  Schlatter  to 
obtain  a  minister  for  them  from  Holland.  Li  answer  to  this  call,  the  Synod  of  Holland 
sent  two  ministers  i)i  1748,  one  of  whom,  the  Rev.  John  Jacob  Jlochrcutner,  a  native  of 
St.  Gall,  Switzerland,  preached  at  Lancaster  with  great  acceptance  and  was  immedi- 
ately called  by  the  congregation  to  become  its  pastor.  He  accepted  the  call,  and  it  was 
approved  and  confirmed  by  the  Synod;  but,  by  a  mysterious  Providence,  he  never  en- 
tered upon  his  field  of  labor.  When  all  the  arrangements  for  his  journey  from  Phila- 
delphia to  Lancaster  were  made,  and  his  horse  stood  in  readiness  for  him  at  the  door, 
he  was  suddenly  prostrated  in  death  by  the  explosion  of  a  gun  from  which  he  was  endea- 
voring to  extract  the  load.  The  whole  Church,  as  well  as  the  cc)ngregation  at  Lancas- 
ter, was  deeply  affected  by  this  sad  event. 

1  c;ontributecl  by  Rev.  F.  A.  Ua^t. 


454  AUTHENTIC  HISTOEY 

Thus  disappointed  iu  its  hopes,  the  Church  continued  vacant  till  January,  1750,  when 
the  Bev.  Ludicig  Ferdinand  Vock,  became  the  pastor.  His  ministry,  however,  was  short. 
Owing  to  some  dissatisfaction,  the  relation  between  him  and  the  congregation  was  dis- 
solved at  the  end  of  the  year. 

He  was  succeeded  by  the  Bev.  William  Otterbein,  a  native  of  Dillenburg,  in  Nassau, 
Germany,  who  was  induced  by  Schlatter  to  become  a  missionary  to  the  destitute  Gemian 
Churches  in  America.  Full  of  vigor  and  holy  zeal,  he  entered  upon  his  pastoral  duties 
in  August,  1752.  "Under  his  ministry,  the  old  small  wooden  church,  which  stood  in  the 
back  part  of  the  graveyard,  was  superseded  by  a  massive  stone  church,  at  the  street, 
which  was  built  in  1753  and  only  taken  down  in  1852,  having  stood  almost  a  century. 
Internally,  the  congregation  greatly  i^rospered.  Evidences  of  his  order  and  zeal  look 
out  iipon  us  from  the  records  in  many  ways;  and  enterprises,  started  in  his  time,  have 
extended  their  results,  in  the  permanent  features  of  the  congregation,  down  to  this 
day."  He  resigned  his  charge  at  the  close  of  1758,  with  the  intention  of  visiting  his 
native  land.l  The  congregation  then  extended  a  call  to  the  Bev.  Dr.  William  Stay, 
who  was  one  of  the  six  ministers  brought  by  Schlatter  to  this  country  in  1752.  He 
began  his  ministry  at  Lancaster  iu  October,  1758,  and  continued  his  labors  with  consid- 
erable vigor  and  enterprise  till  January,  1763.  In  January,  1765,  the  Bev.  William- 
Hendel,  D.  D.,  became  pastor  of  the  congregation,  and  served  it  with  zeal,  piety  and 
faithfulness  till  September,  1769.  He  was  followed  by  the  Bev.  Charles  Lewis  BoeJime, 
whose  ministry  at  Lancaster  ended  July,  1775.  After  a  vacancy  of  six  months,  the 
Bev.  John  Albert  Helfenstein  became  the  pastor.  Mr.  Helfenstein  sprang  from  a  family 
in  which  the  ministry  has  had  an  uninterrupted  succession  from  the  Keformation  to  the 
present  time.  He  was  born  in  the  Palatinate,  Germany,  1748.  Having  finished  his 
studies  at  the  University  of  Heidelberg,  and  resolved  to  devote  himself  as  a  missionary 
among  his  brethren  in  the  New  World,  he  came  to  America  in  1772,  under  the  care  of 
the  Synod  of  Holland,  and  settled  as  pastor  of  the  Germantown  charge,  near  Philadel- 
phia. After  laboring  here  with  marked  success  for  about  three  years,  he  received  a  call 
from  the  congregation  at  Liincaster,  which,  after  due  consideration,  he  resolved  to  accept. 
In  January,  1776,  he  entered  upon  the  duties  of  his  new  charge,  in  which  he  continued 
till  July,  1779.  "During  his  ministry  at  Lancaster,  the  captive  Hessians  of  Trenton 
were  barracked  in  that  town,  and  it  became  his  duty  frequently  to  preach  to  them. ' ' 

After  Mr.  Helfenstein  resigned,  the  Bev.  John  Theobald  Faber  was  called  to  the 
charge,  in  which  he  continued  from  September  1779  to  September  1782.  It  appeal's 
that  his  ministry  was  successful,  and  the  records  of  baptisms  and  confirmations  show 
that  he  performed  a  large  amount  of  ministerial  duty.  In  September  1782,  the  same 
month  in  which  Mr.  Faber  left.  Dr.  Hendel,  iu  answer  to  a  second  call,  removed  again 
to  Lancaster,  returning  with  his  former  learning,  eloquence,  zeal  and  piety.  The 
second  term  of  his  ministry  in  the  congregation  continued  twelve  years,  and  they  were 
years  of  unusual  spiritual  prosperity  to  the  Church.  Dr.  Hendel  was  succeeded  by 
the  Bev.  Dr.  Christian  Becker,  who  entered  ui:>on  his  pastoral  duties  in  March  1795  and 
continued  in  the  discharge  of  them  till  June  1806,  when  he  removed  to  Baltimore.  He 
was  a  man  of  extensive  learning  and  great  dignity  of  character,  and  commanded  the 
universal  respect  of  the  community.  The  Ber>.  John  Henry  Hoffmeier,  born  at  Anhalt- 
Koethen,  Germany,  and  educated  at  Halle,  came  to  America  in  1793  and  became  the 
pastor  of  the  Lancaster  congregation  in  1806.  His  ministry  extended  through  a  quarter 
of  a  century.  It  was  during  this  jjeriod  that  the  question  of  English  preaching  was 
first  agitated.  Previously  the  Church  ministrations  were  all  conducted  in  the  Gemran 
language;  but  the  congregation,  rapidly  becoming  English,  demanded  that  part  of  the 

1  William  Otterbein,  in  conjunction  with  Martin  Boehm,  is  said  to  have  founded  the  sect  called  the 
United  Brethren  in  Christ,  or  Vereinigte  Brueder,  but  I  am  assured  by  the  present  pastor  of  the  First 
Eeformed  Church  that  he  never  seceded,  but  died  in  the  communion  of  the  German  Keformed  Church. 

J.  I.  IMOMBERT. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  455 

services  should  be  held  in  English.  Mr.  Iloffmcier,  in  consequence  of  dissatisfaction, 
resigned  his  charge.  He  died  IVIarch  18,  1838,  and  lies  buried  at  the  Church  whidi  ho 
so  long  and  faithfully  served.  A  handsome  niar1)le  slab,  adorning  the  interior  of  the 
Church,  perpetuates  his  memory.  The  Rev.  Martin.  Bniner  wati  calle<l  in  18:32,  and 
labored  in  the  congregation  till  1838.  At  the  commencement  of  his  ministry  the  Sunday 
School  was  organized.  liev.  George  W.  Glessner  became  pastor  in  1840.  After  a  suc- 
cessful ministry  of  seven  years,  he  resigned,  and  was  succeeded  in  1847  by  the  Hep. 
Nathaniel  A.  Keyes.  Difficulties  springing  from  the  Gennan  <iucsfion,  end)arrassL'd 
the  ministry  of  this  faithful  and  pious  pastor,  in  consequence  of  which,  lie  with  a  mi- 
nority of  his  congregation,  went  out  and  organized  St.  PauVs  German  Reformed 
Churcli.  In  the  spring  of  1850,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Henry  Ilnrbavgh  became  pastor  of  the 
Mother  Church.  His  ministry  of  ten  years  and  a  half  was  attended  with  signal  succes.s. 
In  1852,  the  old  Church  was  removed  and  the  present  handsome  edifice  erected.  Besides 
the  great  amount  of  literary  laljor  performed  by  Dr.  Harbaugh,  the  records  bear  testi- 
mony to  his  fidelity  to  his  pastoral  duties.  During  his  ministry  at  Lancaster  he  bap- 
tized 420  infants  and  added  251  to  the  Church  by  the  rite  of  Confirmation.  Dr.  Har- 
baugh was  succeeded  by  the  present  pastor  of  the  congregation,  the  Rev.  Amos  IF. 
Kremer,  who,  after  a  ministry  of  fifteen  years  and  a  half  at  Carlisle,  accepted  a  call 
from  the  Lancaster  Church  and  was  installed  April  21,  1861.  During  these  eight  years 
he  has  received  into  the  Church  by  Baptism  307,  and  by  Confirmation  263.  The  Sab- 
bath School  numbers  366  scholars,  and  the  congregation,  through  his  efficient  .services, 
is  in  a  prosperous  condition. 

St.  Paul's  German  Refonned  Church,  as  already  stated,  was  organized  during  the 
ministry  of  the  Rev.  Nathaniel  A.  Keyes.  In  January  1850,  after  a  long  struggle  grow- 
ing out  of  the  German  question,  more  than  100  members  of  the  mother  congregation 
withdrew,  requesting  certificates  of  dismission,  which  the  Church  was  directed  by  the 
Lebanon  Classis,  under  whose  jurisdiction  it  stood,  to  grant  to  all  who  might  desire 
them  with  a  view  to  organizing  themselves  into  an  English  Gennan  Refonned  Church. 
A  division  of  the  Church  property  was  efl:ected  and  the  new  organization  completed. 
For  a  time  worship  was  held  in  the  old  Franklin  College  building;  but  vigorous  meas- 
ures were  at  once  taken  for  the  erection  of  a  new  Church  edifice.  A  lot  was  purchased, 
and  in  Nov.  1851,  the  Church  at  the  South-west  corner  of  Orange  and  Duke  streets 
■was  consecrated  to  God.  Mr.  Keyes  was  pastor  of  the  congregation  till  October,  1855. 
He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Isaac  8.  JDemund,  whose  ministry  iu  the  congregation 
extended  from  April  1856  to  April  1864.  After  a  vacancy  of  half  a  year,  a  call  was 
given  to  the  Rev.  Henry  Mosser,  who  accepted  it  and  retained  his  connection  with  the 
congregation  as  pastor  till  March,  1866.  Tlie  present  pastor,  the  Rev.  Edwin  H.  Nevin, 
after  preaching  as  a  supply  for  six  months,  entered  upon  his  past<iral  duties  in  April 
1868.  The  congregation  having  at  the  time  of  its  organization  about  110  members, 
now  numbers  more  than  200. 

This  denomination  has  churches  at  the  following  places:  Lancaster  3,  (First.  St. 
Paul's  and  College  Chapel),  Millersville,  Roherstown,  Conestoga  Centre,  Columbia. 
Elizabethtown,  Maytown,  Bainbridge,  New  Providence,  Quarryville,  New  Holland. 
Seltenreich'.s,  Heller's,  Manheim,  Rapho,  Petersburg,  New  Haven,  Bethany,  Ephrata. 
White  Oak,  Brickerville,  Reamstown,  Swamp,  Vogansville,  Centre  and  Modencreek;  it 
has  13  ministers,  and  2,362  Church  members. 

JEWS. 

The  Jews  have  a  handsome  synagogue  at  Lancaster,  which  was  consecrated  Septem- 
ber 13,  1867. 

LUTHERANS. 

Among  the  German  immigrants  to  this  county  prior  to  1730  were  many  Lutherans. 
Simultaneously  with  the  building  of  Lancaster  is  the  planting  of  Hie  parent  congrega- 


456  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

tion,  Trinity  church.  As  early  as  1730  the  Rev.  John  Christian  Shultze  did  missionary 
work  here.  An  organized  congregation  existed  in  1783.  The  Rev.  John  Casper 
Stoever  was  pastor  from  1736  to  1739;  the  lirst  church,  situate  between  the  present  ediiice 
and  the  parsonage,  was  consecrated  Oct.  28,  1738.  It  had  a  steciile  and  bells  and  was 
furnished  with  an  organ  in  1744.  From  1739  to  1748  the  congregation  was  served  by 
several  ministers,  and  sorely  tried  during  the  pastorate  of  the  Rev.  Mr.  Nyberg,  a 
Swedish  Lutheran,  from  1744  to  1748.  In  that  year  the  Rev.  I.  F.  Handschuh  took 
charge  of  Trinity  church  and  reinained  its  pastor  until  1751.  A  Lutheran  congregation 
existed  at  Earltown  (New  Holland)  in  1748.  The  Rev.  Messrs.  Wagner,  Engeland  and 
Wortmann  served  Trinity  church  from  1751  to  1753,  when  the  Rev.  John  Siegfried 
Gerok  entered  upon  a  long  and  useful  pastorate  which  lasted  until  March  29,  1767. 
During  his  connection  with  the  congregation  the  present  edifice  was  erected,  the  cor- 
ner stone  was  laid  May  18,  17G1,  and  the  building  was  dedicated  May  4,  1766.  Rev. 
Dr.  Muhlenberg,  Mr.  Schultz  and  others  rendered  occasional  service  until  the  arrival  in 
1769  of  Rev.  Dr.  Ilelmuth,  whose  earnest  and  faithful  pastorate  continued  until  1779. 
He  was  succeeded  by  the  Rev.  Dr.  G.  H.  E.  Muhlenberg,  (whose  memoir  will  be  found 
in  Div.  III.)  whose  indefatigable  and  noble  work  of  twenty-five  years'  faithful  minis- 
trations is  a  bright  page  in  the  annals  of  the  church  he  served.  During  his  ministry, 
the  handsome  steeple  which  crowns  the  i>resent  edifice,  was  erected.  It  was  begun  in 
the  autumn  of  1785,  and  after  sundry  interruptions,  comjileted  December  8,  1794.  Its- 
height  is  195  feet. 

President  Wharton  was  interred  in  Trinity  church  with  military  honors  in  1778,  and 
Governor  Mifflin  in  front  of  the  church,  January  22,  1800,  immediately  under  the  mural 
tablet  with  the  inscription : 

"In  perpetuation  of  the  memory  of  Thomas  Mifflin,  Esq'r,  Major  General  of  the 
Revolutionary  Army  of  the  United  States  and  Governor  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania. 
A  distinguished  Patriot  and  zealous  Friend  of  Liberty.     Died  January,  1800." 

Rev.  Dr.  Endress  succeeded  Dr.  Muhlenberg  and  tenninated  his  ministry  of  thirty 
years,  after  a  faithful  pastorate  of  twelve  years  at  Lancaster.  The  new  German  Zion's 
church  was  erected  during  his  pastorate,  and  preaching  in  the  English  language  was 
introduced  by  him.  After  Dr.  Endress'  decease  in  1827,  the  pastorate  devolved  on  the 
Rev.  Dr.  Baker  (commemorated  in  Division  III,)  who  from  1828  to  1853  went  in  and  out 
among  his  people,  and  to  his  energy  the  church  is  indebted  for  the  Sunday  School.  The 
beginning  of  St.  .John's  Lutheran  church  also  was  made  in  his  ministry  by  the  estab- 
lishment of  a  branch  Sunday  School  in  1852.  In  1853  the  Rev.  G.  F.  Krotel  was  elected 
pastor  and  continued  his  relations  to  the  church  until  1861.  During  his  ministry  the 
renovation  and  rededication  (May  21,  1854,)  of  Trinity  church  took  j^lace,  St.  John's 
Lutheran  church  was  built,  and  a  branch  Sunday  School  was  opened  in  James  street. 
The  centenary  jubilee  took  place  May  19,  1861.  Rev.  Dr.  Coni-ad  was  pastor  from  1863 
to  1864,  Rev.  Samuel  Laird  from  1864  to  1867,  and  was  succeeded  by  the  present  pastor^ 
Rev.  Dr.  Greenwald,  May  1,  1867,  through  whose  instrumentality  a  new  Sunday  School 
building  has  been  erected  in  West  King  street. 

LUTHERAN  CHURCHES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Lancaster  City,  Trinity,  Zion's  and  St.  John's;  Strasdiirg,  St.  Michael's;  also  at  the 
following  iilaces:  MillersTiUe,  ElizahctJitown,  Mount  Joy,  Mechanicsburg,  New  Holland, 
Columbia  (two  congregations),  Conestoga  Centre,  ninkletoicn  (four  churches  at  and  near 
this  place),  Eplirata  (four  churches  at  and  near  this  place),  Bainbridge,  Maytoicn,  Brick- 
ersville,  Manheim  and  Petersburg.     Aggregate  membership  about  6,000. 

METHODISTS. 

In  1781  Methodist  ministers  first  visited  the  county.  The  Lancaster  Circuit  was 
formed  in  1 782  and  the  Rev.  William  Partridge  appointed  minister.     About  1805  or 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  457 

1806  the  Rev.  Isaac  Gruber  pvoatlied  occasionally  at  Lancaster.  The  lirst  re<,'nhir  service 
was  conducted  in  1807  by  the  Rev.  Henry  Boelnn.  in  the  house  of  Philii)  Benedict. 
Lancaster  was  made  a  regular  charge  in  1839,  since  which  period  regular  niiinsters  Imve 
been  stationed  here. 

The  Methodists  have  places  of  worship  in  the  following  localities:  Laiica.ster  (two— 
respectively  known  as  the  First  Methodist  Church  and  St.  Paul's  ^l.  E.  Church  i,  Safe 
Harbor  and  ]\Lanor,  Columbia,  ]\Larietta  and  Maytown,  Mount  Joy,  Bainbridge  and  Fal- 
mouth, Fulton,  Mount  Nebo,  Strasburg,  Enterprise  and  Conestoga.  Aggregate  num- 
ber of  members  in  1869,  2122. 

"Henry  Beam  or  Boelim  was  born  in  1775.  His  grandfather  emigrated  from  the 
Palatinate  in  171o.  His  father,  JIartin  Boehm,  was  a  minister  of  the  Mennonite  Society 
and  elected  a  full  minister  or  Bishop  in  175.1.  He  used  to  complain  of  the  absence  of 
vital  godliness  in  his  society.  He  happened  to  visit  the  Shenandoah  valley,  which  wa.s 
then  called  New  Virginia.  There  he  met  with  people  called  "New  Lights,"  supposed 
to  be  remnants  of  the  followers  of  Wicklift'e.  Their  preachers  proclaimed  the  Gospel 
with  much  spirit  and  power.  "When  his  father  returned  home  he  brought  some  of  their 
fire  with  him.  Some  complaints  were  made  against  him  by  his  old  brethern,  and  com- 
mittee after  committee  was  appointed  to  investigate  his  case  and  at  last  he  was  deposed 
because  he  'mixed  with  people  of  a  strange  tongue.'  He,  however,  still  continued  to 
preach  the  Gospel,  and  soon  after  the  Methodists  came  into  the  neighborhood,  with 
Avhom  he  joined. 

"Boehm's  Chapel,  the  first  Methodist  Chui-ch  in  Lancaster  county,  was  built  in  1790. 
He  himself  went  to  where  Columbia  now  stands  to  fetch  lumber  to  build  it.  There  was 
then  no  town  there.     The  place  was  called  Wright's  Ferry. 

"In  1807  he  organized  the  first  Methodist  Society  in  Lancaster,  in  the  house  of  Philip 
Benedict.  At  that  time  Lancaster  did  not  extend  further  north  than  where  the  ^letho- 
dist  Church  now  stands,  south  to  Vine  street,  and  on  the  west  to  tlie  intersection  of 
Columbia  and  Manor  turnpikes.  In  going  from  Lancaster  to  Columbia  there  was  much 
ground  lying  common  and  not  fenced  in." 

MORAVIANS. 

The  Moravians,  or  United  Brethern,  have  congregations  at  Lancaster  and  Litiz.  For 
an  account  of  their  establishment  in  the  county  see  page  380  .sq. 

In  1742  Count  Zinzendorf  visited  Lancaster.  In  174(5  a  Moravian  Provincial  Coun- 
cil was  held  at  Lancaster. 

' '  In  the  first  quarter  of  the  eighteenth  century  (in  the  year  1722),  the  Moravian  Church 
was  renewed  in  Saxony,  by  the  descendants  of  the  ancient  "Unitas  Fratum,''  who  im- 
migrated to  that  country  from  ]\roravia — hence  the  present  name  of  tlie  church,  and 
found  an  asylum  on  the  estate  of  Count  Zinzendorf. 

They  introduced  the  discipline  of  their  fathers  and  received  the  ancient  episcopate, 
which  had  been  carefully  preserved  in  the  event  of  the  renewal  of  the  church. 

In  the  year  1735  the  first  colony  came  to  America.  Tiiey  formed  permanent  settle- 
ments at  Nazareth  and  Bethlehem,  Northampton  county.  Pa. 

In  1745  a  congregation  was  organized  in  Lancaster  by  Bishop  Spangenberg.  In  1746  a 
church  and  school  house  were  built  on  the  corner  of  Orange  street,  and  what  is  now  called 
Market  street,  between  North  Queen  and  Prince  streets.  The  school  house,  which, 
also  formed  the  parsonage  till  1849,  when  a  new  one  was  built,  still  stands.  The 
church,  which  stood  for  nearly  three  quarters  of  a  century,  was  taken  down  in  1820 
and  the  present  edifice  was  erected. 

In  1868  extensive  alterations  were  made.  The  galleries  were  removed,  the  building 
was  enlarged,  a  central  reflector  for  lighting  was  introduced,  and  many  other  improve- 
ments were  made.  The  present  ninnberof  communicants  is  221  and  tiie  total  member- 
ship under  pastoral  care  351. 


458  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

The  following  pastors  have  served  the  congregation:  1747,  Rev.  Leonard  Schnell; 
1748,  Rev.  Abraham  Reinke;  1751,  Rev.  George  Neisser;  1753,  Rev.  Christian  Ranch;  ^ 
1754,  Rev.  Otto  Krogstrup;  1755,  Rev.  Christian  Bader;  1756,  Rev.  Christian  Rus- 
myer;  1757,  Rev.  Charles  G  Rundt;  1759,  Rev.  Christian  Bader;  1762,  Rev.  Christian 
Rusmyer;  1766,  Rev.  Andrew  Langgaard;  1778,  Rev.  Otto  Krogstrup;  1785,  Rev.  Lud- 
wig  F.  Boehler;  1786,  Rev.  John  Herbst;  1791,  Rev.  Abraham  Reinke;  1795,  Rev  Lud- 
wig  Huebner;  ISOO,  Rev.  John  Martin  Beck;  1803,  Rev.  Abraham  Reinke;  1810,  Rev. 
Constantine  Miller;  1819,  Rev.  Samuel  Reinke;*  1823,  Rev.  Peter  WoUe;*  1826,  Rev. 
John  G.  Herman;*  1829,  Rev.  Rev.  Charles  F.  Reichel;  1834,  Rev.  Charles  A.  Van- 
vleck;  1835,  Rev.  Samuel  Reinke;*  1839,  Rev.  George  F.  Bahnson;*  1849,  Rev.  Robert 
de  Schweinitz;  1853,  Rev.  Henry  A.  Shultz;*  1855,  Rev.  Lewis  F.  Kampman;  1858, 
Rev.  Joseph  H.  Kummer;  1862,  Rev.  Edwin  T.  Senseman;  1864,  Rev.  David  Bigler,* 
Epis.  Frat.l 

*This  mark  denotes  that  the  clergymen  to  whose  names  it  is  attached  have  become  Bishops. 

PRESBYTERIANS.2 

The  Presbytei-ian  Church  of  Lancaster  was  founded  in  1763.  The  names  of  the  orig- 
inators, as  far  as  can  now  be  ascertained,  were  Edward  Shi ppen,  Esq.,  Dr.  Robert  Boyd, 
William  White,  Henry  Helm,  Charles  Hall,  Samuel  Boyd,  William  Montgomery,  Wil- 
liam Ross  and  Judge  Yeates. 

William  White  and  Henry  Helm  were  the  tirst  Ruling  Elders.  The  congregation 
worshipped  first  in  the  Court  House,  then  situated  in  Centre  Square. 

The  first  Pastor  of  the  Church  was  the  Rev.  John  WoodhuU,  called  in  1769.  Only 
one-third  of  the  time  of  the  Pastor  was  given  to  Lancaster,  the  remainder  being 
devoted  to  the  neighboring  Church  of  Leacock,  at  that  time  much  more  fiourishing 
than  its  sister  Church  of  Lancaster. 

The  first  Church  edifice  was  finished  in  1770  or  '71.  In  1770  the  Church  obtained 
leave  of  Synod  to  place  itself  under  the  New  Castle  Presbytery. 

The  Pastorate  of  Mr.  Woodhull  continued  about  ten  years. 

In  1780,  the  three  Presbyterian  Churches  of  Leacock,  Lancaster  and  Middle  Octoraro 
imited  in  calling  Mr.  Nathaniel  W.  Sample.  The  call  was  accepted  in  August  of  next 
year,  and  Mr.  Sample  was  ordained  and  installed  in  December,  1781.  This  pastoral 
relation  continued  unchanged  for  40  years,  the  Lancaster  Church  as  before  having  but 
one-third  of  the  time  of  the  Sabbath  ministrations,  and  probably  not  so  large  a  pro- 
portion of  the  pastoral  labors,  as  the  Pastor  lived  all  this  time  within  the  bounds  of  • 
the  other  churches. 

Mr.  Sample  demitted  his  charge  in  September  1821.  During  his  ministry  the  Church 
seems  to  have  made  considerable  advancement.  In  1804  the  Church  was  incorporated 
through  the  enterprise  of  a  very  eflicient  Board  of  Trustees.  In  1820  the  Church  edifice 
was  somewhat  enlarged  and  improved. 

The  Rev.  Wm.  Ashmead  succeeded  Mr.  Sample  in  the  pastoral  charge  of  the  Church 
at  Lancaster  in  1821.  At  that  date  the  Church  was  sufficiently  large  to  demand  the 
entire  services  and  sufficiently  wealthy  to  be  able  to  pay  a  salary  of  $1,000  a  year.  A 
very  liberal  salary  for  that  time. 

Mr.  Ashmead  was  ordained  and  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New  Castle  on  the 
evening  of  September  26,  1821.  His  connection  with  the  Church  was  dissolved  on  the 
7th  of  April,  1829,  owing  to  continued  ill-health. 

The  Rev.  Richard  W.  Dickinson  was  installed  as  the  successor  of  Mr.  Ashmead  on 
Monday  evening,  October  26,  1829. 

Rev.  John  T.  JNIarshall  Davie  was  installed  as  the  next  Pastor  of  the  Church,  Janu- 

1  Communicated  by  Rt.  Kev.  David  Bigler. 

2  Drawn  up  by  Kev.  George  Robinson,  chiefly  from  a  MS.  Sermon  by  the  late  Rev.  \V.  Powell. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  459 

ary  31,  1834,  and  remained  about  six  years.  In  l>i41,  tlie  Rev.  .lolm  McNair  was 
called  to  the  pastorate  and  on  the  1st  of  June  installed  by  the  Presbytery  of  New 
Castle.  Under  Dr.  McNair's  ministry  the  edifice  now  standinfj  was  built  and  dedi- 
cated to  the  worship  of  God  on  May  11,  1851.  In  the  followin<r  Uetobcr.  after  t«n 
years'  service,  and  against  strong  solicitation,  the  pastoral  relation  was  (lissolved— 
not  by  the  New  Castle  Presbytery,  but  by  the  Donegal,  which  had  again  come 
into  existence,  and  within  whose  limits  the  Church  of  Lancaster  then  was  and  con- 
tinues to  be. 

Soon  after  the  completion  of  the  hcmse  of  worship,  there  was  unhappily  a  division  of 
the  church,  and  the  formation  of  what  was  calleil  the  Second  Prcsl)ytcrian  C'inirch  of 
Lancaster.  This  branch  called  the  Rev.  Alfred  Nevin  whose  pastorate  continued  about 
four  and  a  half  years. 

The  First  Church,  as  the  old  society  came  to  be  called  after  the  division,  called  the 
Rev.  J.  Abeel  Baldwin,  who  was  installed  over  it  on  Tuesday  evening,  October  28,  1852, 
and  continued  his  ministry  initil  April  8,  18o6. 

On  the  9th  of  July,  1857,  Mr.  Walter  Powell  was  ordained  and  installed  as  i)astor  of 
the  First  Church.  During  the  early  part  of  his  ministry  the  breach  between  the  two 
branches  was  healed,  and  the  struggle  to  maintain  sei)arate  existence  was  hai)pily 
brought  to  an  end  in  1858.  The  pecuniary  embarrassments  which  had  greatly  hampered 
the  churches  in  their  separate  existences  were  gradually  removed.  Tlie  debt  on  the 
church  edifice  was  paid.  In  18(j4  a  comfortable  house  was  jjurchased  for  tlie  free  use 
of  the  pastor  and  family,  and  the  church  edifice,  chiefly  through  the  exertions  of  the 
ladies  of  the  church,  was  put  into  a  better  state  of  repair. 

During  the  summer  of  1867,  the  health  of  Mr.  Powell,  which  for  some  time  had  been 
impaired,  became  so  much  reduced  as  to  render  it  impossible  for  him  to  perfonn  the 
arduous  duties  which  were  incumbent  upon  him.  The  congregation  with  commendable 
liberality  granted  him  a  six  mouths'  leave  of  absence,  but  the  respite  came  too  late. 
His  disea.se,  which  was  of  an  insidious  character,  gradually  sajiped  his  strength  until, 
on  .Tan.  23,  1868,  his  Master,  whom  he  had  so  faithfully  served,  released  him  from  all 
earthly  labors. 

After  a  vacancy  of  several  months  a  call  was  extended  to  Mr.  George  Robinson,  and 
by  him  accepted.  On  the  evening  of  Sept.  8,  1808,  Mr.  Robinson  was  ordained  and  in- 
stalled over  this  church.     Present  membership,  255. 

PRESBYTERIAN  CHURCHES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY  WITH  DATES  OF  THEIR  ORGAMZ.\TIOX. 

«  Donegal,  1722;  Pequea,  1724;  Middle  Octoraro  (Bart),  about  1727;  Chestnut  Level, 
unknown;  Leacock,  about  1741;  Little  Britain,  imknown;  Lancaster,  1763;  Columbia, 
1807;  Coleraine,   1816;  Marietta,   1832;  Bellevue,   1832;   Strasburg,   1832;   Mount  Joy, 

1839;    Cedar  Grove,    1839;   Mount  Nebo,   1858;    Carnarvon,  ;   Free  Presbj-tcrian 

Church  of  Colerain  (Octoraro), . 

THE   ROMAN   CATHOLICS.i 

Tlie  Catholics  of  Lancaster  County,  were  first  organized  in  1740.  Tlie  fii-st  Church. 
St.  Mary's,  was  built  in  1745,  destroyed  by  fire  in  1760,  and  rebuilt  in  1762.  The  Ger- 
man and  English  speaking  Catholics  worshipped  together  until  1850:  when  the  congre- 
gation had  been  so  largely  increased,  that  it  became  necessary  to  build  a  larger  Cliurch; 
the  Gennan  portion  withdrew,  and  selected  a  site  in  tlie  south-western  part  of  the  City, 
and  erected  a  fine  building,  under  the  patronage  of  St.  Jo.seph;  that  church,  owing  to  the 
increase  of  the  congregation,  now  requires  enlargement.  Those  who  still  worshipped 
in  the  old  church,  soon  found  it  necessary  to  erect  a  larger  building  also,  the  foun- 
dation of  the  present  edifice  was  laid  in  1852,  and  the  church  dedicated  in  185(5.  In 
January,  1867,  a  fire  in  the  basement,  supposed  to  liave  been  occasioned,  owing  to  .some 
1  Contributed  by  Mr.  Peter  McConomy. 


460  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

defect  in  the  flues  of  the  heater,  damaged  the  church  considerably,  and  owing  to  the 
defective  framing  of  the  roof,  it  became  necessary  to  remodel  the  entire  church  which 
was  re-dedicated  on  Sunday,  May  3d,  1868.  The  archives  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  ex- 
hibit the  names  of  the  following  Clergymen,  who  served  as  Pastors:  Fathers  Molineaux, 
Farmer,  Schnider,  Pellentz,  Ailing,  Brosius,  Hellron,  Rosseller,  Stafford,  Geisler,  Homm, 
Mongrand,  Fitzsimmons,  Lewermond,  Janin  and  Entzcn,  from  1740  to  1802;  in  the 
latter  year,  the  Rev.  Dr.  Egan,  and  the  Very  Reverend  Louis  De  Earth  were  stationed 
at  Lancaster.  The  former  was  transferred  to  St.  ^Mary's  Church,  Philadelphia,  in  1806; 
and  in  1808,  the  Diocese  of  Philadelphia  was  formed,  which  then  comprised  the  States 
of  Pennsylvania,  New  Jersey  and  Delaware.  The  Rev.  Dr.  Egan  was  appointed  the 
first  Bishop  of  Philadelphia.  He  died  the  22d  of  July,  1814.  His  former  associate  in 
Lancaster,  the  Very  Reverend  De  Barth,  was  appointed  Administrator  of  the  Diocese, 
after  the  Bishop's  decease. 

Their  successors  in  the  Pastorate  of  St.  Mary's  Church,  Lancaster,  were  the  Rev.  I. 
Beschter,  S.  J.,  Rev.  Mr.  Byrn,  the  Rev.  Schenfelder,  Rev.  J.  J.  Holland,  succeeded  by 
the  Rev.  B.  Keenan,  who  still  survives,  and  although  time  has  made  its  marks,  he  still 
possesses  considerable  elasticity  of  spirits,  and  regularly  officiates  at  the  Altar.  He  is 
the  oldest  priest  in  the  Diocese,  and  ministered  to  the  spiritual  wants  of  the  Catholics 
of  Lancaster  for  nearly  half  a  century,  having  assumed  the  duties  of  liis  charge  in  1823. 
Tlie  Pastors  of  Lancaster  attended,  in  former  times,  to  the  Missions  of  Milton,  Sun- 
bury,  Harrisburg,  Lebanon,  Colebrook,  Elizabethtown  and  Columbia.  The  old  stone 
church,  built  in  1762,  is  still  in  excellent  preservation,  though  wearing  the  unmistaka- 
ble mark  of  old  Father  Time.  It  was  used  for  divine  service  in  1867,  after  the  fire  had 
occurred,  until  the  repairs  on  the  new  church  were  finished. 

It  is  interesting  to  look  back  over  the  early  history  of  the  Catholic  Church  in  Lan- 
caster, to  recall  the  zeal  and  devotion  of  its  forefathers  in  tlie  cause  of  Religion.  It  is 
recorded  that  during  the  building  of  the  old  stone  church,  the  women  of  the  congrega- 
tion came  daily  to  mix  the  mortar,  while  the  men  gathered  the  stone  from  the  adjoin- 
ing farmers,  and  carried  them  to  the  site  of  the  building,  where  they  assisted  in  the 
erection  of  the  edifice,  considered,  at  that  period,  a  very  fine  and  commodious  church. 

The  Catholic  churches  in  the  County,  exclusive  of  those  in  the  City,  are  St.  Peter's 
and  Holy  Trinity,  of  Columbia;  St.  Peter's,  of  Elizabethtown,  and  St.  Catherine's,  of 
Drumore  township. 

NEW  JERUSALEM  CHURCH.i 

Universally  styled,  by  the  members  thereof,  the  ^'■Nero  Church,"  as  contradistin- 
guished from  all  other  christian  denoini  nations,  which  they  collectively  regard  as  the 
'■'Old  Chvxrch;"  but  by  the  world  in  general  better  knowai  perhaps  as  Swedenborgians. 
There  has  not  been  a  period  since  the  year  1765  when  there  has  not  resided  within  the 
limits  of  Lancaster  city  and  county  one  or  more  receivers  of  the  doctrines  of  this  church, 
as  revealed  through  the  writings  of  Swedenborg;  yet  owing  to  their  paucity  of  num- 
bers, during  the  long  interval  between  the  above  date  and  the  present  time,  and  the 
absence  of  all  attempts  at  prosel}i;ism,  their  very  existence  has  almost  been  unknoAvn 
to  the  mass  of  the  jjopulation. 

Baron  Henry  Von  Buelow,  a  German  nobleman,  and  a  native  of  Pi-ussia,  who  in  his 
early  years  had  adopted  the  military  profession,  visited  America  in  1765,  and  sj)ent 
some  time  in  Lancaster.  He  had  some  time  previously  embraced  the  peculiar  views  of 
Emanuel  Swedenborg,  and  with  a  view  to  the  dissemination  of  those  doctrines,  had 
brought  with  him  from  Euro^je  a  number  of  works,  containing  them,  for  gratuitous  dis- 
tribution and  for  sale. 

About  the  same  period,    William  Reichenbach,  a  native  of  Saxony,   and  a  man  of 

1  Contributed  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Rathvon. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTV.  4G1 

classical  attainments,  left  his  native  country,  antl  innnediatcly  on  his  arrival  in  Lan- 
caster was  appointed  professor  of  niathcniatics  and  (u'rnian  literatnre  in  Franklin 
College.  This  college  was  located  on  North  Queen  street  near  James,  and  tht-  l»uilding 
during  the  Revolutionary  War  had  been  used  as  '-Barracks"'  for  tlie  accommodation  of 
soldiers.  Afterwards  it  was  known  as  tlie  "Old  Store  House,"  and  more  recently  as 
"Franklin  Row;"  it  is  now  occupied  by  live  or  six  funulies  of  some  of  our  most  wortliy 
fellow  citizens  as  tlieir  private  residence. 

Through  the  teaching  of  Von  Buelow,  Reichenbach  became  a  receiver  of  the  Doc- 
trines of  the  New  Church  and  avowed  them  openly.  He  aftenvards  wrote  and  pub- 
lished several  works  on  the  doctrines,  one  of  which  was  entitled  .-l(/a//i'>/i— publislied 
both  in  English  and  German — and  was  favorably  received,  but  has  become  so  rare 
that  it  is  doubtful  whether  more  than  a  single  copy  exists  in  the  county  now. 

Von  Buelow  afterwards  returned  to  Europe,  l)ut  from  his  etVorls,  before  lie  left  Lan- 
caster, there  aro.se  a  small  band  of  '"receivers,"  about  the  year  1788,  which  lias  con- 
tinued with  alternately  increased  and  diminished  numbers,  down  to  the  ]>resent  day. 
Among  the  first,  besides  Von  Buelow  and  Reichenbach,  in  this  county,  who  became 
receivers  of  the  doctrines  of  the  New  Church,  were  Francis  Bailey  and  family,  Jacob 
Carpenter,  the  intimate  friend  of  Buelow,  Frederic  Damish,  a  Saxon,  a  teacher  of  music, 
and  a  Mr.  Eckstein.  Subsequently,  Joseph  Ehrenfried,  John  Funk,  Henry  Kefter, 
intimate  friends  of  Damish — William  Girling,  formerly  a  Methodist  minister,  John 
Henry  Young,  Henry  Baer,  Henry  A.  Carpenter  and  wife,  Louis  C.  Jungerich,  Charles 
Frederic  Nauman  and  wife,  Frederic  J.  Kramph,  John  Robertson,  the  intimate  friend 
of  Girling,  Henry  Pinkerton  and  son,  Christian  Fritz  and  wife,  William  II.  Benade, 
previously  a  Moravian  minister,  Alexander  Officer,  L.  J.  Demuth  and  others,  became 
receivers  of  these  doctrines,  and  were  members  of  the  Lancaster  Society.  Of  tho.se  who 
became  receivers  elsewhere  and  afterwards  settled  here,  either  permanently  or  for  a  time, 
were  Joseph  C.  Boardman,  David  Pancoast  and  family,  ]\Irs.  Ann  Kramph,  3Irs.  Mary 
Kramph,  William  Toelle  and  others. 

The  Lancaster  New  Jerusalem  Society  was  organized  February  14th,  183G,  and 
although  small  in  number,  and  unaided  by  auy  one  outside  of  their  own  organization, 
they  purchased  a  property  in  East  Vine  Street,  Lancaster  city,  and  erected  a  small 
Temple  in  1837,  since  which  time,  religions  services  have  been  held  therein,  almo.st 
every  Sunday,  down  to  the  present  time.  This  Society  was  regularly  instituted  by  Rev. 
Manning  B.  Roche,  of  Philadelphia,  on  the  17tli  of  April,  188G,  and  Avas  incorporated 
by  the  Legislature  of  Pennsylvania,  June  8th,  1841.  No  resident  Pastor,  regularly 
elected,  has  been  employed  by  the  Lancaster  New  Jerusalem  Society,  except  Rev. 
Isaac  Worrell,  from  October  1839,  to  April  1840,  and  Rev.  N.  C.  Burnham,  from  July 
1866,  to  October  1868;  but  the  ordinances  of  the  Church  have  been  administered  .si-mi- 
annually  or  quarterly,  and  occasional  preaching  had,  by  New  Church  Pastors  and 
Ministers,  ever  since  the  Society  was  first  in.stituted.  The  Sunday  School  was  organ- 
ized in  1840,  and  has  been  in  operation  from  that  time  to  the  present,  under  the  tlirection 
of  a  Superintendent.     In  the  absence  of  a  Pastor  the  services  are  conducted  by  a  Leader. 

UNITED  BRETHREN  IN  CHRIST,  OR  VEREINIGTE  BRUEDER. 

The  founders  of  this  sect  were  William  Otterbein,  a  German  Reformed  Mini.stw-  in 
char<re  of  the  congregation  at  Lancaster  (see  Geum.^n  Rekokmkd)  and  Martin  Boclim, 
a  Mennonite.  The  origin  of  the  name  of  this  sect  is  said  to  have  been  as  lollows: 
About  1758  a  large  meeting  attended  by  Cliri.stians  of  many  denominations  took  place 
at  Lancaster.  Boehm,  a  man  of  small  stature  wearing  the  lyiennomtc  costume,  at  the 
close  of  a  discourse  was  folded  in  the  arms  of  Otterbein,  a  man  of  liberal  dimensions 
who  exclaimed,  ^^Wir  sind  Bruederr  "We  are  brethren;"  to  this  incident  is  ascribed 
the  denominational  title  of  this  sect,  which  exists  in  Lancster  county,  but  whose  stati.s- 
tics  I  have  not  been  able  to  secure. 


462  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


DIYISIOJS"  YI. 


EDUCATIONAL. 

The  first  school  seems  to  have  been  established  by  the  Seventh  Day  Baptists,  at 
Ephrata,  as  early  as  1733.  They  employed  a  master  who  taught  the  primary  branches 
and  the  classics  in  German.     See  Ephrata  in  Division  II.  p.  354  sq. 

Within  a  fev*^  years  from  that  period,  we  read  of  Lutheran  and  German  Reformed 
Schools,  in  connection  with  the  respective  congregations  at  Lancaster  ;  they  were  sup- 
plied with  teachers,  books  and  bibles  by  the  generosity  of  European  friends,  and  the 
zeal  of  the  church  authorities  at  home.  The  Rev.  Michael  Schlatter,  a  Gei-man  Re- 
formed minister,  and  an  accomplished  teacher,  sent  out  at  the  expense  of  the  Refonned 
Synod  of  Amsterdam,  in  1746,  had  an  excellent  school  in  operation  at  that  early  pei'iod. 

In  1749  tlie  Rev.  Leonard  Schnell,  a  Moravian,  opened  a  school  at  Warwick,  which 
was  afterwards  transferred  to  Litiz,  and  ably  conducted  by  the  Rev.  B.  A.  Grube. 

The  first  Sunday  School  in  America  was  opened  by  Ludwig  Hacker,  at  Ephrata, 
in  1740. 

The  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  Chief  Justice  Allen,  Messrs.  Peters,  Turner,  Benja- 
min Franklin  and  Coni-ad  Weiser,  were  appointed  Trustees  and  Managers  of  the  Pub- 
lic Schools  to  be  established  in  the  province. 

An  account  of  the  Moravian  Schools  at  Litiz,  and  the  Latin  School  which  ultimately 
developed  into  Franklin  and  Marshall  College,  is  given  beloAV.    Bee  also  Div.  II.  p.  380  sq. 

Towards  the  close  of  last  century  private  schools  and  academies  were  founded  in  the 
Borough  and  County  of  Lancaster.  Under  the  oi^eration  of  the  Act  of  Assembly  of 
April  4,  1809,  entitled  "an  act  for  the  education  of  the  poor,  gratis,"  numerous  poor 
children  were  taught  the  elementary  branches,  but  the  system  introduced  by  said  act 
failing  to  lead  to  satisfactory  results,  another  act  was  passed  by  the  Legislature,  April 
1,  1822,  entitled  "an  act  to  provide  for  the  education  of  children  at  the  public  exjjense 
within  the  City  and  incorporated  Boroughs  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,"  which  pro- 
vided, that  the  City  and  incorporated  Boroughs  of  the  County  were  erected  into  the 
"Second  School  District  of  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,"  and  that  12  Directors  should 
.  be  annually  appointed  by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  county.  It  prescribed 
the  duties  and  powers  of  the  Directors,  regulated  the  admission  of  children,  ordered 
the  adoption  of  the  Lancasterian  System  and  provided  the  expenses,  described  the  sub- 
division of  the  District  into  sections  whenever  required,  and  the  mode  of  its  accom- 
plishment.    The  first  and  only  section  of  the  District  was  the  City  of  Lancaster. 

The  Directors  appointed  by  the  Court  foi-thwith  bought  a  lot  of  ground,  erected  a 
large  and  convenient  school  house,  employed  teachers  of  both  sexes,  adopted  the  Lan- 
casterian System  and  were  so  successful  in  their  conduct  of  the  school  that  the  City 
of  Lancaster  forbore  for  a  long  time  to  accept  the  General  School  Law  of  June  13, 
1836.  But  the  partiality  of  the  system  rendered  it  very  unpopular  and  at  last  under 
the  provisions  of  an  act  of  the  Legislatvu-e,  passed  April  14,  1838,  the  county  by  a  pop- 
ular vote  accepted,  with  certain  modifications,  the  Common  School  System. 

A  brief  account  of  this  system,  the  chief  promoters  of  which  are  intimately  con- 
nected with  the  county,  is  given  in  the  following  extract  from  Mr.   J.   R.  Syijher's 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  463 

interesting  and  useful  "School  History  of  Pennsylvania,"  published  at  Philadelphia 
in  1868. 

"The  Constitution  of  1776  provided  tliat  'a  school  or  schools  shall  be  established  in 
every  county;'  and  the  Constitution  of  1790  provided  tliat  'the  arts  and  sciences  shall 
be  promoted  in  one  or  more  seminaries  of  learning.'  Comparatively,  a  largo  number 
of  academies  and  public  schools  were  opened  under  these  requirements.  In  1833,  fifty- 
five  institutions  of  this  class  had  been  regularly  incorporated  by  the  legislature.  There 
■were  also,  at  that  time,  two  universities  and  eight  colleges  in  the  State.  Tlic  chailers 
of  many  of  these  required  that  a  specified  number  of  poor  children  « should  be  taught 
gratis. ' 

"A  law  was  passed  in  1809,  which  improved  on  thatof  1804,  but  did  not  fully  accom- 
plish the  object  for  which  it  had  been  enacted,  it  was  several  times  amended,  and, 
finally,  in  1827,  all  the  amendments  were  repealed;  yet  still,  in  its  operation  it  came  far 
short  of  the  great  results  the  friends  of  education  aimed  to  attain.  The  i)e(iple  had 
labored  earnestly,  during  thirty  years,  to  devise  a  system  of  public  schools  that  would 
fulfil  the  constitutional  rec[uirement,  by  providing  education  for  all  the  youth  of  the 
Commonwealth;  yet,  in  1833,  less  than  24,000  children  attended  school  at  public  expense, 
and  most  of  these  were  taught  by  very  incompetent  teachers.  The  schools  were  called 
'pauper  schools,'  and  were  despised  by  the  rich  and  shunned  by  the  poor;  the  children 
were  classified  as  'pay'  and  'paui^er  scholars;'  thus  the  law,  practically,  separated  the 
poor  from  the  rich,  and  hence  failed;  for  in  a  republic,  no  system  of  education,  which 
makes  a  distinction  on  account  of  wealth  or  birth,  can  have  the  support  of  the  i)eoi)le. 

"Numerous  effoi'ts  were  put  forth  to  imj^rove  the  Public  Schools  in  all  i)ai-ts  of  the 
State;  a  remarkable  instance  of  wise  legislation,  in  response  to  the  petitions  of  the 
people,  is  seen  in  the  act  passed  in  1831,  which  provided  for  the  appointment  of  tru.s- 
tees  of  the  public  schooUiouse  in  the  town  of  Landisburg,  Perry  county,  and  gave 
them  power  to  examine  teachers  for  said  school,  to  visit  the  same  once  a  month,  and  to 
dismiss  the  teachers  for  misconduct,  want  of  capacity,  and  negligence. 

"In  1827,  a  society  was  fonned  in  Philadelphia  for  the  promotion  of  education  in  the 
State;  a  committee,  appointed  for  that  purpose,  opened  con-espondence  with  the  lead- 
ing men  in  every  county,  collected  statistics,  and  secured  a  union  of  eftbrt  in  favor  of 
free  schools,  that,  in  1834,  culminated  in  the  enactment  of  a  law  which  rejected  the  old 
idea  that  only  'pauper  children'  should  be  educated  at  public  expense,  and  provided  for 
the  establishment  of  schools  that  would  be  free  to  all.  This  was  the  beginning  of  the 
Common  School  System. 

"The  act  of  1834  inaugurated  a  new  era  in  education  in  this  State.  From  that  time 
forward  steady  progress  has  been  made.  At  times  it  was  slow,  and  to  many  imper- 
ceptible; but  public  sentiment  was  never  stagnant,  and  legislation  never  went  back- 
ward. With  this  law  the  foundation  of  the  system  of  Connnon  Schools  now  in  use  was 
laid.  It  provided  that  a  tax  should  be  levied  on  all  the  taxable  property  and  inhabitants, 
that  townships,  boroughs,  and  wards  should  be  school  districts,  and  that  schools  should 
be  maintained  at  public  expense.  The  establishment  and  supervision  of  schools  iu 
each  district  were  intrusted  to  a  Board  of  six  Directors,  to  be  chosen  by  the  legal  voters. 
The  people  in  each  township  were  allowed  to  determine  by  an  election,  whether  the 
new  School  system  should  be  adopted  or  rejected,  and  an  election  upon  this  tiuestion 
might  be  held  once  in  three  years.  The  Secretary  of  the  Connnonwealth  was  made 
Superintendent  of  Schools,  and  the  Legislature  was  authorized  to  appropriate  funds, 
annually,  from  the  State  Treasury  in  aid  of  the  work  of  education. 

"In  1835,  a  powerful  effort  was  made  to  repeal  this  law;  but  through  the  exertions  of 
Thaddeus  Stevens,  then  a  member  of  the  Legislature,  aided  by  Governor  Wolf,  who 
promised  to  use  the  veto  power  if  necessary,  the  new  system  was  successfully  defended, 
and  free  schools  were  permanently  established  in  Pennsylvania. 

"No  special  efforts  were  made  during  the  first  year  to  put  the  system  in  opei-ation. 


464  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

The  law  was,  in  some  respects,  imperfect,  and  was  not  iinrlerstood  by  the  officers  whose 
duty  it  was  to  enforce  it.  In  1836,  the  act  of  1834  was  revised  so  as  to  adapt  it  to  the 
wants  and  condition  of  the  people. 

"Joseph  Ritneri  was  at  that  time  Governor  of  the  Commonwealth.  He  was  a  ti'ue 
type  of  the  Pennsylvania  Gennans — firm,  and  even  obstinate  in  the  right ;  an  earnest 
advocate  of  free  education,  he  resolved  that  the  school  law  should  be  enforced,  and  it 
was  enforced.  He  appointed  Thomas  H.  Burrowes  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth, 
and  intrusted  to  him  the  execution  of  the  law. 

"The  secretary  entered  earnestly  ui>on  the  work  of  organizing  the  school  system. 
He  issued  instructions  to  the  school  officers  throughout  the  State;  he  traveled  into 
the  several  counties  and  addressed  the  people,  answering  their  objections  and  re- 
moving their  prejudices;  he  directed  the  public  officers  of  every  county  in  the  per- 
formance of  their  duties;  and  presented  full  and  instructive  reports  to  the  legislature, 
wherein  he  indicated  what  amendments  and  alterations  were  necessary  to  perfect 
the  law. 

"In  his  report,  made  to  the  Legislature  in  1838,  Mr.  Burrowes  said:  'It  is  true,  the 
system  is  neither  in  full  operation,  nor  is  its  machinery  perfect;  but  the  momentous 
question,  can  education  be  made  as  general  and  unbought  as  liberty?  has  been  an.swer- 
ed  in  the  affirmative  in  Pennsylvania.' 

"In  many  districts  the  law  was  not  accepted.  The  State  had  been  settled  by  an  intel- 
ligent, liberty-loving  people,  who  had  iled  from  Europe  to  escape  the  freedom  of  govern- 
ments, wherein  arbitrary  laws  destroyed  liberty  of  conscience,  and  oppressed  indepen- 
dent Christians.  They  valued  free  education  as  highly  as  they  valued  free  worshijj  and 
free  speech.  All  denominations  of  Christians,  whether  Protestant  or  Catholic,  came  to 
Pennsylvania,  bringing  their  jireachers  and  school-teachers,  and  by  the  side  of  the  log 
church  they  built  tlie  log  school-house  in  every  county  and  in  every  settlement.  The 
work  of  educating  all  the  children  was  made  the  sacred  duty  of  the  church;  and  because 
our  ancestors  feared  that  the  State  would  not  do  this  work  as  well  as  the  church  did  it. 
they  opposed  the  Common  School  System.  They  loved  education,  they  favored  free 
schools,  but  they  distrusted  State  supervision. 

"The  German  people  believed  that  all  schools  should  be  under  the  care  of  Christian 
denominations,  and  therefore  regarded  the  State  system  as  one  that  would  defraud  the 
church  of  its  most  powerful  auxiliary;  they  feared  also  that  the  interests  of  the  GeiToans 
would  sutler  by  the  gradual  exclusion  of  the  German  language  from  the  public  schools. 
Therefore,  notwithstanding  their  zeal  in  the  work  of  providing  free  education  under 
church  patronage,  they  were  hostile  to  what  they  called  'political  schools.' 

"The  progress  of  events,  however,  so  far  removed  these  prejudices,  that  in  1849  the 
section  of  the  act  of  1836,  which  left  the  adoption  of  the  system  to  the  option  of  each 
district  was  repealed,  and  the  i^rovisions  of  the  law  were  extended  to  every  township 
throughout  the  State. 

"The  school  system  was,  however,  not  successfully  administered  until  after  the  passage 
of  the  act  of  1854,  when,  for  the  first  time,  its  officers  were  clothed  with  adequate 
powers  to  enforce  the  law.  Though  the  general  plan  of  the  system  remained  un- 
changed, new  and  important  features  were  introduced. 

"  Subdivisions  of  school  districts  and  sub-committees  were  abolished;  ample  power 
was  given  to  enforce  the  collection  of  school  taxes;  the  School  Department  was  directed 

1  "Joseph  Ritner  is  a  native  of  Berks  county,  of  German  parentage  ;  he  received  a  very  limited  edu- 
cation in  Lancaster,  and  is  truly  a  "  self-made  man,"  rising  from  ignorance  and  obscurity  by  the  force 
of  his  own  high  qualities.  He  removed  to  Washington  county,  where  he  was  a  practical  and  hard- 
working farmer  ;  was  a  member  of  the  legislature  and  speaker  of  the  House  of  Representatives.  In 
1S35  he  was  elected  Governor  of  the  State,  and  won  imperishable  honor  as  the  steadfast  supporter  of 
the  Common  School  System.  Governor  Ritner  retired  to  private  life  on  a  farm  in  Cumberland 
cour.ty." 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  465 

to  publish  a  manual  of  School  Architecture,!  and  Directors  were  authorized  to  levy  a 
'building  tax'  and  to  locate  schoolhouses.  The  law  i)rovided  that  <,a'()<rrai)hy  and 
grammar,  together  with  such  liigher  branches  as  the  Directors  niiglit  prescribe,  should 
be  added  to  the  list  of  studies  taught  in  every  school;  the  Directors  were  empowered 
to  establish  graded  schools,  and  to  assign  pupils  to  the  proper  grades.  The  office  of 
County  Superintendent  was  established,  and  the  law  prescribed  the  (lualilications  and 
duties  of  that  office. 

"  The  appointment  of  a  Deputy  Superintendent  of  schools  was  authorized,  whose  duty 
it  was  to  administer  the  system,  under  the  supervision  of  the  Secretary  of  the  Conunon- 
•wealth,  who  still  remained  ex  officio  Chief  Superintendent,  and  hnally,  the  School  term 
was  increased  to  four  months  for  each  ye^r.     The  old  law  reipiired  only  three  months. 

"  The  county  superiutendency  soon  proved  itself  worthy  to  be  called  the  'riglit  arm' 
of  the  system.  Under  the  guidance  of  the  Department,  it  organized  the  educational 
forces  in  every  part  of  the  State,  and  infused  greater  energy  into  the  work.  The  Deiv 
uty  State  Superintendent  and  the  County  Superintendents  aroused  and  educated  public 
sentiment,  and  the  Directors,  clothed  with  ample  powers,  carried  out  with  considerable 
zeal  the  much  needed  reforms. 

"To  these  stimulating  influences  were  added  the  efforts  of  teachers,  .stniggliiig,  by 
means  of  Institutes,  County  and  State  Associations,  and  annual  conventions,  not  yet 
authorized  by  law,  to  improve  themselves  and  to  elevate  their  calling  to  tlie  dignity  of 
a  learned  profession. 

"The  act  of  1857,  which  separated  the  school  superiutendency  from  the  office  of  tlie 
Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  made  it  an  independent  department,  and  which 
placed  the  system  in  all  its  parts  above  and  beyond  the  arena  of  party  politics,  greatly 
increased  its  power  for  good.  But  the  Normal  School  Law,  passed  by  the  legislature 
in  the  same  year,  was  the  crowning  work  of  school  legislation  in  Pennsylvania.  It  set- 
tled the  public  policy  on  the  subject  of  education,  set  a  high  standard  for  futui-e  gen- 
erations to  work  up  to,  and  substantially  completed  the  organic  structure  of  the  Com- 
mon School  System. 

"The  State  is  divided  into  twelve  normal  districts,  and  each  district  is  authorized  to 
erect  a  State  Normal  School.  The  first  institution  established  under  this  law  was  the 
Normal  School  for  the  Second  District,  at  Millersville,  in  Lancaster  county,  recognized 
\yy  State  authority  in  1859.  The  Normal  School  for  the  Twelfth  Di.strict,  at  Edinboro", 
in  Erie  county,  was  recognized  in  1861;  for  the  Fifth  District,  at  ]\Iansfield,  Tioga 
county,  in  1862,  and  for  the  Third  District,  named  'Keystone  Nonnal  School,'  at 
Kutztown,  in  Berks  county,  in  1866." 

An  account  of  the  State  Normal  School,  at  :Millersville,  is  given  below. 

The  actual  condition  of  popular  education  in  the  county  is  exhibited  in  the  following 
tabular  statement  from  the  official  report  of  the  State  Superintendent,  tlie  Hon.  J.  P. 
Wickersham,  for  the  year  ending  Jund  1,  1868. 

1.  This  manual,  prepared  by  Dr.  Thomas  H.  IJurrowes,  was  published  by  the  State  Department,  and 
contained  numerous  cuts,  and  illustrations  giving  plans,  accompanied  by  esplanatioiis,  for  the  erection 
of  schoolhouses  suitable  ibr  every  grade. 

31 


4:66 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


TABULAR  STATEMENT  FOR  THE 


ScTiOols 

Teacher 

s. 

Scholars.             ■ 

1                  Tax  and 

DISTRICTS. 

s 

c 

> 

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Em 

1 

o 
to 

2i 

d 

B 
c 
o 

H 
O 

'^ 

o 

g 

CD 
ID 

> 
•   m 

B? 
•  ? 

1 

a> 
i-( 

0 

P 
5" 

CO 

72 
180 
225 
229 
205 
309 
292 
210 
395 
299 
273 
455 
179 
401 
461 
315 
246 
186 
178 

86 
358 
247 
399 
443 
325 
242 
1,128 
102 
272 
362 

42 
240 
117 
389 
530 
277 
165 
345 
307 

32 
240 
221 
171 
235 
444 
248 

40 
256 

94 
5i6 
364 

_^ 
14,473 

"A 

S 

c* 

0 

h^ 

■-l 
*^ 

m 

58 
163 
1S9 
186 
151 
232 
246 
165 
406 
253 
266 
370 
141 
336 
437 
282 
202 
148 
118 

84 
275 
236 
308 
397 
252 
205 
1,432 

88 
229 
291 

53 
200 
104 
26ii 
480 
314 
195 
252 
271 

26 
210 
192 
150 
207 
325 
203 

35 
202 

82 
498 
301 

79 

12,768 

3     > 

2  fB 

ra 

0  C 
53 

OS 
:  i-i 

\% 

88 
240 
194 
257 
210 
371 
339 
19J 
581 
270 
433 
561 
203 
420 
524 
369 
295 
171 
225 
144 
425 
267 
4!«4 
573 
333 
2p5 
2,261 
108 
280 
431 

69 
276 
147 
407 
654 
355 
290 
407 
389 

31 
316 
298 
204 
320 
491 
198 

50 
281 
160 
650 
408 
142 

18,007 

0    i 

^    \ 
a> 

H 

B 
0 

*   671 
75 
63 
81 

76 
73 
62 
75 
83' 
72 
87, 
85, 
92 
89 
71 
76 
971 
85; 
71 1 
80 
79; 
72 1 
91 1 
71 
95 
84: 
92 1 
79  j 
81 
88  i 
93 
55 
64; 
76 1 

1  09 
551 
64! 
98, 
66' 
77, 
92 

112, 
80! 
84,: 
96 : 
74' 
56 

77; 
871 
85 1 
63 

771 

$   80 1 

5? 
SS 

i  0  c- 
0  c* 

i  c  g 

0  (H 

1  w 

i  '^ 

W   Ml 

!"  ° 

Cd 
S.B 

P 
wB 

d  ^• 

"3  » 
»-, 

> 

SB 

CO 

0  d 
« ^^ 

ti  a 

Is 

CO   — ' 

•  1 

2 

7 

7 

9 

8 

9 

10 

9 

13 

9 

10 

13 

7 

15 

16 

11 

10 

5 

6 

3 

12 

9 

12 

13 

10 

8 

57 

3 

10 

12 

2 

7 

3 

13 

23 

9 

5 

12 

9 

1 

9 

9 

6 

8 

18 

9 

2 

8 

,1 

11 
3 

513 

6 

6>i 

6 

6 

5% 

5 

5 

7 

9Vi 

7 

5 

6 

5 

6% 

6 
6 

7 

?« 

6U 
6% 

6 
8 
8 
10 
8 
8 

r- 
V' 

6 

7 

5^ 

5 

6 
9 

8 
5 

7 
6 

5 

T>i 

7 

8 

7 

8 

6 

^K 

6.94 

2 
1 
6 
8 
8 
9 
9 
3 
3 
9 
7 

11 
6 
5 
9 

10 
8 
3 
2 
3 

11 
2 

11 

11 
7 
6 
5 
2 
6 

10 
0 
3 
2 
6 

15 
1 
2 

10 
3 
1 
3 
9 
4 
8 

14 
2 
1 
8 
2 
4 
4 
1 

296 

0 

*37  50 

*2933 
30  00 
18  00 

i56'66 
25  00 
3165 

30  o6 
32  5U 
30  00 
3.)  70 
32  72, 
30  00 
32  00 
35  00 

30  00 

35  66 

31  42 
40  00 
30  00' 
40  00 
40  00 
30  27 
40  00 

35  00 
37  UO 
37  50 

28  00 

32  00 
30  00 

36  05 
27  44 
27  50 
36  25 
32  50 

36  66 

3566 

35  35 

29  00 

3566 

30  33 
32  00 
30  00 

*32  63! 

9. 
5. 

,5- 
3. 

2.50 
4. 

i2. 
5. 
8. 
5. 
6. 
i2. 
3!33 
7. 
3. 
3. 

12.50 
0.25 
2.50 
8. 
2. 

4.75 
3. 

2.50 
2.50 
3. 
6. 

1.50 
2.25 
3.30 
5.50 
3.50 
4.30 
12. 
4. 
A. 
|6. 

7!  50 

0. 
0. 
0. 

1.25 

1.66 

0. 

1. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

•> 

I. 

3.12 

0. 

0. 

0. 

1.50 

5. 

2. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

2.50 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

0. 

7.10 

0. 

2. 

2. 

t 

2.50 

$       458  92 

2.  Bart 

3.  Brecknock 

6 
1 
1 

0 

? 

12 
11 

0 
3 
2 
1 

10 
7 
1 
2 
2 
4 
0 
1 
7 
1 
2 
3 
2 

52 
1 
4 
2 
2 

\ 

7 
8 
8 
3 
2 

^ 
6 
0 
2 
0 
4 

0 

1 

14 
7 
2 

30  00 
30  00 
30  00 
30  00 
30  91 
30  00 
25  00 
64  00 

35  00 

36  43 
45  40 

36  40 

37  00 

36  23 

34  00 

33  50 

35  00 
30  00 

34  17 

35  00 
32  50 

39  31 

37  73 

40  00 
40  Ou 
63  00 
40  00 

35  00 

37  00 

28  66 

36  50 
32  00 

38  20 
60  00 
47  50 

34  25 

35  00 

36  00 
36  00 
35  79 
35  00 
40  00 
35  93 

29  00 
40  00 
40  00 
43  50 
32  25 
32  00 
45  00 

1,656  00 
1,130  48 

4.  Caernarvon 

1,566  44 

5.  Clay 

1,379  12 

1,583  11 

7.  Cocalieo,  West 

1,155  48 

1,843  54 

7,128  94 

2,734  42 

3,000  00 

12.  Donegal,  East 

13.  Donegal  West 

2,218  Oo 
1,325  00 

14.  Di'uniore 

4,224  46 

4,73S  47 

16.  Earl,  East 

2,880  40 

17.  Earl,  West 

2,174  05 

18.  Eden 

1,724  04 

19.  Elizabeth 

1,277  92 

20.  Elizabethtown 

21.  Ephrata 

850  00 
1,903  40 

22.  Fulton 

2,017  43 

23.  Hempfleld,  East 

24.  Hempfleld,  West 

25.  Lampeter,  East 

26.  Eampeter,  West 

27.  Lancaster  City 

28.  Lancaster  Township. . 

4,036  52 
2,745  02 
3,200  50 
3,.536  64 
21,246  30 
936  22 
2,406  39 

30.  Leacook,  Upper 

31.  Litiz 

3,690  04 
766  06 

32.  Little  Britain 

33.  Manheim  Borough — 

34.  Manheim  Township.. 

35.  Manor 

1,892  83 

582  55 

2,122  82 

10,000  00 

36.  Marietta 

1,870  00 

37.  Mt.  Joy  Borough 

38.  Mt.  Joy  Township 

39.  Martic 

1,056  00 
1,504  89 
2,357  00 

'3.     10. 
'3.     11. 
11.50  1.25 
1.30  2.90 

16.      2. 
2.25  0. 

348  00 

41.  Paradise 

2,647  05 

42.  Penn 

1,163  00 

834  00 

2,136  50 

2,602  42 

12: 

3. 

3.50 

5. 

0. 
0. 
0. 
0. 

1. 

2,674  00 

47.  Sate  Harbor 

223  00 

48.  Strasburg 

3,387  21 

49.  Strasburg  Borough... 

50.  Salisbury 

773  53 
6,325  50 

51.  Warwick 

1.75  0. 

1,839  41 

52    Washingt  on 

111. 

8. 

650  37 

223 

*37  09 

4.36 

2.55 

1739,523  42 

OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


467 


SCHOOL  YEAR  ENDING  JUNE  1,  18C8. 


Rate  Per  Cent. 


665  81 
1,044  79, 


640  00 


1,127  00 1 
1,435  04 1 
1,250  00; 


600  OO 
770  27 
871  22 


2,745  02 


100  00 


4,500  00 
935  00 
825  00 

1,504  89 
89167 


882  35 
1,300  00 
1,400  00 

710  00 


1,485  10 
520 'i-i 


96  00 
238  00 
340  00 
600  00 
314  00 
454  Ou! 
497  00; 

2100 
349  00 
414  00 

"652  66 

536  m 

"bVoo 

2CO0O 
212  00, 
180  00 


550  00 
400  00 
616  00 
616  00 
500  00 
256  00 
697  84 
145  00 
420  Ou 
468  00 
50  00 1 
260  00' 
21100! 
531  00 1 


Receipts. 


'~'^  n'S. 


O  , 


Oo 
55  ^MO 


f  00  J 


200  00 
463  00 
318  00 

37  00 
420  00 
237  00 
270  00 
SWOO 
602  00 
335  00 

18  00 
349  00' 
215  00! 
8U0  00 
50100 
161  00 


454  92 
1,894  00 
1,470  48 
2,832  35 

2.737  91 
2,037  11 
2,262  48 
1,864  54 
7,47s  11 
3,148  42 
4,127  00 
4,305  10 
2,575  00 
4,760  46 

4.738  47 
2,977  40 
2,974  (15 
2,706  31 
2,329  14  j 

850  00 
2,453  40 
2,417  43 

4.652  52 
6,106  04 
3,700  50 
3,792  64 

21,94414  i 
1,08122. 
2,826  39 
4,158  01 

816  0:3  I 
2,152  83  ! 

893  55 

2.653  82 
14,500  00  ■ 

2,t<05  00 
2,071  00 
3,477  78  ' 
3,566  67  ' 

385  00  I 
3,949  40 1 
2,7U0  00 
2,504  001' 
3,19(j  50 ! 
3,264  46 
3,009  00 

241  00 
3,736  21 

988  63  : 
8,610  60 
2,3f0  41' 
1.33161 


\^o 


i  586  01 
2,0-29  24 
1,902  48 
3,220  70 
3,050  55 
2,238  19 
2,2il9  73 
2,507  05 
3,444  87 
3,389  51 
4,127  00 
8,474  15 
3,083  70 
4,904  75 
4,738  47 
3,127  20 
3,563  40 
2.783  11 
1,951  01 

944  00 
3,545  57 
2,428  04 
5,339  78 
6,674  97 
4,339  29 
4,290  56 
24,158  97 
1,552  50 
3,651  70 
4,636  9/ 
1,126  92 
2,305  27 
1,025  96 
3,249  36 

644  75 1 
2,730  17 1 
1,632  20 
4,321  04 
2,963  571 

413  801 
4,445  451 
3,276  51 1 
3,789  82 ^ 

265  861 
5,098  82 
2,832  80 

350  37 
3,736  21 
1,399  89 
9,144  40 
4,264  49 
2,873  59 


Expenditures. 


•<.  44  46 
153  28 
135  25 
132  21 
164  58 

230  88 
2.090  56 

166  14 
458  64 
:80  18 
163  41 
346  71 
1-J9  09 
287  82 
296  79 
257  40 
199  68 

99  45, 
104  52 

87  75 
269  881 
173  94 
303  25 
34749 
2tl  80 
163  80 
1,855  62, 

73  71, 
184  08, 
242  97' 

49  53 
149  76 1 
117  39' 
265  98, 
452  01: 
253  89, 
159  90 

231  97! 
163  80 

12  09 
205  92  i 
205  04 
122  07] 
240  87 
309  66, 
141  18 

48  36 
191  49 1 
108  42; 
347  10 
262  OS, 

77  61 


Balance  or  Debt 


$  450  00 
1,3.53  00 
j  1,260  00 
1,600  00 
],365  00 
1,391  04 
1,500  00 
1,575  00 
5,212  00 
2,205  00 
1,725  09 
3,387  00 
1,210  00 
3,621  70 
3,793  74 
2,254  00 
1,992  63 
l,22o  08 

990  00 

615,00 
2,718  00 
],900  00 
2,832  50 
2,820  00 
3,200  (jO 
2,560  00 
19.596  30 

990  00 
2,800  00 
3,293  00 

675  00 
1,470  00 

630  00 
2,412  00 
6,000  00 
2,138  00 
1,95(>  oO 
2,075  00 
1,800  Oft 

324  00 
2,59200! 
1,467  35  j 
1,47000; 
1,920  00' 
3,222  00 
1,633  23 

280  001 
2,480  00 

854  00 
4,512  50 
2,112  00 

701  ,uo 


hi 

o  c 


:  3 
:  a? 


S  73  65 
384  07 
221  00 
416  47 
153  00 
566  85 
164  65 
386  67 

1,089  61 
569  48 
614  35 
842  44 
23718 
684  73 
684  88 
465  00 
549  35 
775  97 
164  92 
145  00 
535  04 
470  79 

1,025  00 
764  ()1 

1,179  84 
442  84 

3,942  47 
210  34 
441  29 

1,055  45 
121  71 
355  00 
217  28 
581  23 

1,718  12 
278  26 
312  02 
821  85 
488  96 
76  70 
725  28 
746  79 
329  41 
320  00 
457  07 
712  24 
17  75 
3M76 
217  28 

2,573  47 
39975 
175  32 


S  ^  cc 

2  p  to 

•    5*® 
■    2>i)i 


;       60 

149 

134 

1,064 

1,219 

24 

608 

l-'2 

780 

'l.'246 
28'' 

1,596 
317 
126 
54 

""877 

1,452 

140 

75 


43  *          193 

81      

50  263  23 

84  68  28 

91      

95  189  29 

43      

42  423  50 

35  i    

. .  I         607  03 

42  I         245  13 

62  I      2,507  (i9 

56  :           19!Mi 

82,1   

62!  j    

00' j    

31  I 
39 
00 
00 


*500  00 

3l"8  60 
26  60 


432  07 


44  00 
217  53 


625  00 
4,290  36 

"'986' 68 

1,831  00 

38  5;} 

113  60 

957  00 

"Vio'oo 

30  21 

"4",'812  66: 

175  00 

1,;0  00 

1,274  19 

280  04 

I 

1,253  52 
1,30710 
1,736  35 
2,372  25 
573  82 
19  00 
I 

""425  36 

'lV722"7'7 
1,444  54 

2,141  46 


476  11 


4,137  09 
1,52746 


34  32 

81KJ0<J 
45  80 

"Jw'ii 

27917 


louoo 
1,20b  uo 


30106 


313  63 

298  81 


280  21: 
270  27 
95  87 
25613 
1,970  88 

"l64'i8 


19,300  00 
'""'7"l"i6 


1,101  09 


253  66 


845  94 
168  33 
52  62 
31  h8 
528  61 


308  20 


4'iO  48 
244  73 


3,650  00 


335  80 
244' t.i 


$22,193  40  .■5(16,201  84  *177,918  66    *190,205  38  .■tS,.S32  90    yl23,283  99    31,196  07    39,084  16,    4iU,G47  86 34,527  03 


468  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

The  Schools  of  Litiz  have  long  been  favorably  known.  The  village  contains  now, 
besides  3  Public  School,  4  Boarding  Schools,  2  for  girls  and  2  for  boys: 

1.  The  Young  Ladies'  Seminary,  called  Linden  Hall,  was  opened  as  early  as  1794, 
awl  conducted  at  first  partly  in  the  Sisters'  House  and  partly  in  a  house  adjacent  to  it. 
The  new  building,  expressly  built  for  school  purposes,  was  occupied  October  26,  1804. 
It  is  3  stories  high,  100  feet  in  length  and  GO  in  deiith.  In  the  basement,  is  a  large 
■dining  room,  and  the  first  and  second  story  are  the  school -rooms,  principal's  residence, 
and  a  chapel  for  spiritual  devotions.  The  third  story  is  occupied  as  a  dormitory,  and  a 
room  called  the  sick-room,  which  is  expressly  set  apart  for  such  as  may  be  indisposed; 
a.  nurse  resides  in  this  room,  whose  duty  it  is  to  attend  to  such  of  the  pupils,  as  it  may 
be  found  necessary  to  remove  into  it.  In  the  rear  of  the  building  is  a  large  yard,  or  play- 
ground, provided  with  a  pavilion,  seats,  swings,  &c.,  for  the  pleasure  and  amusement 
of  tbe  pupils.  The  Institution  is  provided  with  a  very  extensive  Library,  and  as  music 
is  taught,  every  room  is  provided  with  a  piano.  It  is  customary  in  this  Institution  to 
have  musical  entertainments  from  time  to  time.  A  friend  of  ours  who  has  occasionallj^ 
been  present,  assures  us,  that  the  performances  of  the  pupils,  in  vocal  and  instrumental 
music,  are  truly  excellent,  and  are  probably  not  surpassed  in  any  other  Institution  of 
the  kind.  Ornamental  needlework  of  various  kinds,  is  also  taught  to  great  perfection, 
and  all  other  branches,  which  constitute  a  practical  education,  receive  their  due  share 
of  attention.  There  are  10  Tutoresses  engaged,  two  always  residing  in  each  school- 
room, with  about  fourteen  pupils,  whose  duty  it  is,  not  only  to  instruct  them,  but  to 
have  a  watchful  eye  over  their  morals,  and  to  take  walks  with  them,  after  the  daily 
exercises  are  closed. 

The  Principals  of  this  Institution,  since  its  establishment,  have  been  as  follows: 
1794,  Rev.  John  A.  Huebner;  1801,  Rev.  John  Herbst;  1802,  Rev.  John  Meder;  1805, 
Rev.  John  F.  Freeauf ;  1815,  Rev.  Andrew  Benade;  1822,  Rev.  John  C.  Beckler;  1824, 
Rev.  Samuel  Reinke;  1826,  Rev.  John  G.  Kummer;  1833,  Rev.  Charles  F.  Kluge;  1836, 
Rev.  Peter  Wolle;  1858,  Rev.  Julius  T.  Beckler;  1867,  Rev.  William  C.  Reichel. 

2.  The  Young  Oentlemen'' s  Academy:  We  have  already  stated  that  in  the  early  years 
of  Litiz,  there  were  two  schools,  one  for  the  boys,  belonging  to  the  society,  and  the 
other  for  those  from  the  adjacent  country.  As  Warwick  townshij)  became  more  settled, 
so  the  schools  increased,  and  there  was  no  more  necessity  to  send  the  children  to  Litiz, 
consequently,  the  one  for  the  children  from  the  country  was  discontinued.  Mr.  Chris- 
tian Schropp  conducted  the  town  school,  for  many  years,  and  on  the  2d  of  January, 
1815,  Mr.  John  Beck  took  charge  of  it.  At  that  period,  the  school  was  held  in  an  old 
building,  which  had  been  fixed  up  for  that  purpose,  and  stood  at  the  same  place  where 
the  present  brick  school  house  stands. 

Mr.  Beck  spared  neither  pains  nor  expense  in  improving  the  school,  and  his  indefati- 
gable exertions,  as  well  as  the  various  methods  he  adopted  to  further  his  pupils  in  their 
studies,  became  a  subject  of  general  remark.  In  1819,  the  school  began  to  attract  the 
attention  of  parents  from  abroad,  and  boys  were  brought  from  various  places.  In  1822, 
it  was  found  necessary  to  erect  the  present  brick  school  house;  the  old  building  being 
too  small  to  contain  all  the  pupils.  This  building  is  two  stories  high,  and  is  adorned 
with  a  neat  cupola.  The  second  story  is,  however,  not  occupied  for  school  pur- 
pose, but  as  a  concert  hall,  where  the  musical  society  of  Litiz  meets.  It  is  provided 
with  an  extensive  musical  library,  and  a  number  of  instruments  belonging  to  the 
Society. 

The  school  continued  to  increase  from  year  to  year;  and  boys  were  brought  from 
various  parts  of  Pemisylvania,  Virginia,  Ohio,  the  Carolinas,  Maryland,  Louisiana,  «S:c. 
This  continued  increase  rendered  it  necessary,  not  only  to  add  another  building,  but 
also  more  teachers.  Accordingly,  the  large  building,  fonnerly  called  the  "Brethren's 
House,"  which  is  near  the  brick  house,  was  engaged,  and  arranged  for  school  purposes. 
In  1865,  after  Mr.  Beck  had  spent  fifty  years  in  the  school,  he  retired,  and  Messrs. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  4g9 

George  Ilepp  and  Ferdinand  Rickert  took  cliarge  thereof,  in  the  full  enjoyment  cf  its 
former  reputation. 

Only  two  of  several  thousand  pupils  sent  to  Litiz,  died  at  school.  One  was  Sarah  Ann 
Cazy,  of  Kent  county,  Maryland,  who  entered  the  school  in  delicate  health;  her  grave 
is  No.  379  in  the  church  yard,  in  one  of  the  rows  containing  young  girls  from  12  to  18 
years;  the  other  was  John  Gaehle,  aged  12  years,  of  Baltimore,  whither  his  remains 
were  taken. 

3.  Sunnyside  College  for  young  ladies.— This  Institution  was  estahlished  hy  the  Rev. 
J,  T.  Beckler  in  1863,  and  is  located  in  the  central  part  of  the  village,  and  considering 
that  it  is  a  new  enterprise,  is  tolerably  well  patronized. 

4.  Abraham  Beck's  Family  ScJiool  for  small  boys  between  the  ages  of  seven  and 
twelve.  This  Institution  was  established  in  I860,  and  the  somewhat  unexpected  patron- 
age it  has  received  since  its  commencement  from  abroad,  has  led  him  to  ere<t  a  large 
and  very  comfortable  building  in  the  southern  part  of  the  village. l 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College2  owes  its  existence  to  the  union  or  consolidation 
of  two  older  institutions,  which  were  distinguished  separately  before  by  the  honored 
names  that  are  now  joined  together  in  its  single  title. 

About  the  year  1780,  we  are  told  by  Rupp,  .Jasper  Yeatcs,  Esq.,  Casper  Shaft'ncr, 
Esq.,  Colonel  George  Ross,  Charles  Hall,  Es(i.,  and  other  gentlemen  of  the  place,  tind- 
ing  that  the  existing  Schools  under  the  charge  of  the  Lutheran  and  German  Pvefonned 
Congregations,  as  also  the  one  established  a  number  of  years  previous  by  the  3Ioravians, 
and  conducted  upon  the  same  plan,  wei-e  inadequate  to  the  growing  wants  of  the  peo- 
ple, and  incapable  of  teaching  the  higher  branches,  engaged  the  services  of  a  teacher 
of  recommended  abilities,  to  conduct  a  select  academy  for  the  education  of  their  male 
children.  This  Academy  continued  in  existence  for  .several  years,  as  the  High  School 
of  the  place,  until,  owing  to  the  violent  temper  of  the  teacher,  and  the  many  indignities 
which  he  offered  to  the  pupils  under  his  charge,  it  was  tinally  suspended.  This  school 
suggested  the  idea  of  establishing  another;  but  upon  a  surer  basis,  under  the  control  of 
Trustees  by  an  act  of  incorporation,  and  ultimately  begat  the  application  to  the  Legis- 
lature for  the  incorporation  of  "Franklin  College." 

On  the  10th  of  March,  A.  D.  1787,3  the  General  Assembly  of  the  State,  granted  the 
prayer  of  the  petititioners,  and  passed  an  act  with  the  following  title:  "An  act  to  in- 
corporate and  endow  the  German  College  and  Charity  School  in  the  borough  of  Lancas- 
ter, in  this  State."  The  Preamble  of  the  act  explains  the  object  which  it  was  intended 
to  effect,  and  is  in  the  following  words,  viz:  "Whereas,  the  citizens  of  this  State  of 
German  birth  or  extraction,  have  eminently  contributed,  by  their  industiy,  economy 
and  public  virtues,  to  raise  the  State  to  its  present  hai)piness  and  prosperity:  And, 
whereas,  a  number  of  citizens  of  the  above  description,  in  conjunction  with  others,  from 
a  desire  to  increase  and  perpetuate  the  blessings  desired  to  them  from  the  jiossession 
of  property  and  a  free  government,  have  applied  to  this  House  for  a  charter  of  Incor- 
poration, and  a  donation  of  lands,  for  the  purpose  of  establishing  and  endowing  a  Col- 
lege and  Charity  School,  in  the  borough  of  Lancaster.  And,  whereas,  the  preservation 
of  the  principles  of  the  Christian  Religion,  and  of  our  Republican  form  of  Government 
in  their  purity,  depend,  under  God,  in  a  great  measure,  on  the  establishment  and  sup- 
port of  suitable  places  of  education,  for  the  purpose  of  training  up  a  succession  of 
youth,  who  by  being  enabled  fully  to  understand  the  grounds  of  both,  may  be  led  the 
more  zealousy,  to  practice  the  one,  and  the  more  strenuously  to  defend  the  other. 
Therefore,  &c."  Here  then  follow  the  different  sections  of  the  act,  the  prominent  fea- 
tures of  which  are  these:  §2.  That  the  youth  shall  be  taught  in  the  German,  English, 
Latin,  Greek  and  other  learned  languages,  in  Theology,  in  the  useful  ai-ts,  .sciences 

1  Communicated  by  IMr.  Beck. 

2 Contributed  by  Rev.  J.  W.  Xevin,  D.  D. 

3Sm.  laws,  page  39S. 


470  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

and  literature.  The  corporate  title  shall  be  "Franklin  College,"  in  honor  of  His  Ex- 
cellency Benjamin  Franklin,  Esqnire,  President  of  the  Supreme  Executive  Council, 
&c.  The  first  Trustees  are  named  and  incorporated  with  the  usual  powers.  Yearly 
income  not  to  exceed  £10,000.  The  annual  meeting  of  the  trustees  to  be  at  Lancaster, 
nine  of  them  to  be  a  quorum  and  to  apjioint  their  own  officers.  Trustees  to  be  in  fixed 
proportion  always  from  the  Lutheran  and  Calvinist  German  Confessions;  and  the 
Principal  of  the  institution  to  be  chosen  alternately  also  from  one  and  the  other. 
§3.  The  Constitution  not  to  be  altered  but  by  the  Legislature.  §4.  The  College  endowed 
with  10,000  acres  of  land. 

Under  this  charter  and  with  a  donation  subsequently  granted  by  an  Act  of  Assembly, 
consisting  of  an  old  military  store-house  and  two  lots  of  gromid  in  the  borough  of  Lan- 
caster, worth  about  $2,000,  the  College  went  into  operation,  A.  D.,  1786,  as  a  Gram- 
mar School,  with  a  Professor  of  the  Latin  and  Greek  Languages,  and  also  a  Professor 
of  Mathematics.  The  first  Principal  was  a  German  by  tlie  name  of  Melsheimer.  Ar- 
dently devoted  to  his  work  he  strove  long  and  earnestly  to  promote  a  taste  for  learn- 
ing among  the  German  population;  and  for  a  time  the  IloJte  Schule  (High  School)  seemed 
to  prosper  under  his  management.  But  afterwards,  through  the  want  of  a  proper  care 
of  its  finances  it  gradually  declined  again;  until  finally,  about  the  year  1821,  it  ceased 
operations  altogether. 

Six  years  later,  on  application  made  to  the  Legislature  for  the  purpose,  an  act  was 
passed,  April  14,  1827,  incorporating  what  was  called  the  "Lancaster  County  Acad- 
emy." In  this  Act,  certain  gentlemen  were  named  as  Trustees — the  corporation  was 
established  with  the  usiial  powers — the  powers,  privileges,  meetings  and  duties  of  the 
trustees  were  prescribed — a  donation  of  $3,000  was  granted  by  the  State,  and  poor  chil- 
dren, not  exceeding  at  any  one  time,  four  in  number,  to  be  educated  in  consideration 
thereof.  The  Trustees  thus  appointed  by  the  Act,  organized,  received  subscriptions, 
purchased  a  lot  of  ground  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  in  the  year  1828,  erected  a  large 
and  commodious  house  for  their  schools.  They  emi^loyed  a  competent  teacher,  and 
the  academy  was  opened  under  flattering  auspices.  With  varied,  and  at  best  but  in- 
different success,  it  continued  in  operation,  until  the  Sununcr  of  1839;  when,  in  pursu- 
ance of  an  Act  of  Assembly,  passed  on  the  15th  of  May,  A.  D.  1839,  authorizing  the 
arrangement,  the  buildings  of  the  Academy  were  conveyed  to  the  Trustees  of  Frank- 
lin College;  in  whose  hands  they  then  passed,  with  some  enlargement,  into  the  service 
of  the  old  Hohe  ScJmle,  which  was  now  restored  to  life  again,  under  its  chartered  title, 
upon  a  new  plan,  and  with  new  promise  of  usefulness.  It  became  a  res])ectable  Clas- 
sical Academy. 

It  was  felt,  however,  that  it  ought  to  l)e  more  than  this,  to  fulfil  the  original  design 
of  its  charter,  and  to  turn  to  account  faithfully  the  growing  value  of  its  endowment. 
It  needed  to  be  made  a  proper  College  in  fact  as  well  as  in  name.  But  it  became  more 
and  more  plain  also,  that  if  any  such  enterprise  was  to  succeed  it  must  go  forward,  in 
some  way,  under  the  auspices  of  one  or  the  other,  if  not  botli  of  tlie  German  Churches, 
which  divided  between  thein  already  two-thirds  of  the  corporate  rights  and  powers  of 
the  institution.  This  led  to  negotiations,  the  result  of  which  \\'as,  in  the  end,  that  the 
German  Reformed  Chmch  consented  to  buy  out  the  Lutheran  interest  in  the  College, 
and  to  consolidate  with  it  her  own  separate  institution'  previously  established  at  Mer- 
cersburg,  under  the  terms  and  conditions  of  a  new  charter,  committing  the  whole  to 
her  special  denominational  charge  and  care. 

''^Marsliull  College,^''  the  subject  of  this  translation,  was  founded  in  the  year  1835.  It 
sprang  originally  out  of  the  High  School  attached  to  the  Theological  Seminary  of  the 
German  Peformed  Cliurch,  which  had  been  removed  the  year  before  from  the  Boroiigh 
of  York  to  the  village  of  Mercersbui'g.  The  College  in  this  way  grew  out  of  the  desire 
of  the  Church  to  secure  an  educated  ministry;  just  as  Harvard  University,  Yale  College 
and  Nassau  Hall,  owe  their  origin  mainly  to  a  similar  zeal  on  the  part  of  the  religious 


,  OF   LAXCASTER   COUNTY.  471 

bodies  by  wbich  they  were  first  called  into  being.  It  was  not  confined,  however,  to 
this  object;  but  like  the  venerable  seminaries  of  learning  just  named  aimed  to  be  a 
nursery  of  liberal  education  in  its  most  general  form.  In  such  character  it  had  pui-sued 
its  course,  with  no  inconsiderable  efficiency  and  success,  througli  a  period  of  seventeen 
years;  when  through  the  arrangement  which  has  been  mentioned  its  history  a.s  a  sepa- 
rate institution  was  brought  to  a  close  by  its  removal  to  Lancaster.  It  became  merged 
thus  in  what  is  now  known  as  Franklin  and  Marshall  College. 

The  Act  providing  for  the  amalgamation  of  the  two  Colleges  was  passed  by  the  Legis- 
lature of  Pennsylvania,  in  April,  1850.  Certain  terms  or  specitications  were  to  be  ful- 
filled, however,  before  the  new  charter  could  go  into  effect;  so  that  the  first  meeting  of 
the  Board  of  Trustees  created  by  it  did  not  take  place  uutil  January,  18."j;j.  The  regu- 
lar course  of  collegiate  instruction  began  in  ]\Iay  following,  and  the  o]KMiing  of  the  Col- 
lege was  formally  solemnized  by  a  public  celebration,  held  in  Fulton  Hall,  on  the  even- 
ing of  the  7th  of  June. 

Until  April,  18o0,  the  exercises  of  the  Institution  wei-c  conducted  in  the  old  Franklin 
College  Hall  on  Lime  street.  Efficient  measures,  however,  had  been  takeu  toward  the 
erection  of  better  accommodations.  A  fund  of  twenty-five  thousand  dollars,  raised  for 
the  purpose  in  the  city  and  county  of  Lancaster,  was  devoted  to  the  purchase  of  a  fine 
tract  of  ground,  on  the  west  side  of  the  town,  and  the  erection  of  a  main  central  edifice 
for  College  use.  The  dedication  of  the  new  building  took  place,  with  appropriate  cere- 
monies, on  the  16th  of  May  1856. 

To  this  were  added  soon  after  the  chaste,  beautiful  and  commodious  Halls  of  tlie  two 
Literary  Societies  of  the  College,  holding  the  relation  of  wings  to  the  main  edifice — ^the 
Goethean  on  the  South  and  the  Diagnothian  on  the  North.  They  were  fonnally  opened 
on  Tuesday,  the  28th  of  July,  1857.  The  value  of  these  buildings  altogether  may  be 
estimated  now  at  about  fifty  thousand  dollars. 

The  prosperity  of  the  institution  was  seriously  affected,  of  cour.se,  by  the  war;  al- 
though it  has  been  steadily  gaining  strength  all  along,  and  has  now  a  better  endow- 
ment than  ever  before.  Of  late  a  new  movement  has  been  made  in  its  favor  on  the 
part  of  the  Church,  which  cannot  fail,  if  it  is  properly  carried  througli,  to  add  greatly 
to  its  importance  and  force.  This  contemplates  the  creation  of  an  additional  endow- 
ment for  it  of  not  less  than  a  hundred  thousand  dollars,  and  the  removal  of  the  Re- 
formed Theological  Seminary  at  the  same  time  from  IMercersburg  to  Lancaster,  where 
the  two  institutions  then  are  to  stand  in  conjunction  again  as  of  old  on  the  .same 
ground.  Should  these  measures  be  crowned  with  success,  we  may  expect  soon  to  see 
the  whole  College  land  taken  up  with  other  buildings,  which  will  add  materially  to  the 
effect  of  its  present  partial  improvement. 

The  Faculty  of  the  Institution,  as  it  now  stands,  is  composed  as  follows:  Rev.  Joirx 
W.  Nevin,  D.  D.,  President  and  Professor  of  Mental  Science,  Ethics,  Aeathetics,  and 
the  Philosophy  of  History;  William  M.  Nevix,  Esq.  A.  31.,  Professor  of  Ancient  Lan- 
guages a7id  Belles  Lettres;  Rev.  Theodore  Appel,  A.  M.,  Professor  of  MathematicJi, 
Physics  and  Astronomy;  Chakles  H.  Budd,  A.  M.,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Natural  Sci- 
ence and  Chemistry;  John  S.  Stahr,  A.  B.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  History  and  the  Ger- 
man Language;  David  M.  Wolf,  A.  M.,  Adjunct  Professor  of  Languages  and  Math- 
ematics; John  L.  Atlee,  M.  D.,  Professor  of  Anatomy  and  Physiology. 

In  this  scheme  of  instruction,  it  will  be  observed,  the  College  holds  itself  strictly  to 
the  old  idea  of  a  classical  and  liberal  education,  without  regard  to  what  has  become  .so 
largely  in  different  quarters  at  the  present  time,  the  popular  demand  for  practical  and 
business  studies.  This  it  does,  not  as  undervaluing  these  studies  in  their  right  place, 
but  from  the  sense  of  having  a  work  to  perform  in  which  they  are  not  proiwrly  em- 
braced. There  are  no  so-called  scientific,  technical,  or  professional  courses  in  the  in- 
stitution; no  optional  or  select  courses,  leaving  it  with  the  student  to  suit  his  .studies  to 
Ms  own  taste.     The  College,  in  this  respect,  is  neither  a  Nonnal  School,  nor  a  Polj-teoh- 


472  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY  , 

nic  Institute,  nor  a  School  devoted  to  Agriculture  or  Engineering;  but  a  College  simply 
as  such,  in  the  old  American  sense ;  where  there  is  but  one  course  of  study  for  all  stu- 
dents, and  this  determined  exclusively  toward  the  cultivation  of  mind  for  its  own  sake. 
This  of  course  limits  in  some  degree  the  size  of  its  classes.  It  has  no  irregulars  on  its 
catalogue;  and  can  look  for  no  miscellaneous  patronage.  Attached  to  it  is  a  respectable 
Grammar  School;  but  even  this  is  no  part  of  the  College  properly  so  called,  although  in 
a  general  way  vuider  the  supervision  of  its  Faculty. 

Franklin  and  Marshall  College  stands  under  the  care  immediately  of  the  Gennan 
Reformed  Church.  At  the  same  time,  one-third  of  its  Board  of  Trustees,  are  otitsiders, 
as  they  ai-e  called,  gentlemen  taken  from  other  religious  denominations.  It  is  thus  a 
public  interest  in  the  full  sense  of  the  term ;  an  interest,  in  which  the  State  is  concerned 
no  less  than  the  Church.  It  is  also  a  local  interest  of  the  first  magnitude,  as  all  may 
easily  see,  for  the  city  and  county  of  Lancaster. 

In  the  double  relation  whicli  it  thus  holds  to  the  Reformed  Church  and  to  the  com- 
munity around  it,  there  is  no  reason  why  the  institution,  with  its  present  fair  auspices, 
should  not  take  a  chief  i)lace  among  the  Colleges  of  Pennsylvania,  and  win  for  itself  a 
name  of  which  Lancaster  may  be  proud  in  all  future  time.  Never  had  a  community, 
with  its  population  and  means,  better  or  more  easy  opportunity  to  secure  to  itself  last- 
ing advantage  and  distinction  in  this  way.  With  the  spirit  of  New  England,  Lancaster 
county  alone,  being  in  truth  a  whole  Commonwealth  in  itself,  might  soon  have  a  College 
in  which  the  entire  country  would  have  reason  to  rejoice. 

State  Normal  School,  at  Millersville.     (Compiled  from  official  sources.) 

The  State  Normal  School  at  Millersville  owes  its  existence  directly  to  the  influence  of 
the  County  Superintendent  of  this  county,  an  office  established  by  the  new  school  bill 
approved  May  8,  1854.  During  a  visit  to  Millersville  he  adverted  in  a  public  lecture 
to  the  project  of  founding  a  Normal  School, 'and  stated  that  the  main  difficulty  of  its 
execution  arose  from  the  want  of  suitable  buildings.  A  building  designed  for  an  aca- 
demy, being  at  that  time  in  course  of  erection,  was  generously  off"ered  by  the  Trustees 
to  the  County  Superintendent  without  charge,  if  he  would  open  his  contemplated  Nor- 
mal School  at  Millersville.  The  offer  was  accepted,  and  on  March  5,  1855,  a  circular 
was  issued  defining  as  its  object  the  furnisliing  ' '  to  the  teachers  of  Lancaster  county, 
and  of  as  many  other  parts  as  can  be  accommodated,  the  means  of  obtaining,  during 
three  months  of  their  summer  vacation,  thorough  professional  training;  first,  by  giving 
sound  instruction  in  the  various  branches;  second,  by  imparting  a  knowledge  of  the 
most  approved  methods  of  teaching;  by  furnishing  an  opportunity  for  actual  practice  in 
the  model  schools  connected  with  the  Institution."  The  number  of  students  collected 
at  a  month's  notice,  reached  135;  the  number  of  jiupils  in  the  Model  Schools  about  200. 
The  signal  success  of  the  experiment  achieved  under  the  most  disadvantageous  cii'cum- 
stances,  induced  the  Trustees  of  the  Academy,  to  initiate  measures  for  enlarging  the 
buildings  and  establishing  a  permanent^  Normal  School,  which  went  into  oi^eratiou 
about  November  1,  1855,  under  the  principalship  of  John  F.  Stoddard,  who,  owing  to^ 
a  misunderstanding  between  himself  and  tlie  Trustees,  resigned,  when  the  County 
Superintendent,  J.  P.  Wickersham,  was  elected  Principal,  who  launched  the 
school  on  an  unbroken  career  of  prosperity.  From  1855  to  1859  the  Institution 
was  wholly  in  private  hands,  and  bore  the  name  of  the  Lancaster  County  Normal 
Institute.  "Virtually,  however,  it  was  doing  the  work  of  a  State  Normal  School, 
as  its  students  came  from  all  parts  of  the  State,  and  its  special  aim  was  to  train 
teachers. ' ' 

The  Normal  School  Law  of  Pennsylvania,  prepared  by  the  Hon.  Thomas  H.  Bm-- 
rowes,  became  a  law  on  May  20,  1857.  On  June  29,  1857,  the  Trustees  and  otliers  in- 
terested in  the  school,  resolved  to  bring  it  within  the  requirements  of  said  law,  and 
with  mucli  expenditure  in  time,  attention  and  money  (about  $40,000)  they  had  the 
satisfaction  of  completing  their  work  in  the  autumn  of  1859,  enhanced  by  the  recogni- 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  473 

tion  of  the  Institution  as  tlie  first  State  Normal  Scliool  in  Pennsylvania,  on  Dec.  2,  IBoO. 
The  State  has  granted  to  it  difterent  sums  ol"  money,  and  incurred  the  exi>ense  (.f  sup- 
plying certiticates  and  diplomas. 

Professor  Wickersham  resigned  the  Princii)alship  in  18fi(i.  and  was  succeeded  l»y 
Professor  Edward  Brooks,  who  has  been  connected  with  the  Institution  from  the  time 
of  its  organization  as  a  permanent  school  in  ISoo.  The  prosperity  of  the  school  has 
been  so  encouraging  that  additional  buildings,  costing  about  $28,000,  were  erected  dur- 
ing the  past  summer,   (1868.) 

The  Normal  School  buildings  are  large,  the  east  front  being  252  feet,  and  the  south 
front  160  feet,  and  conveniently  arranged.  There  are  boarding  acconnnodat  ions  for 
300,  and  school  accommodations  for  40'J  students.  The  buildings  are  surrounded  with 
grounds  to  the  extent  of  ten  acres,  which  have  been  laid  out  and  are  used  for  play  and 
pleasure  grounds.  The  new  building  is  90  feet  long  and  40  feet  wide,  four  stories  high, 
and  affords  boarding  accommodations  for  nearly  a  hundred  more  students. 

The  Male  and  Female  departments  are  entirely  separate,  each  sex  occupying  a  dilTer- 
ent  building.  Botli  sexes,  however,  meet  at  lectures  and  in  recitatiims;  and  it  is  be- 
lieved that  the  presence  of  each  has  a  beneficial  effect  upon  the  other. 

The  Institution  already  possesses  considerable  philosophical  apparatus,  and  provision 
has  bean  made  to  increase  it.  It  possesses  also  a  good  cabinet  of  Mineralogical  and 
Geological  specimens,  and  further  contributions  of  this  nature  are  solicited  from  its 
friends.  The  ladies  have  a  Hall  112  feet  long  and  30  feet  wide,  which  is  devoted  to 
gymnastic  and  calisthenic  exercises.  The  gentlemen,  also,  have  ample  i)lay  grounds, 
and  considerable  gymnastic  apparatus. 

By  a  recent  Act  of  the  Legislature,  the  following  appropriations  are  made  by  the  State 
to  Normal  Students  and  Graduates: 

1.  Each  Student  over  seventeen  years  of  age,  who  shall  sign  a  paper  declaring  his  in- 
tention to  teach  in  the  Common  Schools  of  the  State,  shall  receive  the  sum  of  fifty 
CENTS  per  week  towards  defraying  the  expenses  of  tuition  and  boarding. 

2.  Each  Student  over  seventeen  years  of  age,  who  was  disabled  in  the  military  or  naval 
service  of  the  United  States,  or  of  Pennsylvania,  or  whose  father  lost  his  life  in  said 
service,  and  who  shall  sign  an  agreement  as  above,  shall  receive  the  siun  of  one  doll.\r 
per  week. 

3.  Each  Student  who,  upon  graduating,  shall  sign  an  agreement  to  teach  in 
the   Common   Schools   of  the   State   two  full  years,  shall   receive   the   sum  of  fifty 

DOLLARS. 

4.  Any  Student  to  secure  these  benefits  must  attend  the  School  at  least  one  term  of 
twelve  consecutive  weeks,  and  receive  instruction  in  the  Theory  of  Teaching.  These 
benefits  are  to  be  deducted  from  the  regular  expenses  of  board  and  tuition. 

There  are  three  courses  of  instruction:  elementary,  scientific  and  classical,  respect- 
ively designed  to  prepare  teachers  for  Common,  English  High  Schools,  and  High  Schools 
in  which  Greek  and  Latin  are  taught.  Provision  is  also  made  in  a  preparatory  course, 
for  students  deficient  in  a  knowledge  of  the  most  elementary  branches. 

A  Model  School,  taught  chiefiy  by  the  graduating  class  of  the  Nonnal  School,  is  in 
successful  operation. 

Graduates  in  the  Elementary  Course  are  constituted  Bachelors  of  the  Elements, 
graduates  in  the  Scientific  Course,  Bachlers  of  the  Sciences,  and  graduates  in  the  Cla.ss- 
ical  Course,  Bachelors  of  the  Classics.  Judicious  arrangements  prevail,  by  which, 
after  two  years'  successful  teaching  and  ]irosecution  of  their  studies,  BacMors  are  ad- 
vanced to  Masters,  and  further  distinguished  by  the  corresponding  professional  titles  of 
Teachers  of  Elemental,  Scientific  or  Classical  Didactics. 

Among  the  attractions  of  tlie  School  are  two  fiourishing  Literary  Societies,  conducted 
by  the  students— the  " Page "' and  the  "Normal."  They  hold  weekly  meetings.  They 
have  together,  about  2000  well  selected  volumes  in  their  Libraries,  all  collected  within 


4:74:  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

a  recent  period.     Any  student  may  become  a  member  of  either  of  these  Societies  by 
payings  a  small  initiation  fee. 

The  following  is  the  summary  of  students  in  attendance  at  the  school  during  1867-8: 

Males.    Females. 

In  the  formal  School   440 214 654 

In  the  Model  School 70 46 116 

"Whole  number  during  the  year 770 

Number  during  the  Winter  Ses.sion 472 

Number  during  the  Summer  Session 516 

Total  for  both  Sessions 988 

The  government  of  the  School  is  based  upon  the  principle,  "^o  I'igJit  because  it  is 
oHghi.^'' 

Special  eftbrts  are  made  to  secure  obedience  to  regulations  by  the  cultivation  among 
the  pupils  of  a  high  sense  of  honor. 

More  reliance  is  placed  in  the  principle  of  self-government  than  in  positive  rules  or  in 
penalties  attached  to  arbitrary  restrictions. 

The  positive  regulations  adopted  are  based  upon  the  following  principles: 

1st.  No  student  should  be  allowed  to  trespass  upon  the  rights  and  privileges  of 
another. 

2d.  Privileges  that  all  cannot  enjoy  should  be  granted  to  none.  It  is  taken  for  granted 
that  every  student  who  enters  the  school  is  disposed  to  do  right,  and  to  obey  the  particular 
regulations  of  the  school,  and  implicit  trust  is  placed  in  his  sense  of  honor  and  pro- 
priety. 

Parents  and  guardians  are  earnestly  requested  not  to  send  persons  who  have  con- 
tracted bad  habits,  as  the  safety  of  others  will  demand  their  dismission. 

Every  care  is  taken  to  remove  temptation  to  wrong  doing,  but  upon  the  discovery 
that  a  student  cannot  be  trusted,  he  will  be  removed  from  the  school. 

Among  the  religious  privileges  of  the  School  are  a  Sunday  School,  Bible  Classes, 
Prayer  Meetings,  and  a  sennon  or  religious  lecture  in  the  School  Chapel  every  Sunday. 
Students  are  required  to  attend  the  Sermon  or  Lecture.  Attendance  upon  other  exer- 
cises is  optional. 

Besides  the  Institutions  already  named,  there  are  numerous  private  schools  in  dif- 
ferent parts  of  the  County.     Among  these  we  name : 

St.  James's  ScnooL  is  a  graded  school,  for  yovuig  ladies,  ably  conducted  by  a  competent 
corps  of  teachers,  under  the  direction  of  the  Rector  of  St.  James's  Church.  It  has  all 
needed  appliances  for  a  sound  and  liberal  education.  It  has  six  teachers  and  about  100 
pui^ils. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Bruning,  a  Lutheran  minister,  also  conducts  a  grls'  school,  known  as 
the  Conestoga  Collegiate  Institute.  Mr.  Davis  has  a  mixed  school,  and  the  Rev.  Mr. 
Gast,  in  conjunction  with  Mr.  Gerhard,  has  charge  of  the  preparatory  department  of 
Franklin  and  Marshall  College. 

All  these  institutions  are  Day  Schools  and  located  at  Lancaster. 

The  Rev.  Mr.  Dodge  conducts  a  Young  Ladies'  Seminary  at  Mount  Joy,  and  at  the 
same  place  is  also  an  Academy  for  Boys;  both  are  Boarding  schools. 

Soldiers'  Orjjhans  are  also  educated  in  several  jiarts  of  the  County. 

LiBKARiES. — There  are  three  public  libraries  in  Lancaster  county — the  Mechanics'  and 
the  Athenaeum,  in  Lancaster  city,  and  Shoch's,  in  Columbia.  Tke  Mechanics''  Society 
has  3,500,  the  Athenaaum  Association  3,500,  and  Shoch's  School  Library  1,500  volumes. 
The  Mechanics'  Society  was  organized  on  the  8th  of  May,  1829.  The  l:)uilding  in  South 
Queen  street,  at  present  used  by  Geo.  B.  Schaum  as  a  cabinet  wareroom,  and  which 
was  for  several  years  owned  and  occupied  by  the  2d  Presbyterian  Church,  was  built  in 
1839  by  the  Mechanics'  Society,  who  owned  and  occupied  it  for  a  number  of  years, 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  47.-, 

using-  the  lower  room  for  the  library,  and  Icttin-  out  the  second  lloor  for  conceits  and 
other  entertainments.  At  one  time  the  society  j-rew  weak,  an.l  was  kept  up  only  by 
about  half  a  dozen  members,  who  instead  of  dividin.i;-  the  books  and  funds  amon-  them- 
selves, as  they  mioht  have  done,  and  as  was  proposed  by  several  of  them,  met  rJ^ularly 
for  several  years  and  kept  the  Society  alive,  until  some  ten  years  ago,  wlieii  ww  life 
was  infused  into  it,  and  it  now  has  thirty-seven  members  and  one  hundivd  and  sixty- 
four  subscribers,  with  $4,150  invested  in  mortgage  on  real  estate.  The  Historical, 
Agricultural  and  Mechanics'  Society  was  organized  on  the  22d  of  Septeml)er,  l^.i;,  to 
secure  the  $1,000  donation  of  books  shortly  before  made  by  Congress  to  a  sm-iety  in 
each  Congressional  district,  devoted  to  history,  agriculture  and  mechanics.  This  So- 
ciety had  its  library  on  the  second  lioor  of  Kusscl's  hardware  building  in  Noitli  (iueen 
street,  until  February  7,  1859,  when  the  books  and  other  articles  were  removed  t..  the  third 
floor  of  the  City  Hall.  Hon.  E.  C.  Reigart  having  about  this  time  intimated  that  if  a 
luiion  could  he  effected  between  the  Mechanics"  Society,  the  Historical,  Agricultural 
and  ]\reclianics'  Society,  and  several  other  somewhat  sunilar  organizations  in  the  city, 
he  would  give  $3,500  towards  the  purchase  of  books  and  fitting  up  a  proper  place  for 
keeping  them,  an  effort  was  made  to  accomplish  this  object.  The  movement  failed. 
However,  on  the  11th  of  August,  1858,  a  society  called  the  Athenaum  was  organized, 
and  the  rooms  of  the  third  story  of  the  City  Hall  given  without  rent,  by  City  Councils, 
for  the  use  of  the  society.  To  this  society  jMr.  Reigart  gave  ^2,500— $1,000  on  the  1st 
of  January,  1859,  and  $500  thereafter  annually  for  three  j-ears.  The  rooms  were  fitted 
up  for  a  libraiy  and  reading  room,  and  formally  opened  to  the  public  on  tlie  ITth  of 
Februarj',  1859.  On  the  20th  of  December.  18G0.  the  Atheuiuum  Association  and  the 
Historical,  Agricultural  and  Mechanics'  Society  were  united,  and  their  libraries  con- 
solidated, vuider  the  name  of  the  Athemeum  and  Historical,  Agricultural  and  Mechanics' 
Society.  The  similarity  of  names  renders  it  proper  to  mention  that  the  "Mechanics' 
Society,"  first  above  referred  to,  is  a  different  institution  and  entirely  uuconuected 
with  the  "Historical,  Agricultural  and  Mechanics'  Society."  The  Shoch  Library 
was  established  in  Columbia,  in  1808.  Samuel  Shoch  having  donated  ^ioOO 
towards  the  purchase  of  books  for  the  free  use  of  the  pupils  of  the  i)ublic  schools 
of  Columbia,  the  Board  of  School  Directors  of  that  borough  purchased  about 
1,500  voltmies.  Citizens  of  Columbia,  by  the  payment  of  a  small  animal  fee,  are 
permitted  to  use  this  library.  A  society  called  the  Conservatory  of  Arts  and 
Sciences,  which  was  organized  in  Lancaster  city  some  tweiity-five  years  ago,  established 
a  library,  and  loaned  books  to  its  members.  It  has  long  since  ceased  to  exist,  and 
many  of  its  publications  are  now  on  the  shelves  of  the  AtheniBum.  Two  ladies,  named 
Jordan,  many  years  ago  opened  a  circulating  library  in  Lancaster,  which  was  kept  up 
tuitil  some  eight  years  ago,  when  the  sui-viving  proprietress  died,  and  the  books  were 
sold  at  auction.  The  Mechanics'  Society  introduced  ir.to  Lancaster  popular  lectiu-es 
and  night  schools.  Redmond  Conyngham  delivered  before  the  Society  a  series  of  lec- 
tures on  History,  and  Dr.  W.  L.  Atlee  a  series  on  Chemistry.  Other  lecturers  were 
also  employed  by  this  Society.! 

"The  LiNK^AN  Society  of  Laxcaster  City  axd  County"  was  instituted  and  or- 
ganized February  15,  15:62,  and  incorporated  under  tiie  above  style  and  title  by  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  of  Lancaster  county,  on  August  30, 18G5,  "for  the  cultivation,  development 
and  advancement  of  natural  science;  and  fortheinvestigati'm  of  the  character,  quality  and 
habits  of  tlie  animals,  plants  and  minerals  of  Lancaster  county  and  adjacent  teritoiy."' 

The  founders  and  most  active  promoters  of  the  objects  of  the  Society  were  Profs.  T. 
C.  Porter,  J.  P.  Wickersham,  E.  B.  Weaver,  and  Mes.srs.  S.  S.  Rathvon,  J.  Stauffer, 
J.  R.  Sypher,  J.  B.  Kevinski.  Samuel  Auxer.  John  F.  Heinitsh  ami  D.  G.  Swartz. 
Subsequently  Messrs.  G.  M.  Zahm.  J.  ^sl.  Seitz,  H.  M.  Bruckart.  P.  E.  Gibbons, 
J.  S.  Witmer  and  others  were  added. 

1  Contribute.)  by  Sir.  II  A.  lOckaflel  1. 


476  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Its  first  President  was  Professor  T.  C.  Porter,  D.  D.  Tlie  present  officers  of  the 
Society  are  President,  Hon.  J.  P.  Wickersliani ;  Vice  Presidents,  Charles  A.  Heinitsli,  H. 
G.  Bruckart;  Recording  Secretary,  Jacob  Stauff'er;  Assistant  Secretary,  H.  A.  Rocka- 
field;  Corresponding  Secretary,  C\\?iv\Qii'^-A\\vam\;  I'reusurer,^.  S.  Rathvon;  Librarian, 
Jno.  B.  Kevinski;  Curators,  J.  Stauffer,  S.  S.  Rathvon,  Jno.  B.  Kevinski,  H.  G. 
Bruckart.  The  Society  has  been  in  successful  operation  since  its  beginning  and  earned 
a  good  report.  An  account  of  its  labors,  extracted  from  an  Essay  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Rath- 
von, read  before  the  Society  on  its  4tli  anniversary,  February  24,  18GG,  speaks  for  itself : 

"Before  concluding  this  essay,  allow  nre  for  a  moment  to  advert  to  the  fact,  that  four 
years  ago,  we  had  not  a  single  animal,  a  plant,  a  shell,  a  fossil,  a  mineral  or  a  Ijook  in 
our  possession,  nor  yet  a  case  of  any  kind,  not  even  a  box,  to  put  anything  in,  if  we 
had  had  it.  But  at  the  present  day  we  have  a  comparatively  large  collection  in  our 
possession,  or  under  our  control.  Our  Library,  contrary  to  the  expectations  of  many 
of  us,  consists  of  about  one  hundred  and  sixty-live  books  and  pamphlets.  Our  Botan- 
ical collection,  although  not  immediately  accessible,  is  large  and  comprises  nearly,  or 
quite,  all  of  the  plants  and  mosses  known  to  Lancaster  County.  As  soon  as  proper 
receptacles  are  provided,  the  Society  will  have  a  large  and  rare  collection  of  botanical 
specimens  under  its  immediate  control,  numbering  some  five  hundred  species. 

^'■Mammalogy  seems  to  be  the  only  order  that  does  not  exhibit  signs  of  healthy  progress; 
no  special  laborer  in  that  field  having  yet  volunteered  his  service.  Yet,  there  are  ten 
or  twelve  mammals,  and  twenty-five  craniological  specimens  now  in  possession  of  the 
Society.  It  is  hoped  that  some  practical  student  will  take  up  this  department  of  natu- 
ral history,  and  give  it  a  thorough  exploration  during  the  present  year.  Should  such  a 
one  be  found,  there  is  not  a  doubt  he  would  find  the  subject  sufficiently  prolific  and 
interesting  to  remunerate  him  for  his  trouble,  and  would  also  confer  a  benefit  on  the 
Society. 

"In  Ornithology  owv  collection  numbers  two  hundred  specimens,  part  of  that  number 
being  birds  of  exceeding  beauty  and  variety,  still  found  as  occasional  visitors  in  this 
locality  and  latitude.  In  Jc/ii/tj^ofo^ry  the  number  of  specimens  is  about  two  hundred  and 
fifty,  most  of  which  have  been  found  in  our  immediate  waters.  In  Ilerpetology  we 
number  some  twenty  specimens,  comprising  nearly  all  of  that  order  of  animals  found  with- 
in the  limits  of  Lancaster  county.  The  siiecimens  in  Reptilia  are  about  fifty  in  number. 
Perhaps  the  largest  collection  of  any  class  of  animals  in  the  custody  of  the  Society,  is 
that  included  in  Entomology,  the  specimens  of  Coleoptera  alone  being  not  far  below 
twelve  thousand;  besides,  nearly  one-fourth  of  that  number,  belonging  to  other  orders, 
will  be  placed  in  the  possession  of  the  Society  during  the  present  year.  In  Conchology 
the  collection  numbers  over  fourteen  hundred  specimens,  including  most  of  the  species 
known  to  the  county  of  Lancaster.  In  Oology  there  is  a  small  but  beautiful  collection, 
numbering  one  hundred  and  twenty-five  specimens.  The  Mineralogical  collection 
includes  nearly  all  of  the  varieties  known  to  this  locality,  besides  many  from  other  local- 
ities, numbering  about  fifteen  hundred  specimens.  In  Paleontology  and  Fossilology  in 
general,  the  collection  is  very  respectable,  and  numbers  about  five  hundred  specimens. 
There  are  about  four  hundred  specimens  for  which  no  department  has  yet  been  organ- 
ized, and  therefore  these  objects  are,  for  the  present,  referred  to  Scientific  Miscellany. 
The  collateral  branch  of  Archeology  is  growing  interesting,  and  numbers  not  less  than 
two  hundred  and  fifty  specimens.  This  is  but  a  partial  eiunneration  of  the  specimens 
of  various  kinds  in  possession  of  the  Society,  and  yet  it  '  foots  up '  the  incredible  num- 
ber of  more  than  thirty-two  thousand,  not  including  the  library." 

—Concerning  the  literary  activity  and  zeal  of  the  members  of  this  Society,  this  volume 
bears  ample  testimony,  for  almost  all  the  contributions  to  the  Natural  History  of  the 
County,  constituting  Division  IX,  have  been  furnished  by  them,  and  the  fidelity  and 
care  with  which  they  have  executed  their  work,  entitles  them  to  well-merited 
praise. 


OF  LAXCASTER  COUNTY.  477 

LANCASTER  CITY  AND  COUNTY  HORTICULTURAL  SOCIETY. 

The  Lancaster  City  and  County  Horticultural  Societyl  was  organized  in  Septenilier 
1867,  under  that  name  ;  but,  subsequently,  it  added  Agriculture  as  one  of  the  ol»jccts 
of  its  development.  Although  several  similar  organizations  had  previously  existed,  yet 
none  seemed  to  have  attained  the  prominence  of  the  present  Society,  or  exliibitcd  tlie 
same  prospects  of  eflftciency  and  permanency.  It  meets  regularly  on  the  fust  Mimdny 
in  each  month,  in  the  Orphans'  Court  Room,  in  tlie  city  of  Lancaster;  and  usual] v 
holds  two  exhibitions  of  fruit,  flowers,  vegetables,  and  agricultural  ])rodu(e  in  eacii 
year— one  in  June  and  one  in  September.  Under  its  auspices  a  monthly  .jmunal  is  jml). 
lished,  called  The  Lancaster  Farmer,  which  usually  contains  Essays  read  before  tlie 
meetings  of  the  Society,  a  synopsis  of  its  proceedings,  and  original  and  selected  paiKJi-s 
on  Agriculture,  Horticulture,  Floriculture,  Entomology,  Botany,  and  miscellaneous 
subjects.  Its  present  officers  are  :  President,  Henry  M.  Engle;  Vice  Presidents,  Levi 
S.  Reist,  Jacob  B.  Garber,  J.  H.  Hershey  and  Henry  K.  Stoner;  Recording  Secretarj-, 
Alex.  Harris;  Corresponding  Secretary,  A.  D.  Hostetter;  Treasurer,  Dr.  P.  "W.  Heis- 
tand;  Entomologist,  S.  S.  Rathvon;  Botanist,  Jacob  Stauffer;  Chemist,  Dr.  J.  H. 
Musser;  Librarian,  John  B.  Erb.  It  has  also  annually  appointed  a  number  of  .stan<liiig 
committees,  who  have  special  charge  of  the  different  departments  assigned  to  them, 
according  to  the  provisions  of  the  constitution. 

The  Publishing  Committee  of  the  Farmer  arc:  Dr.  P.  "\V.  Heistand,  H.  K.  Stoner, 
J.  M.  Frantz,  Casper  Hiller,  Levi  W.  Groff  and  Alex.  Harris;  and  tlie  Editorial  Com- 
mittee are:  J.  B.  Garber,  H.  M.  Engle,  L.  S.  Reist,  Dr.  W.  L.  Diffenderfer,  Dr.  J.  II. 
Musser  and  S.  S.  Rathvon;  the  last  named  on  each  of  the  committees  lieing  residents  of 
Lancaster  city,  and  the  remainder  residents  of  different  districts  in  the  county. 

The  Society  has  a  large  membership,  and  is  composed  of  some  of  the  most  practical 
and  influential  farmers  and  fruit  growers  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  city  and  coun- 
ty. Its  proceedings,  thus  far,  seem  to  be  in  harmony  with  the  progressive  spirit  of  the 
age. 

NE\\SPAPERS  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Although  Printing  has  been  styled  "the  art  preservative  of  arts,"  it  is  remarkalile 
that  perhaps  the  only  excei^tion  to  the  rule  is  to  be  found  in  the  preservation  of  the 
history  of  an  important  branch  of  that  art  itself — the  history  of  the  news])aper  press. 
It  is  surprising  how  little  is  known  of  the  actual  hi.story  of  the  early  newspapei-s  of 
Lancaster.  To  write  a  comjjlete  history  of  the  press  of  Lancaster  from  the  first  organi- 
zation of  the  county,  would  involve  the  labor  and  research  of  months,  and  tlien  much 
of  tradition  would  necessarily  supply  the  place  of  facts  of  wliich  tliere  is  no  record  and 
no  definite  recollection  in  the  minds  of  persons  now  living.  We  were  never  so  deeply 
impressed  with  the  imi)ortance  of  filing  and  i)reserving  newspajjers  as  since  we  ad- 
dressed ourselves  to  the  task  of  sketching  the  history  of  our  local  newspai)ers.  Files 
even  of  newspapers  published  within  the  knowledge  of  the  present  generation  aiv  either 
not  accessible  or  so  imperfect  that  they  are  of  little  value  for  our  jiurpose.  What  a 
treasure  to  the  local  historian  of  to-day  would  be  the  complete  files  of  the  newspapers 
published  by  Miller  and  Holland,  Lahn,  Albright  and  other-s,  a  huiulred  yeai-s  ago! 
And  in  how  high  esteem  will  the  complete  newspaper  files  of  this  eventful  decade  Ixj 
held  by  those  who  may  fill  our  places  and  study  our  daily  history  a  century  hence! 

The  newspaper  press  of  Lancaster  has  always  been  distinguished  for  its  neatness  in 
typography  and  the  enterprise  and  ability  witli  which  it  has  been  conducted.  In  these 
respects  it  has  always  compared  favorably  with  the  press  anywhere  outside  of  the  great 
Metropolitan  centres.     It  is  therctV>re  to  be  regretted  that  so  little   material  for  its 

1  Uontributed  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Pathvon. 


478  AUTHENTIC     HISTORY 

complete  history  is  now  within  reach.  It  is  hoped,  however,  that  the  knowledge  of 
the  deficiency  thus  brought  to  pviblic  notice,  will  lead  to  the  collection  of  many  facts  of 
value  in  the  revision  of  a  future  edition  of  this  work. 

The  history  of  the  newspaper  in  Lancaster  can  be  traced  back  as  far  as  1751.  In 
January  of  that  year  a  newspaper  in  the  English  and  German  language  was  published 
in  this  city  by  Miller  and  Holland.  What  the  title  of  it  was  we  cannot  now  learn, 
neither  the  date  of  its  suspension.  Before  the  revolutionary  war,  and  for  a  short  time 
after  its  commencement,  William  Albright,  associated  with  Lahn  and  Stumer,  publish- 
ed a  newspaper  in  English  and  German;  and  soon  after  the  beginning  of  the  war,  Francis 
Bailey  published  a  paper  in  English.  Subsequently,  he  removed  to  Philadelphia  and 
published  the  Freeman'' s  Journal.  Over  half  a  century  ago  Benjamin  Grimier  pub- 
lished a  German  paper  in  this  city. 

The  Lancaster  Journal  vrns,  established  by  Wilcox  &  Hamilton  in  .June,  1794.  In 
June,  1796,  it  passed  under  the  control  of  Wm.  Hamilton,  who  continued  to  publish  it 
until  January,  1820,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Huss  &  Brenner.  In  July  of  the  same 
year  Captain  John  Reynolds,  (father  of  the  late  distinguished  Major  General  J.  F. 
Reynolds,)  took  charge  of  the  Journal,  by  whom  it  was  conducted  until  1834,  when  it 
passed  into  the  hands  of  Hugh  Maxwell,  by  whom  it  was  conducted  until  merged  in 
the  Intelligencer,  in  1839. 

About  the  period  of  the  late  war  with  Great  Britain,  there  were  several  papers  pub- 
lished which  either  ceased  to  exist  or  lost  their  identity  in  other  papers  with  which  they 
were  consolidated.  Of  these,  one  of  the  ablest  and  most  influential  in  its  day,  was  the 
Ijancaster  Gazette,  published  for  several  years  by  Hugh  Maxwell. 

About  the  year  1821,  MatthewKelly  published  the  Lancaster  i^ree  Press,  and  about  the 
same  period  Samuel  C.  Stambaugh,  a  noted  Democratic  politician  of  his  day,  published 
the  American  Sentinel.  In  1829,  or  1830,  the  Anti-Masonic  Opponent -was  published,  and 
edited  by  Cyrus  Jacobs.  About  the  same  time  Hermann  W.  Ville  published  in  Eng- 
lish the  Standard  of  Liberty,  a  neutral  paper,  and  also  a  German  paper,  which  was  rad- 
ically Democratic  in  its  politics.  In  1833  or  1834,  the  Lancaster  Miscellany  was  pub- 
lished by  Redmond  Conyngham,  whose  office  was  where  the  Synagogue  now  stands,  in 
Orange  street.  About  the  year  1835  Francis  Frank  started  a  German  paper  called  the 
Walire  Americaner,  which  was  bought  by  Jacob  Myers  in  1840,  who  changed  the  title 
to  Wahre  Demokrat.  Mr.  Myers  afterwards  started  a  paper  devoted  to  the  interests  of 
the  working  men,  called  the  Working-Men'' s  Press.  It  was  subsequently  (1846,)  uni- 
ted with  the  ^imerzcrtyi  Republican,  which  in  1859  (as  noticed  elsewhere)  was  merged 
in  the  Liquirer. 

A  paper  called  the  Lancaster  Democrat  was  started  on  May  8,  1844,  by  Henry  Hays, 
publisher,  and  Col.  John  Forsyth  Carter,  editor,  a  writer  of  great  fluency,  who  had  the 
faculty  of  imparting  unusual  interest  to  a  column  of  items.  Mr.  Hayes  was  succeeded 
as  publisher  by  William  B.  Wiley,  who  subsequently  sold  out  to  the  editor.  Col.  Carter. 
In  1845  Patrick  Donnelly  became  the  publisher,  in  whose  hands  the  paper  reniaiued 
until  its  susijension. 

The  Lancasterian  was  established  on  the  1st  of  January,  1848,  by  Marcus  D.  Hol- 
brook,  in  the  interest  of  the  Cass  Democracy.  On  Oct.  23,  1852,  he  sold  out  to  Henry 
S.  Myers  and  Wm.  B.  Wiley.  It  was  published  one  year  by  Myers  &  Wiley,  when  Mr. 
Myers  retired.  The  Lancasterian  was  hostile  to  the  election  of  Mr,  Buchanan  to  the 
Presidency,  and  on  the  12th  of  October,  1855,  the  subscription  list  was  purchased  by 
his  friends  and  united  with  the  Intelligencer. 

The  American  Bepublican  was  started  in  1844,  by  David  S.  Kieffer,  as  an  organ  of 
the  "Native  American"  party,  and  was  published  by  him  until  1846,  when  he  sold  out 
to  Jacob  Myers,  who  united  it  with  the  Press,  as  noticed  elsewhere. 

The  Semi-Weekly  Gazette  was  issued  on  the  19th  of  August,  1839,  by  James  H. 
Bryson,  J.  H.  Pearsol  and  James  Wimer.     Four  months  subsequently,  it  was  changed 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  479 

to  The  Age,  a  weekly  temperance  paper,  then  regarded  as  one  of  the  best  conductcl 
organs  of  the  temperance  movement  in  the  country.  Financially,  liowever,  it  was  not 
a  success,  and  it  was  discontinued  in  the  latter  part  of  1842,  a  sliort  time  before  Mr. 
Pearsol  started  the  Express. 

The  Moral  Reformer,  a  small  temperance  weekly,  was  started  by  Rev.  Henry  Miller, 
in  January,  1844.  On  the  foin-th  of  July  of  that  year  he  transferred  tlie  conreni  to  j! 
M.  W.  Geist,  who  subsequently  enlarged  the  paper,  changing  the  title  to  Auterican 
Reformer.  Like  its  predecessor,  The  Age,  it  was  a  pecuniary  failure,  and  in  184.")  its 
publication  was  suspended.  It  was  subsequently  revived  at  llarrisburg,  and  published 
a  few  months  there,  as  a  State  Temperance  organ,  with  no  better  success. 

The  Anti-M<isonic  Herald  was  started  at  New  Holland  by  Theophilus  Fenn  and  Dr. 
Thos.  H.  Vesey  in  June,  1828,  and  published  until  April,  1829,  when  it  wa.s  removed  to 
Lancaster,  and  conducted  by  Fenn  &  Fenton.  Mr.  Fenton  having  retired,  Mr.  Fenn 
conducted  it  until  April,  1831,  when  he  sold  to  Dr.  John  F.  Charles.  In  January,  1833, 
Dr.  Charles  sold  to  Geo.  "W.  Hamersly,  who  published  it  for  eighteen  months,  when 
it  was  united  with  the  Examiner. 

The  Lancaster  Union  was  started  May  24,  1834,  by  John  L.  Boswell,  then  of  the 
Columbia  Spy.  On  the  28tli  of  November,  1834,  he  formed  a  partnership  with  Carpen- 
ter McCleery.  It  was  published  by  Boswell  &  ]\IcCleery  until  April,  183."),  when 
McCleery  became  sole  proprietor.  On  the  9th  of  April,  1839,  the  office  was  purchased 
by  A.  H.  Hood.  Mr.  Hood  conducted  the  paper  until  October  18, 1842,  when  he  sold  to 
Henry  Montgomery.    The  Union^a.mnexg&fihxth.Q.  Independent  IFA?// in  November,  1851. 

The  Independent  Whig  was  established  by  a  joint  stock  comi)any,  at  the  head  of 
which  was  Hon.  Thaddeus  Stevens,  in  November  18ol.  It  was  started  as  an  organ  of 
the  anti-slavery  Whigs,  iii  opposition  to  the  Examiner,  whicli  was  then  conservative 
on  that  question.  The  company  purchased  the  old  Union  from  Mr.  Hamersly  for 
$6,500,  and  made  it  the  basis  of  the  Whig.  The  new  paper  was  edited  by  Edw. 
M'Plierson,  (now  Clerk  of  the  House  of  Representatives  at  Washington,)  assisted  by 
E.  H.  Ranch.  On  the  12th  of  May,  1853,  they  issued  The  Inland  Daily,  then  a  small 
three-column  penny  morning  paper.  In  the  fall  of  1853  Mr.  Ranch  retired,  and  Mr. 
INI'Pherson  soon  after  resigned  the  management  of  the  paper.  He  was  succeeded  by 
Tlieo.  Fenn,  as  publisher,  and  Harvey  L.  Goodall,  as  editor  of  the  Daily,  which  was  af- 
terwards enlarged  and  called  The  Inland  Daily  Times.  In  the  summer  of  1855,  The 
Inland  Weekly  was  started,  as  an  organ  of  the  "  American"  movement.  About  thistime 
the  Whig  was  published  for  a  short  time  as  a  semi-weekly.  The  various  enterprises 
proving  a  pecuniary  loss  to  the  company,  Mr.  Fenn  became  the  owner  of  the  concern. 
He  finally  sold  out  to  Thos.  E.  &  J.  J.  Cochran,  Sept.  21,  1858,  who  discontinued  the 
Daily  Times  and  changed  the  name  of  the  weekly  to  I'he  Lancaster  Union.  (Jn  the 
first  of  January,  1863,  the  Messrs.  Cochran  sold  to  J.  A.  Hiestand  &  Co.,  who  consoli- 
dated it  with  the  Examiner. 

The  Public  Register  was  started  in  December,  1853,  by  II.  A.  Rockafield.  as  an  inde- 
].endent  paper.  In  June,  1854,  its  name  was  changed  to  Public  Register  and  American 
Citizen,  and  conducted  by  John  F.  Huber  as  an  organ  of  the  "Know  Nothings"  or 
"American"  party,  then  recently  organized.  In  the  fall  of  1854,  Mr.  llnber  formed 
a  partnership  with  M.  M.  Rohrer.  Huber  &  Rohrer  were  succeeded  by  AValter  G. 
Evans,  who  subsequently  sold  to  Jacob  >Iyers,  who  consolidated  it  with  the  Press.  At 
one  thne  the  Register  &■;  Citizen  had  the  largest  circulation  ever  attained  by  any  paper 
in  Lancaster. 

In  September,  1808,  a  literary  monthly  publication,  called  the  Gleaner,  or  M>i,(hly 
Magazine,  was  issued  by  Stacy  Potts,  jr.  editor,  and  William  Greer,  printer  and  publisher. 
It  was  a  very  creditable  monthly  for  that  day,  but  as  we  have  no  record  of  its  pidjHcation 
beyond  one  year,  it  was  doubtless  a  pecuniary  failin-e.  E;icli  number  contained  48 
octavo  pages  and  was  handsomely  pi'inted. 


480  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

In  June,  1833,  a  monthly  educational  magazine  was  started  under  the  auspices  of 
Amos  Gilbert,  for  many  years  a  prominent  school  teacher  in  this  city  and  county.  It 
was  called  The  Inciter,  and  was  the  first  educational  publication  in  the  county  of 
which  we  have  any  record.  It  was  an  octavo  of  sixteen  pages,  and  was  discontinued 
at  the  end  of  the  year  for  want  of  patronage. 

The  Old  Guard,  a  Whig  paper,  was  established  by  the  friends  of  Hon.  John  Strohm, 
in  1839.  Wm.  Kennedy  Avas  the  first  editor,  and  was  succeeded  in  1840  by  Theodore 
D.  Cochran.  The  paper  was  subsequently  transferred  to  Loyd  Jones  &  Brother,  and 
finally  sold  to  Edw.  C.  Darlington,  and  merged  in  the  Examiner. 

In  the  year  184.5  Ele  Bowen  commenced  the  publication  of  a  large  weekly  agricul- 
tural paper,  called  the  Lancaster  County  Farmer.  After  publishing  a  few  numbers, 
the  enterprise  failed  for  want  of  capital.  Mr.  Bowen  subsequently  enlisted  Jacob  B. 
Garber  in  the  enterprise,  who  with  a  liberal  expenditure  of  capital  and  the  emi^loy- 
ment  of  editorial  talent,  made  it  an  excellent  paper.  The  name  was  changed  to  Farmer 
and  Literary  Gazette,  and  the  talented  authoress,  Mrs.  Lydia  Jane  Pierson,  was  en- 
gaged on  the  editorial  statt',  assisted  by  Albert  G.  Williams,  David  G.  Swartz  and 
others.  The  establishment  was  sold  to  Aaron  Eshleman  and  P.  11.  Gochnauer,  in 
1849,  who  were  succeeded  by  Wm.  H.  Spangler,  as  publisher,  and  A.  M.  Spangler,  as 
editor.     It  was  finally  merged  in  the  Examdner. 

A  Whig  paper  called  The  Tribune  and  Advertiser  was  started  by  R.  W.  Middleton 
on  the  20th  of  June,  1846,  and  was  published  about  two  years.  It  was  united  with  the 
Union  under  the  title  of  Union  and  Tribune. 

The  Mechanics''  Coiinsellor,  a  monthly  paper  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  Order  of 
American  Mechanics  was  issued  by  E.  H.  Ranch,  in  1852,  and  published  one  year. 

The  Conestoga  Chief,  devoted  to  the  interests  of  the  Independent  Order  of  Red  Men, 
was  published  about  1855,  by  Harvey  L.  Goodall. 

A  daily  jiaper  called  the  Morninrj  Herald,  was  commenced  by  E.  S.  Speaker  on  the 
2oth  day  of  June,  1859,  and  published  about  two  months. 

In  Oct.  1858,  E.  S.  Speaker  commenced  the  publication  of  a  weekly  temperance  paper 
called  the  Temperance  Advocate,  which  was  published  about  three  years. 

There  were  quite  a  number  of  spirited  campaign  papers  published  in  Lancaster  during 
the  past  thirty  years,  which  had  considerable  influence  in  the  campaigns  of  their  day. 
We  can  call  to  remembrance,  the  Buckeye,  published  by  R.  W.  Middleton  in  the  cam- 
paign of  1840-41;  the  Mill-Boy,  by  E.  C.  Darlington,  started  in  May,  1844;  the  Bough 
and  Beady,  by  John  S.  Jones,  and  the  Grape-Shot,  by  R.  W.  Middletown,  in  1848;  the 
National  Whig,  by  John  S.  Jones,  June  19,  1851;  and  the  Scott  Bugle,  from  the  office 
of  the  Independent  Whig,  July  23,  1852.  There  were  doubtless  others  of  which  we 
have  no  recollection. 

Among  the  papers  of  which  we  have  no  precise  data,  were  The  Daily  Free  Press,  an 
organ  of  the  liquor  interest,  published  by  Jacob  Myers  and  edited  by  Frs.  H.  Carjien- 
ter;  the  German  Democrat,  published  by  Rudolph  Kuhn,  afterwards  the  Harrisburg 
and  Lancaster  Democrat;  and  the  Pathfinder,  by  John  F.  Huber  and  E.  J.  Pinkerton. 

About  the  year  1831,  Reuben  Chambers  commenced  the  publication  of  a  weekly 
paper  at  Bethania,  Lancaster  county,  called  the  Betliania  Palladium,  which  he  publish- 
two  or  three  years. 

The  Strasburg  Bee,  was  issued  by  Martin  M.  Rohrer,  in  the  Borough  of  Strasburg. 
on  the  finst  of  December,  1850.  Mr.  Rohrer  was  succeeded  by  Mr.  Whitehill.  In 
December,  1855,  Samuel  B.  Markley  became  publisher  of  the  Bee,  and  on  the  24th  of 
May  following,  he  enlarged  and  materially  improved  the  paper,  and  published  it  until 
Nov.  8,  1856,  when  he  retired,  and  the  paper  was  soon  after  discontinued  for  want  of 
patronage. 

A  paper  called  The  Trtimpet  was  started  at  Elizabethtown  in  1864,  by  B.  H.  Lehman. 
Its  name  was  subsequently  changed  to  the  Gazette.     Size  24  by  36.      In  April,  1869,  it 


OF   LAXCASTER   COUNTY.  4s]^ 

was  removed  by  Mr.  Lehman  to  Mount  Union,  lluntingJoii  county,  and  establisliod 
there  as  the  News. 

In  1858  the  Strasburg  Herald  was  started  in  the  Borough  of  Strasburg  by  AVni.  .1. 
Kauffman,  and  continued  until  the  spring  of  1861. 

In  the  political  campaign  of  1860,  the  Constitution,  an  organ  of  the  Bell  and  Everett 
party,  was  published  in  Lancaster,  by  Samuel  B.  Markley. 

In  the  same  year  ]\Ir.  Markley  published  a  monthly  magazine,  called  the  Educational 
Record,  which  was  edited  by  T.  L.  Sanders. 

In  1859-60,  the  Parje  MontUy,  an  organ  of  the  Page  Literary  Society  of  the  State 
Nonnal  School,  at  Millersville,  was  published  by  B.  H.  Ilershey;  at  the  same  time  tlie 
Normal  Weekly,  the  organ  of  the  rival  Literary  Society  at  Millersville,  was  published 
in  the  Weekly  Express. 

On  the  26th  of  June,  1868,  a  daily  paper  called  the  Morning  Telegram  was  started  in 
Columbia,  by  Frank  S.  Taft.     It  was  published  only  a  few  months. 

Of  all  the  towns  in  Lancaster  county.  Marietta  has  been  the  most  prolific  in  news- 
paper enterprises.  In  1816  or  1818,  William  Pierce  commenced  the  publication  of  a 
monthly  magazine  called  The  Ladies'  Visitor,  which  was  continued  two  or  three  years. 
About  the  year  1820,  John  Huss  started  The  Pilot,  a  weekly  newspaper,  which  he  con- 
tinued until  1825,  when  he  changed  it  to  The  Pioneer.  He  afterwards  sold  out  to 
Charles  Nagle.  In  1827  or  1828  Nagle  sold  to  A.  B.  and  R.  K.  Grosh,  who  published 
it  as  an  Anti-Masonic  and  Adams  Organ,  until  about  1830,  when  they  sold  the  material 
to  Sheaflf  &  Heinitsh,  of  Columbia,  who  started  the  Columbia  Courant.  The  Marietta 
Advocate\Y?i.s  commenced  in  1832  by  Wm.  R.  McCay,  and  continued  for  about  four  yeai-s, 
when  it  was  removed  to  Lewistown.  The  Washingtonian  was  commenced  in  1841  or 
1842,  as  a  temperance  paper,  by  Taylor  &  Goodman.  It  was  succeeded  by  The  Orb,  by 
Thomas  Taylor,  who  afterwards  changed  the  title  to  The  Ant.  The  Argus  was  stalled 
by  Goodman  &  Baker,  April  20,  1844,  and  continued  for  three  years.  The  Litth  Mis- 
sionary, published  by  John  F.  Weishampel,  was  cotemporaneous  with  The  Argus,  but 
was  published  only  about  a  year.  It  was  a  religious  royal  octavo  semi-mouthly. 
The  Mariettian  was  started  in  1854.     (See  page  483-4.) 

The  foregoing  embraces  all  the  material  now  at  hand  relating  to  the  dead  past  of  the 
newspaper  history  of  Lancaster  County.  The  following  is  a  brief  record  of  the  living 
present : 

The  Lancaster  Express,  (daily  and  weekly.)  The  weekly  E-rj^ress  was  started  by 
John  H.  Pearsol,  on  the  10th  of  February,  1843.  It  was  then  a  six-column  paper,  about 
the  size  of  the  present  Lancaster  dailies.  Mr.  Pearsol  continued  the  publication  until 
August,  1849,  when  Wm.  Meeser  purchased  an  interest  in  the  othce.  In  August,  1850, 
Mr.  Meeser  re-sold  his  interest  to  Mr.  Pearsol,  who  enlarged  the  paper  to  the  double- 
medium  size,  and  remained  sole  publisher  and  proprietor  until  August,  1856.  In  the 
interim  he  was  assisted  in  the  editorial  management  of  the  paper  by  different  writei-s, 
the  late  Mrs.  Hugh  Maxwell  having  been  one  of  the  most  energetic  and  successful  in 
adding  to  the  interest  of  its  columns.  Up  to  this  time  the  Express  was  the  acknow- 
ledged organ  of  the  Temperance  movement,  and  maintained  a  neutral  position  in  rela- 
tion to  the  political  parties  of  the  day.  On  the  1st  of  August,  1856,  J.  M.  W.  Geist, 
who  had  been  the  managing  editor  since  1852,  purchased  a  half-interest  in  the  Express, 
when  the  Weekly  was  again  enlarged  and  arrangements  commenced  for  issuing  the 
Daily  Express,  which  made  its  appearance  on  November  3,  1856.  In  the  meantime, 
the  Kansas  troubles  having  assumed  the  magnitude  of  a  great  national  question,  the 
Express  abandoned  its  neutrality  and  advocated  the  foniiation  of  the  Ropul)iioan  party, 
caUing  the  first  meeting  which  convened  for  that  purpose.  May  31,  1856.  The  Express 
is  still  published  by  its  founders,  Pearsol  &  Geist,  and  is  independent  Republican  in 
politics.     The  Daily  is  printed  on  a  sheet  22  by  32,  and  the  Weekly  31  by  47  niches. 

The  Lancaster  Intelligencer,  (daily  and  weekly. )     The  weekly  Intelligencer  was  estab- 

32 


482  AUTHENTIC    HISTOKY 

lisbed  by  William  and  Thomas  Dickson,  in  1799,  being  then  only' a  small  four-column 
sheet.  It  was  issued  regularly  by  William  Dickson,  until  his  death  in  1823.  The  pub- 
lication was  continued  by  his  widow,  assisted,  first  by  her  son-in-law,  Mr.  Bedford,  and 
subsequently  by  Thomas  Feran,  esq.  In  March  1837,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  James  H. 
Bryson  and  John  W.  Forney,  who  enlarged  it,  but  Mr.  Bryson  retired  within  a  year. 
In  September,  1839,  Mr.  Forney  bought  out  the  Journal,  which  had  been  established  in 
1794  and  united  it  with  the  Intelligeticer  under  the  title  of  the  Intelligencer  &  Journal^ 
which  he  again  enlarged.  In  1845,  Mr.  Forney  removed  to  Philadelphia,  leaving  the 
paper  in  the  management  of  Marcus  D.  Holbrook.  In  1846  Mr.  Holbrook  became  the 
sole  publisher,  but  in  a  few  months  transferred  the  establishment  to  Franklin  G.  May, 
of  Chambersburg.  On  the  first  of  January,  1848,  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  Edwin  W. 
Hutter,  esq.,  who  continued  his  coiniection  until  July  1849,  when  he  abandoned  the 
profession  of  journalism  for  the  pulpit.  He  was  succeeded  by  George  Sanderson,  who 
subsequently  associated  his  son  Alfred  in  the  management,  who  continued  its  publica- 
imtil  the  18th  of  July,  1864,  when  it  was  sold  to  John  M.  Cooper,  H.  G.  Smith,  Wm. 
A.  Morton  and  Alfred  Sanderson,  who  published  it  under  the  firm  title  of  Cooper,  San- 
derson &  Co.  until  November  1,  1866,  when  it  passed  into  the  hands  of  H.  G.  Smith, 
and  A.  J.  Steinman,  the  present  publishers.  In  August,  1864,  Cooper,  Sanderson  & 
Co.  started  the  Daily  Intelligencer,  which  is  still  continued  by  H.  G.  Smith  &  Co.  The 
Intelligencer  is  Democratic  in  politics.  The  Weekly  is  printed  on  a  sheet  31x46  inches 
and  the  Daily  22x31  inches. 

The  Lancaster  Examiner  and  Herald,  (semi- weekly.)  The  Examiner  was  started 
in  the  spring  of  1830,  by  Samuel  Wagner,  who  published  it  until  June,  1834,  when  he 
sold  to  Geo.  W.  Hamersly  and  Luther  Richards,  who  united  it  with  the  Herald.  Ham- 
ersly  &  Richards  published  it  as  the  Examiner  and  Herald  until  December,  1838, 
when  it  was  purchased  by  Robert  White  Middleton.  On  the  8th  of  December,  1841, 
Edw.  C.  Darlington  purchased  an  interest  in  the  establishment,  and  the  paper  was 
published  a  short  time  by  Middleton  &  Darlington.  On  the  22d  of  December  of  that 
year  Mr.  Middleton  withdrew  and  the  publication  was  continued  by  JNIr.  Darlington, 
until  the  20th  of  October,  1858,  when  he  sold  out  to  John  A.  Hiestand,  John  F.  Huber 
and  Francis  Heckert.  The  firm  of  Hiestand,  Huber  and  Heckert  was  dissolved  by  the 
death  of  Mr.  Huber,  November  4,  1862.  On  the  9th  of  February,  1863,  the  interest  of 
Mr.  Huber  was  purchased  by  Ed.  M.  Kline,  who  had  been  connected  with  the  editorial 
department  for  some  years,  and  the  firm  changed  to  J.  A.  Hiestand  &  Co.  On  the  first 
of  January,  1864,  Hiestand  &  Co.  purchased  the  Lancaster  Union  from  T.  E.  &  J.  J, 
Cochran,  and  consolidated  it  with  the  Examiner,  making  it  a  semi-weekly  publication 
from  that  date — or,  rather,  issuing  a  portion  of  its  edition  on  Wednesday,  and  the  rest 
on  Saturday.  On  the  1st  of  May,  1864,  Mr.  Heckert  withdrew  from  the  firm,  and  his 
interest  was  purchased  by  John  I.  Hartman,  the  style  of  the  firm  being  changed  to 
Hiestand,  Kline  &  Hartman.  On  May  1,  1868,  Mr.  Hartman  withdrew,  and  the  paper 
is  now  published  by  Hiestand  &  Kline.  The  Examiner  ^  Herald  was  formerly  conser- 
vative Whig,  and  is  now  radical  Republican  in  its  politics.  It  is  printed  on  a  sheet  29^ 
by  45  inches. 

Ber  Volksfreund  und  Beohachter,  (Weekly,  German.)  The  Volksfreund  (the 
Peoples'  Friend)  was  started  by  William  Hamilton  in  1808.  It  was  edited  by  the  late 
Josei)h  Ehrenfried',  and  was  Federal  in  politics.  ]Mr.  Hamilton,  then  Sheritf  of  Lan- 
caster county,  becoming  involved  in  pecuniary  difficulties,  the  establishment  was  pur- 
chased by  ]VIr.  Ehrenfried  at  Sheriff's  sale.  The  enterprise  not  proving  a  pecuniary 
success  in  Mr.  Ehrenfried's  hands,  the  office  was  again  sold  by  the  Sheriff",  and  pur- 
chased in  1817,  by  John  Baer  and  Samuel  Kling.  The  latter  retired  the  same  year, 
leaving  Mr.  Baer  sole  proprietor.  Under  his  management  the  enterprise  became  a 
complete  pecuniary  and  political  success.  In  1829-30  it  was  Anti-Masonic  in  politics, 
and  subsequently  Whig  and  then  Republican,  with  the  advent  of  that  party.     In  1838 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  483 

Mr.  Baer  bought  Dcr  Beobachter  (the  Observer)  from  Samuel  Wagner  and  consolidated 
the  two  papers  under  the  present  title.  He  continued  his  management  of  the  paixjr 
until  his  death,  on  the  6th  of  November,  1858,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Kcuhen  A. 
and  Christian  R.  Baer,  under  the  firm  of  John  Baer's  Sons,  the  present  publishers. 
The  Volksfreund  is  printed  on  a  sheet  28  by  43  inches. 

The  Lancaster  Inquirer,  (weekly,)  was  started  on  the  first  of  Januaiy.  IB-IO,  by 
Stuart  A.  Wylie,  Jacob  D.  Gompf  and  J.  W.  Gaintner,  doing  business  as  the  finn  of 
S.  A.  Wylie  &  Co.  On  the  first  of  September  folloAving  tliey  purchased  the  Amcriain 
Press  and  BepuhUcan  from  Jacob  Myers  &  Son,  and  united  it  witli  the  Inrjvirer,  at  tho 
same  time  enlarging  it  from  a  six  to  a  seven-colunni  paper.  In  18G0  Mr.  Wylie  V>ought 
out  the  interests  of  Messrs.  Gompf  and  Gaintner,  and  continued  the  publication  alone. 
On  the  7th  of  July,  1863,  he  commenced  the  publication  of  the  D(tily  Inquirer,  which 
■was  published  until  Feb.  13,  1864.  On  the  first  of  May,  1868,  Mr.  Wylie  .sold  an  in- 
terest in  the  Inquirer  to  Elwood  Griest,  and  the  paper  was  enlarged  to  eight  cohunns, 
being  now  published  by  Wylie  &  Griest,  on  a  sheet  28  by  43  inches.  In  politics  tlie  In- 
quirer is  radical  Republican. 

The  Columbia  Spy,  (weekly,)  claims  a  history  as  far  back  as  1816,  but  the  office  having 
been  twice  destroyed  by  fire,  and  with  it  the  files,  we  have  been  able  to  ])i-ocure  very 
little  reliable  data  for  its  history.  It  grew  out  of  tlie  Pionetr,  established  in  ^Marietta 
by  John  Huss,  which  was  formerly  called  the  Filot.  Huss  may  have  started  tlie  Pilot 
in  1816,  as  he  was  in  the  war  of  1813,  in  Capt.  Grosh's  company,  and  engaged  m  the 
printing  business  soon  after  his  return.  He  had  learned  his  trade  in  Hugh  ^laxweirs 
office.  Huss  sold  the  Pioneer  to  A.  B.  &  R.  K.  Grosh,  who,  in  1830  sold  to  John  A. 
Sheaflf  and  Chas.  H.  Heinitsh,  who  resumed  the  publication  under  tlie  name  of  the  Co- 
lumbia Oourant.  In  1831  John  L.  Boswell  bought  out  Slieaff  &  Heinitsh,  and  clianged 
the  name  of  the  paper  to  the  Spy.  The  paper  was  edited  while  Boswell  Avas  publislicr 
by  Thos.  E.  Cochran.  In  1835  the  concern  was  purchased  by  Preston  B.  Elder.  It 
was  subsequently  i^ublished  by  .James  Patton,  E.  Beatty,  Chas,  J.  Barnitz,  J.  G.  L. 
Brown,  Eshleman  ifc  Kammerer,  Stephen  Greene,  Coleman  J.  Bull,  and  Samuel 
Wright.  The  present  publishers  being  unable  to  give  us  any  information  on  the  sub- 
ject, we  are  reluctantly  compelled  to  leave  the  record  incomplete.  The  *S^^  is  now 
published  by  A.  M.  Rambo  &  Sou,  who  established  the  daily  edition  on  the  22d  of 
June,  1868.     Size  of  the  weekly,  38  by  43;  daily,  20  by  26  inches. 

The  Church  Advocate,  a  weekly  religious  journal,  published  under  the  au.spices  of  the 
"  Church  of  God,"  was  started  as  the  Gospel  Publisher,  at  Harrisburg  in  1835,  by  Rev. 
John  Winebrenner,  who  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  John  F.  Weishampel,  and  then  by 
Rev.  Geo,  McCartney,  as  editor.  Owing  to  the  pecuniary  embarrassments  of  the  Board 
of  Publication,  it  was  suspended.  In  1846  the  publication  was  revived  by  Mr.  Winebren- 
ner, who  called  it  The  Church  Advocate,  and  continued  as  its  editor  for  eleven  years.  Ho 
was  succeeded  by  Rev.  Geo.  Calder,  who  edited  it  for  two  years.  In  1850  it  was  removed 
to  Lancastei/  and  placed  in  charge  of  the  present  editor.  Rev.  E.  H.  Thomas,  who, 
during  the  ten  years  of  his  management,  has  doubled  its  size  and  circulation.  It  is 
printed  in  quarto  form,  on  a  sheet  82  by  44  inches. 

The  Father  Abraham  was  started  at  Reading,  as  a  Republican  campaign  paiKjr,  in 
July  1864,  by  E.  11.  Ranch  &  Son,  and  continued  during  the  campaign.  It  was  rcvivetl 
July  1,  1866,  by  E.  H.  Ranch  and  published  during  that  campaign.  On  the  29th  of 
May,  1868,  it  was  revived  in  Lancaster,  as  a  campaign  paper,  by  E.  II.  Ranch  and  Thos. 
B.  Cochran,  and  continued  as  a  permanent  weekly,  Nov.  20,  1868.    Size  23  by  33  inches. 

The  Mo^vnt  Joy  Herald  was  started  March  17,  1854,  by  F.  H.  StautVer,  (who,  we 
omitted  to  mention  in  the  proper  connection,  succeeded  Mr.  Goodall  as  editor  of  tlio 
Inland  Daily  Times.)  He  was  succeeded  by  Rev.  E.  II.  Thomas,  who  sold  out  to  tho 
present  publisher,  J.  R.  Hoffer.     It  is  Republican  in  politics.     Size,  23  by  32. 

The  Mariettian  was  established  on  the  11th  of  April,  1854,  by  a  joint  stock  company, 


484  AUTHEJ^TIC   HISTORY 

with  Israel  Goodman  as  publisher.  It  was  edited  for  several  years  by  members  of  the 
■company.  The  stock  was  finally  bought  up  by  Frederick  L.  Baker,  the  present  editor 
.and  publisher,  under  whose  auspices  it  has  reached  its  fifteenth  volume.  It  is  i)rinted 
on  a  sheet  24  by  30  inches. 

The  Manlieim  Sentinel  was  started  at  Manheim  in  1858,  by  Samuel  Ensminger,  who 
was  succeeded  by  his  son,  J.  M.  Ensminger,  the  present  publisher  and  editor,  and  in 
politics  is  republican.     It  is  printed  on  a  sheet  24  by  36  inches. 

The  Columbia  Herald  was  established  Dec.  3,  1867,  by  W.  Hayes  Grier,  publisher, 
and  Geo.  Young,  jr.,  editor.  It  is  printed  in  quarto  form,  on  a  sheet  31  by  47  inches, 
and  in  politics  is  Democratic. 

The  Columbia  Daily  Spy  was  issued  by  A.  M.  Rambo  &  Son  on  the  22d  of  June, 
1868.     It  is  printed  on  a  sheet  20  by  26  inches,  and  is  Republican  in  politics. 

The  Keystone  Good  Templar,  was  started  as  a  monthly,  called  the  Monthly  Circular, 
in  July,  1866.  It  was  edited  by  L.  Ellen  Wright,  Secretary  of  the  Grand  Lodge  of 
Good  Templars,  under  whose  auspices  the  publication  is  conducted.  In  July,  1868,  it 
was  published  semi-monthly,  and  the  title  changed  to  Oood  Templar.  On  Dec.  1, 1868, 
E.  H.  Ranch  became  the  managing  editor,  and  on  April  1,  1869,  it  was  changed  to  a 
weekly.     It  is  i^rinted  in  quarto  form,  on  a  sheet  21^  by  28  inches. 

The  Voice  of  Truth,  a  monthly  temperance  paper,  was  started  in  1868  by  B.  H. 
Wamer  &  W.  J.  Kafroth,  with  Rev.  E.  H.  Nevin,  as  editorial  contributor.  It  is  now 
conducted  by  W.  W.  Beardslee.     Size  24  by  38  inches. 

The  Mechanics'  Advocate,  an  organ  of  the  Order  of  United  American  Mechanics, 
commenced  its  regular  issue  in  April,  1869.  It  is  published  by  Snyder,  Wylie  &  Snyder, 
and  edited  by  W.  T.  Wylie.  It  is  published  monthly,  in  quarto  form,  printed  on  a 
sheet  24  by  36  inches. 

The  Sunday  School  Oem,  an  illustrated  monthly  Sunday  School  paper,  issued  from 
the  office  of  the  Church  Advocate,  and  edited  by  Rev.  E.  H.  Thomas,  was  established 
in  January,  1867.     Size,  17  by  23  inches. 

The  Pennsylnania  School  Journal  was  established  by  Thos.  H.  Burrowes,  in  January 
1852,  as  the  organ  of  the  "Lancaster  County  Educational  Association."  The  enterprise 
proving  encouraging,  on  the  following  July,  it  was  made  a  State  organ  of  the  Common 
School  cause.  In  May,  1866,  J.  P.  McCaskey  became  associated  with  Mr.  Burrowes 
in  the  management  of  the  School  Journal.  It  is  a  royal  octavo  monthly  magazine  of 
thirty-two  pages,  and  has  an  extended  circulation. 

The  Guardian,  a  monthly  magazine,  devoted  to  the  social,  literary  and  religious  in- 
terests of  young  men  and  ladies,  was  established  at  Lewisburg,  Pa.,  by  the  late  Rev. 
Dr.  Henry  Harbaugh,  in  January,  1849.  In  1850,  he  removed  the  publication  to  Lan- 
caster, where  it  was  printed  for  a  time  by  Edw.  C.  Darlington,  and  subsequently  pub- 
lished by  Pearsol  &  Geist,  Dr.  Harbaugh  still  retaining  the  editorial  management. 
In  1863  Pearsol  &  Geist  transferred  their  interest  to  S.  R.  Fisher  &  Co.,  of  Philadel- 
phia, and  in  1864,  Rev.  Benjamin  Bausman  succeeded  Dr.  Harbaugh  as  editor.  It 
remains  under  the  auspices  of  the  same  editor  and  puljlishers.  The  Guardian  is  an 
octavo  monthly  of  thirty-two  pages,  and  is  steadfastly  devoted  to  the  highest  interests 
of  the  young. 

The  Lancaster  Farmer,  a  monthly  agricultural  and  horticultural  publication,  was 
established  in  January,  1869,  under  the  auspices  of  the  "Lancaster  County  Agricul- 
tural and  Horticultural  Society."  It  is  printed  by  Wylie  &  Griest,  under  the  direction 
of  a  publishing  committee,  consisting  of  Dr.  P.  W.  Hiestand,  H.  K.  Stoner,  Jacob  M. 
Frantz,  Casper  Hiller,  Levi  W.  Grofi"  and  Alexander  Harris.  The  editoriiil  committee 
consists  of  Jacob  B.  Garber,  H.  M.  Engle,  Levi  S.  Reist,  W.  L.  Diffenderfer,  J.  H. 
Musser  and  S.  S.  Rathvon.  The  Farmer  is  an  octavo  of  sixteen  pages.i 
1  Contributed  by  J.  M.  W.  Goist,  Esq. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  485 


DIVISION  YII. 


AGEICULTUEAL    AND    INDUSTRIAL. 

STATISTICS  OF  AGRICULTURE  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY  FROM  THE  Sxn 
CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES  TAKEN  IN  1860. 

Acres  of  Land.     Improved,  in  farms, 44.'»,838 

Unimproved,  iu  farms, 0'2,()73 

Cash  Value  of  Farms s52,.-)0n.4Gl 

Value  of  Farming  Implements  and  Machinery, *l,onr»,333 

Live  Stock.     Horses, 22,983 

Asses  and  Mules, 1.328 

Milcli  Cows, ='A93G 

Working  Oxen, IJyoG 

Other  Cattle, '^~'^'^'> 

Sheep, '''0^'' 

Swine ^-i'^2G 

Value  of  Live  Stock, ^■'' '  "^^ I!~.'^ 

Produce.     Wheat,  bushels  of 2.12.),7~v 

Rye,  do 9''001 

Indian  Corn,  bushels  of 2,048,398 

/-^  J.                          1  1  D*^'"*  923 

Oats,  do         i..t-..j>..^ 

Tobacco,  pounds  of 2,001,547 

Wool,  do 22,949 

Peas  and  Beans,  bushels  of ^  \'^^^ 

Irish  Potatoes,  do 32.'),647 

Sweet  Potatoes,         do ^^^^^^ 

Barley,  do '-••';^:; 

Buckwheat,  do ..V'"^'!- 

Orchard  products,  value  of !^b. ,  i  j» 

Wine,  gallons  of -o-  nio 

Market  garden  products,  value  of f^'*   , 

Bixtter,  pounds  of 2,.-).-,0,8.s7 

™  ,  49,.3."i.", 

Cheese,       do ^^„ 

„       ^  .  116,089 

Hay,  tons  of _^ 

Clover-seed,  bushels  of "''   ' 

Grass-seeds,        do '^'^^^ 

Hops,  pounds  of -i'  a- 

Flax,         do '^g^ 

Flax-seed,  bushels  of ^^ 

Sorghum  Molasses,  gallons  of : '_■/_ 

Maple  Molasses,  do '^!^^ 

Beeswax,  poiuids  of ,.  '_"^ 

,  l.)..)40 

Honey,  do jci;  413 

Manufactures,  home-made,  value  of. jft9M-'4~9 

Animals,  slaughtered,  do • '•     '' 


486 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


VALUATION  OF  ESTATE,  EEAL  AND  PERSONAL,  IN  LANCASTER  CO., 
ACCORDING  TO  THE  EIGHTH  CENSUS  TAKEN  IN  1860. 

Real, $69,024,318 

Personal, 25,173,703 

Aggregate, $94,198,021 


STATISTICS  OF  MANUFACTURES  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY,  FROM  THE 
EIGHTH  CENSUS  OF  THE  UNITED  STATES,  TAKEN  IN  1860. 


00  CO 


No.  of 
Hands 
euipl'd. 


o  P 


> 

O  3 


Agriculturail  Implements—                               I  I 

Miscellaneous 17  $ 

Horse  Powers 8 

Mowers  and  Keapers 1 

Ploughs 1 

Bark,  ground 1 

Blacksmitlnng 105 

Book-bind  in  g 1 

Boots  and  shoes 107 

Boxes,  packing 1 

Bread 11 

Brick 17 

Brushes 1 

Carpentering 7 

Oar  pen  t  e  r  s '  T  ool  s 2 

Carpets 1 

Carriages 3s 

Cigars 12 

Clothing,  Men's 23 

Clover,  hulling 2 

Combs 1 

Confectionery 7 

Cooperage 11 

Cordage 3 

Cotton  Coverlets li 

Cotton  Goods 4 

Cutlery 1 

Dyeing  and  Coloring 1 

Edge  Tools 3 

Fire-arms 4 

Flour  and  Meal 1  72 

Furniture,  C  abinet 33 

do.          Chairs 5 

Gas I 

Gilt  Frames,  Mirrors,  &c 1 

Hardware,  Miscellaneous 1 

do.         Augers 1 

Hats  and  Caps 8 

Iron,  l)ar,  steel,  railroad 3 

do.    blooms 5 

do.   castings ■ 7 

do.   stoves 1 

do.    ore 7 

do.   pig 10 

Lamp  fixtures 1 

Leather 34 

do.      Morocco 3 

Lime 51 

Liquors,  distilled 24 

do.      malt 11 

do.       rectified 1 

Lumber,  planed 1 

do.       sawed 40 

Machinerj',  Steam  Engines,  etc 5 

Malt 1 

Marble  and  Stone  Work 5 

Medicines,  Extracts,  Drugs,  etc 2 

Millinery  and  Dressmaking 4 

Mineral  Water 2 


77,260 

30,r.00 

23,500 

300 

4,000 

44,720 

300 

75,393 

2,000 

24,050 

35,325 

1,500 

9,370 

1,250 

400 

(12,180 

33,598 

34,525 

3,000 

5,000 

6,2.i0 

5,410 

LUOO 

7,850 

378,50(J 

(3,000 

l,uOO 

15,.500 

36,700 

1,511,405 

62,100 

2,700 

78,000 

6,000 

300 

50 

27,750 

410,000 

60,500 

88,000 

8,000 

201,200 

1,139,000, 

1,000 

202,840 1 

12,800' 

50,905! 

85,900 

85,400 1 

10,000; 

39,000 

168,800 1 

56,1201 

10,000 

15,600 

1,100 

3,240 

6,000 i 


41,204 

16,068 

4,510 

860 

900 

38.250 

1,210 

80,163 

495 

21,412 

10,764 

2,300 

10,037 

1,050 

350 

36,264 

25,10S 

49,667 

2,796 

2.950 

11,190 

3,039 

2,270 

13,355 

448,123 

185 

500 

6,185 

7,854 

2,46;^,  682 

19,285 

3,038 

5,250 

1,680 

470 

120 

16,600 

5.'.0,19(i 

75,803 

22,035 

0,.525 

4,092 

679,610 

1,500 

139,877 

25,000 

49,646 

155,907 

43,714 

18,700 

15,000 

113,543 

11,263 

2,960 

9,970 

2,250 

5,500 

3,660 


129  .. 
58  .. 

35  ., 
2  . . 
1''.'. 

194  .. 

5  3 
337 1     80 

4  .... 

27 

96  .... 

6  .... 

36  .... 
4  .... 

1  .... 
184  .... 

73.... 
87      C5 

2  .... 

19  6 
15        2 

20  .... 
9       1 

18l       3 


323    516 
1' 

2! 
19 

as; 

271 
105! 
13 
5 
4 
1 
2 

26, 

415 

67 

63 

18 

281 

428, 

1 

104 

27' 

98 

45 

38 

1 

14 

104' 

54 

2 

18 

3 

...J     171 


38,844 

17,016 

12,000 

480 

240 

43,824 

1,284 

92,184 

1,200 

5,676 

23,028 

2,160 

8,580 

2,460 

120 

50,916 

14,748 

33,600 

600 

5,880 

10,59<j 

4,476 

1,860 

5,556 

148,548 

3'>0 

480 

6,036 

20,748 

66,048 

27,480 

3,900 

2,400 

2,400 

300 

600 

9,144 

1.54,500 

16,080 

17,700 

6,000 

59,040 

151,740 

300 

26,460 

8,232 

27,372 

11,664 

8,220 

300 

3,900 

37,580 

15,960 

7:;o 

6,000 
1,080 
3,264 
2,148 


i    127,113 

45,690 

35,125 

1,402 

1,200 

109,476 

3,000 

203,886 

1.800 

36,057 

41,575 

5,000 

27,620 

4,700 

525 

137,692 

53,510 

99,879 

3,278 

17,100 

23,676 

10,822 

5,850 

36,600 

772,000 

600 

1,200 

14,400 

46,195 

2,740,760 

70,994 

8,993 

18,000 

5,500 

820 

1,200 

37,800 

867,000 

99,240 

64,350 

22,000 

121,000 

971,280 

2,000 

234,527 

34,538 

106,694 

193,759 

90,618 

25,200 

22,200 

195.920 

42,580 

4,000 

20,150 

4,600 

15,000 

10,240 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


487 


Nickel 

do.     Ore 

Paper,  Bookbinder's  Boards 

do.     Printing 

Photographs 

Pottery  Ware 

Print ing,  Newspaper 

Saddlery  and  Harness i    3'i 


Sash,  Doors  and  Blinds. 

Ship  and  Boat  Building 

Soap  and  (handles 

Spokes,  Hubs  and  Fellows,  etc 

Stone  Quarrying 

Tin,  (.Copper  and  Sheet  Iron  Ware. 

Turning 

Umbrellas  and  Parasols 

Vinegai' 

Wagons,  Carts,  etc 

Wool  Carding 

Woollen  Goods 


^ 

•C 

O 

No.  Of 

> 

> 

B? 

a-s 

2° 

Hands 

era 

03 

a  M 

£^ 

empl'd. 

"^3 

<^T 

a 

. 

OP 

t(S 

2.0 

t^     1      V 

►1  — 

:  o; 

•  3 

:  < 

•  a 

•  (B 

:  T 

•  sa 
:  P 
:  ^ 

:   1  ® 

;  1 

:  o 

k 

1 

20,000 

17,.')00 

25.... 

7,200 

4.'),0OO 

1 

90,000 

2.;«6 

40  .... 

18,0<jO 

30,628 

2 

3,500 

2,750 

6  .... 

1,128 

6,400 

2 

38,000 

17,350 

11        6 

2,232 

46,325 

4 

3,200 

2,130 

7  .... 

1,««8 

6,400 

V 

3, '300 

2,762 

21  .... 

5  078 

11,293 

9 

09,200 

25,977 

63  .... 

19,29) 

54,310 

'i'l 

4.1,070 

41,177 

84       2 

19,332 

76,715 

•I 

0,200 

1,000 

14  .... 

4,080 

9,350 

1 

700 

604 

3  .... 

720 

1,520 

•2 

3,800 

5,000 

7  .... 

1,632 

8,9«J0 

•i 

U.tiOO 

1,335 

7  .... 

2,220 

4,910 

1 

ItiO 

180 

12  .... 

3,312 

7,700 

t\ 

32,650 

28.106 

59  .... 

15,861 

64,954 

■2 

4,100 

900 

3  .... 

1,56(1 

3,700 

i 

40C 

400 

1  .... 

360 

800 

1 

2,00C 

1,150 

,      1  .... 

30C 

4,400 

30 

18,711 

7,592 

61  .... 

13,1W 

2i,4U 

1 

500 

50C 

1  .... 

24C 

980 

9 

72,500 

3s,000 

35      12 

8,01b 

62,549 

Total 967     5,690,182     5,483,374  4440    725     1,349,432     8,371,207 


INTERNAL  REVENUE. 

Internal  Revenue  paid  to  the  United  States  by  Lancaster  County,  exclusive  of  receipts 
from  the  sale  of  stamps  and  the  tax  on  salaries  of  officers  in  the  .sci-vice  of  the  United 
States,  duringr  the  year  ending  June  30,  18G7.  Drawn  up  from  the  Report  of  the  Com- 
missioner of  Internal  Revenue. 

Manufactures  and  Productions. 

Bonnets  not  made  and  trimmed  by  milliners,  5  per  cent *         1  C^ 

Boilers,  water  tanks,  and  sugar  tanks,  5  per  cent 1,201  2-5 

Boots  and  shoes,  not  made  of  India  i-ubber,  and  shoe  strings,  2  per  cent 2,223  22 

Blinds,  doors,  sash  and  mouldings  of  wood  not  specially  exempted,  5  per  cent.  3G7  8o 

Brushes,  5  per  cent 1"7  7i 

Candles,  5  per  cent 1*^3  74 

Carpetings 419  03 

Carriages  and  other  vehicles,  5  per  cent 7,914  75 

Cars,  railroad,  5  per  cent I''  '^ 

Cigars,  cigarettes  and  cheroots,  valued  at  |8  per  thousand  or  less,  ^2  per 

thousand 17,467  74 

Cigars,  cigarettes  and  cheroots,  valued  at  over  18  per  thousand  and  not  over 

|12  per  thousand,  $4  per  thousand 21,355  23 

Cigars,  cigarettes  and  cheroots,  valued  at  over  $12  per  thousand,  |4,  and  20 

per;en; •. H243  5S 

Cigars,  cigarettes  and  cheroots,  of  all  descriptions,  per  thousand,  ^o 5.  .13  22 

Cloth  and  all  textile,  knitted  or  felted  fabrics  made  of  cotton  or  wool 78,598  43 

Clothing  made  by  weaving  or  knitting 

i  r'''3  1 4 
Clothing  made  by  sewing "*•  '" 

Coffee  and  substitutes  therefor,  roasted  or  gi'ound ^■'^-^  39 

Confectionery ^'^"^  ^^ 

Crockery  and  pottery  ware,  5  per  cent "^  -^ 

Cutlery,  5  per  cent ~'  '  * 

97  GS 
Earthenware,  2  per  cent 


488 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


Fire-arms,  5  per  cent |      499  00 

Fermented  liquors,  $1  per  barrel 20,506  09 

Furniture,  5  per  cent 3,868  03 

Gas,  monthly  product  over  500,000  and  not  over  5,000,000  cubic  feet,  20  cents 

per  1,000  cubic  feet 1,782  79 

Gas,  monthly  product  not  over  200,000  cubic  feet,  10  cents  per  1,000  cubic  feet.  302  09 
Gas,  monthly  product  over  200,000  and  not  over  500,000  cubic  feet,  15  cents 

per  1,000  cubic  feet 42  00 

Glue  and  gelatine,  solid,  1  cent  per  pound 46  46 

Hats,  silk,  5  per  cent 88  33 

Hats,  felt  and  straw,  and  caps,  2  per  cent 861  31 

Hoop  skirts,  5  per  cent 22  36 

Iron,  advanced  beyond  muck-bar,  blooms,  slabs  or  loops,  and  not  beyond 

bars,  $3  per  ton 6,549  80 

Iron,  castings  not  specially  exempted,  $3  per  ton 1 ,  090  10 

Iron,  railings,  gates,  fences  and  statuary,  five  per  cent 7  20 

Iron,  stoves  and  hollow  ware,  $3  per  ton 481  36 

Iron,  not  specially  exempted  and  not  elsewhere  enumerated,  5  per  cent 30,145  20 

Leather  of  all  descriptions,  curried,  finished  or  oil  dressed,  5  per  cent 6,644  61 

Leather  of  all  descriptions,  tanned  or  partially  tanned,  in  the  rough,  5  per 

cent 6,748  75 

Machinery,  including  shafting,  tools,  &c.,  5  per  cent, 992  57 

Monuments  of  stone,  valued  over  $100,  5  per  cent, 291  02 

Oils,  essential,  5  per  cent, 19  30 

Paper,  3  per  cent 1,674  00 

Photographs,  &c.,  5  per  cent 665  03 

Saddlery,  harness,  trunks  and  valises,  5  per  cent 1,492  26 

Silk,  manufactures  of,  5  per  cent 218  40 

Snuff,  40  cents  per  pound 2,465  20 

Soap,  not  perfumed,  half  cent  per  pound 218  78 

Soap,  perfumed,  3  cents  per  pound 114  53 

Spices  and  substitutes,  1  cent  per  pound 25  06 

Spirits,  distilled  from  other  materials  than  apples,  grapes  or  peaches,  $2  per 

gallon 267,881  68 

Steam,  locomotive  and  marine  engines,  5  per  cent 13,141  69 

Thread  and  twine,  5  per  cent 5  80 

Tinware,  Spercent 857  90 

Varnish,  5  per  cent 253  61 

Wine  made  in  imitation  of  imported  sparkling  wine,  in  bottles  containing 

more  than  one  pint,  and  not  more  than  one  quart,  $6  per  dozen 5  30 

Woolen  cloth,  «fec.,  24  per  cent 135  70 

Manufactures  not  elsewhere  enumerated,  5  per  cent 1 6, 966  58 

Maniifact'd  articles  increased  in  value  by  polishing,  painting,  &c.,  5  per  cent.  18  30 

Total  manufactures  and  productions $574,444  73 

Gross  Eeceipts. 

Advertisements,  3  per  cent $      537  80 

Bridges  and  toll  roads,  3  per  cent - 1,360  59 

Canals,  2i  i^er  cent 22  32 

Ferries,  3  per  cent 248  59 

Insurance  Companies,  1|  per  cent 1,105  13 

Lotteries  and  lottery  ticket  dealers,  5  per  cent 13  45 


■...-).-,')  02 

1.7.-,  1  .-,0 

:{0  00 

2  00 

102  48 

4  85 

OF   LANCASTEB   COUNTY.  489 

Railroads,  2|  per  cent ^  j  (jg-  o- 

Stage  Coaches,  &c.,  2^  per  cent UK;  oQ 

Telegraph  Companies,  3  per  cent ;^  qj) 

Theatres,  circuses,  &c.,  2  per  cent 0^4  qq 

Total  of  gross  receipts  jj; 

Sales. 

Auction  sales,  one-tenth  of  one  per  cent ^ 

Brokers,  cattle,  annual  sales  over  $10,000,  $1  per  $1,000 

Brokers,  commercial,  one-twentieth  of  one  per  cent 

Dealers,  annual  sales  over  $50,000,  $1  per  $1,000 

Dealers  in  liquor,  annual  sales  over  $50,000,  $1  ])er  $1,000 

Total  from  sales ^  l^ggO  33 

Special  Taxes. 

Apothecaries,  annual  sales  not  over  $25,000,  $10 $  188  33 

Architects  and  civil  engineers,  $10 10  00 

Auctioneers,  annual  sales  not  over  $10,000,  $10 379  33 

Auctioneer.s,  annual  sales  over  $10,000,  $10 289  10 

Banks  and  bankers,  capital  not  over  $50,000,  $100 • 21G  07 

Banks  and  bankers,  capital  over  $50,000,  $2  for  each  additional  $1,000,  in 

addition  to  the  $100 4,280  00 

Billiard  rooms,  each  table,  $10 20  00 

Boats,  barges  and  Hats,  of  capacity  exceeding  100  tons,  $10 5  00 

Bowling  alleys,  each  alley,  $10 110  00 

Brewers,  annual  manufacture  less  than  500  barrels,  $50 595  84 

Brewers,  annual  manufacture  not  less  than  500  barrels,  $100 387  50 

Brokers,  cattle,  annual  sale  not  over  $10,000,  $10 2,257  52 

Brokers,  commercial,  $20 188  14 

Brokers,  produce,  $10 078  21 

Brokers,  stock,  $50 25  00 

Builders  and  contractors,  $10 105  00 

Butchers,  annual  sales  not  over  $25,000,  $10 ...  004  50 

Butchers  who  sell  from  carts  exclusively,  $5 028  10 

Circuses,  $100 100  00 

Claim  agents,  $10 175  83 

Confectioners,  annual  sales  not  over  $25,000,  $10 50  00 

Conveyancers,  $10 -100  GO 

Dealers,  retail,  $10 •""•'•"'l'-  45 

Dealers,  wholesale,  whose  annual  sales  not  over  $50,000,  $50 2.903  00 

Dealers,  retail,  liquor,  $25 '■^•'>'^^  CO 

Dealers,  wholesale,  liquor,  annual  sales  not  over  $50,000,  $100 1,087  00 

Dentists,  $10 -i~'>  ^^ 

Distillers  of  coal  oil ^-^  ^■' 

Distillers  of  spirituous  liquors,  $100 ^^''^^  ^^ 

Eating  hou.ses,  $10 ^^-  'fl 

Exhibitions,  not  otherwise  in-ovided  for,  $10 •'•'  '>' 

Gift  enterprises,  $150 "|J  ^'^ 

Grinders  of  coffee  and  spices  $100 ^•'']  ^^ 

Horse  dealers,  $10 ^'*'-''  ^'"^ 

Hotels,  yearly  rental  over  $200,  or  less,  $10 -•■1"^^  00 

Hotels,  yearly  rental  over  $200,  $5  for  every  $100,  or  fractional  part  thereof, 

in  addition  to  the  $10  


2.710  00 


490  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

Insurance  agents,  domestic,  annual  receipts  not  over  $100,  fo $  35  00 

Insurance  agents,  domestic,  annual  receipts  over  $100,  $5 340  48 

Jugglers,  $20 18  33 

LaA;\-yers,  $10 633  50 

Livery  stable  keepers,  $10 150  00 

Manufacturers,  $10 5,473  49 

Miners,  $10 20  00 

Patent  right  agents,  $10 40  83 

Patent  right  dealers,  $10 383  32 

Peddlers,  who  travel  with  two  horses  or  mules,  $35 345  83 

Peddlers,  who  travel  with  one  horse  or  mule,  $15 3,181  33 

Peddlers,  who  travel  on  foot,  $10 1,047  10 

Peddlers  of  fish,  $5 65  47 

Photographers,   $10 360  00 

Plumbers  and  gas  fitters,  annual  sales  not  over  $35,000,  $10 30  00 

Physicians  and  surgeons,  $10 1,618  39 

Real  estate  agents,  $10 51  67 

Rectifiers  of  any  quantity  not  exceeding  500  barrels,  $35 485  46 

Rectifiers  of  any  quantity  exceeding  500  barrels,  $35  in  addition  to  the  $35 

for  every  500  barrels  rectified.: 45  84 

Stallions  and  jacks,  $10 834  97 

Tobacconists,  $10 1,547  63 


Total  of  special  taxes $    53,536  30 

Incomea. 

Income  exceeding  $600,  and  not  exceeding  $5,000,  5  per' cent $  83,065  03 

Income  exceeding  $5,000  on  excess  over  $5,000,  10  per  cent 13,808  03 

Bank  dividends,  and  additions  to  surplus  funds,  5  per  cent 7,498  74 

Bank  profits,  not  divided  or  added  to  surplus,  5  per  cent 7,437  30 

Canal  companies'  dividends,  interest  on  bonds  and  additions  to  surplus 

funds.  5  per  cent 336  90 

Insurance  companies'  dividends,  interest  on  bonds,  and  additions  to  surplus 

fund,  5  per  cent 76  00 

Railroad  companies'  dividends,  interest  on  bonds,  and  addition  to  surplus 

funds,  5  per  cent 2,887  50 

Turnpike  companies'  dividends,  interest  on  bonds  and  surplus  funds,    5  per 

cent 900  53 


Total  incomes $115,010  31 

Legacies  and  Successions. 

Legacies,  lineal  issue,  or  ancestor,  brother  or  sister $  6,017  17 

Legacies,  descendant  of  brother  or  sister,  3  per  cent 3,713  59 

Legacies,  great-uncle  or  aunt,  or  descendant  of  same,  5  per  cent 340  00 

Legacies,  stranger  in  blood,  6  per  cent 366  10 

Successions,  lineal  issue  or  ancestor,  1  per  cent 4,331  53 

Succession,  brother,  sister  or  descendant,  3  per  cent 1,374  30 

Succession,  uncle,  aunt  or  descendant,  4  per  cent 33  38 

Succession,  stranger  in  blood,  0  per  cent 607  08 

Total  of  legacies  and  successions $16,673  05 

Articles  in  Schedule  A. 
Billiard  tables  kept  for  use,  $10  each $    40  00 


OF  LAXCASTEP.  COUNTY.  491 

Carriages,  including  harness,  kept  for  use,  valued  at  over  $300  and  not  over 

$500,  $6  each ^  1,G22  10 

Plate  of  silver,  kept  for  use,  per  ounce  troy 327  15 

"Watches,  gold,  kept  for  use,  not  over  $100  in  value.  .^1  eacli 1,277  00 

Watches,  gold,  kept  for  use,  over  $100  in  value,  $2  each 38G  00 

Collections  not  othenvise  herein  provided 4,0v0  00 

Total  of  articles  in  schedule  A $     7,702  25 

Bank  Circulation  and  Deposits^ 

Bank  deposits,  per  month,  one  twenty-fourth  of  one  per  cent $  2,040  53 

Bank  capital,  per  month,  one  twenty-fourth  of  one  per  cent 1,100  07 

Bank  circulation,  per  month,  one  twelfth  of  one  per  cent 920  81 

Banks,  on  amount  of  notes  of  any  person.  State  bank,  or  State  banking  asso- 
ciation, used  for  circulation,  and  paid  out,  10  per  cent 25  00 

Total  of  bank  circulation  and  deposits $     4,114  31 

Passports,  ^x. 

Passports,  $5  each $  5  00 

Slaughtered  animals 891  32 

Total  of  passports,  &c $  89G  32 

Penalties,  ^r. 

Unassessed  penalties $  478  57 

United  States  moiety  of  penalties  recovered  by  suits 070  00 

Penalties  received  on  compromises 50  00 

Total  of  penalties,  &c 1.1'-^^  -i* 

Total  from  all  sources  of  revenue $779,480  01 

THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  PIG  IKON  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY.^ 

ANTHRACITE   FURNACES. 

When 
Locality.  Proprietor.       Constructed.    Tons  Cupacity. 

St.  Charles,     1  Furnace,  at  Columbia,  C.  B.  Grubb,  1854,       5,500  per  annum. 

Cordelia,         1         "'  "  Kauft'mau  Iron  Co.,     1846,       5,000     " 

1844.  ) 
Shawnee,         3         "  "  Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Co.,  1853,  W5, 000     - 

18'59,  y 
Henry  Clay,  1         "  "  Denny  &  Hess,  1845,       5,000 

Musselman,    1         "  Marietta,    Henry  Musselman,       18G8,       5,500 

Marietta,         2         "  "  H.  M.  Watts  &  Sons,  J^^^;  }  10,000     "         - 

Doneo-al  1         "  "  Myers  &  Benson,  1847,       5,000     " 

Eaglet    '         1         "  "  S.  F.  Eagle  &  Son,       1854,       5.000     " 

Chicqiies,       1         "  "  E.  Haldeman  &  Co.,    1845,       5,000     " 

Conestoga,     J         •'         Lancaster,       Thomas  &  Peacock,     184G,       5,000     '*        ^• 
Safe  Hai'bor,  1         "         Safe  Harbor,  Phojnix  Iron  Co.,         1848,       5,000 

Total  capacity  of  Furnaces  71,000  tons  of  pig  metal  per  annum.     This  amount  is 
produced  at  the  present  time. 

CHARCOAL   FURNACES. 

Constructea.  Cftpaclty. 

Mount  Hope,       1  Furnace,  owned  by  E.  &  A.  B.  Grubb.  1785  1000  tons. 

Conowingo,         1         "  "        Cabeen  &  Co.,  1800  1000      • 

1  For  interesting  articles  on  Banks  and  Insurance  see  Appendi.K,  Division  X.  >o.  13. 

2  Contributed  by  Charles  B.  Grubb,  Esq. 


492 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


THE  MANUFACTURE  OF  BLOOMS  IN  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Spring  Grove  Forge,  not  in  operation. 
Pool  '•  " 

Windsor  "  " 

Brooke  "  " 

Ringwood  "         in  operation. 

Sadsbury  "  " 

Martic  "  " 

Colenianville        •'  " 

Those  not  in  operation  have  been  abandoned  for  many  years  and  will  probably  never 
rur  again.     The  production  is  about  1000  tons  per  annum,  per  forge. 


Columbia  Mill, 
Susquehanna  Mill, 
Rohrerstovvu      " 
Becker  ' ' 

Safe  Harbor,      " 


ROLLING   MILLS. 
Kind. 

Columbia,  Railroad  Iron 

"  Merchant  Iron, 
Rohrerstown,  "  " 

Marietta,  "  " 

Safe  Harbor, 


Capacity. 
G,000  tons  per  annum. 
5,000  " 

1,200 
1,200 
6,000  " 


Railroad     ' ' 

In  illustration  of  the  extraordinary  development  of  the  iron  interest  consequent 
upon  the  use  of  anthracite  coal,  I  give  the  subjoined  synoj^sis  of  1833,  respecting  the 
Iron  Works  of  Lancaster  County: 


Furnaces. 

Owners'  names. 

(^uan 

piifs 
cast 

ity  of 

and 

ngs. 

Quantities 
of  bar. 

ttti 

llollina:  mills  and  Nail 
factories. 

Cornwall, 

jBird  Coleman, 

1.200  tons, 

Martic — Jas.   Coleman's 

Colebrook, 

Bird  Coleman, 

1,000 

do 

estate ;  500  tons  nail  and 

Elizabeth, 

James  Coleman, 

1,000 

do 

500  tons  rolled  iron. 

Conowingo, 

'Hopkins  ifc  Orrick, 

800 

do 

Laurel— Buckley's;   500 

Mount  Hope 

,  Edward  B.  Grubb, 

1,000 

do 

tons  nails  and  500  tons 

Forges. 

rolled  iron. 

Hopewell, 

Bird  Coleman, 

250  tons. 

Martic, 

-las.  Coleman's  estate, 

300 

do 

Brook, 

Buckley, 

150 

do 

Ringwood, 
Poole, 

1  Buckley, 
Samuel  Jacobs, 

250 

200 

do 
do 

Spring. 

Samuel  Jacobs, 

200 

do 

Windsor, 

Robert  Jenkins, 

200 

do 

Hibernia, 

!  Charles  Brooks, 

2:10 

do 

Sadsbury, 

■James  Prowell, 

^00 

do 

Rock, 

John  Caldwell, 

200 

do 

Webb's, 

jjohn  Caldwell, 

200 

do 

IRON  ORES  OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

"  The  iron  ores  of  Lancaster  county  are  almost  entirely  limoniie  or  hematite;  a  few 
small  veins  of  magnetite  ores  have  been  discovered,  but  they  are  unprofitable  to  operate. 
The  great  deposit  of  orejis  Chestnut  Hill,  situated  about  7  miles  from  Lancaster  and  3 
miles  from  Columbia,  in  West  Hempfield  township.  This  ore  is  found  in  a  gorge  of 
the  primitive  formation,  rests  upon  the  primal  white  sandstone,  is  overlaid  by  argilla- 
cious  slate  and  bounded  at  its  outlet  of  the  gorge  by  the  limestone  valley.  The  ore  is 
of  the  best  quality  for  all  purposes  of  manufacture  except  that  of  steel,  and  is  consid- 
ered almost  of  a  neutral  quality,  yielding  from  40  to  55  per  cent,  of  metallic  iron.  The 
ore  property  there  is  now  owned  in  difterent  tracts  by  C.  B.  Grubb,  heirs  of  E.  B. 
Grubb,  Chestnut  Hill  Iron  Ore  Company,  Silver  Spring  Iron  Ore  Company,  other  par- 
ties owning  small  out-croppings  of  the  main  de]wsit.  The  mine  was  worked  to  a  very 
limited  extent  in  the  latter  part  of  the  18th  century,  but  since  1883  to  the  present  time 
1,000,000  tons  may  safely  be  given  as  the  quantity  taken  out. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  493 

"Several  good  mines  have  been  opened  witliin  a  few  years  in  the  neigliborhood  of 
Quarryville  and  New  Providence,  and  large  qnantities  of  ore  are  taken  out,  Init  its 
quality  being  cold  short,  the  ore  requires  to  be  mixed  with  other  ores  of  a  diflerent 
character  to  produce  good  iron. 

"At  Conowingo  an  excellent  quality  of  ore  has  been  worked  for  a  number  of  years, 
but  the  mine  is  not  svifficiently  developed  to  judge  of  its  extent. 

"The  13  anthracite  furnaces  in  the  county  in  operation  at  the  present  time,  use  not 
less  than  180,000  tons  of  ore  per  annum  to  produce  71,000  tons  of  pig  iron;  of  this 
quantity  about  50,000  tons  of  ore  are  mined  in  the  county,  and  of  the  balance  of 
130,000  tons,  the  most  is  taken  from  York  county;  some  from  Cornwall,  in  Lebanon 
county,  and  some  from  Perry  and  Cumberland  counties.  It  may  be  estimated  that 
about  30,000  tons  of  ore  are  taken  from  Lancaster  county  to  Phcenixville,  Danville  and 
other  places,  thus  making  the  production  of  this  county  about  80,000  tons  of  ore  per 
annum,  which,  multified  by  -|4  per  ton  as  the  average  value  at  the  mines,  would  repre- 
sent 1320,000  worth  of  mineral  per  annum. 

"The  value  of  71,000  tons  of  pig  metal  produced  in  this  county  at  the  present  time, 
is  not  less  than  $2, 500, 000  per  annum ;  and  of  railroad  and  merchant"  s  bar-iron  ^1 ,  000.000. 
Nine-tenths  of  the  cost  of  pig  iron  is  for  actual  labor,  the  value  of  the  raw  material 
being  very  small,  and  of  the  2|  million  dollars'  worth  of  iron  produced,  $2,250,000 
goes  to  the  laborer,  it  requiring  18  days'  work  to  produce  1  ton  of  pig  metal,  thus 
showing  that  what  creates  so  much  labor  must  be  of  vast  advantage  to  the  farmer  and 
storekeeper — the  iron  business." 

PAPER  MILLS. ^ 

Of  the  early  history  of  Paper-making  in  Lancaster  county,  we  have  very  little  definite 
information.  Fifty  years  ago,  the  late  Mr.  John  Triewitz,  of  this  city,  had  a  paper 
mill  at  Ephrata.  At  that  time  he  was  manufacturing  "pasteboard"  by  the  old  ami 
tedious  hand-process.  He  also  manufactured  print  paper,  and  in  later  years  suppl  ied  Mr. 
Baer  with  paper  for  the  Volksfreund.  Of  course,  the  paper  was  all  made  by  the  old 
fashioned  hand-process.     The  mill  was  subsequently  converted  into  a  saw-mill. 

About  thirty  years  ago  B.  B.  Eshleman  was  engage'd  in  the  manufacture  of  hand- 
made paper,  at  what  was  for  many  years  known  as  Eshleman' s  I\Iill,  on  the  West 
Branch  of  the  Octoraro,  in  Bart  township.  We  are  unable  to  fix  the  exact  date  of 
the  enterprise.  The  manufacture,  however,  was  carried  on  only  in  a  small  way,  and 
was  not  a  financial  success. 

In  December  1854,  Jno.  R.  Bitner,  C.  A.  Bitner,  Baltzer  Lipp,  Wm.  C  Beecher,  and 
Samuel  Beecher,  purchased  the  old  "Fulling  Mill,"  on  the  Conestoga,  at  Eden,  from 
D.  G.  Swartz,  and  commenced  remodeling  it  for  a  paper  mill.  They  procured  a  new 
cylinder  paper  machine  from  Nelson  Gavitt,  of  Philadelphia,  and  had  their  rag  engmes 
constructed  at  the  mill.  In  the  fall  of  1855,  they  commenced  operat.on.s  Mr.  Lipp 
being  Superintendent.  The  mill  was  calculated  for  a  production  of  loOO  lbs  per  day 
but  it  was  soon  found  that  the  power  was  inadequate  for  such  a  result  On  the  dlst 
of  March  1856,  one  half  of  the  interest  of  the  Messrs.  Bitners  was  sold  to  Dv  J.  I  . 
Kurtz,  and  shortly  after  the  concern  passed  into  the  hands  ot  Kurtz  &  Lipp,  he  Bi  - 
ners  and  Beechers  withdrawing.  In  1859  the  enterprise  failed,  and  in  1860,  the  mill 
was  purchased  by  Emanuel  Shober,  who  ran  it  very  successfully  for  six  or  seven  yea  > 
his  being  the  first  pecuniary  success  in  paper-making  i.i  this  county.  He  snppbed  the 
deficiency  in  water-power  with  a  steam  engine  and  thus  doubled  the  I^'f  ;-t';;'%  ^"^- 
ing  most  of  this  time  George  Ehrhart  was  foreman  of  the  mill,  and  John  A.  Shober 

business  manager.  ,       .  .        , 

In  1866    Emanuel  Shober  purchased  the  excellent  water-power  and  S -^  ^nd  sa  v 
mill  on  the  Conestoga,  at  Slackwater,  and  at  once  made  preparations  to  con^ert  it 
1  Contributed  by  J.  M.  W.  Geist,  Esq. 


49-i  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

into  a  paper  mill.  In  1867  the  machinery  of  the  Eden  mill  was  moved  into  the  mill  at 
Slackwater,  the  Eden  property  having  in  the  meantime  been  sold  to  Benj.  Harnish, 
who  has  since  erected  a  grist  mill  thereon.  The  mills  at  Slackwater  now  run  eleven 
rag-engines  and  two  j^aper  machines,  one  a  Fourdrinier  and  the  other  a  cylinder.  The 
establishment  is  owned  by  Emanuel  Shober,  and  John  A.  Shober  is  the  Superintendent. 
The  product  has  thus  far  been  confined  to  book  and  news  print  of  *' machine-finish," 
and  an  excellent  quality  of  heavy  manilla. 

In  1855,  Benjamin  Suavely  and  Frederick  Myers  purchased  the  watei'-power  and 
turning  shop  at  Camargo,  Eden-twp.,  from  the  late  Christian  H.  Bi'eneman,  and  com- 
menced the  erection  of  a  paper  mill,  under  the  superintendence  of  Mr.  Breneman. 
The  machinery  was  built  by  Nelson  Gavitt,  of  Philadelphia,  about  the  same  time  he 
built  the  machinery  for  the  Eden  mill.  It  consisted  of  two  rag-engines  and  a  seventy- 
two  inch  cylinder  paper  machine.  It  was  soon  found  that  the  water-power  was  inade- 
quate to  turn  out  a  profitable  product,  and  auxiliary  steam  power  had  to  be  introduced. 
The  paper  was  sold  by  the  Camargo  Manufacturing  Company,  consisting  of  Benjamin 
Suavely,  C.  H.  Breneman  and  B.  F.  Breneman,  who  had  their  warerooms  in  Lancaster 
city.  Owing  to  the  great  distance  the  coal,  stock  and  manufactured  product  had  to  be 
transported  from  the  railroad,  and  the  low  price  of  paper  at  that  period  (ordinary  news 
selling  as  low  as  eight  cents  per  pound, )  the  enterprise  did  not  prove  profitable,  and  it 
was  abandoned  in  1862,  and  the  macliinery  sold,  sohie  of  it  having  been  since  purchased 
by  Mr.  Shober  for  his  mills  at  Slackwater. 

In  the  fall  of  1865  a  company  was  organized  in  Lancaster  under  the  general  manu- 
facturing laws  of  the  State,  for  the  purpose  of  engaging  in  the  manufacture  of  printing 
paper.  The  enterprise  originated  with  the  "Newspaper  Publishers  of  Lancaster,  whose 
primary  object  was  to  secure  increased  accommodations  in  their  supply  of  j^aper,  but  their 
plan  of  operations  was  subsequently  changed  and  materially  extended.  The  company 
l^urchased  the  okrBinkley  Mill  property,  at  Binkley's  Bridge,  on  the  Conestoga,  and 
commenced  building  operations  on  the  first  of  April,  1866.  The  company  consisted  of 
John  I.  Hartman  and  John  A.  Hiestand,  of  the  Examiner;  R.  A.  Baer  and  C.  R.  Baer, 
of  the  Volksfreund;  J.  H.  Pearsol  and  J.  M.  "W.  Geist,  of  the  Express;  John  M. 
Cooper  and  Wm.  A.  Morton,  of  the  Intelligencer;  Wm.  M.  Wiley,  Jno.  R.  Bitner,  C. 
A.  Bitner,  B.  F.  Baer,  and  Geo.  Ehrhart.  The  latter  was  elected  Superintendent  and 
C.  R.  Baer,  Treasurer.  The  new  buildings  were  erected,  the  machinery  in  place,  and 
the  Mill  in  operation  in  September  following.  In  November,  1867,  Mr.  Cooper  with- 
drew, disposing  of  his  interest  to  the  Messrs.  Bitner,  and  on  April  1,  1868,  Mr.  Ehrhart 
retired,  disposing  of  his  interest  to  the  Company.  He  was  succeeded  by  Adam  H.  Lindsay, 
of  Greenville,  Conn.,  as  Superintendent,  who  still  has  the  management  of  the  practical 
details  of  the  Mill.  The  buildings  are  substantial  stone  structures,  and  the  machinery, 
which  was  built  by  John  L.  Seaverns,  of  Worcester,  Mass.,  was  put  in  new  and  of  the 
best  quality.  It  consists  of  three  large  rag-engines,  one  seventy-two  inch  Fourdrinier 
machine,  and  a  four-roll  stack  of  calenders  for  suiDCr-calendering  book  paper,  with  the 
ixsual  additional  appliances  of  a  modern  paper  mill.  A  reservoir  of  spring  water  ad- 
joining the  mill,  sixty  feet  square  and  twelve  feet  deep,  is  one  of  the  best  in  the  countiy. 
The  establishment  is  known  as  the  "Printers'  Paper  Mill,"  and  is  run  exclusively  on 
book  and  news  print,  of  machine  and  sui^er-calendered  finish. 

COTTON  MILLS. 

There  are  now  in  successful  operation  in  the  City  of  Lancaster  five  cotton  mills,  run- 
ning 41,958  spindles;  making  tickings,  fine  brown  cottons,  jeans,  genuine  nankeens, 
10-4  sheetings,  4-4  sheetings,  drills,  cotton  flannels,  &c.,  &c.,  employing  about  1300 
hands. 

The  goods  from  these  mills  are  very  popular  and  command  rapid  sale. 

There  is  a  mill  on  the  Conestoga,  in  Lancaster  township,  called  Rockland  Factory — 
not  included  in  the  above,  which  employs  about  75  hands,  and  runs  3000  spindles. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  495 


DIVISION  YIII. 


PHILANTHROPIC. 

The  Orphan  Asylum  op  Lancaster,  an  incorporated  institution,  f(jr  the  reception 
of  female  orphans  not  less  than  four  and  not  more  than  ten  years  of  a;je,  was  founded 
in  1849,  and  owes  its  existence  to  the  liberality  of  the  late  Mrs.  Mary  Smith,  and  to  a 
grant  of  the  Legislature.  Its  Trustees  are  the  Rector,  Wardens  and  Yestiymon  of  St. 
James's  Church.  It  has  accommodations  for  eighteen  orphans.  The  asylum  has  been 
in  successful  operation  from  the  day  of  its  opening,  and  has  now  (18C9)  fourteen 
orphans,  among  them  twelve  soldiers'  orphans. 

The  Bishop  Bowman  Church  Home  for  the  aged  and  infirm,  was  founded  by 
Bishop  Bowman;  it  is  supported  by  voluntary  contributions.  An  admirable  institution 
designed  to  provide  for  Christian  people  a  comfortable  home  in  the  evening  of  life.  It 
has  five  or  six  inmates.     The  Rector  of  St.  James's  Church  is  ex  officio  its  President. 

The  Home  for  Friendless  Children!  of  Lancaster  city  and  county,  was  estaldishcd 
in  the  year  1859,  by  the  efforts  and  contributions  of  Miss  Mary  Bowman,  a  small  uumber 
of  benevolent  ladies  and  other  citizens,  who  were  impressed  with  the  absolute  necessity 
of  rescuing  from  degradation  and  idleness,  cliildren  who  were  left  without  a  proper 
protector,  and  who  were  daily  exposed  to  the  most  vicious  associations. 

The  salutary  effects  of  their  first  efforts  were  manifested  upon  the  children  who  re- 
ceived the  benefits  of  the  Home  and  also  in  the  obvious  moral  results  to  the  commu- 
nity, in  withdrawing  from  the  streets  those  who  were  devoted  to  beggary  and  idleness, 
and  without  instruction  as  to  their  social,  moral  or  religious  duties. 

In  the  history  of  this  generous  enterprise  we  have  again  an  illusti-ation  of  the  excel- 
lence of  that  advice  which  bids  us  "despise  not  the  day  of  small  things."  The 
small  beginning  was  made  with  but  few  articles  of  furniture  and  but  two  dollars  in  the 
treasury;  to-day  it  is  a  larominent  iniblic  charity  of  which  both  city  and  county  may 
well  feel  proud. 

An  act  to  incorporate  the  Home  for  Friendless  Cliildren  was  passed  in  the  Legisla- 
ture, March  29,  1860.  In  pursuance  of  the  provisions  of  this  act  a  Board  of  3Ianagei-s, 
consisting  of  twenty-four  ladies  and  sixteen  gentlemen,  were  duly  elected.  Dr.  J.  L. 
Atlee,  sr.,  was  then  elected  President,  and  has  retained  his  position  until  the  prcsent 
time.  Miss  Bowman  retained  her  position  as  first  Directress  of  the  Board  of  Lady  !Mana- 
gers  until  1805,  when  she  removed  from  the  city,  and  her  place  was  filled  by  the  present 
fii'st  Directress,  Mrs.  S.  M.  Kramph. 

Since  the  "Home"  was  incorporated,  it  lias  received  from  the  State  two  appropria- 
tions of  12,500,  part  of  which  sums  was  expended  in  the  purchase  of  the  present  Homo 
building,  in  South  Queen  street.  It  has  also  received  two  bequests,  one  from  Mr.  W. 
Whiteside  of  $500;  and  one  from  Miss  Hess,  of  the  same  amount;  §5,000  (thousand) 
received  from  the  County  Commissioners,  and  ^15,000,  collected  in  the  city  and  county, 
from  individuals,  have  been  approprialed  to  building  a  new  "  Home,"  the  present  ono 
having  been  found  inadequate  to  the  comfort  of  the  inmates.  The  new  building,  when 
finished,  will  be  one  of  the  most  convenient  in  the  State,  and  will  accommodate,  comforta- 
1  Contributed  by  Mrs.  0.  A.  Ehler. 


496  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

bly,  one  hundred  and  fifty  children.     It  is  being  built  by  contract,  at  an  expense  of 
twenty-eight  thousand  dollars,  ($28,000);  the  cost  of  the  lot  being  |3, 300. 

The  number  of  children  regularly  surrendered  and  committed  to  this  institution, 
since  its  incorporation,  is  333.  Some  of  these  little  ones  have  been  placed  under  the 
protecting  shelter  of  the  "Home"  by  widowed  mothers  who,  from  sickness  or  some 
other  cause,  have  not  been  able  to  supjiort  their  offspring;  some  have  been  abandoned 
by  both  parents,  while  in  not  a  few  cases  the  child  has  lost  father,  mother  and  home, 
and  thus  sadly  orphaned,  has  been  thrown  u^jon  the  cold  charity  of  the  world;  to  such 
the  ' '  Home ' '  has  always  been  a  refuge,  and  the  Managers  hope,  that  with  their  new 
building  and  the  hearty  co-operation  of  the  friends  of  this  institution,  their  opportuni- 
ties for  usefulness  will  be  even  gi-eater  in  the  future  than  they  have  been  in  the  past. 

FREE  AND  ACCEPTED  MASONS. 

Lodge  No.  43,  held  in  the  City  of  Lancaster,  is  the  oldest  Lodge  in  Lancaster  county, 
and  the  eighth  oldest  Lodge  in  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  for  which  a  war- 
rant, authorizing  and  empowering  brother  John  Stephen  Chambers,  Worshipful  Master, 
John  Doyle,  Senior  Warden  and  Henry  Hviber,  Junior  Warden,  of  a  new  Lodge  to  be 
called  No.  43,  to  be  held  in  the  Borough  of  Lancaster,  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania,  or 
anywhere  within  five  miles  of  the  same,  to  Admit  and  Make  Free  Masons,  according  to 
the  ancient  custom  of  the  Royal  Craft,  in  all  ages  and  nations  throughout  the  known 
world,  and  not  contrawise,  &c.,  &c.,  was  granted  21st  day  of  April,  A.  D.  1785,  and  in  the 
year  of  Free  Masonry,  5785,  at  Philadelphia,  by  the  Grand  Lodge,  for  the  Province  of 
Pennsylvania,  by  virtue  of  a  Provincial  Grand  Warrant,  from  Grand  Lodge  of  London, 
Great  Britain,  whereof  then  the  Right  Worshipful  and  Right  Honorable  Thomas 
Erskine,  Earl  of  Kelly,  Viscount  Fenton,  Lord  Barron,  of  Pitteen  Ween,  &c.,  in  Great 
Britain,  was  Grand  Master  of  Masons. 

The  Right  Worshi])ful  William  Osborne,  Deputy  Grand  Master;  the  Right  Worship- 
ful Mr.  AVilliam  Dickey,  Senior  Grand  Warden;  the  Right  Worshipful  James  Gibson, 
Esq.,  Junior  Grand  Warden,  and  the  seal  of  the  said  Grand  Lodge,  bearing  date  June 
20th,  1764,  A.  M.,  5764. 

The  Revolution  necessitated  the  subjoined  change  of  authority: 

By  virtue  of  a  Dispensation  granted  by  the  R.  W.,  William  Adcock,  Esq.,  Grand 
Master  of  Masons  for  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  on  the  night  of  the  14th  of 
September,  A.  D.,  1785,  A.  L.,  5785,  at  the  house  of  Frederick  Hubley,  in  Lancaster 
city,  was  Installed,  Stephen  Chambers,  W.  M. ;  John  Doyle,  S.  W. ;  Henry  Huber,  J. 
W. ;  of  Lodge  No.  43  in  the  Borough  of  Lancaster,  Pa. 

A  New  Warrant  was  I'eceived  August  8th,  A.  D.  1787,  A.  L.,  5787,  that  was  granted 
by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania,  dated  July  14,  A.  D.,  1787,  A.  L.,  5787,  (reciting 
the  original  Warrant  of  Lodge  No.  43,)  by  which  new  Warrant  all  the  rights  and  privi- 
leges apjiertaining  to  Free  Masonry,  were  confirmed  unto  John  Doyle,  Worshipful 
Master;  Henry  Huber,  Senior  Warden;  Charles  Smith,  Junior  Warden;  and  the  Breth- 
ren of  Lodge  No.  43  and  their  successors  forever. 

Among  the  Past  Masters  of  Lodge  No.  43,  are  the  following  honored  and  distinguished 
citizens :  Stephen  Chambers,  John  Doyle,  James  Moore,  Solomon  Etting,  Chai-les  Smith, 
Matthew  Barton,  James  Gamble,  Wm.  Kirkpatrick,  Peter  Getz,  Jeremiah  Mosher, 
Jacob  Carpenter,  John  MoiTis,  John  Miller,  Abraham  Henry,  Ben.  West  Henry,  Robert 
McElwee,  John  Reynolds,  George  Whitecar,  Geo.  B.  Porter,  Thomas  Jeffries,  Henry 
Keffer,  James  Buchanan,  Ebenezer  Wright,  Jasper  Slaymaker,  Matthew  McKelly, 
John  Mathiot,  John  Landis,  Abner  Thomas,  Alexander  Miller,  Robei't  Moderwell, 
Elijah  McLenegan,  Jacob  Albright,  Emanuel  Schaefter,  J.  Heniy  Brown,  &c. 

Washington  Lodge,  No.  156,  held  at  Drumore  Center.  Warrant  dated  February  2d, 
A.  L.,  5818,  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania.  , 

1  Contributed  by  Major  O.  M.  Howell. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  497 

Columbia  Lodge,  No.  286,  held  at  Columbia.  Wanant  dated  .January  13ih,  A.  L., 
5854,  by  the  Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania. 

Ashara  Lodge,  No.  398,  held  at  :Marietta.  "Warrant  dated  Novcnilx?r,  A.  L.,5807,  liy 
Grand  Lodge  of  Pennsylvania. 

Colerain  Lodge,  No.  417,  held  at  Kirkwood,  Coleraiu  townshiii.  AVarrant  dated  June, 
A.  L.,  5868. 

Chapter  43,  A.  Y.  'M.,  held  at  Lancaster  City.  Original  Dispensatiou  granted  March 
2,  A.  L.,  5809. 

Columbia  Commaudery,  No.  13,  of  Knights  Templar,  held  in  Lancaster  City.  Dis- 
pensatiou grauted  June  11,  A.  L.  5856. 

Goodwin  Council,  No.  19,  of  Royal  Super  Excellent  and  Select  Masters,  held  in  Lan- 
caster City.     Dispensation  granted  February  26th,  A.  L.,  5864. 

The  counties  of  Lancaster  and  Y'ork  constitute  the  Masonic  District,  No.  1.,  with 
Charles  M.  Howell,  R.  W.  District  Deputy  Grand  :>Lister. 

INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  ODD  FELLOWS.i 

Odd  Fellowship  was  introduced  into  Lancaster  county  on  the  29th  of  May,  1841,  by 
the  institution  of  Lancaster  Lodge,  No.  67i  The  meetings  of  the  lodge  were  for  some 
time  held  in  a  room  on  the  southwest  corner  of  North  Queen  and  "SValnut  streets, 
when  rooms  in  the  building  on  the  southwest  corner  of  North  Queen  and  Chesnut 
were  leased  for  the  purpose.  In  1845  the  lodge  purchased  and  remodeled  the  building 
known  as  the  Quaker  Meeting  House,  in  South  Queen  street,  and  in  1846  moved  into 
it,  where  it  has  remained  to  this  time.  Owing  to  the  strong  prejudice  whicli  prevailed 
among  a  great  portion  of  the  citizens  of  this  county  against  secret  societies,  the  build- 
ing was  not  formally  dedicated  until  1852,  when  a  grand  demonstration  of  the  Order 
took  place  in  Lancaster.  Lancaster  Lodge  at  present  numbers  over  four  luindred  mem- 
bers in  good  standing,  and  possesses  property  valued  at  .^15,000.  This  lodge  has,  since 
its  organization,  paid  out  for  benefits  to  sick  and  disabled  members,  and  for  the  relief 
of  widows  and  orphans,  $23,118.16.  Monterey  Lodge,  also  of  Lancaster  city,  though 
established  some  years  later  than  Lancaster  Lodge,  has  nearly  four  hundred  contri- 
buting brothers,  and  over  $8,000  invested.  The  annual  report  ending  May,  1868,  showed 
a  membership  of  1,674,  and  that  the  receipts  for  that  lodge  year  were  $12,347,  and  the 
amount  paid  out  during  the  same  period  for  relief,  $7,173,  in  Lancaster  county.  Be- 
sides the  subordinate  lodges,  there  are  three  Encampments  of  the  patriarchal  or  higher 
degrees  of  the  Order — one  in  Lancaster  city,  another  at  Columbia,  and  a  third  at 
Marietta. 

The  following  is  a  list  of  the  lodges  and  encampments  of  Odd  Fellows,  in  Lancas- 
ter city  and  county,  with  their  locations : 
No.  67,  Lancaster  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"    80,  Susquehanna  Lodge,  Columbia. 

"  128,  Elizabethtown  Lodge,  Elizabethtown. 

"  129,  Donegal  Lodge,  Marietta. 

'•  161,    Pequea  Lodge,  Paradise. 

"  243,  Monterey  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"  277,  Mount  Joy  Lodge,  Mount  Joy. 

"  334,  Conestoga  Lodge,  Safe  Harbor. 

"  361,  Strasburg  Lodge,  Strasburg. 

"  374,   Kosciusko  Lodge,  Rawlinsville. 

"408,  Cocalico  Lodge,  Reamstown. 

"  413,  Earl  Lodge,  New  Holland. 

"  420,  Little  Britain  Lodge,  Oak  Hill. 

'•  509,  Drumore  Lodge,  Fairfield. 

IContributed  by  3Ir.  H.  A.  KockaficUI. 

33 


498  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

No.  544,  Coleraiu  Lodge,  Kirkwood. 

"    599,  Hebel  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"    627,   Bainbridge  Lodge,  Bainbridge. 

"    Go7,  Selah  Lodge,  Manheim. 
No.  11,  Washington  Encampment,  Lancaster. 
Shawnee  Encampment,  Cokimbia. 

"    76,  Marietta  Encampment,  Marietta. 

IMPROVED  ORDER  OF  RED  MEN. 

.No.    3.  Metamoi-a  Tribe,  Lancaster. 
•**    22.  Ee-shah-ko-nee  Tribe,  Lancaster. 
■"    39.  Chiquesakmga  Tribe,  Columbia. 
*'    44.  Red  Jacket  Tribe,  Lancaster. 
"    59.  Otsego  Tribe,  Mount  .Joy. 
"    65.  Kishacaquillas  Tribe,  Conestoga  Centre. 

ORDER  OF  UNITED  AMERICAN  MECHANICS. 

No.    8.  Conestoga  Council,  Lancaster. 

"    60.  Adamstown  Council,  Adamstown. 

*'    64.  Millersville  Council,  Millersville. 

"    67.  North  Star  Council,  Quarry ville. 

"    72.  Waterford  Council,  Marietta. 

"  116.  Ephrata  Council,  Ephrata. 

"  140.  Pawnee  Council,  Churchtown. 

"  142.  Reamstown  Council,  Reamstowii. 

"  154.  Manheim  Council,  Manheim. 

*'  156.  Lancaster  Council,  Lancaster. 

"  160.  Riverside  Council,  Columbia. 

"  162.  Avirelia  Council,  Mount  Joy. 

"  165.  Earl  Council,  New  Holland. 

"  173.  Strasburg  Council,  Strasburg. 

"  180.  Manoga  Council,  Safe  Harbor. 

"  192.  Octoraro  Council,  Little  Britain-twp. 

"  196.  Marticville  Council,  Marticville. 

JUNIOR   O.    U.    A.  M. 

No.  22.  Conestoga  Council,  Lancaster. 
"    29.  Ephrata  Council,  Ephrata. 
■"    32.  Manheim  Council,  Manheim. 
■"    34.  Shawnee  Council,  Columbia. 
■"    50.  Conoy  Council,  Elizabethtown. 
■"    53.  Niagara  Council,  New  Holland. 

INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  GOOD  TEMPLARS. 

No.    6.  Susquehanna  Lodge,  Marietta. 
"      8.  Hope  Lodge,  Columbia. 
"      P.  Lancaster  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"  12.  Keystone  Lodge,  Mount  Joy. 

"  13.  Spring  Valley  Lodge,  Dri,more-twp. 

"  14.  Samaritan  Lodge,  Millersville, 

"  18.  Str.isburg  Lodge,  Strasburg. 

"  20.  Chestnut  Level  Lo:lge,  Chestnut  Level. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  499 

No.  26.  Fair  Hill  Lodge, 
"    35.  Union  Lodge,  Lancaster. 
"    52.  Christiana  Lodge,  Cliriistiana. 
"    80.  Little  Britain  Lodge,  Little  Britain-twp. 
"    86.  Colerain  Lodge,  Colerain-t^vp. 
I'    98.  Plymouth  Lodge,  Elizabethtown. 
"  109.  Georgetown  Lodge,  Bart-twp, 
"  233.  Enterprise  Lodge,  Enterprise. 
<'  292.  New  Holland  Lodge,  New  Holland. 
"  306.  Hygiene  Lodge,  Marietta. 
"  442.  Terre  Hill  Lodge,  Terre  Hill. 
"  640.  Manheim  Lodge,  Manheim. 

ROMAN  CATHOLIC  BENEFICIARY  SOCIETIES. 

2d  German  Society,  Lancaster. 
St.  Joseph's  Society,  Lancaster. 
St.  Joseph's  Society,  Columbia. 

ANCIENT  ORDER  OF  GOOD  FELLOWS. 

No.  12.  Schiller  Lodge,  Lancaster. 
"    28.  Hancock  Lodge,  Lancaster. 
"    31.  Union  Lodge,  Millersville. 

INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  DRUIDS. 

No.  8.  Mount  Moriah  Grove,  Lancaster. 

Columbia. 

INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF  SEVEN  WISE  MEN. 

No.  9.  Washington  Conclave,  Lancaster. 

KNIGHTS  OF   PYTHIAS. 

No.  68.  Lancaster  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"    81.  Evergreen  Lodge,  Columbia. 

"    88.  Inland  City  Lodge,  Lancaster. 

"  108.  Donegal  Lodge,  Marietta. 

INDEPENDENT  ORDER  OF   SONS  OF  MALTA. 

No.  — .    ,  Columbia. 

Besides  the  Lodge  at  Columbia,  other  Lodges  may  be  in  the  county,  although  statis- 
tics failed  to  come  to  hand. 

FEMALE  SOCIETIES. 

There  are  three  female  Beneficiaiy  Societies  at  Lancaster,  viz:    "The  Daughters  of 
Temperance,"  "The  Daughters  of  America,"  and  "The  Philozotheans. " 


500  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


DIYISIO:^  IX. 


PHYSICAL. 

INTRODUCTOEY.i 

It  was  at  first  thought  to  give  a  sliort  descrii^tive  history  of  the  natural  objects 
found  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  County,  but  this  was  soon  found  to  be  impractica- 
ble. The  species  and  varieties  are  too  numerous  to  be  described  in  detail,  except  in  a 
work  specially  devoted  to  that  purpose.  Moreover,  comparatively  few  of  them  have 
received  common  names,  except  the  quadrupeds,  birds,  reptiles  and  a  few  of  the  fishes. 
Therefore,  the  work  has  been  chiefly  confined  to  giving  lists  of  the  names  of  species, 
their  classes,  orders  and  families,  with  the  leading  characteristics  of  their  main  divi- 
sions, and  occasionally  of  some  of  their  sub-divisions.  Objections  may  be  made  to  a 
long  aiTay  of  Latin  names,  as  of  little  or  no  use  to  the  general  reader,  but  if  those  who 
are  at  all  interested  in  these  matters,  have  a  desire  to  form  any  acquaintance  with  the  sub- 
ject, they  will  ultimately  have  to  learn  the  import  of  these  names,  in  order  that  they  may 
be  enabled  to  take  an  intelligent  view  of  the  objects  they  comprehend.  It  is  true,  that 
the  value  of  common  names,  among  the  common  people,  ought,  perhaps,  not  be  entirely 
ignored;  but  these,  in  the  greater  number  of  instances,  are  so  confused,  and  so  local  in 
their  significance,  that  they  cannot  be  depended  upon  in  their  general  application;  more- 
over, the  time  will  eventually  come  in  the  history  of  our  scientific  literature  and  edu- 
cational systems,  when  this  apparently  objectionable  feature  of  Natural  history,  will  no 
longer  be  regarded  as  a  stumbling  block,  but  as  an  efficient  means  to  facilitate  its  pro- 
gress. These  catalogues,  therefore,  published  as  part  of  the  History  of  Lancaster 
County,  may  come  before  a  greater  number  of  people,  and  in  a  cheaper  form  than  is 
usual  through  the  publications  of  Scientific  associations.  They  may  contain  many 
errors  and  omissions,  and  may  also  include  some  species  that  have  not  been  fvilly  iden- 
tified with  their  assumed  locality;  but  these  may  be  corrected,  supplied,  or  eliminated 
by  the  student  of  our  local  history,  as  he  acquires  the  necessary  proficiency  to  do  so, 
without  effecting  any  special  scientific  demoralization. 

CLASS  MAMMALIA.i 

This  class  includes  the  four-footed  animals  or  quadrrtpeds.  The  females  bring  forth 
their  young  alive,  and  suckle  them  until  they  are  old  enough  to  provide  for  themselves. 
The  very  name  implies  that  the  females  have  teats  and  secrete  milk,  and  the  term 
"mamma,"  for  mother,  among  human  beings,  is  derived  from  the  name  of  this  class. 
If  an  aboriginal  naturalist  had  been  called  upon  to  make  out  a  catalogue  of  the  animals 
of  this  class,  when  he  roamed  in  undisturbed  possession  of  the  domain  of  our  county, 
and  had  transmitted  it  to  successive  generations,  it  no  doubt  would  have  contained 
many  species  that  are  now  extinct  in  the  county.  Although  the  deer,  the  bear,  the 
wolf,  and  perhaps  also  the  panther  and  the  beaver,  were  found  in  this  county  within 
my  lifetime — a  period  of  some  fifty  years — yet  at  the  present  time  these  animals  are  un- 
known to  our  territory.  Others,  in  the  following  list,  are  also  becoming  rare,  perhaps 
1  Contributed  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Rathvon.  > 


OF   LANCASTER   COUXTY, 


501 


"before  another  fifty  years  many  of  these  will  have  passed  beyond  our  borders,  never  to 
return.  Of  the  smaller  species  of  animals,  belonging  to  other  classes,  and  especially 
of  the  Insecta,  there  is  a  redundancy,  and  civilization  and  cultivation  seem  rather  to 
increase  their  numbers  than  to  diminish  them.  But  whether  this  state  of  tilings  exist- 
ed when  the  dense  primitive  forests  of  Lancaster  county  were  inhabited  by  the  Red- 
man and  his  animal  contemporaries — the  quadi-upeds  and  birds — is  a  matter  gravely  to 
be  doubted.  The  "Canada  Lynx"  or  wild  cat,  has  been  shot  in  this  county  within  the 
last  ten  years,  and  it  is  barely  possible  that  a  very  few  individuals  may  still  l>e  found  in 
the  woody  regions.  Thirty  years  ago  a  stray  panther  was  seen,  or  supposed  to  have 
been  seen,  within  the  county;  but  it  needed  a  fuiiher  corroboration  to  redeem  the 
assumption  from  passing  into  a  mere  myth,  and  that  corroboration  was  never  secured. 
Civilization  has,  however,  vastly  increased  the  numbers  of  a  few  mammals,  especially 
of  those  called  rats  and  mice.  Domestic  mammals,  such  for  instance  as  the  horse,  the 
ox  kind,  the  sheep  and  the  pig,  are  of  course  not  included  in  this  list,  because  it  is  too 
manifest  that  they  have  been  introduced  and  moreover  are  only  found  in  a  domestic  state. 


ORDER  CARNARIA. 

Family  I — Cheiroptera. 

Vkspertilio.     Lin. 
noveboracensis.     Lin.     Red-Bat. 
pruinosa.     Say.     Hoary-Bat. 
carolinensis.     Geof.     Brown-Bat. 
subulatus(?)     Say.     Subulate-Bat. 

Family  II — Insectivora. 

SoREX.     Lin. 
brevicaudus.     Say.     Shrew. 

ScALOPS.     Cnv. 
canadensis.     Cuv.     Mole. 

CONDTLURA.      III. 

cristata.     III.     Star-nose. 

Family  III — Carnivora. 

Procyon.     Str. 
lotor.     Lin.     Raccoon.    - 

MusTELA.     Lin. 
lutreola.     Lin.    Mink, 
vulgairs.     Lin.     "Weasel, 
erminea.l     Lin.     Ermine, 
pennanti.l     Ere.     Marten. 

Mephitis.     Cuv. 
americana.     Des.     Skunk. 

Ltjtra.    Brs. 
"brasiliensis.     Ray.     Otter. 

Canis.     Lin. 
fulvus.     Des.     Red-Fox. 
cinereo-argentatus.     0ml.     Gray-Fox. 

FEiiis.     Lin. 
canadensis.!   Geof.     Wild-Cat. 


Family  IY — Marsupialia. 

DiDELPnis.     Lin. 
virginiana.     Pen.     Opossum. 

ORDER  RODENT  I  A. 

Family  I — Claviculata. 

Fiber.     III. 
zibethicus.     Lin.     Musk-Rat. 
Arvicola.     Lacp. 
xanthognatus.     Lch.     Meadow  Mou.se. 
riparius.     Ord.     Short-tailed  Mouse. 

Mus.     Lin. 
decumanus.     Pal.     Common  Rat. 
rattus.2      Lin.     Black  Rat. 
musculus.     Lin.     Com.  Mouse, 
agrarius.     Gml.     Field  Mouse. 
Gerbillus.     Den. 
canadensis.     Des.     Jumping  Mouse. 

Arctomys.     Gml. 
monax.     Gml.     Ground  Hog. 
SciURUS.     Gml. 
cinereus.     Lin.     Cat  Squirrel, 
carolinensis.     Gml.     Gray  Squirrel, 
hudsonius.     Frs.     Red  Squirrel. 
uiger(?)     Lin.     Black  Squirrel. 

Tamias. 
striatus.     Kin.     Ground  Squirrel. 

Pteromys.     III. 
volucclla.     Lin.     Flying  Squirrel. 

Family  II — Inclaviculata 

Lepus.     Lin. 
americanus.3      Lin.     Common  Hare. 


1  Very  rare,  if  at  all  in  e.Kistence  in  this  county  at  the  present  time. 

2  This  animal  is  also  becoming  rare  in  this  county,  and  a  very  few  years  may  chronicle  its  total  ex- 

tinction.  .  »i,   . 

3  This  animal,  according  to  authors,  is  very  improperly  called  the  Babbil.  It  appears,  however,  that 
excepting  the  "English  Rabbit,"  which  lias  been  introduced  and  domesticated  here,  we  have  not  a 
true  rabbit  in  this  county,  or  even  in  North  America. 


502  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


ORNITHOLOGY.i 

It  will  be  seen  that  the  synopsis  comprises  both  the  scientific  and  common  names. 
The  scientific  name  is  followed  by  the  name  (in  brackets)  of  the  author  who  first  de- 
scribed and  named  the  species,  pi-operly,  and  then  by  the  name  of  the  author,  who 
referred  them  to  the  genus,  under  which  they  are  found,  and  then  by  the  vulgar  or 
common  name.  It  will  also  be  seen  that  the  more  important  species,  either  in  an  econ- 
omical point  of  view  or  as  of  value  in  determining  their  habits  and  migratory  limits, 
have  been  noticed  by  remarks  warranted  by  my  own  observations  and  those  of  others 
on  whose  judgment  I  could  rely.  In  regard  to  those  species  that  are  noticed  as  breed- 
ing in  the  County,  it  is  to  be  understood  that  only  those  are  thus  designated  which  are 
known  positively  to  do  so,  by  their  nests  and  eggs  having  been  found;  and  it  must  not 
be  inferred  that  others,  not  thus  indicated,  do  not,  for  it  is  reasonable  to  suppose  that 
those  species  which  remain  with  us  during  the  spring  and  summer  months,  do  so  for  the 
purpose  of  incubation. 

The  Ornithology  of  this  great  County,  a  commonwealth  in  itself,  may  be  regarded  as 
very  extensive,  jiossessing  nearly  half  the  entire  ornithology  of  Eastern  North  America. 
Those  speecies  that  are  Avanting,  being  natives  either  of  the  extreme  north  or  south; 
many  of  the  species,  it  is  true,  are  only  migratory,  and  a  few  accidental,  a  consequence 
always  attending  limited  districts  of  country;  but  the  proportion  is,  perhaps,  less  than 
would  be  found  in  almost  any  other  territory  of  the  same  size,  lying  farther  north  or 
south,  where  the  species  crowd  annually  to  rear  their  young  or  spend  the  winter,  whose 
severity  is  too  great  even  for  the  most  hardy  to  endure,  or  pick  up  a  scanty  subsistence. 
It  is  owing  to  the  circvimstance  that  our  county  occupies  a  middle  position,  that  those 
species  peculiarly  southern  or  arctic,  are  met  with  only  as  sti-agglers  or  occasional 
visitants. 

The  instinctive  wants  of  birds  seem  to  be  met  when  they  reach  a  climate  which  has 
a  middle  temperature,  subject  neither  to  arctic  cold  nor  tropical  heat.  Another  reason 
for  the  large  luimber  of  species  found  in  our  fauna,  is  the  great  variety  of  country 
within  our  limits.  The  noble  Susquehanna,  bordering  our  territory  for  nearly  sixty 
miles  on  our  southwestern  line,  reaching  down  to  near  tidewater;  the  Conestoga  and 
Octoraro  coming  down  from  the  north;  their  reedy  and  marshy  shores  and  islands 
affording  suitable  food  and  breeding  places  for  the  Anatidaj  and  the  Grallatores;  the 
towering  rocky  clifts  which  bound  the  river  in  a  portion  of  its  course  through  the 
county,  afford  the  Raptores  a  safe  and  favorite  retreat.  The  Furnace  Hills  on  our 
northwestern  confines,  still  clothed  with  extensive  forest  and  inpenetrable  thickets, 
broken  by  deeply-shaded  glens  and  rocky  ravines  of  the  wildest  and  most  sequestered 
character,  are  solitary  and  secure  retreats  for  secluded  and  retiring  species,  and  the 
natural  resorts  of  our  only  remaining  species  of  Grouse,  and  where  still  an  occasional 
specimen  of  the  wild  turkey  may  be  met  with.  Our  broad  and  far-stretching  cultivated 
and  grazing  fields,  interspersed  groves  and  wood  abound  with  the  Insessores  and  sum- 
mer visiting  Grallatores,  and  with  the  exception  of  the  streams  and  their  shores,  are 
the  chosen  resorts  of  most  of  our  summer  and  winter  visitants. 

In  an  insular  district  of  country  of  limited  extent,  where  the  poi^ulation  has  become 
comparatively  dense  and  the  cultivation  of  the  soil  rapidly  extended  by  the  introduc- 
tion of  agricultural  implements,  it  may  be  expected  that  many  species,  in  numbers, 
have  decreased  and  several  have  become  nearly  if  not  totally  extinct.  This  decline  is 
to  be  greatly  regretted,  especially  in  regard  to  those  species  which,  by  habit,  live  almost 
entirely  iipon  insect  food,  and  are  therefore  to  be  considered  of  the  utmost  importance 
to  the  horticultural  and  agricultural  interests  of  the  county.     This  march  of  civiliza- 

.   1  Contributed  by  Hon.  J.  J.  Libhart. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  503 

tion  is  most  inimical  to  the  retention  of  the  species  in  their  pniper  and  favorite  itsorts; 
they  are  destroyed  on  account  of  the  injiu-ies,  fancied  or  r<-al,  which  they  are  Kuj.poscd 
to  commit.  Many  of  the  insect-eating  birds  also  feed  occasionally  on  berries;  and 
now,  when  land  o^vllers  have  destroyed  the  wild  and  uncultivated  berry-bearing  trees 
and  shrubs  and  vines,  such  as  the  wild-cherry,  gum-berry  and  the  wild  mazzard,  for- 
merly common  in  our  woods,  the  native  raspberry,  blackbeny,  whortlebciry  and 
grape,  they  are  forced  to  claim  their  natural  right  to  a  few  of  the  cultivated  kinds  fmm 
our  gardens,  a  visitation  that  is  sure  to  be  met  with  a  greeting  of  jiowder  and  lfa<l  by 
the  liberal  owners;  the  wanton  destruction  of  every  living  thing  dotlied  with  feathers, 
by  the  town  or  city  gunner;  the  use  of  the  destructive  reaper  and  mower,  whicli  un- 
sparingly destroys  the  nest,  and  sometimes  even  the  old  birds,  that  breed  «»m  or  near 
the  ground.  Our  beautiful  and  interesting  partridge  probably  sutlers  more  from  this 
cause  than  any  other.  These  and  similar  causes  have  brought  about  the  fearful  dimi- 
nution which  is  so  much  to  be  regretted  by  every  riglit  thinking  person.  But  from  tho 
enaction  of  our  present  bird  laws,  and  by  the  dissemination  of  information  among  our 
agricultural  population  on  this  and  kindred  subjects,  and  by  the  institution  of  societies 
for  the  promotion  of  scientific  knowledge,  we  may  reasonably  expect  their  future  pre- 
servation, if  not  an  increase  in  numbers. 

The  progress  which  American  ornithology  has  made  for  the  last  fifty  years,  is  sure 
and  gratifying  to  its  students  and  investigators.  Tlie  Brotlierhood  has  just  been  called 
upon  to  mourn  the  loss  of  one  of  its  most  learned  and  devoted  members,  John  Cassin. 
The  results  of  his  genius  and  learning  are  a  rich  legacy  to  the  lovers  of  the  sciences. 

Bartram,  the  Willoughby  of  America,  was  probably  one  of  the  fu'st  who  wrote  on 
the  subject  (1791)  and  described  a  limited  number  of  species;  he  was  followed  l>y  Alex. 
Wilson,  who  described  283  species  in  1814;  Bonaparte  in  1838,  increased  the  number  to 
471;  the  indefatigable  Audubon  figures  and  describes  in  1844,  506  species;  Spencer  F. 
Baird,  the  learned  Assistant  Secretary  of  the  Smithsonian  Institute,  with  the  co-opera- 
tion of  John  Cassin  and  J.  N.  Lawrence,  enumerates  in  his  system  of  American 
ornithology,  comprising  the  discoveries  made  by  the  explorations  and  sun-eys  ^>f  tho 
Pacific  Railroad,  and  the  previously  discovered  species,  in  all  738,  including  '22  species 
considered  not  properly  belonging  to  North  America.  In  our  s>niopsis  we  have  adopt- 
ed the  orders  and  families  used  in  that  complete  work  on  the  ornithology  of  North 
America,  omitting  the  sub-orders  and  sub-families  as  useless  for  our  pin-i>ose.  It 
may  be  thought  that  it  was  unnecessary  to  divide  a  mere  local  list  of  siiccics  into 
orders  and  families;  but  our  objept  in  doing  so,  is  to  exliibit  at  a  glance  the  number  of 
families  we  possess  of  each  order,  and  the  number  of  species  of  the  family,  compara- 
tively with  those  contained  in  the  entire  Fauna  of  North  America,  as  far  as  known. 

We  owe  acknowledgments  to  Prof.  S.  S.  Rathvon  and  to  Mr.  C.  II.  Nauman  for 
valuable  information,  and  to  Mr.  A.  C.  Libhart  for  information  in  regard  to  those 
species  that  breed  in  the  county. 

ORDER  I.    RAPT  ORES. 
Predatory  in  their  habits. 

Family  Vulturid.e— The  Vultures. 

Feed  on  offal  and  carrion.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  4— in  the  county.  1. 
1.     Cathartes  aura,    {Linn.,)  Rlig.;   the  Turkey  Buzzard.     Resident  in  summer;  frc- 
quent;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Family  Falcoxid.e— The  Falcons. 

Predatory,  capture  their  prey,  feed  on  small  quadrupeds,  bird.s  fish  and  reptiles.    Known 
No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  41— in  the  county,  10. 


504  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

2.  Falco,  (Falco,)  anatum  (Linn,.)  Bonap.,  Duck  Hawk.  Resident,  common  on  the 
Susquehanna,  feeds  principally  on  water  fowl;  bold  and  dai-ing;  often  seizing 
the  game,  shot  down  by  the  gunner;  breeds  in  the  county.  Sp'm.  No.  1,  Mus. 
Linngean  Society,  Lancaster  City. 

8.  F.  (Hypotriorchis,)  columbarius,  Linn.,  Pigeon  Hawk.  Not  common;  one  speci- 
men in  my  collection,  captm-ed  in  the  county. 

4.  F.   (Tinnunculus,)  sparverius,  Linn.,  Sparrow  Hawk.     Common  summer  and  win- 

ter; feeds  on  small  birds,  mice  and  reptiles;  breeds  in  the  county.  Sp'm.  No.  2, 
Mus.  Linn.  Soc,  Lane. 

5.  Astur,  atricapillus,  WiUon,  Bonap.,  Goshawk.     Occasionally  in  winter  destructive 

to  partridges. 

6.  Accipiter  cooperii,  Bonap.,  Baird,  Cooper's  Hawk.    Rapacious;  rare  specimen  in  my 

collection;  shot  in  the  county. 

7.  A.  fuscus,   Omelin,  Baird,   Shai'p-shinned  Hawk,     Common  in  summer;  preys  on 

small  birds  and  mice;  breeds  in  the  county.  Sp'm  No.  [3,  Mus.  Linnn.  Soc. 
Lancaster. 

8.  Buteo    (Poecilopternis)  borealis,   (Gmel.,)    Vieill.,    Red-tailed  Hawk.      Resident, 

common,  powerful  and  audacious;  feeds  on  poultry,  birds  and  small  quadru- 
peds; breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  5,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

9.  B.  (P.)  pennsylvanicus,  {Wils.,)  Bonap.,  Broad-winged  Hawk.     Rather  rare. 

10.  B.  (P.)  lineatus,   {Gmel.,)  Jardine,  Red-shouldered  or  Winter  Hawk.     Bold  and 

rapacious.  An  incident  known  to  me  occurred  here,  which  illustrates  the  bold- 
ness of  this  species;  in  which  an  individual  pursued  a  covey  of  partridges  under 
a  corn-crib,  and  was  killed  with  a  club  as  he  came  out,  by  a  boy.  Sp'm  No. 
140,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

11.  Archibuteo  lagopus,  (Or?«eZ.,)  5(Z.,  Rough-legged  Hawk.     Winter;  feeds  principally 

on  mice. 

12.  A.  sanctijohannis,  {Gmel.,)  Bd.,  Black  Hawk.     Winter  resident,  not  uncommon; 

Several  fine  specimens  in  Mr.  Hensel's  collection,  Lane;  shot  in  the  county. 

13.  Nauclerus  furcatus,   {Linn.,)    Viff.,  Swallow-tailed  Hawk.     Rare,  occurs  in  the 

southern  jjortion  of  the  county;  probably  its  northern  limits.  A  fine  specimen 
in  the  old  Lane.  INIus. ;  shot  in  the  county. 

14.  Circus  hudsonius,  {Linn.,)  Vieill.,  Marsh  Hawk.     Common  in  winter;  preys  prin- 

cipally on  mice  and  reptiles. 

15.  Aquila  canadensis,  {Linn.,)  Cassin.,  American  Golden  Eagle,  Grey  Eagle.     This 

noble  species  is  now  rarely  met  with  anywhere.  This  is  the  imperial  bird  of 
America.  There  is  no  other  falcon  that  can  at  all  compare  with  him  in  majesty 
of  mien,  or  energy  of  character.  He  never,  although  pressed  by  the  demands 
of  hunger,  stoops  to  regale  himself  on  tainted  flesh  or  carrion,  like  the  bald 
eagle,  nor  exhibits  that  detestable  tyranny  and  rapacity  which  is  so  characteristic 
of  that  more  ignoble  species,  which  plunders  more  sagacious  and  industrious 
hunters  of  their  hard-earned  spoils,  but  relies '.on  his  own  power  and  energy  to 
strike  down  for  himself  the  quarry,  and  devours  it  whilst  the  flesh  still  palpitates. 
The  splendid  specimen  in  the  coUeotion  of  the  Linnsean  Society,  No.  124,  was  shot 
December  27th,  1867,  near  Willow; Street,  in  this  county,  where  he  had  been 
depredating  upon  the  poultry  of  the  farmers  for  several  weeks.  Although  fatally 
woiinded,  he  bravely,  while  life  remained,  defended  himself  against  the  eftbi'ts  of 
his  captor  to  dispatch  him.  (These  facts,  in  relation  to  this  individual,  were 
communicated  by  Prof.  S.  S.  Rathvon.) 

16.  Haliaetus  leucocephalus,  {Linn.,)  Savigny,  Bald  Eagle.     Frequent  on  the  Susque- 

hanna, especially  in  the  neighborhood  of  fish  j^ots;  tyrannical  and  rapacious; 
feeds  upon  young  pigs,  lambs,  ducks,  fish,  and  carrion  if  pressed.  An  incident 
occurred,  Avhicli  was  witnessed  by  a  number  of  persons,  at  Marietta,  a  few  years 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  505 

ago,  which  strikinrjly  inustiiites  tlie  great  temerity  aii.l  teriible  energy,  when 
aroused,  of  this  powerful  and  daring  bird.  An  indivi(Uial  of  tliis  siK'cios  was 
seen  in  pursuit  of  a  wild  duck;  the  doomed  victim  tried  various  manmuvres  to 
escape  from  its  fomiidable  pursuer,  by  diving  and  Hying  alternately;  when  in  the 
air  it  was  soon  overtaken,  and  to  escape  his  cruel  talons  had  again  to  dive 
beneath  the  water;  when  it  arose  to  the  surface  he  would  drive  at  it  like  a 
thunderbolt;  the  fast  failing  strength  of  the  poor  victim  admonished  it  tliat  some 
other  mode  of  escape  must  be  resorted  to — it  again  arose  and  (lew  directly  into 
the  town— her  merciless  enemy  still  pursuing— it  alighted  upon  the  pavement  of 
the  St.  John  House  and  ran  into  the  hall;  the  next  moment  the  eagle  swept 
past  the  door.  The  brave  duck  thus  escaped  the  maw  of  her  feathered  foe:  but, 
alas,  she  fell  into  the  hands  of  Const.  Emswiler,  who  was  not  less  rai)acious 
we  are  sorry  to  say.     Breeds  in  the  county.     Specimen,  No.  G,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

17.  Pandion  carol inensis,  (Gmel.,)  Bonnj).,  O^n-ey,   or   Fish  Hawk.     Feeds  upon  fish; 

quite  common  on  the  Susquehanna;  breeds  in  the  count.y  Sp'm  No.  130,  Mus. 
Linn.  Soc. 

Family  Strigid^e — The  Owls. 

Predatory;  feed  on  small  quadrupeds,  birds  and  reptiles.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N. 

A.,  17;   in  the  county,  8. 

18.  Strix,  flammea,  Linn.;  (S.  pratincola,  Bonap.,)  Common,  or  Barn  Owl.  Rather  rare; 

feeds  upon  bats  and  mice;  breeds  in  the  county.  The  following  interesting  facts  in 
relation  to  this  species  were  communicated  to  me  by  Prof.  S.  S-  Rathvon:  On  the 
10th  of  July,  1867,  a  male  and  female  were  captured  in  the  steeple  of  the  Lutheran 
Church,  in  Lancaster  city,  where  they  had  domiciliated  themselves.  Whilst  cap- 
tives they  refused  all  kind  of  food  that  was  offered.  The  female  laid  an  egg  and  the 
male  died,  after  which  the  female  was  set  at  liberty.  After  this  interruption  of 
their  nuptial  relations,  the  female  sought  another  partner,  and  the  pair  again 
established  themselves  in  the  steeple.  On  the  27th  of  September  I  visited  their 
quarters;  the  old  birds  were  absent,  but  I  found  two  young  owls  that  could  not 
have  been  more  than  a  day  or  two  old,  and  four  eggs.  I  took  from  one  of  the 
eggs  a  living  owl,  nearly  as  large  as  those  already  hatched.  Four  weeks  after,  1 
secured  one  of  the  young  birds,  I  had  left;  it  was  then  covered  with  white  down, 
and  had  grown  from  an  ounce  to  a  pound  in  weight  and  nearly  as  large  as  the 
old  ones.  This  young  bird  also  refused  food,  and  I  killed  it  and  had  it  stufted; 
and  it,  together  with  the  old  male,  are  now  in  the  Liniuean  Society's  Museum. 
In  August,  1868,  two  young  owls,  with  the  pen-feathers  just  appearing,  were 
taken  from  the  nest.  They  were  very  ferocious  when  captured;  but  subsequently, 
under  the  care  of  Mr.  G.  Hensel  and  his  lady,  they  became  docile  and  playful, 
and  learned  to  do  some  very  droll  things.  They  would  eat  meat  of  ditlerent 
kind,  but  refused  to  eat  any  part  of  a  fowl,  unless  deprived  of  the  feathers. 
In  attempting  to  void  a  sharp  piece  of  bone,  one  of  them  ruptured  his  gullet, 
which  caused  his  death,  in  October.  1808;  his  companion  is  still  living  at  the 
present  time,  January,  1869,  and  is  iiuite  an  object  of  interest  and  admiration, 
for  his  sedate  and  quaint  deportment,  and  for  his  personal  cleanliness.  Sp'ms 
Nos.  125,  126,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

19.  Bubo  virginianus,  (Omel.,)  Bonnp.,  Great-horned  Owl.    Rapacious  and  destructive; 

feeds  on  poultry  and  game  of  all  kinds.     Sp'm  No. Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

20.  Scops  asio,   {Linn.,)  Bonap.  Red  Owl,   Screech  Owl.    Common;  feeds  upon  mice, 

small  birds  and  insects;  breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  8,  3Ius.  Linn.  Soc. 

21.  Otus  wilsonianus,    Lesson.  Long-eared  Owl.     Feeds  on  mice;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Sp'm  No.  127,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 


506  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

22.  Brachyotus  cassinii,    Brewer,  Slioi't-eaied  Owl.     Rapacious;  kills  partridges  occa- 

sionally. 

23.  Syi-nium   nebulosvim,     [Forster,)     Gray,    Barred  Owl.     Frequent  in   winter;  kills 

povdtry,  rabbits  and  squirrels.     Sp'm  No.  137,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

24.  Nyctale  acadica,  (Gmel.,)  Bonap.,  Little  Owl.    Smallest  of  the  family;  feeds  princi- 

pally upon  insects;  very  rare.  A  specimen  in  Mr.  Hensel's  coll.;  shot  in  the 
county. 

25.  ISTyctea  nivea,  (Baudui,)  Gray.  Snowy  Owl.    Rare  in  summer;  sometimes  abundant 

in  winter  after  a  storm;  powerful  and  rapacious;  feeds  upon  poultry,  small 
quadrujjeds,  and  is  very  fond  of  fish,  which  to  obtain  it  will  visit  fish-pots, 
in  the  day  time.     Specm.  No.  9,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

ORDER  II.     8CANS0RES. 

Family  Psittacidad.e — Parrotes, 

Knowni  No.  of  spec's  in  N.  A.  2;  in  county,  1. 

26.  Conurus  carolinensis, /iw/j?.     Carolina  Parrot.     Accidental ;  a  flock  seen  near  Man- 

heim  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Hensel. 

Family  Cuculidad.e — The  Cuckoos. 

Feed  upon  insects  and  berries.     Known  No.  of  spec's  in  N.  A.,  6;  in  the  county,  2. 

27.  Coccyzus  erythropthalmus,  {Wils.,)  i?<>/ir/^:).,  Black-billed  Cuckoo.  Common  in  sum- 

mer; breeds  in  the  county.     Spec'm  No.  9,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

28.  C.  americanus,    [Linn.,)   Bonap.,  Yellow-billed  Cuckoo.     Common;  breeds  in  the 

county.  This  and  the  preceding  are  very  similar  in  appearance  and  habits.  They 
are  accused,  probably  justly,  too,  of  ])ilfering  the  nests  of  other  birds;  they  how- 
ever destroy  vast  numbers  of  injurious  insects;  they  are,  indiscriminately,  called 
by  many,  the  rain  crow  or  cow  bird,  from  their  peculiar  cry. 

Family  Ficidad.e— The  Woodpeckers. 

Feed  on  the  'larvie  and  ova  of  insects  and  maize  and  fruit.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N. 

xV.,  29;  in  the  county,  7. 

29.  Picus  (Trichopicus)  villosus,  {Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Hairy  Woodpecker.     Common  sum- 

mer and  winter;  breeds  in  the  county. 

30.  P.  (T.)  pvibescens,    (Linn.,)  Bonap.    Downy  AVoodpecker.     Common   in  winter; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

31.  Phyrapicus  varius,   {Linn.,)  Baird,  Yellow-bellied  Woodpecker.     Breeds  in  the 

county. 

32.  Hylatomus  pileatus,  {Linn.,)  Bd.,  Pileated  Woodpecker.     This  large  and  elegant 

species  has  now  become  rare  and  is  only  met  with  in  old  and  extensive  woods; 
breeds  in  the  county. 

33.  Centurus   carolinus,    {Linn.,)    Bonap.,    Red-bellied   Woodpecker.     Breeds   in  the 

county. 

34.  Melanerpes  erythrocephalus,    {Linn.,)    Swains.,  Red-headed  Woodpecker.     Once 

very  abundant,  now  much  less  frequent;  breeds  in  the  county. 

35.  Colaptes  auratus,   {Linn.,)   Stcains.,   Flicker,  High  Hole.     Still  common,  but  de- 

creasing in  numbers;  breeds  in  the  county. 

ORDER  in.     INSES80BE8. 

Family  Trochilidad.e — The  Humming  Birds. 

Feed  upon  nectar  and  minute  insects.  Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  7;  in  the  county,  1. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  OU? 

36.  Trochilus  colubris,  Linn.,   Humming  Bird.     Very  common;  bivuds  in  tlie  county. 

Family  Cypscelid.e— The  Swifts. 

Feed  upon  insects,  captured  ou  the  wing.     Known  No.   of  sj.s.  in  tlio  N.  A..  4;  in  tlie 

county,  1. 

37.  Chaetura  pelasgia,   (Linn.,)    Stcph.,    Cliimney  Swallow.     Extremely  ahundant   in 

towns;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Family  Caprimulgid.e — The  Goat-suckers. 

Feed  on  winged  insects.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  4;  in  the  county,  2. 
88.  Antrostomus  vociferus,  (  Wils.,)  Botiap.,  Whippoorwill.  Nocturnal;  frequent;  breeds 
in  the  county.     Sp'm.  No.  15,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

39.  Chordeiles  popetue,  [Vieill.,)  Bd.,  Night  Hawk.     Common;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Sp'm.  No.  — ,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

Family  Alcedinid.e — The  Kingfishers. 

Feed  upon  small  fishes  and  aquatic  insects.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  2,  in  the 

county,   1. 

40.  Cerjde  alcyon,  {Linn.,)  jBow,  Belted  Kingfisher.    Common  from  March  to  December 

along  streams  and  fresh  water  ponds;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Family  Colopterid.e — The  Fly-catchers. 

Feed  upon  insects,  and  occasionally  berries.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  28;  in  tlie 

county,  9. 

41.  Tyrannus  corolinensis,  [Linn.,)  i?f?..  Kingbird,  Bee-eater.      Very  abundant;  breeds 

in  the  county. 
43.  Myiarchus  crinitus,    {Linn.,)   Cab.,  Great    Crested    Flycatcher.      Breeds   in   the 
county.     No.  10,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

43.  Sayornis  fuscus,  {Omel.,)  Bd.,  Pewee  Flycatcher.     Very  common,  from  early  spring 

to  late  autumn;  breeds  in  the  county. 

44.  Contopus  borealis,  (Swains.y  Bd.,  Olive-sided  Flycatcher.     Breeds  in  the  county. 
4.5.  C,  virens,  {Linn.,)  Cab.,  Wood  Pewee.     Frequent;  breeds  in  the  county. 

46.  Empidonax  traillii,  {And.,)  Bd.,  Trail's  Flycatcher.     Breeds  in  the  county. 

47.  E.  minimus,  Bd.,  Least  Flycatcherr.     Fequent  in  spring. 

48.  E.  acadicus,    {Gmel.,)  Bd.,  Small  Green-crested  Flycatcher.     Fre<iuent;  breeds  in 

the  county. 

49.  E.  flaviventris,  Bd.,  Yellow-bellied  Flycatcher.     Frequent;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Family  Turdid.e— The  Thrushes. 

Feed  ou  insects  and  berries.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  17;  in  the  county,  8. 

50.  Turdus  mustelinus,  Gml,  Wood  Thrush.     Common;  breeds  in  the  county. 

51.  T.  pallasii,  Cabunis.,  Hermit  Thrush.     Abundant;  breeds  in  the  county. 

53.  T.  fusce-scens,   {Wilson,)    Stcph.,    Wilson's   Thru.sh.     Summer  and  early  spring; 
abundant;  breeds  in  the  county. 

53.  T.  .swain.sonii,  (Wihon,)  Cab.  Olive-backed  Thrush. 

54.  Planesticus  migratorius,  (Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Robin.    These  universal  favorites  have 

perceptibly  increased  in  numbers  in  our  orchards  and  groves,  and  resumed  their 
wonted  sociability,  as  though  they  were  apprized  of  the  protection  atlorde.l  them 
by  the  wise  enaction,  by  the  Legislature,  of  the  bird  laws.  Breeds  in  the  county. 
Sp'm  No.  18;  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

55.  Sialia   sialis,    (Linn.,)  Baird,     Blue  Bird.     Extremely  abundant;   breeds  in  the 

county.     Sp'm  No.  19;  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 


508  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

56.  Regulus  calendula,  (Zj««.,)  Licht.     Ruby  CrownjWren.     Frequent  in  spring;  mi- 

grates northward. 

57.  R.  satrapa,  Licht.     Golden-crested  Wren.     Common  in  the  spring. 

Family  Silvicolidi.e — The  Warblers. 

Feed  u^ion  insects.     Known  No.  of  .species  in  N.  A.,  60;  in  the  county,  36. 

58.  Anthus    ludoviciana,  {Gmel.,)   Licht.,  Tit    Lark.     Occasionally   abundant  in  the 

antumn  and  winter. 

59.  Mniotilta  varia,  (Ziwn.,)  T76'»7;.,  Black  and  White  Creeper.     Frequent. 

60.  Parula  Americana,    (Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Blue  Yellow-backed  Warbler.     Migratory; 

frequent. 

61.  Parula  citrea,  (Boddert,)  Bd.,  Prothonotary  Warbler.    Rare;  summer. 

63.  Geothlypis  trichas,   {Linn.,)  Cab.,  Maryland  Yellow  Throat,     Frequent;  all  sum- 
mer; breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  22,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

63.  G.  Philadelphia  {WiU.,)  Bd.,  Mourning  Warbler.     Summer;  very  rare. 

64.  Oiiorornis  agilis,  {Wils,,)  Bd.,  Connecticut  Warbler.     Migratory;  very  rare. 

65.  O.  formosus,  {Wils.,)  Bd.,  Kentucky  Warbler.  Migratory;  not  unfrequent. 

Sp'm  No.  26,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

66.  Icteria  viridis,   (Omel.,)  Bon.,   Yellow-breasted  Chat.     Summer  resident;  breeds 

in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  119,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

67.  Helmitherus  vermivorns,  {Gmel..)  Bon.,  Worm-eating  Warbler.     Migratory;  rare. 

68.  Helminthophaga  \)\vm^,\(Linn., )  Bd.,  Blue-winged  Yellow  Warbler,    Summer  resi- 

dent; rather  rare. 

69.  H.  chrysoptera,  CZiH?).,)  Ca5.,  Golden-winged  Warbler.    Migratory;  very  rare. 

70.  H.  nificapilla,  {Wils.,)  Bd.,  Nashville  Warbler.     Summer  visitant. 

71.  H.  peregrina,  {Wils.,)  Cab.,  Tennessee  Warbler.     Seen  occasionally  on  its  passage 

through  the  county. 

72.  Seiurus  am-ocapillus,   {Linn.,)  Sw.,    Golden-crowned   Thrush,     Rather  common; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

73.  S.  noveboracensis,  (CrWiL,)  iVi<«.,  Water  Thrush.  Frequent  in  the  migratory  season. 

74.  S.  ludovicianus,  {Will,,)  Bonap.,  Large-billed  Water  Thrush.     Migratory. 

75.  Dendroica  virens,  (0ml.,)  Bd.,  Black-throated  Green  Warbler.     Migratory, 

76.  D.  canadensis,  (Linn.,)  Bd.,  Black-throated  Blue  Warbler.     Migratory. 

77.  D.  coronata,  (Linn.,)  Gray,  Yellow-rimiped  Warbler  or  Myrtle  Bird.     Quite  fre- 

quent in  migratory  season. 

78.  D.  blackburnia,  (0ml.,)  Bd.,  Blackburnian  Warbler.     Migratory;  in  the  spring 

rather  frequent.     Sp'm.  No.  27,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

79.  D.  castanea,  (Wils.,)  Bd.,  Bay-brested  Warbler.     Migratory. 

80.  D.  pennsylvanica,  (iewji.,)  i?rf.,    Chestnut-sided  Warbler.     Frequent;   spring  and 

autumn. 

81.  D.  pinus,    (Wils.,)  Bd.,   Pine-creeping  Warbler.     Migratory;  spring  and  autumn. 

82.  D.  can-ulea,  (Wils.,)  Bd.,  Blue  Warbler.     Migratory. 

83.  D.  striata,   (Forst.,)  Bd.,   Black-polled  Warbler.      Migratory;  in  the  spring  quite 

common. 

84.  D.  aestiva,  (Omel.,)  Bd.,    Yellow  Warbler,  or  Summer  Yellow  Bird.     Common: 

breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm,  No.  28,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

85.  D.  maculosa,  (Omel.,)  Bd.,  Black  and  Yellow  Warbler.     Migratory;  spring  and 

autumn,  frequent. 

86.  D.  tigrina,  (Omel.,)  Bd.,  Cape  May  Warbler.     Migratory  in  spring  and  autumn; 

rare. 

87.  D.  palmarum,  (Omel.,)  Bd.,  Yellow  Red-polled  Warbler.     Migratory;  extremely 

rare. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  509 

88.  Myiodioctes  mitratus,  {Ginel.,)  Aud.  Hooded  Warbler.     Summer  resident;  rather 


rare. 


89.  M.  pusilkis,  (Wils.,)  Bonap.,  Green  Black-cai)  Flycatcher.  I  never  met  this  Bi)ecic.s 

in  the  county;  I  give  it  as  occurring  upon  the  authority  of  Mr.  C.  II.  Nauman. 

90.  M.  canadensis,  (Linn.,)  And.,  Canada  Flycatcher.     Freciuent;  migratory. 

91.  Setophaga  ruticilla,   (Linn.,)  Swains.,  lii^d  Start.    Very  common.     Sp'm.  No.  29, 

Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

92.  Pyranga  rubra,  (Linn.,)  Tieill.,  Scarlet  Tanager.    Common;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Sp'm.  No.  31,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

93.  P.  festivae,  (Linn.,)  Vieill.,  Summer  Red-Bird.    Kare;  a  specimen  in  my  collection; 

also  one  in  that  of  Mr.  G.  W.  Hensel;  both  obtained  in  the  county. 

Family  Hirundinid.e — The  Swallows. 

Feed  exclusively  upon  insects  which  arc  captured  on  the  wing.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in 

N.  A.,  8;  in  the  county,  6. 

94.  Hirundo  horreoruni,   Barton,  Barn  Swallow.      Summer  resident;   very  abundant; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

95.  H.  lunifrons,  Say,  Cliii"  Swallow.    Summer  resident;  rather  abundant;  breeds  in  the 

county. 

96.  H.  bicolor,  VieiU.,  White-bellied  Swallow.    Summer  resident;  breeds  in  the  county. 

97.  Cotyle  riparia,  (Linn.,)  Boie;  Bank  Swallow.     Summer  resident;  very  abundant; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

98.  C.  serripennis,  (Aud.,)  Bonap.,  Rough-winged  Swallow;    Abundant;  makes  no  ex- 

cavations like   the   preceding  sps.,  but  builds   in   crevices  of  walls  and   rocks; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

99.  Progne  purpurea,  (iw;i.,)  5oJ^,  Purple  Martin.    Summer  resident;  abundant  whci-e 

proper  accommodations  are  afforded;  breeds  in  the  county. 

Family    Bombycillid.e— The  Cedar  Birds. 

Feed  on  berries;   occasionally  on  insects.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  2;    in  the 

county,  1. 

100.  Ampelis  cedrorum,  (VieiU.,)  Bd.,   Cedar  Bird.     Very  frequent;   breeds  in  the 

county.     No.  32,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

Family  Laniid.e— The  Shrikes. 

Feed  upon  insects  principally.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  17;  in  the  county,  G. 

101.  Collyrio  borealis,  Moehring;  Great  Northern  Shrike.     Winter  visitant;  «^'"'^;J"";;- 

destroys  small  birds;  in  form  and  color  it  resembles  the  Mocking  bud.  hp  n.. 

No.  35.  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  ,  ..  c  . 

103.  Vireo  (vireosylvia)  olivaceus,  (Linn.,)  VieiU,  Red-eyed  Flycatcher.    Svunnu-r;  fre- 

quent;  breeds  in  the  county.  ,„„i.„,f  bnvds  in 

103.  V.  gilvus,  (  VieiU..)  Bonap.,  Warbling  Flycatcher.    Summer;  abundant,  b.ccd. 

104.  v'" rXL)  noveboracensis,  (Gmel.,)  Bonap.,  White-eyed  Vireo.    Breeds  in  the 

105.  v'cLTsolitarius,  (  Wils.,)  VieiU.,  Blue-headed  Flycatcher.    Breeds  in  the  county. 

106.  V.  (L.)  flavifrons,   VieiU.,  Yellow-throated  Flycatcher. 

Family  Liotrichid^. 

F^ctivorous  a,„.  insectivcon.    Kno.n  No.  of  species  .„  N.  A.,  50:  ■„  ^'^^ 

107.  Mimus  polyglottus,  (£m»., )  B«i,,  Mocking  Bml.    Sou.hcas.en,  i.a,-.  of  the  countj , 

breeds  in  the  county. 


510  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

108.  ^I.  carolinensis,   {Linn.,)   Gray,  Cat  Bird.     Extremely  abundant;  breeds  in  the 

county.     Sp'm.  No.  37,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

109.  Harporhynclius  rufus;  (ZinTi.,)  Cah.,  Brown  Thrush.   Common;  summer  resident; 

breeds  in  covmty.  .  Sp'm  No.  38,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

110.  Thriothorus  kidovicianus,  (Yieill.,)  Bonap.,  Great  Carolina  Wren.  Summer;  rare. 

111.  T.  bewickii,  (And.,)  Bonnp.,  Bewick's  Wren.     Summer;  breeds  in  the  county. 

112.  Cistothorus  palustris,   (Wils.,)  Cah.,   Long-billed  Marsh  Wren.    Summer;  breeds 

in  the  county. 

113.  C.  stellaris,    (LicJit.,)    Cab.,   Short-billed  Marsh  Wren.     Summer;  breeds  in  the 

county. 

114.  Troglodytes  aedon,  T7e?7L,  House  Wi'en.     Abundant;  breeds  in  the  county. 

115.  T.  americanus.  And.,  Wood  Wren.    Extremely  rare.     We  give  this  species  as  an 

inhabitant  of  the  county  on  the  authority  of  Mr.  C.  H.  Nauman.     I  have  never 
seen  it  unless  I  mistook  it  for  the  House  Wren. 

116.  T.  (Anorthura)  hyemalis,  {Wils.,)  VieilL,  Winter  Wven.    Quite  common  in  winter. 

Family  Certiiiad^e — The    Creepers. 

Feed  upon  insects  and  their  larvaj.     Known  No.  of  .sps.  in  N.  A.,  6;  in  the  county,  3. 

117.  Certhia  americana,  Bonap.,  American  Creeper.     Summer  and  autumn. 

118.  Sitta  carolinensis,  Omel.,  White-bellied  Nuthatch.     Summer  and  winter. 

119.  S.  canadensis,  Linn.,  Red-bellied  Nuthatch.     Summer  and  winter. 

Family  Parid.e — .The  Titmice. 

Feed  upon  insects,  occasionally  on  berries.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  19;  in  the 

county,  3. 

120.  Polioptila  cajrulea,  (IJnn.,)  Sdat.,  Blue-grey  Flycatcher.     Frequent  in  summer. 

121.  Sophophanes  bicolor,   {Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Tufted  Titmouse.     Spring,  summer  and 

autumn. 
132.  Parus  atricapillus,  Linn.,  Chicadee.     Very  frequent;  summer  and  winter. 

Family  ALAUDiDyE — The  Larks. 

Feed  upon  small  seeds.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  1;  in  the  county,  1. 

123.  Eremophila    cornuta,    {Wih.,)    Boie;    Shore    Lark.      Common  in  autumn  and 

winter.    Sp'm.  No.  39,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

Family  Fringillid.e — The  Finches. 

Feed  upon  seeds  of  grass  weeds  and  trees;  some  species  occasionally  on  berries  and 
insects.     Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  96;  in  the  county,  26. 

124.  Pinicola  canadensis,  Briss.,  Cab.,  Pine  Grosbeak.     Occasionally  an  autumnal  and 

winter  visitant.     Sp'm.  No.  —  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

125.  Carpodaciis  purpureus,    {0ml.,)    Gray;  Purple   Finch.     Summer  resident;  most 

abundant  in  autumn.     Sp'm.  No.  40,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

126.  Chrysomitris  tristis,  {Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Yellow  Bird.     Very  frequent;  breeds  in  the 

county. 

127.  C.  pinus,  {Wils.)  Bonap.,  Pine  Finch.     Spring  and  autumn. 

128.  Cui-virostra  leucoptera,  (Gmel.)  TF«7s.,  White  Wing  Cross-bill.  Rare.  I  am  infonn- 

ed  by  Mr.  C.  H.  Nauman  that  this  species  was  obtained  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Gill  near 
Lancaster.  The  C.  americ.ana  is  also  said  to  be  an  occasional  visitant,  but  I  have 
no  reliable  authority  to  that  effect. 

129.  Aegiothus  linaria,  {Linn.)  Cab.,  Red  Poll.     Winter  visitant;  rare. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  511 

130.  Plectrophanes  nivalis,  (Linn.)  Meyer,  Snow  Bnntiny.     (Not  the  coniinun  sn.m 

bird.)  Winter  visitant.  I  obtained  this  bird  in  tlie  county  several  times— always 
when  a  cold  wintry  storm  was  blowing.     Sp'm  No.  1:}1,  Linn.  Soc. 

131.  Passerculus  savanna,   Wils.,  Savannah  Sparrow.     Common:  breeds  in  the  county. 
133.  Pooecetes  gramineus,  (  Wils.)  Bonap.,  Grass  Finch.     Very  fre.iucnt;  breeds  in  the 

county. 

133.  Coturniculus  passerinus,    (Wih.)   Bonap.,    Yellow-winged  Sparrow.      Breeds  in 

the  county. 

134.  Zonotrichia  leucophrys,  {Fors.)  8w.,  White-crowned  Sparrow.     Spring  and  win- 

ter. 

135.  Z.  albicollis,  (OmeL)  Bonap.,  White-throated  Sparrow.     Resident;   breeds  in  tiie 

county.     Sp'm  No.  117,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

136.  Junco  hyemalls,  {Linn.,)   Sclat.,   Common  Snt)w  bird;  autumn  and  winter;  very 

frequent.     Sp'm  No.  41,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

137.  Spizella  monticola,  {Omel.,)  Bd.,  Tree  Sparrow.     Autumn  and  winter. 

138.  S.  pusilla,  {Wils.,)  Bonap.,  Field  Sparrow.     Spring  and  autumn. 

139.  S.    socialis,    {Wils.,)    Bonap.,    Chipping   Sparrow.     Sununer   resident;  breeds  in 

county. 

140.  Melospiza  melodia,    {Wils.,)   Bd.,    Song  Sparrow.     Summer  resident;  frequent; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

141.  M.  lincolnii,  {Aud.,)  Bd.,  Lincoln's  Finch.     Spring  visitant. 

142.  M.  palustris,  {Wils.,)  Bd.,  Swamp  Sparrow.    Spring  and  autumn;  frecpient  about 

swamps. 

143.  Passerella  iliaca,  (il/e?v.,)  *S';c.,  Fox-colored  SparroAV.    Spring,  autumn  and  winter; 

frequent. 

144.  Euspiza  americana,  {Gmel.,)  Bonap.,  Black-throated  Bunting.  Resident;  frequent; 

breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  116,  Mus.  Linn  Soc. 

145.  Guiraca  ludoviciana,    (Zi/m.,)  ^Sic,  Rose-brea.sted  Grosbeak.    Rather  rare;  atiects 

secluded  places.     Sp'ms  No.  42  and  43,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

146.  G.  caerulea,  {Linn.,)  Sic,  Blue  Grosbeak.     Very  rare. 

147.  Cyanospiza  cyanea,    {Linn.,)   Bd.,    Indigo  Bird.     Summer  resident;   frequent; 

breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  No.  44,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

148.  Cardinalis  virginianus,  {Briss.,)  5o«rt2^.,  Cardinal  Gro.sbeak.    Frequent;  breeds  in 

the  county.  In  the  winter  of  1865  I  saw  this  .species  in  considerable  uumbei-s 
about  our  town  gardens.  The  summer  i>revious  a  female  built  her  nest  in  a 
honey-svxckle  vine  near  the  kitchen  door  of  a  neighbor,  who  had  a  male  caged, 
and  the  cage  hung  near  by.  Was  it  sympathy  for  the  imprisoned  that  prompted 
her  thus  to  solace  him  by  her  presence?     Sp'm  No.  45,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

149.  Pipilo  erythropthalmus,  {Linn.,)  Vie  ill.,  Gvoimdllohin.     Frequent;  breeds  in  the 

county.     Sp'm  No.  46,  M.  L.  S. 

Family  Icterid^. 

Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  24;  in  the  county,  8. 

150.  Dolichonyx   oryzivorus,    {Linn.,)    Sw.,  Bobolink,    Reed   Bird.     Migratory;  very 

abundant  in  autumn;  feeds  on  wild  rice,  as  its  name  implies,  grain  and  gras.s 
seeds.  Although  small,  it  is  eagerly  sought  by  the  gunner,  and  higldy  j)rized  by 
the  epicure.  In  the  latter  part  of  August  and  September  they  arrive  here  from 
the  North,  and  thousands  then  congregate  on  the  reedy  islands  in  the  Su.stiue- 
hanna,  in  Manor  township.     Sp'ms.  Mus.  Liini.  Soc,  47.  48  and  49. 

151.  Molothrus  pecoris,    {Gmel.,)   Sic,  Cow  Blackbird.     Frequent;  summer  resident: 

omnivorous;  breeds  in  the  county.  This  bird  never  hatches  or  rears  its  young; 
but  lays  its  eggs  in  the  nest  of  other  species,  entrusting  the  continuance  of  iU 
race  to  their  maternal  instincts. 


512  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

152.  Agelaius  jihoeniceus,  (Sio.,)    VieilL,  Red- winged  Blackbird.     Omnivorous;  very 

abundant,  spring  and  summer;  migrates  southward  in  October;  breeds  in  the 
cour+".     Sp'ms  Nos.  51,  52,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

153.  Star        l  magna,  {Linn.)  Sw.,   Meadow  Lark.     Omnivorous;   resident,  summer 

anf        iter;  breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'ms  No.  54,  55,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

154.  Icterus  spurius,  (Linn.)  Bonap.,  Orchard  Oriole.     Omnivorous;  summer  resident ; 

frequently  breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'ms  Nos.  57,  58,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

155.  I.  baltimore,  {Linn.)  Baud.,  Baltimore  Oriole.     Omnivorous;   summer  resident; 

frequently  breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'ms  Nos.  59,  60,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

156.  Scolecophagus,  {Gmel.)  Sic,  Rusty  Blackbird.     Migratory;  frequent. 

157.  Quiscalis  versicolor,  {Linn.)  VieilL,  Crow  Blackbird.     Omnivorous;   destroys  the 

eggs  and  young  of  other  birds;  veiy  abundant;  has  sensibly  increased  since  the 
enactment  of  the  bird  laws  for  the  protection  of  insect-eating  bii'ds;  breeds  in  the 
county.     Sp'ms  Nos.  61,  133,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

Family  Corvid^ — The  Crows. 

Omnivorous.     Known  No.  of  sps.  in  N.  A.,  22;  in  the  county,  4. 

158.  Corvus  carnivorus,  Bart.,  American  Raven.     I  have  no  authentic  information  that 

it  now  exists  in  the  county;  if  it  does,  it  is  extremely  rare. 

159.  C.  americanus,  {Wils.)  Aud.,Cii:oyf.    Exceedingly  numerous;  having  several  roosts 

or  rookeries,  from  which  they  sally  every  morning  on  their  forays  in  detachments 
over  the  adjoining  country;  breeds  in  the  county.  Sp'ms  Nos.  62,  63  and  64, 
Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

160.  C.  ossifragus,   Wils.,  Fish  Crow.     Not  uncommon  along  the  river,  especially  where 

fish  pots  are. 

161.  Cyauurus  cristatus,    {Linn.,)  Sic,  Jay  Bird.     Very  common;  resident;  breeds  in 

the  county.  » 

OBBER  IV.    BA80BES. 

Family   CoLUMBiDiE — The  Pigeons. 

Granivorous.     Known  No.  of  Sps.  in  N.  A.,  11;  in  the  county  3. 

162.  Ectopistes  migratora,  (Zz/i«..,)  iS'w.,  Wild  Pigeon.     Migratory;  spring  and  autumn; 

feeds  on  grain,  oak  and  beach,  mostly  on  berries;  stragglers  sometimes  remain 
and  breed  in  the  county.     Sp'ms  Nos.  66,  67  and  68,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc. 

163.  Zenaidura  carolinensis.  {Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Turtledove.     Common;  resident;  breeds 

in  the  county. 

164.  Chamaepelia  passerina,  {Linn.,)  Sw.,  Ground  Dove.     Pi-obably  only  accidental. 

I  obtained  one  individual  of  this  species,  which  was  shot  1844,  in  a  field  of  broom 
corn,  on  the  seeds  of  which  it  was  feeding.     Now  in  my  collection. 

Family  Phasianid.e — The  Turkeys. 

Omnivorous. 

165.  Meleagris  americana,  Bart.,  Wild  Turkey.     Resident;  rare.     A  few  are  still  met 

with,  occasionally,  in  the  Furnace  Hills.     Breeds  in  the  county. 

Family  Tetraonid^e — The  Grouse. 

Feeds  on  the  buds  of  various  trees,  berries  and  the  larvae  of  insects.     Known  No.  of 
species  in  N.  A.,  12;  in  the  county  1. 

166.  Bonasa  umbellus,  {Linn.,)  Steph.,  Rufted  Grouse.     In  some  localities  still  found 

in  considerable  numbers;  more  frequent  this  autumn  (1868,)  than  usual;  breeds 
in  the  county. 


of  lancaster  county.  518 

Family  Perdicid.e— The   Partridges. 

Feed  upon  grain,  seed  of  grass  and  weeds,  and  tlic  larva;  of  insects.     Known  No.  of 
sps.  in  N.  A.,  7;  in  the  county  1, 

167.  Ortyx  virginianus,  {Linn.,)  Bonap.,  Pai-tridge.     Veiy  i-aro  now,  in  consc<iucnco 

of  the  severity  of  last  winter,  (18G7.)  in  some  sections  it  is  almost  extinct.     All 
true  sportsmen  should  refrain  from  killing  them  until  they  become  plenty  again. 
Breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm  Nos.  70  and  75,  IMus.  Linn.  Soc. 

ORDER    V—  GRALLA  TORES. 

Family  Ardeid^ — The  Herons. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  1.3;  in  the  county,  7. 

168.  Garzetta  candidissima,  (Jacqain.)  Bon.,  Snowy  Heron.    Rare  on  the  Susquehanna. 

Sp'm.  No.  135,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

169.  Herodias  egretta,  {Gmel.,)  Gray.,  White  Heron.     Occasionally  seen  on  the  Sus- 

quehanna. 

170.  Ardea  herodias,  ZiH?i.    Great  Blue  Heron.    Common  in  the  summer  and  autumn. 

Sp'm.  No.  73,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

171.  Ardetta  exilis,   (Gml.,)    Gray.    Least  Bittci-n.     This  species,  although  not   fre- 

quently seen,  owing  to  its  secluded  habits,  is  not  very  rare.     Sp'm.  No  7G,  Mus. 
Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 
173.  Botaurus  lentiginosus,  {Forster.,)  Steph.,  American  Bittern.     Resident,  spring  to 
autiunu. 

173.  Butorides  virescens,  (Linn.,)  Bon.,  Flj'-up-the-crcek.     Quite  frequent;  breeds  in 

the  county.     Sp'm.  No.  77,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

174.  Nyctiardea  gardeni,  (Gml.)  Bd.,  Night  Heron.     Frequent,  breeds  in  the  county. 

This  species  like  others  of  the  family,  breed  in  communities.  I  have  been  in- 
formed by  R.  R.  Tshudy,  of  Litiz,  that  near  that  place,  in  a  grove  of  young 
chestnut  trees,  large  numbers  have  congregated  for  some  years  past.  Sp'm.  No. 
78,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

Family  Tantalid.e — The  Ibises. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  4. 

175.  Tantalus  loculator,  Linn.,   Wood  Ibis.     Accidental.     I  obtained  a  fine  specimen 

of  this  species,  shot  from  a  troop  of  ten,  by  Mr.  M.  Ely,  on  the  Susquehanna, 
.July,  1862. 

Family  Platalice — The  Spoonbills. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  1;  in  the  county,  1. 

176.  Platalea  ajaja,    Wils.,  accidental;  shot  on  the  Conestoga.     Sp'm  No.  120,  3Ius. 

Linn.  Soc,  L. 

Family  Charadrid^— The  Plovers. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  8;  in  the  county,  6. 

177.  Charadrius  virginicus,  (  Wils.,)  Borck.,  Golden  or  Bull-headed  Plover.     Occasion- 

ally abundant  in  large  flocks,  August  to  October.  Sp'm  No.  80,  Mus.  Linn. 
Soc,  L. 

178.  Aegialitis  vociferus,  (Linn.,)  Cassin.,  KilUleer  Plover.     Abundant;  breeds  in  the 

county.     Sp'm  No.  83,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc,  L. 

179.  A.  wilsonius,  (Ord.,)  Casein.,  Wilson's  Plover.     Frequent  on  the  beach  (Su.s.iue- 

hanna)  in  autumn. 

3-i 


514  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

180.  A.  semipalmatus,  (Bon.,)  Cab.,  Semipalmated  Plovev.     Frequent,  September. 

181.  A.  melodus,  (Ord.,)  Cab.,  Piping  Plover.     Autumn. 

183.  Squatarola  helvetica,  (Li?in.,)  Cuv.,  Black-bellied  Plover.  Autumn;  similar  to 
the  Golden  Plover,  but  differs  in  being  larger  and  having  a  rudimental  hind  toe. 
Sp'm  No.  84,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

Family  Haematopodid^e — The  Oyster  Catchers. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  5;  in  the  county,  2. 

183.  Haematopus  palliatus,    Temm.,    Oyster  Catcher.     Occasional  stragglers  hi  the 

autumn. 

184.  Strepsilis  interpres,  {Linn.,)  Illig.,  Turnstone.     Summer  and  autumn;  not  unfre- 

quent. 

Family   Eecurvirostrid.e — The  Stilts. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  2;  in  the  county,  2. 

185.  Recurvirostra  americana,  Gml.,  American  Avoset.     Occasional  visitant. 

186.  Himantopus  nigricollis,  Vieill.,  Stilt.     Straggling  summer  visitor. 

Family  Phalaropodid^ — The  Phalaropes. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  3;  in  the  county,  1. 

187.  Phalaropus  hyperboreus.  {Linn.,)  Temni.,  Northern  Phalarope.     Autumn. 

Family  ScoLOPAciDji — The  Snipes. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  39;  in  the  county,  23. 

188.  Philohela  minor,   {Gml.,)   Gray.    American  Woodcock.     In  some  localities  fre- 

quent; breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm.  No.  85,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

189.  Gallinago  wilsonii,  {Temm.,)  Bonn.,  Wilson's  Snipe.     Improperly  called  by  gun - 

ners,  "English  Snipe;"  sometimes  very  abundant  in  marshy  situations;  March 
and  October. 

190.  Macroramphus  grisens,  {Gml.,)  Leacli,  Gray  Snii^e. 

191.  Tringa  canutus,  Linn.,  Eed-breasted  Snipe.     Called  "Knot,"  in  England. 
193.  T.  (Arquatella)  maritima,  Brunn.,  Purple  Sandpiper.     Rare;  August. 

193.  T.  (Schoeniclus)  alpina,  Linn.,  Red-backed  Sandpiper.     Spring  and  autumn. 

194.  T.  (Actodromus)  maculata,  Vieill.,  Jack  Snipe.     Spring  and  autumn. 

195.  T.  (A.)  wilsonii,  Nutt.,  Least  Sandpiper.     Very  abundant  in  autumn. 

196.  Calidris  arenaria,  {Linn.,)  111.,  Sanderling.     Summer;  freqvient. 

197.  Ereimotes  petrificatus,  Lll.,  Semipalmated  Sandpiper.     Abundant;  September. 

198.  Symphemia  semipalmata,   {Gml.,)   IRtrtl.,    Willet.     Occasionally  in  large  flocks; 

August. 

199.  Gambetta  melanoleuca,  {Gml.,)  Bon.,  Great  Tell  Tale.     Rare  in  spring;  in  au- 

tumn frequent. 

200.  G.  flavipes,  {Gml.,)  Bon.,  Yellow-shanks.     Abundant  in  autumn. 

201.  Rhyacophilus  solitarius,    {Wils.,)  Bon.,  Solitary  Sandpiper.     Summer  resident; 

frequent;  breeds  in  county. 

202.  Tringoides  macularius,   {Linn.,)  Gray.,  Spotted  Sandpiper.     Summer  resident; 

frequent;  breeds  in  the  county. 

203.  Actiturus  bartramius,  {Wils.,)  Bon.,  Bartram's  Tatler,  sometimes  called  "Grass 

Plover."    Frequent  in  summer;  leaves  about  September  1st;  breeds  in  the  county. 

204.  Limosa  fedoa,  {Linn.,)  Ord.,  Marbled  Godwit.     Rare.     Sp'm  No.  87,  Mus.  Linn. 

Soc.  L. 

205.  Numenius  longirostris,  Wils.,  Long-billed  Curlew,     Rare. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  515 

206.  Rallus  crepitans,    0ml.,  Clapper  Rail->Iud  Hen.     Rare;  one  siwcimen  obtaiued 

on  the  Conestoga  by  Mr.  G.  W.  Ilen.sel,  now  in  his  collection. 

207.  R.  virginianns,    Linn.,    Virginia   Kail.     Hathcr  froquent  in  marshes;  breeds   in 

the  county.     Sp'm  No.  88,  jMns.  Linn.  Soc,  L. 

208.  Porzana  Carolina,  {Linn..,)  VieilL,  Sora— Rail.     Summer;  probably  l)i-ecd.s  in  the 

county.     Sp'm  No.  89,  Mu.s.  Linn.  Soc,  L. 

209.  Fulica  americana,  0ml.,  Coot.     Common  in  the  autumn. 

210.  Gallinula    galeata,    (LicJit.,)    Bon.,    Florida  Gallinule.      An  occasional   visitor. 

Specimen  in  Hensel's  collection;  shot  on  the  Conestoga. 

ORDER  VL    NAT  AT  ORES. 
Family  Anatid.e. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  -54;  in  the  county,  28. 

211.  Cygnus  (olor)  americanus,  SharjJless,  Swan.     Migratory,  spring  and  autumn. 
213.  Anser  (chen)  hyperboreus,  Pallas.    Snow  Goo.se.   Migratory,  .spring  and  autumn. 

213.  Bernicla  (Leucoblepharon)  canadensis,  (Linn.,  )Boie,  Wild  Goose.     Migi-atory. 

s^jring  and  autuma;  becoming  less  frequent,  yearly. 

214.  B.   (Bernicla)  brenta,  (Linn.,)  Steph.,  Brant.     Migratory,  spring  and  autumn. 

215.  Anas  boschas,  Linn.,  Mallard.     Common,  spring,  autumn  and  winter.      Sp'm. 

No.  90,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

216.  Anas  obscura,   0ml.,  Black  Duck.     Common  spring,  autumn  and  winter. 

217.  Dafila  acuta,  (Linn.,)  Jenyns,  Pintail.     Migratory;  called  "Gray  Duck''  on  the 

Susquehanna,  when  in  autumnal  plumage.    Sp'm.  No.  91,  !Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

218.  Nettion  carolinensis,    (0ml.,)    Bd.,    Green-winged   Teal.     Common;   migratory, 

spring  and  autumn.     Sp'm.  No.  122,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

219.  Querquedula  discors,  (Linn.,)  Steph  ,  Blue-winged  Teal.     Common;  migi-atorj', 

spring  and  early  autumn.     Sp'm*  No.  121,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

220.  Spatula  clypeata,  (Linn.,)  Bote,  Shoveller.    Rare;  migratory,  spring  and  autumn. 

Sp'm  No.  — 

221.  Chaulelasmus  streperus,  (Linn.,)  Oray,  Gadwall.    Rather  rare;  migratory,  spring 

and  autumn,     Sp'm.  No.  98,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

222.  Mareca  americana,   (0ml..)  Steph.,  Bald-pate;  "Widgeon.     Connnon,  spring  and 

autumn;  migratory.     Sp'm.  No.  95,  ]\Ius.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

223.  Aix  spon.sa,    (Linn.,)  Boie,  Summer  Duck.     Resident  spring  and  summer,  and 

breeds  in  the  county.     Sp'm.  No.  96,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

224.  Fulix  marila,   (Linn.,)  Bd.,    Large  Blue-bill;  Black-head  or  Scaup.     Common. 

spring  and  autumn;  migratory.     Sp'm.  No.  97,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

225.  F.  affinis,    (Eyton.)   Bd.,  Little    Blue-bill.     Common,  spring  and  autumn:   mi- 

gratory. 

226.  F.  collaris,  (Donovan,)  Bd.,  Ring-necked  Duck.    IVIigratory,  spring  and  autumn. 

Sp'm.  No.  99,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

227.  Athya  americana,  (Eyton,)  Bon.,  Red  Head.     Migratory;  spring  and  autumn. 

228.  A.    vallisneria,    (Wils.,)    Bon.,   Canvas-back.     Migratory;    spring   and    autumn. 

Sp'm.  No.  100,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc  Lane 

229.  Bucephala  americana,  (^ow.,)  ^(Z.,  Wlii.stler;  Golden-eye.    :Migratory,  .spring  and 

autumn,  and  in  Winter  abundant, 

230.  B.  albeola,  (Linn.,)  Bd.,  Spirit  Duck;  Butter  Ball.     Migratory;  frequent,  spring 

and  autumn.     Sp'm.  No.  101,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane 

231.  Harelda  glacialis,  (Linn.,)  Leach,  South  Southeriy;  Long-tailed  Duck.     Migra- 

tory; abundant  in  autumn.     Sp'm.  No.  105,  :Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

232.  Melanettavelvetina,  (Cassin.,)  Bd.,  Velvet  Duck.    :Migratory;  spring  and  autiuim. 


516  AUTHENTIC  HISTOEY 

233.  Pelionetta  perspicillata,    {Linn.,)   Kaup.,    Surf  Duck.     Migratory;  spring  and 

autumn.     Sp'm.  No.  106,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

234.  Oideniia    americana,    Swainson,    American    Scoter.       Migratory;     in    autumn 

during  stormy  weatlier,  this  species  sometimes  arrive  in  large  numbers  on  the 
Susquehanna,  and  seem  to  pass  on  with  the  storm. 

235.  Erismatura  rubida,  {WiU..,)  Bon.,  Ruddy  Duck.    Migratory;  spring  and  autumn; 

some  seasons  qviite  abundant  for  a  few  days.     Sp'm.  No.  107,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

236.  Mergus  americanus,  Cassin,  Fisher  Duck;  Goosander.     Resident;  breeds  in  the 

county.     Sp'm.  No.  108,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

237.  M.  serrator,  Linn.,  Red-breasted  Fislier.     Smaller  than  the  preceding;  resident; 

breeds  in  the  county. 

238.  Lophodytes  cueullatu.s,  (Linn.,)  Eeich.,  Hooded  Fisher.    Frequent;  breeds  on  the 

Susquehanna.     Sp'm.  No.  110,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  Lane. 

Family  Laeid^ — The  Gulls. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  46;  in  the  county,  7. 
2.39.  Larus  argentatus,  BruenicJi,  Herring  Gull.    Spring  and  autumn;  not  unfrequeut . 
Sp'm.  No.  Ill,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

240.  L.  delawarensis,  Ord,  Ring-billed  Gull.     Occasional  visitant,  spring.     Sp'm.  No. 

112,  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

241.  Chroicoceplialus    atricilla,    (Linn.,)    Later.,    Laughing    Gvdl.     Common   in  the 

spring. 

242.  C.  Philadelphia,  (Ord.,)  Later.,  Bonaparte's  Gull.    Common,  spring  and  autumn. 

Sp'm.  No.  113.  Mus.  Linn.  Soc.  L. 

243.  Sterna  caspia,  Pallas,  Caspian  Tern.     Two  specimens  shot  on  the  Susquehanna  at 

Marietta,  September  21st,  1847;  now  in  my  collection. 

244.  S.  frenata,  Qamb.,  Least  Tern.     Spring  and  autumn.     Sp'm  No.  114,  Mus.  Linn. 

Soc.  L. 

245.  Hydrochelidon  plumbea,   (Wils.,)  Lawr.,  The  Short-tailed  Tern.     Late  summer; 

specimen  in  my  collection. 

Family  Colymbid^. 

Known  No.  of  species  in  N.  A.,  12;  in  the  county,  5 

246.  Colymbus  torquatus,  BrunicTi,  Loon.     Frequent;  spring  and  autumn.     Sp'm  No. 

—  Mus.  Linn.  Soc  L. 

247.  Podiceps  griseigena,  (Bodd.,)   Gray.  Red-necked  Grebe.     Rare;  one  specimen  in 

my  collection.  For  reference  to  this  individual  I  quote  from  my  note  book; 
"shot  on  the  Susquehanna,  March  25th,  1847;  male;  length  18  inches;  stomach 
charged  with  sand,  grass  and  feathers;  lower  intestines  infested  with  a  species 
of  TaincB.'''' 

248.  P.  cornutus,  (Ornl ,)  Lath.,  Horned  Grebe. 

249.  P.  cristatus,   Linn.,)  Lath.,  Crested  Grebe.     Very  rare.     Sp'm   No.    118,  Mus. 

Linn.  Soc.  L. 

250.  P.  podilymbus,  (Linn.,)  Later.,  Pie-billed  Grebe.     Abundant. 

SUMMARY. 

Nvunber  of  Orders  represented  in  N.  A.,  6;  in  the  county,  6. 
Number  of  Families  represented  in  N.  A.,  56;  in  the  county,  38. 
Whole  number  of  Species  in  N.  A.,  738;  in  the  county,  250. 


OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY 


oil 


CONCHOLOGY.i 

Although  this  branch  of  natural  history  is  of  sufficient  interest  to  those  engaged  in 
its  study  to  attract  the  attention  of  some  of  the  best  minds  of  our  country,  as  well  as 
of  other  enlightened  nations,  yet  it  is  one  in  which  the  public  is  usually  not  much  con- 
cerned, especially  not  in  its  scientiiic  details.  AVaiving  entirely  tlie  .piestion  of  its 
usefulness,  it  is  deemed  of  sufficient  importance,  to  constitute  a  part  of  oiir  liistoiy  of 
the  natural  sciences  of  the  county  of  Lancaster,  as  it  unquestionably  does,  in  tlie  great 
kingdom  of  nature.  So  little,  however,  is  known  of  the  individual  habits  of  this  clas.s 
of  animals  of  a  practical  character;  and  as  a  general  thing,  so  little  do  they  interferc 
with  the  productions  of  human  industry,  that  a  mere  list  of  the  names  of  what  ha.s 
been  found  within  the  boundaries  of  the  county,  has  been  deemed  .sufficient  on  this 
occasion;  and  then  only  of  those  that  are  "shell-bearing."  It  is  perhaps  hardly  ne- 
cessary to  say  that  Concliology  embraces  that  class  of  animals  usually  known  under  the 
common  name  of  "shells."  So  far  as  the  territory  of  Lancaster  county  is  concerned, 
they  may  be  divided  into  Univalves,  being  composed  of  a  single  piece  or  shell,  and 
Bivalves,  composed  of  two  pieces  or  shells,  united  together  by  a  sort  of  hinge,  enclosing 
the  animal  between  or  within  them.  They  are  also  called  Fluveatile- Shells,  when  they 
inhabit  fresh  water — the  "bivalves"  being  of  this  character — iiwd  Land-Shells,  vihcw 
they  inhabit  the  land.  Part  of  the  "univalves"  are  fluveatile,  and  part  of  them 
land  shells.  Shells  are  also  divided  into  Classes,  Sub-classes  and  Orders,  but  as  the 
number  and  variety  is  too  limited  in  our  local  couchology  to  attempt  such  a  classifica- 
tion, none  will  be  made  in  that  direction.  Both  land  and  water  shells — or  i-ather 
the  animals  that  occupy  them — usually  feed  on  vegetation,  such  vegetation  as  is  indi- 
genous to  their  respectivs  elements.  The  water  shells  perform,  perhaps,  a  more  im- 
portant function  in  purifying  their  native  element  than  they  receive  credit  for;  but  some 
of  the  land  shells,  have  long  been  considei-ed  as  destructive  to  some  species  of  vegeta- 
tion, and  especially  to  the  productions  of  the  "Truck  Gardener." 


CLASS  MOLLUSCA. 

SHELL  BEARING  MOLL  USCA. 

{UNIVALVES.) 

Fam.  Succinid^. 

SUCCIN^. 
obliqua  Say. 
ovalis  Say. 

Fam.  Helicellid.e. 
Suh.  Fam.  Ilelicellinoe. 
Macrocyclis. 
concava  Say. 
Hyalina. 
*fuliginosa  Say. 
indentata  Say. 
arborea  Say. 
electrina  Old. 

Sub-Fam.  Gastrodontinse. 
Mesomphix. 
ligera  Say. 
CoNULrs. 
m^inistrisima  Say. 

1  Contribute!  by  Mr. 


Gastrodonta. 

suppressa  Say. 
Strabila. 

labyrinthica  Say. 

Suh-Fctm.  Patulinx. 
Angospica. 

alter nata  Say. 
Patula. 

perspectiva  Say. 

striatella  Ant. 
IlELicoDiscrs. 

lineata  Say. 

Fam.  Helicid.e. 
Sub-Fam.  Mesodontse. 
Vallonia. 

minuata  Say. 
Mesodox. 

thyroides  Say. 
buculenta  Old. 
dentata  Var. 
albolabris  Say. 
H.  G.  ISruckhart. 


518 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


XOLATKIMA. 

*paliata  Say. 
Triodopsis. 

tridenta  Say. 

fallax  Say. 
Stenotrima. 

monodon  Rao. 

hirsuta  Say. 

Fam.  Pupad^e. 

ZUA. 

subcylindrica  CJiK 
Leucochila. 

marginata  Say. 

contracta  Say. 

armifera  Say. 
Isthmia. 

ovata  Say. 

Fam.  Auriculid.e. 

Carychitjm. 
exiguum  Say. 

Fam.  Limn.'Eid^. 

LiMNOPHTSA. 

*palustris  Mul. 
*elodes  Say. 
desidiosa  Say. 
*cuperata  Say. 
humilis  Say. 
modecella  Say.^  Var. 
Physa. 

ancellaria  Say. 
heterastrojDlia  Say. 

Fam.  Planorbix^e. 

Planorbis. 

leutvis  Say. 
Helisoma. 

trivolois  Say. 

bicarinatus  Say. 
Gyranlus. 

deflectus  Say. 

parviis  Say. 

Fam.  Ancylix.e. 

Ancylus. 

rivularis  Say. 
tardus  Say. 

Fam.  Valvatid^. 
Valvata. 
tricarinata  Say. 


Fam,  Viviparid^e. 

Melaktho 

decisa  Say. 
Lioplex. 

Hubcarinata  Say. 

Fam.  Eassoidj<;. 

Gillia. 

altilis  Lea. 
Amnicola. 

sayana  A7it. 

limosa  Say. 

*decisa  Hid. 

graniTin  Say. 
Pomatiopsis. 

*la,stnca  Say. 

Fam.  Melaniid^. 

GONIOBASIS. 

virginica  Say, 
multilineata  Say.,  Var. 
Leptoxis. 
dissimilis  Say. 

(BIVALVES.) 

Fam.  Unionid^. 

Anodokta. 

tiaviatilis  Lea. 

undulata  Say. 

edeutula  Lea. 
Strophitus. 

undulatus  Say. 
Alasmodonta. 

marginata  Say. 
Ellipsis. 

viridis  Baf. 

tapanianus  Lea. 
Lampsilis. 

cariosus  Say. 

radiatus  Lam. 
Unio. 

complanatus  Sol. 

Fam.  Corbiculad.e. 

Sphaerium. 
siilcantum  Lam. 
striatinum  Loyjn. 
fabalis  Brvi. 
trausversuni  Say. 

PiSIDIUM. 

comi^ressum  Prm. 
variabile  Prm. 


Note.— The  species  marked  with  a  *  are  given  on  the  authority  of  Prof.  Haiaeraan,  but  all  the 
others  have  been  obtained  from  this  county  by  Mr.  H.  G.  Bruckhart,  of  Silver  Springs,  and  are  now 
in  his  collection.  S.  S.  Rathvon. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  519 


CLASS  AKACllNIDAi 
To  this  class  belong  all  those  ammals  commonly  known  under  tlie  name  of  "Snidcrs," 
"Ticks,"  "Mites,"  "Fals-scoi]iions,"  etc.,  and  which  are  generally  (listinguislied  from 
Insects  in  having  eight  feet  instead  of  six— hence  they  are  also  called  "  UcIoikkIs"— 
and  in  having  the  head  and  the  thorax  united  in  one  piece,  called  the  cepluila  thorax. 
They  are  without  antenme,  and  the  legs  are  seven-jointed,  terminating  with  the  two- 
jointed  tarsi.  At  the  base  of  their  mandibles,  or  jaws,  there  are  small  vesicles  filled 
with  poison,  which  can  be  poured  into  the  tips  of  the  jaws  and  thus  poison  any  animal 
that  is  bitten  by  the  spider.  Unless  man,  however,  is  in  such  a  state  of  health  as  to 
render  his  constitution  open  to  the  reception  of  injury  from  their  bite,  there  is  no  spe- 
cies of  spider  in  the  county  of  Lancaster  that  can  do  him  much  hami.  Iklosfiuitocs 
and  horse-flies,  under  similar  circumstances,  are  as  capable  of  inflicting  as  serious  inju- 
ries upon  the  human  species  as  are  spiders.  The  young  are  produced  from  eggs,  and 
after  they  are  hatched  therefrom,  they  moult  or  cast  oil"  their  skins  a  number  of  times 
before  they  attain  their  perfect  state.  Spiders  usually  live  upon  animal  food,  and  aro 
most  voracious  feeders,  and  hence  they  may  be  regarded  as  friends  to  the  human  family. 
There  are  some  species,  however,  of  this  class,  that  live  upon  vegetable  substances, 
especially  among  the  acaridae,  but  the  larger  number  of  even  these  are  parasitic  upon 
the  bodies  of  other  animals,  and  especially  upon  those  of  insects.  Spiders  difler  very 
much  in  their  habits,  some  spinning  complex  webs  and  others  very  simple  ones.  Some 
construct  their  nest  high  up  among  shrubbery  and  trees,  and  others  low  down  upon  tho 
ground,  or  under  stones,  or  in  cavities  under  the  ground,  whilst  others  spin  no  web  at 
all,  but,  like  a  tiger,  lie  in  wait  for  their  prey  and  suddenly  pounce  upon  it.  Some  aro 
aquatic  in  their  habits,  but  the  larger  number  of  species  are  strictly  tciTCstrial.  Per- 
haps there  is  no  other  class  of  animals,  of  the  same  size,  that  has  elicitcfl  so  little  sys- 
tematic attention  as  that  of  spiders,  and  therefore  a  i-eliablc  list  of  what  even  Lancaster 
county  contains,  cannot  be  given  at  the  present  time.  The  Arachnids  are  diviflcd  into 
two  primary  groups,  called  Pulmonaria  and  Trachearia. 

PULMONARIA.  Sphasus. 

-r,  .  nitidans 

Fam.  Aranid^e.  ,    . 

scalaris 

Mygale.  Attus.                           ' 

Several  species.  insolens 

FiLiSTATA.  familiaris 

hibernalis  viridis 

Dysdera.  niger 

teterrima  rniw^ 

Segestria.  sylvanus 

pumila  vittatus 

Lycosa.  castaneus 

fatifera  •'*"'^  several  other  species 

ocreata  Tiiomisus. 

littoralis  vulgaris 

punctulata  a»d  othtr  species, 

and  other  species.  Clubioxa. 

DoLOMEDES.  obesa 

tenebrosa  gracilis 

sexpunctatus  tranquila 

lanceolatus  a'"^  others, 

and  other  species.  IIerpyllcs. 

1  Contributed  by  Mr.  S.  S.  Rnthvon. 


520 


AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


ecclesiasticus 

ornatus 

bicolor 

varigatus 

bilineatus. 
Angelena. 

l^lumbea 

iiaevia 
Theridium. 

vulgaris 

boreale 

lineatum 
Pholcus. 

several  species. 
Tegenakia. 

punctata 
Epeira. 

riparia 

obesa 

peiisylvauicus 

vulgaris 

caudata 

niilitaris 

spiiiea 

rugosa 
aud  several  others. 
Ltniphia. 

communis 

antumnalis 

pumila 
Argyroneta. 

several  species. 
Stnemostka. 

fomica 


Epiblemum. 
palmaruni 
and  others. 

TR  AC  HE  ARIA. 

PSEUDO-SCORPIOXID.E. 

Chelifer. 
cancroidc?  Lin. 
and  other  species. 

PHALANGID^. 
Phalangia. 

several  species. 

AC  ARID  ^. 
Tyrolyphus. 

ribis  Fch. 
Heteropus. 

ventircosus  Fch. 
Oribata. 

quadricolis  Feh. 
Tkombidima. 

several  species. 
Acarus.  (Mites.) 
domesticus  De  G. 
scabies  Fab. 
sacchariuum 
farina 
telluris 
Ixodes  (Ticks.) 

several  sijecies. 
Gamasus.   (on  Beetles.) 

several  species. 
Hydrachna. 

several  species. 


The  foregoing  catalogue  of  Arachnids  is  necessarily  very  incomplete,  and  therefore, 
also  very  imperfect;  its  compilation  being  from  very  scant  and  disconnected  materials, 
and  rather  from  recollections,  based  upon  meagre  discriptions,  than  from  specimens 
before  me  of  what  the  county  of  Lancaster  contains.  It  may  however  serve  as  the 
basis  for  a  more  perfect  and  extended  list  hereafter,  when  the  county  is  more  fully  ex- 
j)lored  and  the  subjects  it  contains  are  better  understood.  The  authorities,  except  in  a 
very  few  instances,  are  not  given,  simply  because  they  are  not  certainly  known,  but  it 
is  presumed  that  most  of  them  are  due  to  Prof  Heutz  and  Dr.  Harris. 


CLASS  CRUSTACEA. 

Lancaster  county  being  an  inland  district  and  its  waters  all  fresh,  it  therefore  con- 
tains but  few  individuals  belonging  to  this  class  of  animals,  and  those  few  but  little 
understood. 

ORDER  DECAPODA. 

Family — Macroura. 

ASTACUS. 

bartonii  Bosc.     (craw-fish.) 


OF  LANCASTER  COL'NTV.  521 

ORDER  AMPJnroJjA. 
This  order  contains  the  "water-doa.s,-  ..l"  whicli  there  are  a  numl.er  ..f  .s,K.nu.s  hut 
their  description  and  names,  if  they  have  ever  heen  descrihed  and  named,  are  not 
accessible  to  me,  and  therefore  tliey  are  necessarily  omitted.  Tlu-sr  animals  are  found 
in  great  abundance  upon  the  bottoms  of  all  our  sprini,^s  and  rnnniu;,^  streams.  The 
most  common  species  is  Asellus  aquitiici/:^. 


ENTOMOLOGY.! 

The  subject  of  Entomology  cannot  be  so  localized  as  to  include  only  the  in.sects  of  a 
single  county;  and  therefore  all,  or  nearly  all,  of  that  class  of  animals,  alluded  to  in 
this  'paper,  will  also  be  found  in  the  counties  of  York,  Chester.  Beiks,  Lelianon  and 
Dauphin;  territory  that  environs  Lancaster  county;  and  possildy  it  may  include  all 
that  inhabit  the  same  belt  of  latitude,  through  the  State  of  Pennsylvania — at  least  in 
that  portion  of  the  aforesaid  belt,  that  is  of  the  same  degree  of  elevation  or  altitude. 
There  is,  however,  within  the  territorial  limits  of  the  State  of  Pemisylvania  a  marked 
distinction  in  the  local  distribution  of  insects,  the  Southern  tier  of  counties  i)rodueing 
those  that  are  also  common  to  the  Northern  tiers  of  Maryland  and  ^'irginia;  and  the 
Northern  tier  those  that  are  common  to  the  Southern  portions  of  the  State  of  New 
York.  Still,  there  are  many  species  that  are  common  to  the  entire  territory  of  the  States 
named,  and  some  common  to  the  whole  United  States.  Under  any  circumstances,  we  may 
infer  that  the  local  distribution  of  the  entomological  fauna  of  a  country,  or  any  part 
of  a  country,  will  be  more  less  in  correspondence  with  the  local  distribution  of  its  dora;  so 
far  at  least,  as  the  subjects  of  the  former  are  dependent  upon  the  latter  for  their  nonnal 
food.  In.sects,  moreover,  in  some  instances,  become  localized  through  civilization  and 
commercial  intercourse.  A  numljer  of  the  wood-boring  beetles  conunon  to  the  wild  pine 
regions  of  Pennsylvania — in  the  North — have  l)ecome  localized  in  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster; having  been  brought  down  the  Susquehanna  river,  in  the  larva,  or  the  pupa 
state,  in  sticks  of  timber,  or  sawed  lumber;  and  then,  having  betaken  themselves  to 
similar  trees  or  timber,  in  their  new  locality,  have  become  permanently  established. 

Nor  can  the  subject  be  so  particularized  as  to  contain  a  detailed  description  of  the 
various  species  that  are  found  in  the  county  and  adjacent  territory,  nor  to  include 
a  complete  catalogue  of  them.  Because,  to  do  the  former  would  involve  the  ])roduc- 
tion  of  a  book  quite  as  large  as  the  whole  history  of  Lancaster  county  is  propo.sed  to 
be;  and  to  do  the  latter,  would  only  be  enlarging  a  list  of  Latin  names,  that  are  per- 
haps of  very  little  interest  to  the  general  reader.  Under  any  circumstances  it  will 
be  utterly  impossible  for  the  most  careful  observer  to  form  a  proper  conce])tion  of 
the  denizens  of  the  insect  realm,  without  considering  them  as  a  whole  as  well  as  si)ecili- 
cally,  and  noting  the  transformations  of  the  various  individuals  composing  tiiat  realm, 
from  the  ova  to  the  larvce  and  their  moultings,  and  thence  through  thcii  pupal  changes, 
until  they  arrive  at  tlie  full  and  perfect  development  of  the  matured  tmac/o.  Insects 
difter  so  much  in  their  habits,  and  are  so  diverse  in  their  structure  and  form,  during 
these  periods,  that,  without  the  most  careful  ob.servation,  they  are  liable  to  be  mistaken 
in  their  specific  relations,  and  their  individual  identities.  Wliatever  may  have  been 
the  origin  of  insects  in  the  beginning,  or  whatever  may  be  their  origin  now  or  liereafter, 
under  extraordinary  circumstances,  it  is  pretty  well  established  that  their  ordinary 
production  is  from  eggs,  deposited  by  a  female  parent;  except  in  a  few  instances, 
where  they  are  viviparous.  The  fir.st  recognizable  state  of  the  insect  then,  is  the  ociim 
or  egg.  Incubation  may  take  place  in  a  few  days  after  deposition,  or  it  may  be  defer- 
red, through  the  rigor  of  an  intervening  winter,  to  another  season.  The  eggs  are 
usually  deposited  in  such  situatioms,  and  the  exclusion  of  the  young  occurs  at  such 
1  Contributed  by  Jlr.  S.  S.  Rathvon. 


522  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 

periods  as  will  furnish  tliem  ^Yith  the  food  necessary  to  their  develoimient.  Almost 
immediately  after  the  young  emerges  from  the  egg,  whatever  its  form  or  structure  may 
be,  it  instinctively  seeks  and  appropriates  its  accustomed  food.  In  this  state-it  is  called 
a  larva,  in  the  language  of  science,  but  in  common  parlance,  a  maggot,  a  grub,  a  cater- 
pillar, or  a  ■worm.  The  term  larva  is  from  the  Latin,  and  means  a  mask,  becanse  the 
future  insect  is  enveloped  in,  or  masked  by  the  body  of  the  larva.  Whilst  in  the 
larva  state,  it  casts  off  its  external  integument  or  skin,  four  or  five  times,  before  it  per- 
fects its  condition  in  that  state,  and  immediately  after  these  several  changes  or  moult- 
ings,  its  development,  for  some  time,  is  very  rapid.  The  next  state  to  which  the  insect 
attains,  is  that  of  the  fupa,  in  which,  in  the  larger  number  of  instances,  it  bears  no 
resemblance  to  the  state  from  which  it  was  transformed.  The  term  pupa  is  also  from 
the  Latin,  and  is  applied  to  inserts,  because  in  this  state  some  of  them  resemble  an  infant 
in  swaddling  clothes.  The  perfectly  matnred  insect  may  evolve  from  the  i>upa  in  a 
few  days  after  it  has  assumed  that  state,  and  it  may  not  do  so  until  another  entire  sea- 
son has  intervened,  according  to  the  extrinsic  circumstances  of  the  case.  A  few  hours 
after  this  last  transformation,  the  insect  has  acquired  its  full  development,  and  all  the 
beauty,  size  and  intelligence  it  ever  attains  to.  In  this  state  it  is  called  the  imago, 
which  is  also  from  the  Latin,  and  implies  that  it  is  then  in  the  image  of  the  parents 
that  fertilized  and  laid  the  egg.  Their  periods  of  existence,  in  this  state,  are  very 
variable;  in  some  instances  continuing  several  months,  and  in  others  only  a 
single  day,  or  a  few  hours.  This  is  the  love  season,  during  which  the  sexes  cohabit, 
the  females  deposit  their  eggs,  and,  in  many  instances,  immediately  thereafter,  die;  for 
as  a  general  thing,  insects  have  not  the  protecting  and  fostering  care  of  a  living  parent 
on  the  one  hand,  or  the  satisfaction  of  beholding  their  posterity  on  the  other.  Al- 
thoiigh  the  general  routine  of  development  is  very  similar  in  all  insects,  yet,  there  are 
various  excejitions  and  modifications  in  their  specific  transformations,  which  can  only 
be  pointed  out  in  a  specific  description  of  the  different  Orders  to  which  they  respective- 
ly belong.  It  is  in  the  larva  state  that  all  insects  aj-e  the  most  voracious  feeders,  and 
it  is  then  that  they  commit  the  greatest  depredations  upon  vegetation,  or  any  other 
substances  they  may  feed  upon.  In  the  pupa  state  many  of  them  are  entirely  quiescent, 
and  jjartake  of  no  food,  and  many  of  those  that  feed  at  all,  in  the  imago  state,  seek  and 
appropriate  quite  a  difterent  kind  of  food  from  that  which  served  them  as  larvaj. 
These  exceptional  cases  cannot  be  detailed  here  without  transcending  our  limits. 
But  before  we  proceed  to  cataloguing,  it  may  be  necessary  to  point  out  briefly, 
what  animals  are  comprehended  under  the  term  insects. 

"  The  term  Entomology,  is  derived  from  the  two  Greek  words  entom — an  insect,  and 
logos — a  discourse ;  the  fonner  word,  as  well  as  the  synonymous  Latin  word,  insectum, 
which  has  been  anglicised  into  insect,  being  themselves  compounded  of  other  words, 
signifying  a  cutting  or  dividing  into  sections  or  articulations,  whence  in  fact,  we  arrive 
at  one  of  the  great  characteristics  of  these  tribes  of  animals;  namely,  the  articulated 
stracture  of  the  external  parts  of  their  bodies,  which  may  be  properly  regarded  as  their 
skeletons,  as  it  serves  as  supports  of  the  muscles  and  other  internal  organs,  just  as  the 
internal  vertebrae  of  the  higher  animals  support  the  same  parts." 

"Mon.  Straus  has  demonstrated  that  in  the  body  of  an  insect  not  exceeding  an  inch 
in  length,  there  are  three  hundred  and  six  hard  pieces,  entering  into  the  composition 
of  the  outer  envelope;  four  hundred  and  ninety-six  muscles  for  putting  them  in  motion; 
twenty-four  pairs  of  nerves  to  animate  them,  divided  into  innumerable  fillets;  and  forty- 
eight  pairs  of  trachse,  equally  ramified,  to  convey  air  and  life  into  this  inextricable 
tissue."  Although  this  complication  of  structure  is  not  recognizable  to  the  unassisted 
common  observer,  yet,  insects  are  conspicuously  divisible  into  three  j^arts;  namely,  the 
7i,ead,  the  thorax,  and  the  abdomen.  In  addition  to  the  eyes,  the  mouth,  and  other 
organs,  the  head  has  attached  to  it  a  pair  of  appendages,  of  greater  or  lesser  length 
called  the  antennce  or  feelers.     To  the  thorax  are  attached  three  pairs  of  feet,  and  two 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY.  523 

or  four  wings;  so  that  it  will  be  observed,  that  strictly  speakiiifr,  inserts  are  six-fo..tod, 
or  hexapocls.  The  abdomen,  besides  containing  the  intestines,  the  matrix,  and  in  many 
species  tlie  breathing  apparatus,  is  also  terminated  Ijy  the  sexual  organs  and  the  ovi- 
positor, which  in  many  species  is  obsolete,  or  modified  into  a  stiii". 

CLASS INSECTA. 

The  hexapodal  animals  called  Insects,  compose  a  distinct  Class  in  the  sub-animal 
kingdom  Articulata;  but  this  six-footed  characteristic  only  refers  to  the  perfectly  ma- 
tured adults;  for  whilst  they  are  in  the  larva  state,  many  of  them  are  without  distinct 
feet,  many  of  them  have  a  greater  or  lesser  number  of  abdominal  feet,  called  prolcgt. 
The  Class  Insecta  is  divided  into  Orders,  and  these  orders  arc  sub-divided  into  Tribes, 
Families,  Genera,  Groups  and  Species,  or  their  ecpiivalents. 

ORDER  COLEOPTERA. 

At  the  head  of  the  class,  iisually,  is  placed  the  order  Coleoptera,  or  the  insects  commonly 
called  "Beetles."  This  name  is  derived  from  the  two  Greek  words  Coleos — a  sheath 
or  shield,  and  pteron,  a  wing,  or  sheath-winged  insects.  The  term  was  first  used  by 
Aeistotle,  and  has  been  almost  universally  adopted  by  subsequent  naturalists,  although 
many  subjects,  originally  included  in  it,  have  since  been  eliminated,  and  formed  into 
new  orders. 

The  order  is  defined  by  its  subjects,  having  two  membranaceous  wings,  folded  longi- 
tudinally and  transversely,  beneath  two  horny  or  leathery  elytrce,  or  wing-covens, 
uniting  in  the  middle  by  a  straight  suture  down  the  back;  the  mouth  is  provided  with 
mandibles  or  jaws,  and  the  metamorpJiosis,  or  change  from  one  state  to  another,  is  com- 
plete— that  is,  not  gradual,  the  pupa  being  quiescent  and  distinct.  The  subjects  of  this 
order,  that  have  been  found  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  may  be  divided  into  the  fol- 
lowing Sections,  Sub-Sections,  Families  and  Genera,  of  which  there  are  numerous 
species,  and  more  or  less  variety: 

ORDER  COLEOPTERA.  CARABlDJi— Predaceous  Beetles. 

Section  PENTAIIERA;  in  which  all  the  Casnonia  Latr. 

tarsi  are  iive-jointed.  pensylvanica  Linn. 

Sub-section  CARNIVORA— Carnivorous  Leptotkaciielus  Lat. 

Beetles.  dorsahs  Fab. 


CiciNDELiDJE — Tisrer-beetles. 


LAcnxopnoRUS  Dej. 
subsulcatus  Fab? 


CiNCiNDELA  Li7in.  pubescens  Dej. 
vulgaris  Sai/.                                                Galerita  Fab. 

punctulata  Oliv.  jamis  Fab. 

hirticollis  Say.  bicolor  Dru. 

sexguttata  Fab.  americana  (Var.) 
octoguttata  (Var.)                                       Cymixdis  Lair. 

marginalis  Fab.  americana  Dej. 

purpurea  Oliv.  pilosa  Say. 

patruela  Dej.  sinuata  Say. 

unicolor  Dej.  neglecta  Hald. 

duodecemguttata  Say.  laticollis  Say. 

marginipennis  Dej.  limbata  Dej. 

gravida  Lee.  f«scata  Dej. 

decemnotata  Say.  punctigera  Lee. 

limbata?  Say.  cl^ga"^  ^''- 


524 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


piceus  Dfij. 
Calleida  Uld. 

viridii^ennis  Say. 

rvibicoUis  Dej. 

cyanipennis"?  Chaud. 
Dkomius  Bo7i. 

piceus  JDej. 
AxiNOPALPUS  Lee. 

fusciceps  Lee. 
PlochiotsUS  Dej. 

tiniidus  Hald. 

amandus  Niovi. 

bonfelsii  Dej. 
Lebia  Latr. 

ornata  Say. 

atriventris  Say. 

vittala  Fab. 

scapularis  Dej. 

maculiconiis  Lee. 

pleuritica  Lee. 

pulcliella  Dej. 

abdominalis  OTid. 

quadrivittata. 

axalaris  Dej. 

russata  iVwm. 

viridis  Say. 

pumila  Dej. 

cyanii)ennis  Dej. 

tricolor  Say. 

viridipennis  Dej. 
COPTODEKA  Dej. 

aerata  Dej. 
Braciiinus  Webr. 

fumans  LAnn. 

alternatiis  Dej. 

curticollis  Hid.  ? 

perplexus  Dej. 

affinus  Ijec. 

sufflans  Lee. 

similis  Lee. 

qviadripeiinis  Dej. 

patruelis  Lee. 

libator  Dej. 

medius  Lee. 

ceplialotus  Dej. 

streiiuus  Lee. 

americanus  Lee. 

ballistarius  Lee. 

lateralis  Dej. 

minuatus  Hid. 
Helluomorpha  Laf. 

laticornis  Dej. 

praeusta?  Dej. 


Haplochile  Lee. 

pygmaBa"?  Dej, 
SCARITES   Fab. 

subterraneus  Fab. 

iiitermedius?  Lee. 

distinctiis  Lee. 

affinis?  Lee. 
Pasimaciius  Don. 

depressus  Fah. 
Clavina  Lair. 

Quadrimaculata  Beaur. 

bipiistulata  Fab. 

morio  Dej. 

viridis  Say. 

bisignata  PuU. 

americana  Dej. 

pallida  Say. 

corvina  PvAz. 

acuducta  Hid. 

deutipes  Dej. 

SCHIZOGENIUS  PuiZ. 

ampliibius  Hald. 
Ardistomis  Putz. 
obliquata  Putz. 
piincticollis  Dej. 

ASPIDOGLOSSA  Putz. 

subaiigiilata?  Clid. 
Dyschiritjs  Bon. 

sphaericollis  Say. 

rusticus  Lee. 

globosus  Say 

tridentatus  Lee. 

integer  Lee. 
Sphaeroderus  Dej. 

stenostomus  Ku. 

niagarensis  Lap. 

bilobus  Say. 
Calosoma  Web. 

scrutator  Fab. 

calidum  Fab. 

externum  Say. 

lepidum?  Lee. 

wilcoxi"?  Lee. 
Carabtjs  Linn. 

serratus  Say. 

silvosus  Say. 

ligatus  Oenn. 

limbatus  Say. 

linitinius  Hald. 
Nebria  Lat. 

pallipsis  Say. 

sutiu-alis?  Lee. 
Omophron  Kirb. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


525 


labiatiim  Fah. 

tesselatum  Say. 

americanum  Dej. 
Elaphrus  Fah. 

I'uscarius  iSa?/. 
NoTioPiiiLus  Dum. 

porrectus  Say. 

9-striatus  Lee. 

confusus?  Lee. 

semistriatus  Say. 
Panagaeus  Lat. 

faciatus  Say. 
Chlaenius  Bon. 

sericeus  Forst. 

aestivus  Say. 

chloi'ophanus  Dej. 

emarginatus  Say. 

nemoralis  Say. 

tomeiitosus  Say. 

viciniis  Dej. 

Ijusillus  Say. 

solitarius?  Say. 

laticollis  Say. 

fusciconiis  Dej. 

rufilabris  Dej. 

impunctifrous  Say. 

niger  Ran. 

posticus  Lee. 

obscurus  Lee, 

rufipes  Dej. 

tricolor  Dej. 

lithophilus  Say. 

laticollis  Say. 

viridifrons  Esli. 

prasinus  Dej. 

pensylvanicus  Say. 
OoDES  Bon. 

amaroides  Dej. 
DiCAELUS  Bon. 

violaceus  Bon. 

teter  Bon. 

dilatatus  Say. 

ovalis  Lee. 

simplex  Dej. 

furvus  Dej. 

elongatus  Bon. 

confusus  Jjec. 

politus  Dej. 
Patrobus  Dej. 

longicornis  Say. 
angicollis?  Ban. 
Calathus  Bon. 
gregarius  Say. 


belucnsii  Man. 
ruficollis?  Dej. 
Pristodactyla  Dej. 
inipunctata  Say. 
corviua  Lee. 
advcna  Lee. 
Plat YN us  Bon. 

angustatus  Dej. 

crythropiis  Dej. 

dccens  Illd. 

corvinus?  Dej. 

placidus? 

atratus  Lee. 

variolatus  Le:. 

femoratus  Dej. 

quadripuuctatus  Gecr. 
AKcnoMENUs  Bon. 

extensicollis  Say. 

obscurus  Lee. 

deplanatus  Chaud. 

decorus  Say. 

raaurus  Mtch. 

decentis  Say. 
Agoxum. 

octopunctatiim  Fab. 

cupripennc  'S'rt^. 

luctuosiun  Dej. 

decorum? 

melauarium  Dej. 

elevatum  Illd. 

lenum  Dej. 

luctuosum  Dej. 

bembidioides  Krb. 

ferreum  Hid. 

erytliropum  Krb. 

clialceum  Lee. 

moerens  Dej. 

punctiforme  Say. 

excavatuiu  Dtj. 

placidum  Say. 

morosum  Dej. 
PoECiLUS.  Bon. 

chalcites  Say. 

lucublandus  Say. 

fraternus  Say. 

bicolor?  Lee. 

cursitor  Lee. 

scictulus  Lee. 
Olistiiopus  Dej. 

micaus  Lee. 

jjarmatus  Say. 
LoxANDRUS  Lee. 

rectus  Say. 


526 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


lucidulus  Lee. 

nitidulus  Lee. 

patruelus  Hid. 

vernalis  Hid.  ? 

sordius  Hid? 
HoLcioPHORCS  Lee  f 

moestus  8ay. 
Pterostichus  Bon. 

flobilis  Lee. 

com]>lanata  Dej. 

adoxa  Say. 

stygicus  8ay. 

erythropus  Dej. 

tenuis  Lee. 

morio  Dej. 

divisiis  Lee. 

substriatus  Lee. 

proximus  ?  Nob  f 

coracinus  Nwm. 

fastiditus  Dej. 

niutus  Say. 

monedula  Orm. 

unicolor  Say. 

orbatus  Nwm. 

picicomis  Krb. 

rostratus?  Nicm. 

lustrans  Lee. 

sculp tus  Lee. 
Myas  Zeigl. 

coracinus  Say. 

americanus  Lee. 
Percosia  Zimm. 

obesa  Say. 

diffinis  Lee. 

perplexus?  Nob. 
Amara  Bon. 

splendida  Hald. 

impuncticollis  Say. 

ina:equalis  Kirb. 

musculis  Say. 

contempta  Lee. 

communis  Ilg. 

aurata  Dej. 

distincta  Hid. 

convexa  Lee. 

vulgaris  Linn. 

angustata  Lee. 

indistincta  Hid. 

confusa  Lee. 

similata  Gyll. 

authracina  Hid. 

convexa  Lee. 

basillaris  Say. 


convexa  Lee. 
Bradytus  Steph. 

avidus  Say. 

exaratus  Dej.. 
Geopinus  Lee. 

incressatus  Vej. 
CURTONOTUS  Steph. 

carinatus  Lee. 
NoTHOPtJS  Lee. 

zabroides  Lee. 
Spongoptjs  Lee. 

verticallis  Lee. 
Cratacanthus  Dej. 

pensylvanicus  Lee. 

convexus  N.  sj). 

dubius  Beauv. 
Agonoderus  Dej. 

lineola  Fab. 

pallipes  Fab. 

dorsalis  Lee. 

infuscatus  Dej. 
Ampuasia  Nwm. 

femoratus  Dej. 

interstitialis  Say. 
DiciiEiRus  Mann. 

dilatatus  Dej. 

parallelus  Lee. 

obtusus  Lee. 

oblatatus  Lee. 
Anisodactylus  Dej. 

baltimorensis  Say. 

carbonarius  Say. 

discoideus  Dej. 

piuguis  Hid. 

crassus  Lee. 

merula  6rm. 

coenus  Say. 

uigerrimus  Dej. 

laticollis  Krb. 

nigrita  Dej. 

rusticus  Say. 

musiculus  Say. 

agricola  Say. 

tristis  Dej. 

lugubris?  Hid. 
Selenophorus  Dej. 

paliatus  Fab. 

troglodytus  Dej. 

pedicularius  Dej. 

stigmosus  Orm. 
Pangus  Ziegl. 

caliginosus  Fab. 
Harpalus  Latr. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY 


;rj  i 


peiisylvanicus  DeG. 
bicolor  Fab. 

faunus  Say. 
lierbivagvis  Say. 

ochropus  Kirh. 

viilpucelkis  Say. 

fraternus  Lee. 

iiitidulus  Chd. 

virida^neus  Bvs. 

spadiceus  Dej. 

assiniilis  Hid. 

irripennis  Lee. 

dicorus  Hid. 

irricolor  iec? 
Stenolophus  Dej. 

ochropezus  Say. 

conjuuctus  Say. 

carbonarius  Dej. 

unicolor  Dej. 

fuliginosus  Dej. 

plebejus  Dej. 

dissimilis?  Dej. 
Gtnandropus  Dej. 

hylacis  Say. 
Bradicellus  Er. 

nitidus  Dej. 

micans  Hid. 

rupestris  Say. 

iTificrus  Krh. 

autiimnalis  Say. 

rathuonii  Lee. 
AcuPALPrs  Dej. 

testaceus  Dej. 

longukis  D(y. 

indistiuctus  Dej. 

rupestris  Dej. 

lugubris  II  Id. 

partiarius  Say. 

miiiuatus  N.  sp. 
Bembidium  Illig. 

impressum  Fab. 

sigillare  Say. 

pahulosum  Ptz. 

inaeqiiale  Say. 

punctatostriatum  Say. 

nigrum  Say. 

chalceuin  Dej. 
OcnTHEDROMUS  Lec. 

quadrimaculatus  Linn. 

picipes  Kirb. 

niger  Say. 

affinis  Say. 

coxendix  Say. 


laevigatus  Say. 
patnic'lus  Dej. 
nitidiilus  Dej. 
anti(iuu.s  Dej. 
tessflatus  Lec. 
approxiniatus  Lee. 
planalus  Lec. 
amtnicanus  Dej. 
dilatatus  Lec. 
dorsalis  Say. 
planus  Illd. 
lucidus  Lec. 
basalis  Lec. 
relictus  Lec. 
antitpuis  Dej. 
Taciiys. 

epiphiatus  Lee. 
tripunirtatus  Say. 
inornatus  Say. 
flavicaudus  Say. 
ferrugineus  Dej. 
nigriceps  Dej. 
incurvus  Say. 
bipustulatus  Say? 
proxinuis  Say. 
xanthdpus  Dej. 
pulchellus  F)'t. 
pulieoniis  Lec, 
mordax  Lec. 
anceps  Lee. 
vorax  Lec. 
scitulus  Lee. 

Dytiscid.e — Water-Beetles. 

Dytisccs  Linn, 

conMuons  Say. 

fasoiventris  Say. 

harrisii  Kirb. 
Cybister  Curt. 

finibriolatus?  Say. 

fenistraUs  Lec. 
AciLirs  Leach. 

fraternus  liar. 

lateeinctus  Lec. 
Hydaticus  Lch. 

Ubcrus  Say. 
Coi.YM BETES  Clair. 

aipiilus?  Fab. 

bipunctatus  Lec. 
Agabi's  Leh. 

punctulatus  Aub. 

obtusatus  Say. 

lutosus  Lec. 


528 

taeniolis  Say. 
erythropterus  Say. 
aeruginosus  Aub. 
Laccophilus  Leh. 
proximiis  Say. 
maculosus  Say. 
fasciatus  Aub. 
Htdroporlts  Clair. 
macularis  Lee. 
affiiiis  Say. 
fratenius  Lee. 
cuspidatus  Ku7i. 
Haliplus  Latr. 
inimaculaticollis  Bar. 
concolor  Lee. 
borealis  Lee. 
CXEMIDOTUS  III. 
duodecimpuiictatus  Say. 
simplex?  Lee. 

Gypjxid.e— Whirl-beetles- 
DiNEUTEs  BruU. 
americamis  Linn. 
assimilis  Krb. 
labi-atus  Mels. 
opacus  Mis. 
emai-ginatus  Say. 
Gtrinus  Linn. 
affinis  Aub. 
picipes  Aub. 
veiitralis  Ii:rb. 
lateralis  Aub- 
analis  Say. 
Gyretes  Brrll. 
sinuatus  Lee. 

Sub-section  BRACHELYTRA-Short  elv- 
ti'ons. 

STAPHYILINID.E— Eover-beetles. 
Falagria  Man. 

bilobata  Say. 

venestula  Ers. 

globosa  Mels. 
HoMALOTA  Man. 

polita  Mels. 

modesta  Mels. 

lateralis  Mels. 

flaveola  Mels. 

plana  Gyl. 

dichroa  Grv. 

picipennis  Man. 

lividipennis  Man. 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


aemula  Ers. 
Aleochara  Grv. 

lata  Grv. 

tristis  Frv. 

verna  Say. 

lustrica  Say. 

bimaculata  Grv. 

nitida  Lee. 

castaneipennis  Man. 
laevigatus  Lee. 
Tachyporus  Grv. 
jocosus  Say. 
faber?  Say, 
acaudus?  Say. 
bruneus  Ers. 

CONURUS  St2)Jl. 

basalis  Ers. 
Gyropiiaena  Man. 

socia  Ers. 
Tachy^'l-s  Grv. 
picipes  Ers 
margiualis  Grv. 
propinquus  MuJi. 
memnonius  Grv. 
puncticollis  Zig. 
luridus  Ers. 
ventriculus  Say. 
scrutator  Mis. 
funiipenuis  Say. 
BoLiTOBius  Leh, 
pygmffius  Linn. 
obsoletus  Say. 
dimidiatus  Ers. 
cinctus  Grv. 
Xajstholinus  Dahl. 
obsidianus  Mis. 
emmesus  Grv. 
ceplialus  Say. 
hamatus  Say. 
Thikopinus  Lee. 

pictus  Lee. 
OcYPus  Krb. 

ater  Grv. 
Staphylinus  Linn. 
cingulatus  Grv. 
villosus  Grv. 
arcticus  Lee. 
\iill)inus  Ers. 
tomentosus  Grv. 
violaceus  Grv. 
cinnamopterus  Grv. 
maculosus  Grv. 
femoratus  Fab. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY 


529 


lossator?  Grv. 
Philonthus  Lch. 
cyanipennis  Fab. 
hepaticus  Ers. 
aterrimus  Grv. 
ater  Zieg. 
thoracicus  Grv. 
viridipennis  (Vai-.) 
pulcliellus  Mis. 
iiiger  Mis. 
cautus  Ers. 
seneus  Grv. 
bistriatus  Ers. 
palliatvis  Grv. 
vimbratilis, 
baltimoriensis  Grv. 
lomatus  Ers. 
blancUis  Gi'v. 
sobrmus  Ers. 
melancholicus  Dej.? 
QuEDius  Lclt. 
iracundus  Sat/. 
laticoUis  Grv. 
Crtptobium  Man. 
bicolor  Grv. 
badium  Gi'v. 

cinctum  Say. 

pallipes  Grv. 

carolinum?  Ers. 
Lathrobium  Grv. 

pwncticollis  Krb. 

lecontii  Hid? 

collare  Ers. 

dimidiatiun  Say. 
LiTHOCHARis  Ers. 

oonfluens  Say. 

corticina  Grv. 
SrwiTJS  Lch. 

cinctiis  Say. 

longiuscukis  3Ian, 
P^DKRUS  Fab. 

littorarius  Grv. 

riparius  Linn. 
PiNOPHiLTJS  Grv. 

latipes  Gj-v. 

picipes?  Ers. 
OxYTELUS  Grv. 

pensylvanicus  Ers. 

basalis  Mis. 

parvnlus  Mis 

insignatus  Grv. 

nitidulus  Ers. 
Trogofhlceus  Man. 

35 


morio  Ers. 
Stenus  Lat. 

biguttatus  Fab. 

flavicornis  Ers. 

stygicus  Say. 

puuctatuR  Ers. 

lemoratus  ?  Say. 
Bledius  Lch. 

mandibularis  Ers. 

vubiginosus '?  Ers. 

fasciatiis  Say. 
Stilicus  IaU. 

angularis  Ers. 

dentatus  Say. 
Olophrum  Ers. 

obtcctum  Ers. 
Omalium  Grv. 

repandum  Ers. 
Scop.EUS  Ers. 

exiguus  Ers. 
Platysthetus  Man. 

americanus  Ers. 
Trogophloeus  Man. 

morio  Ers. 
Apocellus  Ers. 

spbaericollis  Say. 
ANxnopHAGUs  Grv. 

caesus  Ers. 

bruniieus  Say. 

verticalis  Say. 
pensylvanicus  Hid. 

protectus?  Mis? 
ACIDOTA  LcJt. 

subcarinata  Ers. 
Anthobium  Lch. 

dimidiatum  Mis. 

PSELAPHID^. 

Tyrus  Aub. 

compar  Lee. 

punctatus  Lee. 
PsELAPncs  Hbt. 

carinatus  Zieg. 
Bryaxis  Lch. 

lubicunda  Aub. 

Batriscs  Aub. 

globosiis  IjCC. 

Sub-section  SERRICORNIA,   Saw-honied 
Beetles. 
BuPRESTiD.E— Boriug-beetles. 

Acmaeodera  Esh. 


530 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


pulchella  Hbst. 
ornata  Fab. 
tubulus  Fah. 
DiCERCA  Esh. 
divaricata  Say. 
obscura  Linn. 
molitor  Mis. 
tenebrica  Krb. 
lurida?  Linn. 
Chalcophora  Srv. 
aurata  Lee. 
virgiuica  Dru. 
campestris  Say. 
BuPRESTis  Linn. 
fasciata  Fah. 
sexnotata  Lap. 
decora  Fab. 
aurulenta  Linn. 
Melanophila  Esh. 

longipes  Lee. 
Chrysobothris  Esh. 
femorata  Fab. 
viridiceps  Mis. 
dentipes  Grm. 
rugosiceps  Mis. 
sexsignata  Say, 
luteosignata  Hid. 
Trachypteris  Krb. 
fulvoguttata  Har. 
Anthaxia  Esh. 
gracilis  Mis. 
viridicoriiis  Say. 
Agrilus  Lap. 
ruficoUis  Fab. 
geminatus  Say. 
lateralis?  Say. 
bilineatiis  Web. 
arcuatus  Say. 
quadriimpressus  Zgl. 
Brachys  Sol. 
tessellata  Fab. 
termiiians  Fab. 
picta  Hid. 
aurulentus  Hid. 
Metonius  Say. 
ovatus  Say. 
purpiireus  Say. 


EucNEMiD^ — Click-Beetles. 


Anelastes  Kirh. 

latreillii  Lee. 
Fornax  Lap. 

bicolor  Mis. 


EUCNEMIS  Aub. 
heterocerus  Lee. 
americanus  Say. 
clypeatus?  Say. 

Elaterice — "Skip-Jacks,"    "  Ham- 
mer-Bugs," "Sclinellkaefer,"  &c. 

Hemicrepidius  Grm. 

memuonius  Hbst. 
MONOCREPIDIUS  Esh. 
lobatus  Say. 
flnitimus  Say. 
serotinus  Grm. 
bellus  Say. 
vespertinus  ?  Fab. 
Cratonychus  Bej. 
americanus  Hbst. 
communis  Sch. ' 
cinerius  Say. 
brevicollis  Hbst. 
testaceus  Mis. 
ocliraceipennis  MU. 
acutipenuis  ? 
Perothops  Eseh. 

mucidvis  Sch. 
Adrastus  Meg. 
peryphes  Hbst. 
testaceus  MU. 
recticollis  Say. 
Adelocera  Lat. 
marmorata?  Say.  • 

impresicollis  Say. 

pennata  Fab. 
Alaus  Lat. 

oculatus  Linn. 

myops?  Fah. 
Athotjs  Lat. 

sulcicoUis  Say. 

pyrrlios  Hbst. 

oblougicoUis  Mls. 

aereus  Mis. 

soleatus  Say. 

Ijallidipennis  Say. 

bilobatus?  Say. 
LiMONius  Esh. 

querciims  Say. 

cylindriformis  Say. 

plebejus  Say. 

basilaris  Lee. 

flavipes  Fab. 

definitus  Zgl. 

posticus  Mis. 
Cardiophorus  Esh. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


581 


curiatus  Say. 

cardisce?  Say. 
Aphanobius  Esh. 

sulcicollis  Lee. 
Elater  Linn. 

hepaticus  Mis. 

filius  Rnd. 

rubicoilis  Hbst. 

oblivius  Say. 

nigricollis  Hbst. 

areolatus  Say. 

limbalis  Hbst. 
Ampedus  Meg. 

sanguinipennis  ?  Say. 

signaticollis?  Say. 
LuDius  Lat. 

attenuatus  Say. 

variagatus?  Xob. 

abniptus  Say. 

CORYMBITES  Lat. 

appressifrons  Say. 

limbatus  Say^ 

niicaiis  Grm. 

bivittatus  Hid. 

vernalis  ILtz. 
DiACANTHUS  Lat. 

inflatus?  Say. 
Hemirhipis  Lat. 

fascicularis  Fab. 
Agriotes  Esh. 

obesus  Say. 

truncatus  Mis. 
DoLOPius  Meg. 

macilentus  Ryid. 

oblongicollis  Mis. 

binus  Say. 
Pristilophus  Lat. 

aethiops  Hbst. 

Ehipicerid^ Feather-horned 

Beetles. 

Sandalus  Knh. 
niger  Knh. 
peti'ophya  Knh. 

Cebrionid^. 


Cebrio  Fab. 
bicolor  Fab. 


Atopid^. 


Ptilodacttla  Illg. 
elaterina  Illg. 


Cyphonid.e. 

Ctphon  Fab. 

discoideus  Say. 

pulchella  G^ier. 

variabilis  Thu. 
SCIRTES  Illg. 

orbiculatus  Fab. 

suturalis  Dej. 

Lycid^ — Leather-wings. 

Ltcus  Fab. 
lateralis  Mis. 

DiCTYOPTERA  Lat. 

sanguinipennis  Say. 
DlAGRAPIIA   Win. 

discrepans  Win. 

reticulata  Fab. 

dorsalis  Niom. 

typica  Win. 

terminalis  Say. 
Caenia  Wm. 

dimidiatus  Fab. 
Eros  Wm. 

mundus  Say. 

canaliculatus?  Say. 

humeralis  Fab. 

coccinatus  Say. 

mollis  Lee. 

Lampyrid^ — Fire-flies. 

Ellychnia  Lee. 

nigricans  Say. 

corrusca  Linn. 

marginicollis  Lee. 

minuta  Lee. 

ncglecta  Lee. 

autumnalis  Mis. 
PnoTiNUS  Lap. 

scintillans  Say. 

angustatus  Lee. 

pyralis  Linn. 

liavocincta?  Lee. 
Photuris  Lee. 

pennsylvanica  Geer. 

frontalis  5'  Lee. 
Lampyris  Linn. 

ruticollis  Say. 

consanguinea  ?  Lee. 

TELEPHORiDiE — Soldier-Beetlcs. 
CnAULiOGKATncs  Untz. 


532 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


pensylvaiiicus  Oetr. 

marginatus  Fab. 

bimaculatus  (  Var. ) 
PoLEMius  Lee. 

laticornis  Say. 

brevicollis  Lee. 
SiLis  Char. 

bidentata  Say. 

puncticollis  Leef 

longiconiis?  Lee. 
Telephortjs  Oeof. 

carolinus  Fab. 

abdominalis  Lee. 

scitulus  Say. 

variens  Mis? 

collaris  Lee. 

ater  Linn. 

divisus  Lee. 

vittatiis  Fab. 

lineola  Fab. 

brunicollis  Lee. 

mavginellus  Lee. 

tibialis  Zee. 

rotundicollis  Say. 
PODABRUS  Fisch. 

basillaris  Say. 

diadema  Fab. 

flavicollis  Lee. 

tomentosus  Say, 

piiucticoUis  Lee. 

marginicollis  Lee. 

bruiinicollis  Fab. 
Malthinus  Lat. 

serraticornis?  Lee. 

cinctiscripta  Dej. 

niger  Lee. 

abdominalis  Dej. 
Trypherus  Lee. 

latipennis  Grm. 
Tytthonyx  Lee. 

crythrocephalus  Fab. 

Malachiid^. 

CoLLOPs  Ers. 

bipunctatus  Say. 

quadrimaculatus  Fab. 

tricolor  Say. 

labiatus  Hid. 

vittatus  Say. 
Anthocomus  Ers. 

melanopterus  Ers. 

circumscriptus  Say. 


otiosus  Say. 
scincetus  Say. 
Ebaeos  Ers. 
apicalis  Say. 

Ptinid^. 

Ptinus  Lin7i. 

fur  Linn.  • 

humeralis  Say, 

bimaculatus  Mis. 
GiBBiUM  Scop. 

scotias  Obv. 
Lyctus  Fab. 

americanus  Mis'} 

axillaris  Mis. 

striatus  Mis. 
OcniNA  Zieg. 

notatum  Hid. 

nigra  Mis. 

coruscans  Man. 
Anobitjm  Fab. 

gibbosum  Say. 

notatum  Say. 

carinatum  Say. 

sericans  Mis. 

tenuistriatum  Say. 

DORCATOMA  Hbst. 

oculata  Say. 

Lymexlyid^. 

Cupes  Fab. 
capitata  Fab. 
cinerea  ^'rt^^. 

Sub-section  ^CL AVICORNIA,  Club-liorned 
Beetles. 

Cleridje. 

TiLLirs  Oh. 

collaris?  Spin. 

terminatus  Say. 
Cymatodera  Gry. 

inornata  Say, 

undulata  Say. 
Trichodes  Hbst. 

apivorus?  Orm. 

ornatus?  Say. 
Clerus  Oeof. 

ichneumoneus  Fab. 

cordifer  Lee, 

nigrifrons  Say. 

tboracicus  Olv. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


588 


quadrisignatus  Say. 

rufescens  Lee. 

analis?  Lee. 
Thanasimtjs  Spn. 

trifasciatus  Say. 

dubius  Fab. 

undulatus  Say. 
Thaneroclerus  Spn. 

sanguineus  Say. 
Hydnocera  Ntcm. 

pallipennis?  Say. 

curtipennis  ?  Man. 
Phyllob^nus  Spn. 

dislocatus  Say. 
Enoplium  Lat. 

pilosum  Forst. 

laticorne  Illd. 

vestitum  Spn. 
Necrobia  Lat. 

violaceus  Fab. 

erratus  Mis. 

ruficollis  Fab. 

ruiipes  Geer. 
Opetiopalpus  Spn. 

luridus  Spn. 

SCYDMJENID^. 

SCYDMuENUS  Lat. 
brevicornis  Say. 

HiSTERiD^ — Mimic-beetles. 

Tribalus  Ers. 

americanus?  Lee. 
Epeirus  Ers. 

nigrellus  Say. 

vicinus  Lee. 

decipiens  Lee. 

minor  Lee. 
HiSTER  Linn. 

merdariiis  Pyk. 

depurator  Say. 

americanus  Pyk. 

abbreviatus  Fab. 

sexstriatus  Lee. 

subrotundus  Say. 

foedatus  Lee. 

marginicollis  Lee. 

arcautus  Say. 

borealis  Lee. 

bimaculatus?  Linn. 

laevipes  Orm. 

decisus  Lee. 

sexecemstriatus  Say. 


IIetaerius. 

bnumeipcnnis  Lcc. 
Paromalus  Km. 

bistriatus  Ers. 

censors  Lee. 

ajqualis  Say. 

gilensis  Zee. 

conjunctus  Say. 

seniinulum  Ers. 
Platysoma  Lch. 

depressum  Pyk. 

parallelum  Say. 

carolinum  Pyk. 

cylindricum  Pyk. 

complanatum  Lee. 
HOLOLEPTA  Pyk. 

aequalis  Say. 

cacti?  Lee. 
Saprinus  Ers. 

assimilis  Pyk. 

sphaeroides  Lee. 

placidus  Ers. 

minutus  Lee. 

pensylvanicus  Pyk. 

imperfectus?  Lee. 
Plegaderus  Ers. 

transversus  Say. 

SiLPHiD^ — Carrion-beetlea. 

Necrophorus  Fab. 

amei-icauus  Oh. 

orbicollis  Fab. 

velutinus  Fab. 

tomentosus  Web. 

pustulatus  III. 

marginatus  Say. 

mediatus  Fab. 

pygmaeus  Krb. 
Necrodes  Wil. 

surinamensis  Fab. 
OlCEOPTOMA  Lch. 

marginata  Fab. 

variagata  Nob. 
Thanatopiiiixs  Leh. 

caudatus  Say. 
Necrophila  Krb. 

americana  Linn. 
SiLPHA  Linn. 

inaequalis  Fab. 

ramosa  Say. 

SCAPillDID^K. 
SCAPHIDIUM  Oh, 


534 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


quadriguttatimi  Say. 
americanum  Hid. 
piceum  Mis. 
convexiim  Hid. 
ScAPniUM  Krb. 
castanipes?  Krb. 

NiTiDULiDJE — Bone-Beetles. 

Ceecus  Lat. 

pusillus  Mis. 

abdominalis  Ers. 
CoLASTUS  Fab. 

semitectus  Say. 

iiifirmus  Ers. 
CONOTELUS  Ers. 

obscurus  Ers. 
Carpophilus  Lcli. 

punctulatus  Mis. 

hemipterus  Linn. 

niger  Say. 

melanopterus  Ers. 

marginatus  Ero. 

brachypterus  Say. 

unicolor?  Say. 
Epuuaea  Ers. 

helvola  Ers. 

nifa  Say. 
NiTiDULA  Fab. 

truiicatella  Man. 

ziczac  Say. 

ambigua  Man. 

obsciira  Fab. 

bipiistulata  Fab. 

rufida  Mis. 
Prometopia  Ers. 

sexmaculata  Say. 
Omosita  Ers. 

colon  Fab. 

badia  MU. 

discoidea  Fab. 
Phenolia  Ers. 

grossa  Fab. 
Stelidota  Ers. 

geminata  Say. 
Pallodes  Ers. 

silaceus  Fab. 
Cryptarcha  SM. 

ampla  Ers. 
Ips  Fab. 

quadrisignatus  Say. 

confluentus  Say. 
sanguinolentus  Olv. 

faciatus?  Olv. 


bipustulatus  Mis. 

obtusus  Say. 
Rhizophagus  Hbst. 

erythopterus  Mis. 
Temnochila  Wst. 

virescens  Olv. 
Alindria  Ers. 

cylindrica  Geof. 

nigella  Mis. 

teres  Mis. 
Trogosita  Olv. 

americaua  Krb. 

nigrii^ennis  Hid. 

castanea  Mis. 

depressior  Beav, 

nana  Mis, 

dubia  Mis. 
Peltis. 

marginata?  Mis. 

Dermestid^ — Bacon-Beetles. 

Dermestes  Linn. 

lardarius  Linn. 

caninus  Orm. 

marmoratus?  Say. 
Attagentjs  Lat. 

ornatus  Say. 

pellio  Linn. 

megatomus  Hid. 

cylindricoUis?  Say. 
Anthrencs  Qeof. 

castaneus  Mis.  ♦ 

varius  Fab. 

destructor  Mis. 

tlioracicus  Mis. 

caudatus  Hid. 

uododendron  Hid. 

Byrrhid^. 

Nosodendron  Lat. 

americanum  Hid. 
'    unicolor  Say. 
Amphicyrta  Ers. 

dentipes  Ers. 
Byrrhus  Linn. 

varius  Fab. 
Trinodus  Meg. 

hispidus  Mis. 
Throscus  Lat. 

constrictor  Say. 


PARNID.E. 


PSEPHENtJS  Hid. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


535 


lecontei  Lee. 
Elmis  Lat. 
quadrinotatus  Say. 

HETEROCERID.E, 

Heterocertjs  Bos. 
ventralis  Mis. 
uudatus  Mis. 
pallidus  Say. 
limbatus  Keis. 

Georyssidje. 

Georyssus  Lat. 
pusillus  Lee. 

Subsection  PALPICORNIA,  Palpi-horned. 
HYDROPHiLiDyE — Watei-beetles. 

HYDROPniLXJS  Lcli. 

triangularis  Say. 

striolatus  Hid. 

ovalis  Zieg. 
Helophorus  Leh. 

lineatus  Say. 
Hydrocharis  Wst. 

nimbatus  Say. 

obtusatus?  Say. 
Hydrobius  Lcli. 

fuscipes  Linn. 

globosus  Say. 
Cyclokotum  Ers. 

subcupreum  Say. 
Cercyon  Lch. 

nigricolle  Say. 

occellatum  Say. 

Subsection  LAMELLICORNIA,  Book- 
homed  beetles — antennae  laminated. 

LucANiD^ — Stag-beetles. 

Ltjcanus  Sep. 

dama  Thb. 

elaphus?  Fab. 

capreolus  Linn,  var. 
DORCUS  Mae. 

parallelus  Say. 
Ceruchus  Mac. 

piceus  Web. 
Platycertjs  Geof. 

quercus  Web. 

depressus  Lee. 
Passalus  Fab. 

cornutus  Fab. 


SiNODEXDROK  Fuh. 

americanura  Btr. 

ScARABiEiD^; — Dung-beetles. 

CncEuiDiVM  Lap. 

capistratum  Fab. 
Canthon  //;. 

lievis  Dru. 

chalcites  Uald. 

obsoletus  Say. 

viridis  Btr. 

nigricomis  Say. 

cuprescans  Illd. 

probus  Grm. 
CoPRis  Geof. 

Carolina  Linn. 

bituberculatus  Illdl 

anaglypticus  Say. 

ammon  Fab. 

iutermedius  Nob. 
Phan^us  Mae. 

carnifex  Linn. 
Onthophagus  Lat. 

janus  Ptz. 

hecate  Ptz. 

niger  MU. 
Aphodius  Lll. 

fimetarius  Fab. 

maculatipennis  Mli, 

imbricatus  MU. 

spretulus  Hid. 

strigatus  Say. 

stercorosus  MeU. 

lutiilentus  Illd. 

ruricola  Mh. 

terminalis  Say. 

femoralis  Say. 

stercorator  Illd. 

palides  Illd. 

ochoretus  Hid. 

fulvus  Hid. 

vittatus  Hid. 

terrosus  Hid. 
EuPARiA  Lap. 

strigata  Hid. 
Sphaeromouphus  Grm. 

volvox  Onn. 
Acantiioceuus  Mae. 

aphodioides  Illy. 

globosus  Say. 
Trox  Fab. 

scutellaris?  Say. 

ten*estris  Say. 


536 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


tuberculatus  Hbst. 

vagrans  Hid. 

alternatus  Say. 

crenatus  Olv. 

porcatus  Say. 

capillaris  Say. 

variolatus  MU. 
Geotrupes  Lat. 

splendidus  Olv. 

chalcites  Var. 

excrementi  Say. 

miarophagus  Say. 

blackbumii  Fab. 
Hybosorus  3Iac. 

carolinus  Lee. 
BoLBOCERUs  Krb. 

fai'ctus  Pnz. 

lazarus  Pnz. 

ferrugineus  Bvr. 

Dynastid^— Horned-beetles. 

Dynastes  Mac. 

tityusl  Linn. 
Xyloryctes  Hope. 

satyiiis  Fab. 
Heteronychus  Brm. 

tumulosus  Bvr. 
PoDALGUs  Brm. 

juvencus  Fab. 
Chalepus  Mac. 

trachypygus  Brm. 
Pelidnota  Mac. 

punctata  Linn. 

variolata  Nob.  var. 
Areoda  Mac. 

lanigera  Linn. 

Melolonthid^. 

Melolontha  Lat. 

variolosa?  Htz. 
Trichestes  Ers. 

pilosicoUis  Kn. 
Phyllophaga  Hrs. 

quercina  Kn. 

ilicis  Kn. 

liirsuta  Kn. 

fratex-na  Uar. 

longitarsa  Say  f 


balia  Say. 
Omaloplia  Muls. 

sericea  Llg. 

niicans  Kn. 
Serica  Mac. 

vespertina  Shn. 

lauta  Hid. 

atricapilla  Krb. 

DiCHELONYCHA  HrS. 

hexagona  Orm. 

linearis  Shn. 
Macrodactylus  Lat. 

subspinosus  Linn. 
Anisoplia? 

lineola  Linn. 
Anomala  Meg. 

lucicola  Fab. 

binotata  Sclm. 

pinicola  Mis. 

rufiventris  Hid. 

marginata  Fab. 

maculata  Lap. 

minuta  Brm. 

variens  Fab. 

Cetoniid^. 

HOPLIA  Illg. 

trifasciata  Say. 

primoria  Brm. 

helvola  MU. 

mucorea  Chm. 
Valgus  Serb. 

seticollis  Bvr. 

canaliculatus  Fab. 
Trichiub  Fab. 

bil>ens  Fab. 

lunnlatus  Fab. 

piger  Fab. 

afflnis  Gor. 

delta?  Frst. 
Gnorimps  Lap. 

macvilosus  Kn. 
Cremastochilus  Kn. 

variolosus  Krb. 

castaneae  Kn. 

hentzii  Har. 
harrisii  Krb, 

OSMODERMA  Lap. 


IThis  IS  the  larjfest  coleopterous  insect  known  to  the  United  States,  and  is  frequently  found  in  the 
County  of  Lancaster.  Its  color  is  a  light  greenish-gray,  blotched  orMrregularly  spotted  with  dark 
brown  or  black.  In  1856  a  large  willow  tree  was  cut  down  at  Safe  Harbor,  in  the  heart  of  which  were 
found  about  fifty  specimens  in  a  living  state.  It  has  also  been  found  at  New  Holland,  and  in  Drumore 
township.    I  have  two  of  the  Safe  Harbor  specimens  in  my  collection  at  the  present  time. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


537 


eremicola  Knh. 

scabra  Bvr. 

rugosa?  Nob. 
Gymnetis  Mac. 

nitidua  Linn. 
Oetonia  Fab. 

inda  Linn. 

vestita  Say. 

fulgida  Fab. 
Ekikhipis  Brm? 

melancholica  Oer. 

cernii  Hid. 

sepulcralis  Fab. 

pubera  Lch. 

Section  llETEROMERA— the  four  ante- 
rior tard  having  five,  and  the  two  pos- 
terior, having  only  four  joints. 

Sub-section  MELOSOMA— Grave-beetles. 

Blaptid^. 

Blapstinus  Sol. 
moestus  Mis. 
brevicollis  Lee. 
puUus  ? 

EURYMETOPHON  EsTl. 

atrunti  Lee. 

POLYPLEURUS  Sol. 

geminatus  Srv. 

perforatus  Orm. 
Pedinxjs  Lat. 

suturalis  Say. 
QPATRINUS  Dej. 

notus  Say. 
Trachycelis  Lat. 

flavipes  MU. 
Oplocephala  Lat. 

collaris  Lap. 

bicornis  Olv. 

viridipennis  Fab. 

chalybea  Lap.  * 

Platydema  Lap. 

americana  Lap. 

clypeatus  Hid. 

rufa  Mis. 

ritficornis  Strm. 

laevipes  Hid. 

basalis  Hid. 

analis  Hid. 

ventrata  Hid. 

Tenebrionid^ — Meal-Beetles. 

Tenkbrio  Linn. 


molitor  TAnn. 

castanous  Kch. 

rufinasus  Say. 

olongatus  Bvr. 

obscurus  Fah. 

depressus  Fab. 

variolus  Bvr. 

badius  Say. 
Centronipus  Dej. 

calcaratus  Fab. 
Aniaria  Dej. 

pict'a  Mis. 
Ipiithinus  Dej. 

pensylvanicus  De  G. 

femoratus  Fab. 

intcrmedius  Hid. 

barbatus  Knh. 

saperdoides  Oh. 
SxENOcniA  Krb. 

tenuicoUis  Say. 

terminata  Say. 

crenata  Lee. 

coracina  Lecf 

Sub-section— TAXICORNIA. 
DlAPERID^E. 

DiAPERis  Oeof. 

hydni  Fab. 
BoROS  Hbst. 

unicolor  Say. 
IIypophlceus  Fab. 

coniferum  Hid. 
Phaleria  Lat. 

testacea  Say. 

varia  Nob. 
UiiOMA  Aug. 

culinaris  Linn. 

marginata  Jjec. 

impressa  Mis. 

ferruginea  Say. 

depressa  Fabf 

Sub-section  STENELYTRA. 
HELOPIDiE. 

Meracantha  Krb. 

canadensis  Say. 
Helops  Fab. 

americanus  Bvr. 

tenebrioides  Beav. 

micans  Fab. 

vittata  (Var.) 


538 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


BOLITOPHAGUS  Fab. 
cornutus  Pnz. 
corticola  Say. 
sulcatus  Dej. 

Melandryid^. 

Melandrya  Fab. 

striata  Say. 

labiata  Say. 

excavata  Hid. 
Pytho  Lat. 

niger  Krb. 
Phaioka  Hid. 

umbrina  Mis. 
Serropalpus  Hel. 

substriatus  Hid. 
DiRCAEA  Fab. 

sericea  Hald. 

decolorata?  Ran. 
Hallomenus  Pyk. 

scapularis  Mis. 

luridus  Hid. 
Etjstrophus  III. 

bicolor  Fab. 

bifasciatus  Say. 

niger.  Mis. 

tomentosus  Say. 

pallides  Lecf 
SCRAPTIA  Lat. 

lutea  Hid. 

pallipes  Mis. 

ClSTELID^. 

Penthe  Nwm. 

obliquata  Fab. 

pimelia  Fab. 
Allecula  Fab. 

obscura  Say. 

sericlea  Hid. 

atra  Say. 
Mycetochares  Lat. 

binotata  Say. 

nigra  MU. 
CiSTELA  Fab. 

fuliginosa  Mis. 

erythroptera  Zieg. 

marginata  Zieg. 

sericea  Say. 

Salpingidje. 

Myctertjs  Clair. 
scaber  Hid. 


Sub-section— TRACHELIDA. 

Lagrid^. 

Statyra  Lat. 
resplendens  Mis. 
aenea  Say. 

PrROCHROID^. 

Pyrochroa  Geof. 

flabellata  Fab. 
Dendroides  Lat. 

canadensis  Lat. 

concolor  Mom. 

megatoma  Dy. 
Pedilus  Fsh. 

labiatus  Say. 

riificollis  Zig. 

lugnbris  Say. 

collaris  Say. 

elegans  Huz. 

MORDELLIDiE. 

Anaspis  Oeof. 

flavipennis  Hid. 

quadripunctata  Say. 

dimidiata  Mis. 
MoRDELLA  Linn. 

atrata  Mis. 

oculata  Say. 

serval  Say. 

aspersa  Mis. 

nigricans  Mis.  ' 

scutellaris  Fab, 

nigripennis  Fab. 

bidentata  Say. 

octoijunctata  Fab. 

fuscata  Mis. 

lineata  Mis. 

iindulata  Mis. 
RiPiPHORUs  Fab. 

thoracicus  3fls. 

liiimeratus  Fab. 

pectinatus  Fab. 

cruentus  Orm. 

Anthicid^. 

EuRYGENius  Fert. 

murinus  Hid. 
Macratria  Mam. 

murina  Fab. 
NoTOxus  Geof. 

monodon  Fab. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


539 


bicolor  Say. 

cavicornis  Lee, 

anchora  Htz. 
Anthicus  Pky. 

formicarius  Frt. 

quadrimaculatus  Frt. 

bifasciatus  Say, 

basilaris  Say. 

haldemani  Lee. 

obscurellus?  Lee. 
Xylophilus  Bon. 

fasciatus  Mis. 

porterii  Nob, 

signatiis  Hid, 

Meloidje — Oil-beetles. 

Meloe  Li7in, 
americana  Leh. 
conferta  Say. 
angusticollis  Say. 

Canthari  d^ — Blister-beetles. 

Epicauta  Red, 

vittata  Fab, 

atrata  Fab. 

cinerea  Fab. 

margiuata  Olv. 
Teteaonyx  Lat. 

quadrimaculata  Fab, 
Nemognatha  LU. 

immaculata?  Say, 
Cephaloon  Nwm, 

lepturides  Nwm. 
Xanthochroa  Sehm. 

dorsalis  Mis. 
Cantharis  Geof. 

aenea  Say. 

Section— TETRAMERA— in  which  all  the 

tar6i  are  four-jointed. 
Snb-Section— RHINCOPHORA. 

Bruchiad^ — Pea-Beetles. 

Anthribus  Fab. 

coronatus  ScTi. 

albofasciatus  Dej. 

fasciatus?  Oliv. 

variolatus? 

quadrinotatus?  Bay. 

cornutus?  Say. 
Cratoparis  Dej. 

similis  Mis. 

bimaculatus  Olv. 


lunatus  Fiib. 

lugubris  Olv. 
Braciiytarsus  Sell. 

obsok'tus  Sell. 

varicgatus  Say. 
Speumopuagus  Stv. 

robiiiije  Fab. 
Bruchus  Linn. 

planatus  Hid, 

striatus  Illd. 

niimus  Say. 

rufesecns  Uld. 

ambiguus  Shn. 

crata3gi  liar. 

biguttellus  Sell. 

sinuatus?  Sch. 

pisi  Linii. 
Stenocerus  Sch. 

capillicoruis?  Say. 

cordicoUis  Say, 

CuRCULiONiDwE —  Weevils. 

CossoNUs  Clrv, 

platalea  Say. 

corticola  Say. 
SiTOPHiLUS  Seh. 

granarius  Linn.     Grain-weevil. 

remotepunctatus  Gyl. 

oryzae  Linn.     Rice-weevil. 
Sphenophorus  Sch. 

pulchella  Lee. 

autiqua  Lee. 

anceps  Sch. 

insculptus  Lee. 

13  punctatus  JIbst. 

placidus?  Say. 

pertinax  Olv. 

zea  Wlh. 

cariosus  Olv. 
Bagous  Grm. 

binodulus  Ilbst, 

mamillatus?  Say. 
CoNOTRAcnELrs  Lat. 

nenuphar  Ilbst.     Plum-weevil. 

anaglypticus  Say. 

posticatus  *S7m. 

retentus  Say. 
MoNONYcnus  Grm. 

vulpeculus  Fab. 
CRYPTORHYNcnus  Ilg. 

luctuosus  Sch. 

fraternus  Say. 
Centrinus  Sch. 


540 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


confusus  Sch. 

modestus  Ghd. 

scutellumalbum  Say. 

pistor?  Seh. 
Baridius  Sch. 

trinotatus  Say.     Potato- Weevil. 

scolopax  Say. 

striatus  Say. 
Madarus  Sell. 

undulatus  Say. 
Laemosaccus  Sell. 

plagiatus  Fab. 
Balanintts  Orm. 

nasicus  Say.     Chestnut- Weevil. 

sayi  Sch. 

sparsus  Sch. 

rostratus  Sch. 
PissoDEs  Orm. 

dubius  Rail. 

affinis  Rail. 

nemoralis  Orin. 
Lixus  Fah. 

concavus  Say. 

marginatus  Say. 

maculosus  Say. 
Aphrastus  Sch. 

taeniatus  Say. 
Hylobius  Orm. 

pales  Hbst. 

stupidus?  Sch. 

confusus?  Krb. 
Pandeletejus  Sch. 

hilaris  Hbst. 
Sitona  Orm. 

lepida  Sch. 

lineola  Fab. 
Arrhenodes  Sch. 

septentrionis  Hbst. 
Apion  Hbst. 

nigrum  Hbst. 

segnipes  Say. 

sayi  Sch. 
Ithycerus  Dal. 

curculionides  Hbst. 

EUGNAMPTUS  Sch. 

angustatus  Hbst, 
Pterocolus  Sch. 

ovatus  Fab. 
Rhynchites  Hbst. 

bicolor  Fab. 

aeratus  Say. 

hirtus  Fab. 
Attelabus  Fab. 


analis  III. 
bipustulatus  Fab. 
scutellai-is  Say. 
nigripes  Arm. 
Araeocerus  Sch. 
coffese  Fab. 

Sub-section  XYLOPHAGA. 
SCOLYTID^, 

Platypus  Hbst. 

compositus  Say. 

complex  Hid. 
ToMicus  Lat. 

pini  Say. 

subdentatus  Hid. 

xylographus  Say. 

politus?  Say. 
ScoLYTUs  Oeof. 

pyri  Pck.     Pear-blight. 

muticus  Say. 
Hylesinus  Fab. 

piniperde  Lee. 

aculeatus  Say. 
Hylurgus  Lat. 

dentatus 
Hyluastes  Ers. 

rufipennis?  Krb. 

BOSTRICHID^. 

BOSTRICHUS  Oeof. 

serricollis  Orm. 

bicornis  Web. 

aspericoUis  Orm. 
Apate  Fab. 

basilaris  Say. 

hispida  Hid. 

CiSIDiE. 

Cis  Lat. 
thoraciconiis  Zieg. 
obscurus  Hid. 
micans  Fab. 

Mycetophagid^. 

Mycetophagus  Hid. 

punctatus  Say. 

flexuosus  Say. 

obsoletus  Mis. 

pini  Zieg. 

bimaculatus  Mis. 
Triphyllus  Zieg. 

sexpunctatus  Say. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


541 


nigosa  Rnd. 
didesmus  Say. 

CUCUJID^. 

Catogenus  Wst. 

rufus  Fab. 

puncticollis  Nwm. 
Ctjcxijus  Fab. 

clavipes  Olv. 

piuiiceus?  Man. 
Laemophloeus  Bej. 

modestus  Say. 

minnatissimus  Hid. 

biguttatus  Say. 

fasciatus  Mis. 
Brontes  Fab. 

dubius  Fab. 
Telephanus  Ers. 

velox  Hid. 
SiLVANUs  Lat. 

dentatus  Say. 

planatus  Orm. 

advena  Hid. 

svirinamensis  Linn. 

bidentatus  Gur. 

COLYDIID^. 

CoLYDiuM  Fab. 
nigripennis  Hid. 
longiusculum  Say. 
DiTOMA  Lat. 

quadriguttata  Say. 
singulata  Hid. 
Rhagodera  Ers. 

tuberculata  Man. 
Xylophterus  Dej. 
gemiiiatus  Say. 
haematodes  Hid. 
amicoUis  Hid. 
Synchita  Hel. 
fuliginosa  Mis. 
parvula  Guer. 
Bothrideres  Ers. 

geminatus  Hid. 
Cerylon  Lat. 
histeroida  Lee. 
nnicolor  Zieg. 

CRYPTOPHAGIDiE. 

Antherophagus  Lat. 

ochraceus  Mis. 
Cryptophagus  Hbst. 

humeralis  Krb. 


spinicollis  Hid. 
concolor  Krb. 
Atomaria  Krb. 
analis  Lee. 
fulvipcnnis?  Man. 

Sub-section  LONGICORNIA-Long-horned 
Beetles. 

Prionii>.«. 

Parandua  Lat. 

glabcr  Fab. 

conformis  Hid. 

polita  Say. 

brunnca  Hid? 
Orthosoma  Ser. 

cylindricum  Fab. 
Prionus  Geof. 

brevicornis  Fab. 

laevigatus  Har. 

imbriconiis  Linn. 

integer"?  Lee. 

fissioornis  Hid. 

Calliciiromid^. 

Sphenostethus  Hid. 

serripennis  Hid. 
PuRPURicEMUs  Ser. 

humeralis  Fab. 

axillaris  Hid. 
Stenocorus  Dal. 

longipes  Say. 
Eburia  Serv. 

quadrigeminata  Say. 

distiiK'ta  Hid. 
CniON  New. 

garganicum  Fab. 

varium  Nob. 

Cerambycid^.    . 

Elaphidion  Ser. 

atdjuarium  Dm. 

rufuluni  Hid. 

vicimim  Hid. 

villosuni  Fab. 

rigidum  Say. 
Criocepiialus  Mis. 

rusticus  Ijiiin. 

foevicoUis  Fab. 

productus?  Lee. 
Hylotrupes  Ser. 

bajulus  Linn. 

bullatus  Hid. 


542 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


Arhopalus  Ser. 

fulminans  Fab. 
Callidium  Fab, 

ligneum  Fab. 

violacenm  Linn. 

janthinum  Lee. 

paliatiim  Lee? 

variiim  Nicm. 

collare  Krb. 
Tetkopium  Brb. 

cinnamopteron  Krb. 
Smodictjm  Hid. 

cucujifoiTne  Say. 
Ttlonotus  Hid. 

bimaculatus  HM. 
Stenosphenus  Hid. 

notatus  Olv. 

sobrinus  Nwm. 
Clytus  Fab. 

humatus  Say 

flexuosus  Fab. 

pictus  Dru. 

erythroceplialus  Olv. 

cainpestris  Olv. 

dentipes  Oh. 

gazeUula  Hid. 

pygmjeus  Hid. 

supernotatus  Say. 
Gracilia  Mills. 

fusca  Hid. 
Heterachthes  Nwm. 

quadrimaculatus  H  id. 

ebenus  N^cm. 
Stenopterus  III. 

rufixs  Linn. 
Heliomanes  Nwm. 

bimaculatus  Say. 

corni  Hid. 

tenuipes  Hid. 

ACANTHODERES  Srv. 

triangularis  Hid. 

decipiens  Hid. 

quadrigibbiis  Say. 
ASTYNOMUS  Hid. 

nodosus  Fab. 

obsoletus  Oh. 
Leptostylus  Lee. 

aculiferus  Say. 

variegatus  Hid. 

macula  Say. 

alpha  Say. 
Leiopus  Srv. 

spinosus  Say. 


symmetricus  Hid. 
facetus  Say. 
divergens  Hid. 
Hyperplatys  Hid. 
maculatus  Hid. 
aspersa  Say. 

EXOCENTRUS  Mxils. 

dasycerus  Say. 
vestitus  Say. 
obscvirus  Hid. 
Amniscus  Dej. 
macula  Say. 
commixtus  Hid. 

MONOHAMMTJS  Lat. 

titillator  Fab, 
dentator  Fab. 
pulverulentus  Hid. 
pulcher?  Hid. 

Saperdid^. 

Oncideres  Srv. 

singulatus  Say. 
Tetraopes  Dim. 

toniator  Fab. 

quadrimaculatus  Hid. 

canteriator  Fab, 
Hetoemis  Hid. 

cinerea  Old. 
Dorcaschema  Lee. 

alternatum  Say. 

nigi'um  Say. 

wildyi  Euh. 
Hippopsis  Serv. 

lemniscata  Fab. 
Anaerea  Muls. 

obliqua  Say. 

calcarata?  Say. 

mutica?  Say. 
COMPSiDEA  Muls. 

tridentata  Oh. 

lateralis  Fab. 
Saperda  Fab. 

Candida  Fab. 

vestita  Say. 

discoides  Fab. 
Oberea  Meg. 

nificollis  Fab. 

tripunctata  Fab. 

amabilis  Hid. 

myops  Hid. 

mandarina  Fab. 

Lepturid^. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


543 


DiSTENIA  Sro. 
undata  Fab. 
Desmocerus  Srv. 

cyaneus  Fab. 
Rhagium  Fab. 
lineatum  Olv. 
varivim'?  Nob. 
ToxoTTJS  Irv. 
vestitus  Illd. 
cylindricollis  Say. 
cinnamopterus  End. 
pictiis  Hid. 
Encyclops  Nwm. 

cajruleus  Say. 
Pachyta  Meg. 
cyanipennis  Say. 
sexmaculata  ?  Linn. 
clialybea  Hid. 
Stkangalia  iSrv. 
luteicornis  Fab. 
famelica  Nwrn. 
bicolor  Sioe. 
unicolor  Hid. 
nigrella  Say. 
zebrata  Fab. 
obsoleta  Hid. 
velutina  Olv. 
fugax  Fab» 
lineola  Say. 
strigosa  Num. 
lugubris  Say. 
emarginata  Fab. 
Leptura  Linn. 
erythroptera  Krb. 
rubrica  Say. 
vittata  Olv. 
biforis  Nwn. 
pubera  Say, 
tenuicornis?  Hid. 
Anoplodera  Mills. 

quadrivittata  Linn. 
Grammoptera  Srv. 
ruficoUis?  Say. 

Sub-section  EUPODA. 

Criocerid^. 

Donacia  Fab. 
lucida  Lac. 
proxima  Krb. 
sulcicoUis  Lac. 
rufa  Say. 
distincta  Lee. 


tuberculata?  Lac. 
H^MONiA  Meg. 

nigricornis '?  Krb. 
Syneta  EaU. 
tripla  Siy. 
lubicunda  IjCC. 
Lema  Fab. 
trilincata  Olv. 
sexmaculata  Say. 

IIlSPAID^. 

Odontota  Chv. 

scapulai-is  Oh. 

scutellaris  Olv. 

suturalis?  Har. 
Uroplata  Chv 

inajqualis   Web. 

pallida  Say. 

quadrata  Fab. 

rosea  Web. 

MiCRORHOPALA  Chv. 

vittata  Fab. 
porcata  M  Is. 
PORPIIYRASPIS  BJun. 
cyanea  Say. 

Cassidid^. 

Chelymorpha  Chv. 

cnbraria?  Fab. 

ephippum  ?  Hbst. 
Deloyala  Chv. 

signifer  Hbst. 

clavata  Fab. 

purpurata  Hid'? 

cincta  Hid? 
COPTOCYCLA  Chv. 

bicolor  Fab. 

bivittata  Say. 

bisignata  Hid. 

sexpunctata  Fab. 
Cassida  Hbst. 

unipunctata  Soy. 

17  punctata?  Nwrn. 

Sub-section  CYCLIC  A. 

CHRYSOMELID-E. 

Labidomera  Chv. 

trimaculata  Fab. 

contluenta  Var. 
Zygogramma  Chv. 

pulclna  Fab. 

festiva'.'  Fab. 


644 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Calligrapha  CAc. 
scalaris  Lee. 

decipiens  Web. 

spiraeje  Say. 

philadelphica  Linn. 

hybrida  Say. 

bigsbyana  Krh. 
Chrysomela  Linn. 

cribraria  Dej. 
Melasoma  Dill. 

scripta  Fab. 

basilaris?  Say. 

striata?  Nob. 
Blepiiarida  Chv. 

rhois  Frst. 
Gastrophysa  Chn. 

caeruleipennis  Say. 

cyanea  Mis. 

dissimilis  Say. 

aenea  Mis. 
CoLASPis  Fab. 

praetexta  Say. 

striata?  Say. 
NoDA  Chv. 

tristis  Olv. 

obicolaris  Lee? 

pilula  Orm. 

humeralis  Lee? 

ovata  Say. 

convexa  Say. 
Metachroma  Chv. 

sexnotata  Say, 

canella  Fab. 

quadrinotata  Say. 

aterrima  Olv. 

lurida  Hid? 

dubiosa  Say. 

flavida?  Say. 
Bromius  Chv. 

vitis  Fab. 
Chrysochus  Chv. 

auratus  Fab. 
Heteraspis  Dej. 

fumilis? 
Myochrous  Chv. 

villosulus  Mis. 

variolatus  Mob. 

plagiatusi/^s. 
Chlamys  Kch. 

tuberculata  Klg. 

plicata  Olv. 
Clythra  Lch. 

obsita  Fab. 


Babia  Lac. 

pulla?  Lac. 

quadriguttata  Say. 
Pachybrachis  Suf. 

carbonarius  Hid. 

trinotatus  Mis. 

subfasciatus  Lee. 

luridus  Fab. 

othonus  Say. 

marginicollis?  Bud. 
Cryptocephalus  Oeof. 

guttatus  Hid. 

luteipennis  Mis. 

ornatus  Fab. 

punctatus  Hid. 

notatus  Fab. 

laevis  Hid. 

quadrimaculatus  Say. 

hepaticus  Mis. 

simplex?  Hid. 

clathratus  Mis. 

geminatus  Nwm. 

mammifer  Nwm. 

GALERUCIDiE. 
COELOMERA  Chv. 

coryli  Say. 
Galeruca  Geof. 

puncticollis  Say. 

gelatinarife  Fab. 

notulata  Fab. 

rufosanguinea  Say. 

tomentosa  Linn. 

marginella?  Krb. 

longicornis?  Say. 

bilineata?  Kib. 
Cerotoma  Chv. 

carminea  Fab. 
Diabrotica  Chv. 

vittata  Fab. 

longicornis  Nob. 

12  punctata  Fab. 

tricincta  Say. 
Phyllobrotica  Dej. 

discoidea  Fab. 
Oedignychis  Lat. 

thoracica  Fab. 

petaurista  Fab. 

scripticollis  Say. 

satiu'clla  Say. 

vians  III. 
Graptodera  Chv. 

chalybea  Illg. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTV, 


545 


ignita  Illg. 

trivialis  Lee. 

exapta  Say. 

carinata?  Gnc. 
DlSOKYCHA  Chv. 

collata  Fab. 

glabrata  Fah. 

discoidea?  Fah. 

quinquevittata  Say. 

collaris  Fab. 
System  A  Chi\ 

frontalis  Fah. 
Crepidodera  Chv. 

nana  Say. 

pubescens  Ent. 

ocreata  Say. 

violacea  Mis. 

copalina  Fah. 
Phyllotreta  Chv. 

stviolata  Illg. 

vittigera  Dej  ? 
Aphthoxa  Che. 

subglobosa  MtcJi. 

PSYLLIODES  Lat. 
punctulata  3fls. 
denticulata  lUg. 
alternata  Zieg. 

Sub-Section— CLAVIPALPIA. 
ErOTYLIDuE. 

Engis  Payk. 

quadriniaciilata  Say. 
Dacne  Lat. 

fasciata  Fuh. 

heros  Say. 
IsCHYRus  Lac. 

quadripunctatus  Old. 
Triplax  Payk. 

tlioracica  Say. 

unicolor  Ilald. 

festiva  Lac. 

dimidiata  Fah. 

atriventris  Lee. 

melanoptera  Lee. 
Tritoma  Geof. 

dimidiata  Lae. 

ruficeps  Lee. 
Languria  Lat. 

mozardi  Lat. 

trifasciata  Say. 

filiforme  Lee. 
Janessa  Lee? 

36 


tliorai'ica  Olo. 

AGATIIIDIID.E. 

Agatiiidium  Illg. 
piceuni  MU. 
exiguuni  Mh. 
pallida?  Say. 
minuatuin  IJnn. 

PlIALACRlD^. 

Phalacrus  Pyk. 

pcncillatus  Say. 
Olibrus  Ent. 

pallipes  Say. 

apicalis  Mis. 

nitidus  3[ls. 

Section,  TRIMERA,  in  which  all  the  tarai 

are  three-jointed. 
Sub-section,  FUNGICOLIA. 

EnDOMYCHIDuE. 

EXDOMYCHUS  Pyk. 

biguttatus  Say. 
Lycoperdina  Lat. 

angulata  Say. 

lineata  Olv. 

perpulchra  JV<fw. 
Ephebus  Chv. 

vestitus  Say. 

Sub-section,  APIIIDIPUAGA. 

COCCINELLIDJJ. 

N^MIA  Mills. 
seriata  3/  Is. 
tridecimpunctata  Linn. 
tibialis  Ilald? 

HiPPODAMIA  Mills. 

glacialis  Fah. 
couvergens  Giier. 
parenthesis  Say. 
(luinquesignatii  Krb. 
maculata  Geer. 
CocciNELLA  Linn. 
hyiierborea  Pky. 
picta  Randall. 
duodecinimaoulata  Geb. 
normata  Say. 
noveninotata  Ilbst- 
niunda  Say. 
binotata  Say. 


546 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


abdoraiiialis  Say. 
Mysia  Muls. 
mali  Say. 

PSTLLOBORA  MulS. 

20  maculata  Say. 
Chilocorus  Lch. 

bivulnerus  Muls. 
Brachyacantha  MuU. 

dentipes  Fab. 

iirsiiia  Fab. 

biguttata  Lee. 

decenipustulata  Mis. 
SCYMNQS   Kuc/. 

terminatus  Say. 


Hyperaspis  Redt. 

fimbriolata?  Mis. 
Epilachna  Red. 

borealis  Thunberg. 

Sub-Section  PSELAPHIENA. 
PSELAPHID^E. 

PsELAPHirs  Hbsl. 

dentatus  Say. 
Batrisus  Aub. 

riparius  Say. 

lineaticollis  Axib. 


ORDER  ORTHOPTERA. 

The  insects  inckided  in  this  order  are  those  commonly  known  under  the  names  of 
Earwigs,  Cockroaches,  Grasshoppers,  Crickets,  &c.,  and  are  generally  characterized  as 
having  two  membranaceous  wings,  furnished  with  numerous  nervures  arranged  longitu- 
dinally, with  transverse  threads,  enabling  them  to  fold  them  up  like  a  fan.  These 
wings  lie  beneath  two  coriaceous  or  leathery  wingcovers,  called  elytra,  which  are  also 
provided  with  lunnerous  nervures,  and  which,  when  closed,  do  not  unite  in  a  straight 
suture  down  the  back,  but  more  or  less  overlap  each  other.  Their  mouth  is  essen- 
tially provided  with  a  well  developed  pair  of  jaws,  called  mandibles,  and  accompanying 
organs,  and  therefore  they  are  masticatory  in  their  feeding  habits.  They  are  active 
from  the  time  the  young  are  excluded  from  the  eggs,  until  they  reach  maturity  and 
death;  the  imarjo  and  pupa  states,  being  only  distinguishable  from  the  larva  state,  by 
the  gradual  increase  of  size,  and  the  development  of  the  wings  and  wingcovers.  In  a 
few  species,  however,  the  females  are  wingless;  and  in  a  less  number,  the  wings  are 
much  abbreviated  in  both  sexes,  or  are  entirely  absent.  This  order  of  insects  may  be 
divided  into  four  groups  or  sections,  dift'ering  from  each  other  very  materially  in  form 
and  manner  of  locomotion,  although  retaining  more  or  less  of  the  general  characteris- 
tics: namely,  the  Cursoria,  or  Runners;  Raptoria,  or  Graspers;  Ambulatoria,  or  Walk- 
ers; and  Sanatoria  or  Leapers.  But  few  species  of  the  first  three  groups  occur  within 
the  limits  of  Lancaster  county,  or  even  in  the  State  of  Pennsylvania;  but  the  species  in 
the  last  group  are  more  numerous,  some  of  which  are  very  destructive  to  vegetation, 
and  include  representatives  of  the  true  Loctists  which  belong  to  the  grasshopper  group, 
the  swarms  of  which  are  so  destructive  in  the  far  West,  the  Mexican  and  Sou.th  Ameri- 
can States,  and  in  various  parts  of  Asia,  Africa  and  Europe. 


CURSORIA. 
All  the  legs  formed  for  running;  wings  and 
wing-covers  generally  horizontal;  ovipos- 
itor not  exserted. 

FORFICULAD^.    "Earwisfs." 


Forficula  Linn. 
americana  ? 
pensylvanica  ? 

Blattiad^. 

Blatta  Linn. 


"  Cockroaclies." 


americana  Linn. 
orientalis  Linn. 
pensylvanica  De  0. 
parallela  Har  f 
bicolor  Pal. 
campestris  ?  Nob. 

RAPTORIA. 
Anterior  feet  foraaed  for  grasping;   habits 
carnivorous. 

Mantiad^.     "  Soothsayers." 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY 


54: 


Mantis  Liim. 
^Carolina  Linn. 

AMBULATORIA. 
Slow  walkers;  sometimes  wiugiess;  habits 
herbiverous. 


Phasmiad^. 
Spectrum  Stll. 
femoiatum  Say. 


"Spectres." 


SALTATORIA. 
Hind  limbs  fonned  for  leaping;  wings  and 
wing-covers  generally  deflexed;  oviposi- 
tor generally  exserted. 

AcHETADuE.     "  Crickets." 

Gryllotalpa  Lat. 

borealis  Wm. 

brevipennis  Srv. 
AcHETA  Fab. 

abbreviata  Har. 

tripunctata  Har  ? 

nigra?  JSfob. 

sei-vilis  ?  Har  ? 
2domestica  Linn. 
Nemobius  Ser. 

vittata  Har. 

americana?  Nob. 
CEcANTHUS  Serv. 

niveus  Har  ? 

bipunctatns  Har  ? 

Grtlliadje.     "  Grasshoppers." 

Phalangopsis  Bur. 

lapidicola  Bur. 

maculata  Har. 
Platyphyllum  Har.     "Katy-did." 

perspiculatum  Fab. 

concavum?  Har. 
Phyllopteka  Har ? 

oblongifolia  DeG. 

angustifolia  Har. 
Phaneroptera  DeG. 

cui-vicauda  DeG. 


fasciata?  DeO. 
agilis?  DeO. 
attcnnata?  Nob- 
ORcniLiUM  Ear. 
vulgarc  Bar. 
gracilc  Har. 

COKOCEPnALCS.   ? 

ensiger?  Har. 

LOCUSTIAD.E.      "  Locusts. 

Opsomala  Har. 

americana?  Nob. 
Truxalis?  Har. 

pcnsylvanicus?  Nob. 
ACRYDIUM  Lat. 

alutaceum  Har. 

americannm  DeO. 
Caloptencs  EuJi  1 

bivittatus  Say. 

femnr-rubrnm  DeG. 

ditferentialis  VM. 

obscurus  ?  Fab. 

sanguinipes?  Fab. 
Oedipoda  Euh. 

Carolina  Linn. 

sulphurea  Fab. 

aequalis  Say. 

latipennis  Har.  (Var.) 

marmorata  Har. 

eucerata  Har. 

nebnlosa  Har. 
GOMPHOCERUS  Euh. 

infuscata  Har. 

viridifasciata  Har. 

radiata  Har. 
Chlcealtis  Har. 

curtipennis  Har? 

abortivis  Har? 

conspersa  Har? 
Tetrix  Ijat. 

ornata  Say. 

dorsalis  Har. 

bilineata  Har. 

lateralis  Say. 

sordida  Har. 


IMantis  Carolina  cannot  properly  be  regarded,  perhaps,  as  native  to  ^^^ncastcr  county  I  vra. 
found  alive  within  the  limits  of  Lancaster  city  on  one  or  two  occasions,  he  eggs  having  •'^en  °'J^ 
duced  from  the  State  of  Maryland.  After  a  year  or  two  however  the  brood  ^^^-^^ '%»'»;!  '^''^'f^; 
tinct.  Perhaps  it  may  be  found  yet  in  that  part  of  the  county  whk-h  borders  on  Maryland  It  Is 
common  ir  Baltimore  city  and  vicinity,  and  even  as  far  north  as  Cecil  county,  Maryland,  which  Lor- 

";r.rrrjrh:jbeen  found  in  this  county.but  rarely;  .^ 

This  species  must  have  been  introduced  Into  this  country  ^^'^'^.f  ^I^' ''";  J  /.^^   h^J^.^'^"^^^^^^ 
hearth  "  In  my  boyhood,  when  I  lived  in  the  country,  I  was  quite  familiar  with  the  chirping  of  a  cricket 
of  the  hearth,  but  I  cannot  say  it  was  the  species  under  consideration. 


548  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

Although  the  foregoing  list  contains  the  species  usually  referred,  by  the  older  authors, 
to  the  Grenus  Locusta,  and  although  we  have  quite  a  number  of  the  family  LocustiadcB 
within  the  county  of  Lancaster,  yet,  it  now  appears  that  we  have  not  a  single  species 
that  properly  belongs  to  the  foreign  genus  of  that  name,  either  in  the  county  or  in  the 
State  of  Pennsylvania.  These  insects  must,  however,  not  be  confounded  with  the  in- 
sect commonly  called  the  ' '  seventeen  year  locust, ' '  which  belongs  to  a  different  Order, 
and  is  not,  properly  si)eaking,  the  true  Locust. 

Nor  does  the  Ust  contain  all  within  the  county  that  properly  belong  to  the  order 
Oi'ihoptera,  as  a  number  of  them  are  still  undescribed  and  undetermined. 

ORDER  HEMIPTERA. 

The  insects  included  in  this  order  consist  of  those  properly  called  Bugs.  It  is  divis- 
ble  into  two  sections,  called  Uemiptera  lleteroptera  and  Ilemiptera  Homopiera;  which  by 
many  are  regarded  as  two  distinct  orders.  The  general  characters  of  the  Heteroptera 
are,  two  membranaceous  wings  that  lie  beneath  two  ovei-lapping  horizontal  wing-covers 
or  hemelytra,  which  have  the  basal  half  coriaceous  and  the  terminal  half  membranaceous. 
Mouth  Tmtistellated, — that  is,  furnished  with  a  Jiaustellujn,  or  sucking  tube,  instead  of 
jaws,  and  therefore  they  suck  their  food  in  a  liquid  state,  instead  of  masticating  it. 
AntenncB  usually  long,  and  not  terminating  in  a  bristle.  Ovipositor  not  exserted,  or 
developed.  Scutellum  usually  large,  in  a  few  species  extending  over  the  wings,  nearly 
to  the  end  of  the  body. 

In  the  Ilomoptera,  the  body  is  thick  and  convexed,  instead  of  Hat,  and  all  four  of  the 
wings  are  usually  membranaceous,  deflexed,  and  not  overlapping  each  other:  Ovipositor 
always  exserted,  or  distinct;  antennae  short  and  inconspicuous,  and  the  haustellum 
appears  to  originate  from  the  lower  part  of  the  head,  near  the  breast,  instead  of  directly 
from  the  fi'ont  of  the  head,  as  is  the  case  in  the  heteroptera.  The  feet  of  both  sections 
have  three  tarsal  joints,  and,  as  in  the  Orthoptera.,  they  are  both  active,  from  their  exclu- 
sion from  the  egg,  until  they  reach  maturity,  or  die.  The  only  distinction  between  the 
larva,  pupa  and  imago,  being  the  increase  of  size,  and  the  development  of  wings.  In 
a  few  species  the  females  are  apterous,  or  wingless.  In  the  first  section,  the  most  fami- 
liar and  widely  known  individual,  is  commonly  called  a  Bed-bug,  and  in  the  second 
section,  the  most  conspicuous  individual,  is  erroneously  called  the  Seventeen-year  locust. 
It  will  be  seen,  however,  that  the  only  rei)resentatives  of  the  true  locusts  which  we  have 
in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  or  State  of  Pennsylvania,  belong  to  a  different  order  of 
insects,  and  are  essentially  very  different  in  their  economy  and  habits. 

HETEROPTERA.  Coenus? 

OEOCOEISA.  delia  Say. 

Having  the  Antcmae  long  and  exposed.         Padops'? 

PeNTATOMAD^.  clubius^^at/. 

Pentatoma  Olv. 
ScuTELLERA  Lam.  lugens  Fab. 

alternata  Say.  ligata  Say. 

cinctipes  Say.  Raphigaster. 

histeroides  Har.  pensylvanica  De  G. 

Odontocellis?  Eusacoris? 

scaraboides?  carnifex  Fab. 

Corimelaena  Bv.  Hymenarchis? 

unicolor  Bo.  neriosa  Say. 

pulicaria  Grrn.  Lagrtjs? 
Canopus?  cinctus  Har. 

globosus?  Sehirus? 
Pachycoris?  bilineatus  Say. 

graminus?  ligatus  Say. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY 


540 


Amnestus? 

spinifrons  Say. 
Arma? 

modesta  Dal. 

macula? 

grandis  Dal. 

spinosa  Dal. 

bracteata  Fc7i,. 

NiZARA? 

hilaris? 
Stiretus? 

dentatus? 

bideutatus? 
ZiRONA  ? 

clauda  Say. 
Brachymena? 

arborea  Say. 

carolinensis  liar. 
EuBcniTUS? 

punctipes  Say. 

pustulatus  Be. 

inconspictiis  liar? 

COREIDJi. 

Akisosceolis  Laf. 

prominulus  Har. 

tibialis  Sch. 
Alydus  Fab. 

curius  Say. 

vittinasus  Har. 
Berytus  Fab. 

spinosus  Say. 
CoREUs  Fab. 

tristis  De  0. 

lateralis  Say. 
Menocoris? 

acridoides '? 

distinctus? 
Lygaetjs  Fab. 

turcicus  Fab. 

aulicus  Say. 

reclivatus  Say. 

trivittatus  Say. 

mediatus  Nob. 

geminatus  Har. 
PACHYMEitA  Ser. 

constricta  Har. 

bilobata  Har. 
Salda  Fab. 

pedunculata  Har? 
Myobocha  Lai. 

petiolata  Har. 

serripes? 


Astkmma  Ln(. 

coriacea  Har. 
Minis  Fab. 

bivittatus  Har. 

dorsalis  Har. 

C  APSID.fi, 

Cappis  Fab. 

vittatus? 

insitiviis  Har. 

dislocatus? 

caiclinali?^  Har. 

clavatiis  Lin.)). 
Phytocoris? 

lineolaris? 

famelicus  Har. 

rapidus  Har. 

lugiibris  Har. 

ZOSOMEKUS'? 

cinereus  Say. 
Pi.ociomera? 
nodosum  Say. 

OPTIIALMICrS? 

uligiuosus  Say. 

ClMIGID^:. 

Syrtis  Fab. 

erosa  Fab, 

albus  Nob. 

variolata  Nob, 
CiMEX  Lii). 

loctularius  Linn. 

TiNGIDiE. 

TiNGis  Fab. 
marnioratus  Har. 
juglandis  Fell. 

Heduviid.k. 

Hamostes? 

reflexus  Say. 
Aradus  Fab. 

sanguineus  Far. 

penultimus  Har. 
Harpactou  ? 

ductus? 
Pirates? 

abdominalis? 

carinatus? 

picipes? 
Reduvil'S  Fab. 

personatus  Lin. 

multispiuosus  De  O. 


550 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


cinctus  Fab. 

humeralis  Har. 
Prionotus? 

novenarius?  Say. 
Nabis  Lat. 

pectoralis  Har. 
Ploiakius  Sep. 

brevipennis  Say. 
Zelus  Fab. 

acanthogonius  Har. 

simplicipes  Har. 
Leptopus  Lat. 

alternatus  liar. 
ACANTHIA  Lat. 

coriacea  Har. 
Galgijlus? 

oculatus? 

variolatus? 

Hydrometrad^. 

Gerris  Fab. 

humilis  Har. 

paludosus? 

marginatus  Uar. 
Velia  Lat. 

collaris  Har. 

HYDROCORISA. 
Having  the  antennae  short  and  concealed. 


Nepad^. 


Belostoma  Lat. 

americana  Fab. 
•  revcrsapeune? 

marginata? 
Nepa  Lin. 

apiculata  Har. 
Ranatra  Fab. 

fusca  Bvs. 


(Var.) 


NOTONECTID^. 

Notonecta  Lin. 

amei-icana  Fab. 

maculata  Olv. 

iindulata  Har. 
Corixa  Geof. 

alternata  Say. 

hiterrupta  Say. 

HOMOPTERA.. 
Divisible  into  thi-ee  sections  with  the  fol- 
lowing characteristics,  viz: 
GIGADARIA. 


Having  the  tarsi  three-jointed  and  the  a7i~ 
tennw  bi-istled  and  very  short,  the  bristle 
being  single  and  very  tine. 

ClCADID^. 

Cicada  Olv- 
pruinosa  Say. 
tibicen?  Linn. 
septendecim  Linn. 
tredecini  Riley. 
minor  (Var.) 

FULGORID^. 

Otiocerus  Krb. 

coquebertii  Kh. 

amyotii  Fch. 

signoretti  Fch. 

de  geerii  Krb. 
Anotia. 

westwoodii  Fch. 

burnettii  Fch. 

robertsonii  FcJi. 
Bruchymorpha. 

dor.sata  Fch. 
Paciloptera. 

Ijruinosa  Say. 
Naso. 

robertsonii  Fch. 
Cixus. 

cinctifrons  Fc7i. 

calaepenne  Fch. 

pini  Fch. 

Cercopid^. 

Plata  Fab. 

bivittata  Say. 

stigmata  Say. 

pruinosa  Har. 

opaca  Har. 
Aphrophora  Grv. 

quadrinotata  Say. 

parallela  Say. 

signoretta  Fch. 

saratogensis  ?  Fch. 
Clastoptera. 

obtusa  Say. 

pini  Fab. 

testacea  Fab. 


Membracid^. 


Membracis  Fab. 
binotatus  Say. 
taurinus  Har. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


sinuatus  Say. 
Thelia. 
bimaculata  Fab. 
stigmata  Mis. 
quadrivittata  ? 
unaninea  ? 
imivittata  Har. 
crataegi  Fc7i. 
Cerasa. 
brevicoriiis  Fab. 
btibalus  Fab. 
concaviis  Say. 
dicerea  ? 
Enchenopa. 
bivittata  Say. 
quadrangulaiis  Say. 
Smillia, 
ineraiis  Fab. 
castaiiea  Fch. 
iinivittata  Hai'. 
inornata  Say. 
Uraxiphus. 
caryje  Fc7t. 
Telamona. 
imicolor  Fch. 
covyli  Fch. 
tristis  Fc?i. 

ACUTALIS. 

dorsalis  FcJi. 
Ophiderma. 

mera  Say. 
Entilia. 

sinuata  Fab. 
Acocephaltjs. 

sanguineus? 

viridis? 

PSYLLID.!:. 
PSYLLA. 

pyi'i  Linn. 

DiRAPHIS. 

vernalis  Fch. 

femoralis  Fch. 

calamorvim  Fch. 
Caranota. 

arcauta? 
Procoma. 

costata? 


Tettigoniad^e. 


Tettigonia  Olv. 
octolineata  Say. 
quadrivittata  Har. 


coccinea  llor. 
Bytiiocopus. 

cUtellarius  Say. 

stvobei  Say? 
Eurytrroneura  Fc7i. 

vitis  Har. 

tricinctus  Fch. 

vitifex  Fch. 

vulnerata  FcJi. 

obliqua  Say. 
Athysanus. 

abietis  Fch. 

fenestratus  Fch. 

variabilis  Fc?i. 
minor  Fch. 
Jassus  Fab. 

iiToratus  Say. 

APIIIDIUS. 
Having  the  ^n-si  two-jointed  and  ihcantenna 
longer  without  a  teiTninal  bristle. 

Aphidid^. 

Aphis  Linn. 

mali  Fab. 

malifolia  Fch. 

persicae  Sul. 

prunifolia  Fch. 

vitis  Fch. 

ribus  Fch. 

humiili  Shrnk. 

brassicaj  Linn. 

berberidis  Fch. 

cerasi  Fab. 

rosea  Linn? 

avena3  Cur. 
Eriosoma. 

lanigera  Har. 

querci  Fab. 

acerse  Nvb. 
Pamphigus. 

vitifulia  Fch. 

caryaecaulis  Fch. 

caryaevena  Fch. 

pyri  Fch. 

populicaulis  Fch. 

populi-globus  Fch. 

populi-vena  Fch. 
Caliptervs. 

mucidus  Fch. 

coryellus  Fell, 

punctatellus  Fch, 

maculellus  Fch. 


552 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


funipenellus  Fch. 

niarginellus  Fcli. 

castanea  Fch. 
Brysocrypta. 

ulmicola  Fch. 
Phylozera. 

caiyaefolia  Fch. 
Lachnus. 

caryae. 

strobi  Fch. 

lorifex  Fch. 
Phylloxera. 

castanea  nid. 
Ghermes. 

pinifolia  Fch. 

loricifex  Fch. 

Thripid^. 

Theips  Limu 

cerealis?  Nob. 
Phlaeothrips. 

mali  Fch. 

caiyse  Fch. 

GALLINSECTA. 
Having  the  tarsi  one-jointed,  terminated  by 


a  single  claw;  males  two  wings,  and  mouth 
obsolete;  females  wingless. 

COCCID^.. 

ASPIDIOTIS. 

conchiformis  GmJ. 

gossipii  Fch. 

furfur  us  Fell. 

cerasi  Fch. 

pinifolia  Fch. 

juglanstelis  Fch. 
Coccus  Linn. 

pinicorticis  Fch. 

harrisii  Wlk. 
Lecanium. 

pyi'i  Chrk. 

percosia  Fch. 

acericola  Wlch. 

ceracifer  Fch. 

coryabati  Fch. 

caryae  Fch. 

juglandifex  Fch. 

corylifcx  Fch. 

quercifex  Fch. 

quercitronis  Fch. 

niaclurae  Wlch. 


The  larger  number  of  the  insects  belonging  to  the  two  sub-ordei\s  Ileteroptera  and  Ilomop- 
tera  are  small  and  exceedingly  fragile,  and  therefore  the  preservation  of  specimens  is 
attended  with  great  difiiculty .  Probably  not  more  than  the  one-half  of  those  that  inhabit 
Lancaster  comity  have  been  described.  ^Moreover,  in  certain  seasons  favorable  to  their 
increase  they  will  be  found  in  vast  immbers,  but  an  unfavorable  season  intervening, 
they  will  disappear  and  may  not  be  seen  again  for  a  number  of  years.  This  has  partic- 
ularly been  the  case  with  the  "Oat- Aphis,"  or  Aphis  avena.  The  famous  Cicada  sep- 
iendecim,  or  so  called  "Seventeen  year  locust,"  which  belongs  to  this  order,  only 
appears  once  in  seventeen  years.  It  is  on  record  that  it  has  apijeared  regularly  every 
seventeen  years,  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  for  one  hundred  and  forty  years,  or  more, 
and  never  fails  at  the  proper  time.  Its  last  appearance  was  in  the  beginning  of  June, 
1868,  in  numbers  far  greater  than  in  1851  or  1834. 


ORDEPt  NEUROPTEPtA. 

The  insects  belonging  to  tliis  order  are  commonly  called  "  Dragon  Flies,"  or  "Devil's 
Needles,"  or  "Snake  Doctors."  One  or  more  of  these  names  are  applied  to  thom  in 
different  localities,  or  by  ditl'ei'ent  persons  in  the  same  locality.  It  also  includes  those 
insects  which  are  known  under  the  common  names  of  May-flies,  Day-flies,  Ant-Lions, 
Lace-wings,  Caddice-fiies,  and  many  others.  Perhaps  the  most  perfectly  organized 
insects,  so  far  as  concerns  sight  and  flight,  are  found  in  this  order.  They  are  charac- 
terized as  having  four,  naked,  membranaceous  wings,  of  equal  consistency  throughout, 
very  much  reticulated,  and  in  the  larger  number,  nearly,  or  quite,  of  an  equal  size.  In 
some  species,  during  repose,  the  wings  are  horizontally  extended  at  right  angles  from 
the  body;  in  others  the  inner  surfaces  are  applied  against  each  other,  and  in  others 
again  they  are  deflexed  at  the  sides.     Head  frequently  of  a  large  size;  mouth  provided 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


r>53 


Vfith  viandibles  for  mastication.  In  the  sijooios  most  cliai-acteristic  of  tlie  order,  tin- 
eyes  conspicuously  occupy  the  greater  portion  of  the  head.  AlHlomen  Iour,  cylindrical 
and  compressed,  with  the  seomonts  very  distinct.  The  legs  arc  of  uKxlcratc  sizt;.  and 
not  well  adapted  to  locomotion  in  the  mature  state.  The  lar;^er  nunihor  live  in  their 
larva  and;)(/^«  .state  in  water,  and  are  carniverous  in  their  hahit.s.  Their  tnmsfonna- 
tions  diti'er  very  much  in  the  different  trihes.  The  order  may  he  ilivided  into  two  pri- 
mary sections,  namely:  Sulicounia,  havinfj  the  antennoe  minute  and  getiform,  with  not 
more  than  seven  joints;  eyes  large;  ocelli  two  or  three;  larvce  aquatic;  pvpa  reKombliug 
the  larva3,  and  the  imago  aerial.  Filicounia,  having  the  antennae  long,  and  filifonn, 
setaceous,  or  clavate;  eyes  moderate;  ocelli  .sometimes  wanting;  larvje  gcncralW  tcn-es- 
trial.  In  the  fiimily  Phryoankd.*:,  the  neurationsof  the  wiuj^  arc  sii.yidy  branching, 
and  the  organs  of  the  mouth  are  obsolete. 


SECT.  I.     PSEUDONEUBOPTERA. 

TEiiMiTiNA— "White  Auts." 

Tekmes  Lin. 
flavipes  Kol. 
frontalis  Hid. 

PSOCINA. 

Atropos  Lch. 

pulsatorius  Lch. 
Psocus  Lat. 

sparsus  Hag. 

venosus  Brm. 

contaminatus  Hag. 

striatus  Wlh. 

Peelina— "Pearl  Flies.'' 

Pteronarcys  New. 

regalis  New. 
Perla  Geof. 

abnonnis  Neio, 

arida  Hag. 

dorsata  i^ay. 

capitata  Pic. 

xanthenes  New. 

occipitalis  Pic. 

maculata  Pic. 
Capnia  Pic. 

pygmaea  Brm. 

T^ENIOPTERYX  Pic. 

fasciata  Brm. 
frigida  Hag. 
maura  Pic. 
similis  Hag. 
Leuctra  Stp. 
tenuis  Pic. 

Ephemerina — "  Day-flies." 

Ephemera  Linn. 
natata  Wlk. 


Palinginea  Brm. 

bilineata  Say. 
Baetis  Jjch. 

interpunctata  Say. 

verticis  Say. 
Ci-oe  Lch. 

posticata  Say- 

unicolor  Hag. 

vicina  Hag. 
C^Nis  67;). 

amica  Hag. 

Tribe  AGRIONINxV.     "Dovir.s-necdies. 

Calopterygina. 

Calopteryx  Lch.  * 

apicalis  Brm. 

maculata  Beav. 

virginica  Drv. 
Het^erina  Hag. 

americana  Fab. 

tricolor  Brm. 
Lestes  Ijch. 

rectangularis  Say. 

congener  Hag. 

eurina  Say. 

ungnieulata  Hag. 
Proton EUR.\  Sel. 

antennata  Say. 
Agrion  Fab. 

iners  Hag. 

ramburii  Sel. 

hastatum. 

exsulans  Hog. 
Pyrrhosoma  Chrp. 

.saucium  Brm. 

durum  Hag. 

civile  Hag. 

violaceum  Hag. 

apicale  Say. 


554 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


putriclum  Hag. 
aspersum  Hag. 

Tribe  ^SCHNINA.    "Dragou-tiies." 
GOMPHINA. 

GoMnius  Lch. 

adelphus  Sel. 

fraternus  Say. 

spicatus  Ilag. 

exilis  Sel. 
Petalura. 

thoreyi  Hag. 

^SCHNINA. 

Anax  Lch. 

jvinius  Drib. 
^schna  Fah. 

verticalis  Hag. 

constricta  Say. 

mutata  Hag. 

grandis  Lin. 

heros  Fab. 

quadriguttata  Brm. 

Tribe  LIBELLULINA.     "Dragon-flies.'' 
CORDULINA. 

Macromia  Ram. 

taeniolata  Ram. 

cingulata  Ram. 
Epitheca  Ghrp. 

princeps  Hag. 
DiDYMOPS  Ram. 

transversa  Say. 

obsoleta?  Say. 

CORDULIA  LcJl. 

lateralis  Brm. 

LiBELLULINA. 

Pantala  Hag. 

flavescens  Fah. 

hymenaea  Say. 
Tramea  Hag. 

Carolina  Lin. 

lacerata  Hag. 
Celithemis  ILag. 

eponina  Dru. 
Plathemis  Hag. 

trimaculata  Be  O. 
Libellxjla  Lin. 

qnadrimaculata  Lin. 

seniifasciata  Brm. 


luctuosa  Brm. 

pulchella  Dru. 

auripennis  Brm. 

deplanata?  Ram. 

quadrupla  Say. 

jilumbea  TIM. 
Mesothemis  Hag. 

simplicicollis  Say. 

longiiiennis  Brm. 
Diplax  Clirp. 

assimilata  Uhl. 

semiciucta  Say. 

rubicundula  Say. 

berenice  Dru. 

ornata  Rmh. 
Pertthemis  Hag. 

domitia  Dru. 

SECT.  II.     NEUROPTERA. 
SlALINA. 

Sialis  Ijat. 

infnmata  NetD. 

americana  Rnib. 
Chauliodes  Lat. 

pectinicornis  Linn. 

serricornis  Say. 

maculosus  Rml. 
Corydalis  Lat. 

cornuta  Linn. 


Hemerobina- 


Lace-wings." 


Alueronia  Ftch. 

westwoodii  Fell. 
MiCROMUs  Ram. 

insipidus  Hag. 

liamatus  Wile. 
Hemerobius  Linn. 

castanea  Fch. 

tutatrix  Fch. 

hyalinatus  Fell. 
PoLYSTOECiiOTES  Brm. 

punctatus  Fah. 

vittatus  Say. 
Mantispa  Illg. 

brunnea  Say. 

interrupta  Say. 
Chrysopa  Lch. 

oculata  Say. 

latipennis  Schn. 

quadripunctata  Brm. 

rvifilabris  Brm. 

interrupta  Sc?i. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


555 


flava  Scop. 
Myrmeleon  Linn.     "Ant-lions." 

gratus  Say. 

obsoletus  Say. 

immaculatus  De  G. 
ASCALAPHUS  JFab. 

hyalinus  Lat. 

quadripuuctatus  Brm. 

limbatus  Brm. 

Panorpina — •'  Scorpion-flies." 

Panorpa  Linn. 

rufescens  Bmb. 

venosa  Wstio. 

debilis  Wstw. 

maculosa  Ilag. 
BiTTACtrs  Lat. 

stigmaterus  Say. 

occidentis  Wlk. 
Merope  Nwm. 

tuber?  Nwm. 

Phryganina — "Caddice-flies." 

Neuronia  Fell. 
semifasciata  Say. 
postica  Wlk. 


Phryganea  Linn. 
cinerea?  Wlk. 

LiMNOPIIILIDES. 

LiMNOPIIILUS  Lch. 

intcrruptus  Say. 
Enoicyla  Ram. 

subfasciata  Say. 

lejiida  Hag. 

Leptocerides. 

Leptocerus  Lch. 

niger  Linn. 

variegatus?  Ilag. 
Setodes  Bam. 

candidus  Hag. 

Hydropsychides. 

Hydropsyche  Pic. 
l)lialerata  Uag. 

POLYCENTROPUS  Cur. 
lucidus?  Hag. 

Khyacophilides. 

CniMARRHA  Lch. 
aterrima?  Hag. 


So  little  attention  has  been  paid  to  the  Neuroptera  of  Lancaster  County,  that  the 
foregoing  catalogue  must  necessarily  be  very  imperfect  in  many  respects.  In  the  first 
place,  it  may  not  include  all  the  insects,  belonging  to  this  order,  that  are  found  within 
the  limits  of  the  county;  and  in  the  second  place  it  may  include  some  species  that  arc 
not  localized  here,  but  in  the  territory  immediately  North  and  South  of  its  boundarj,-. 
The  county,  however,  having  the  Susquehanna  washing  its  entire  Southwesteni 
margin,  and  being  moreover  permeated  by  the  Conestogo,  Chiiiucsalunga,  Octo- 
raro,  Pequea,  Cocalico,  Hammer,  Mill,  and  Conoy  creeks,  as  well  as  a  multitude 
of  minor  streams;  and  as  the  largest  portion  of  these  insects  undergo  their  transforma- 
tions in  the  water,  and  in  fact  pass  their  whole  larm  and  pupa  states  there,  it  will  be 
evident  that  a  thorough  entomological  canvass  of  the  county  may  develop  a.s  many 
more  species  than  are  here  enumerated.  This  list  is  based  upon  the  classification  of  Her- 
man Hagen,  in  his  "Synopsis  of  the  Neuroptera  of  N.  America,"  and  publislied  by 
the  Smithsonian  Institution,  at  Washington  city,  D.  C  The  future  local  student  of 
Neuropterology  in  Lancaster  county,  may  find  this  list  of  some  advantage  in  classify- 
ing his  collections. 


ORDER  HYMENOPTERA. 

The  insects  belonging  to  this  order,  are  known,  in  part,  under  the  common  names  of 
Saw-flies,  Gall-flies,  Cuccoo-flies,  Bees,  Bumble-bees,  Wasps,  Hornets,  Yellow-jackets, 
and  others.  They  are  distinguished  as  having  four  membranaceous  wings,  that  are 
ramified  by  a  number  of  veins,  forming  cells,  but  not  assuming  the  appearance  of  net- 
work,  as  in  the  Neuropterfc—the  anterior  pair  being  larger  than  the  post^^rior  pair. 
Mouth  composed  of  mandibles,  maxill(S;  labrum  and  labium,  the  latter  of  which  is  usu- 
ally elongated,  and,  together  with  the  maxillai,  forms  a  kind  of  tongue,  or  sucker,  capable 


556 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


of  being  extended  to  a  considerable  length  ;  and  is  employed  in  collecting  honey  from 
flowers.  The  females  are  provided  with  an  ovipositor — either  exserted  or  concealed — 
which,  in  some  species  has  the  form  of  a  pair  of  small  saws,  in  others  elongated  into 
slender  iilainents,  and  in  others  again,  assuming  that  modification  of  form  called  a  sting. 
The  head  is  furnished  with  a  pair  of  antennas  that  vary  very  much  in  the  numl)er  of 
their  joints,  from  live  or  six  to  sixty  or  seventy.  The  eyes  are  complex  and  lateral,  and 
between  them  arc  three  ocelli,  or  small  eyes,  commonly  disposed  in  an  equilateral  trian- 
gle, but  occasionally  almost  in  a  transverse  line.  The  tarsi,  in  most  cases,  are  five- 
jointed. 

Lancaster  county  contains  a  lai-ger  number  of  these  insects  than  have  been  thoroughly 
studied,  or  can  be  enumerated  in  this  catalogue;  many  of  wliicli  have  been  described 
by  foreign  Entomologists,  and  the  works  in  Avhich  they  are  described  not  of  convenient 
access ;  therefore,  only  an  approximation  can  be  made  to  the  real  number  and  variety 
which  our  territory  aftbrds,  and  that  numl)cr  will  be  found  to  include  many  that  are 
found  in  adjacent  localities. 

The  order  is  divisible  into  the  following  Sections,  Suh-Sections  and  Families;  and  these 
again  into  numerous  Genera,  Groups  and  Si^ecies,  with  their  correlations  and  character- 
istic, which  are  too  numerous  and  minute  to  find  a  place  in  a  mere  catalogue. 


SECT.  I.  TEREBBANTIA. 

Abdomen  of  the  females  furnished  with 

saw  or  borer. 
Sub-section,  SECURIFERA — abdomen 

sessile;  larvae  with  feet. 

Tenthredinid.!":.     "Saw-flies." 

CiMBEX  Olv. 

americana  Lch. 

ulmi  Pck. 

laportii  Ilav. 
LoPHYRUS  Lat. 

araericanus  Lch. 

compar  Lch. 

abietis  Jlar. 

abbottii  L^ch. 

lecontii  Fch. 

fabricii  Lch. 

pectoralis  Lch. 

clavicornis  Fah. 
Sela^'dria  L.ch. 

vitis  liar. 

rosae  liar. 

cerasi  Pk. 

pygmaea  Harf 

halcyon  liar? 

pyri?  Nob. 

barda  Uarf 
Allantus  Jur. 

rufipes  Say. 

basilaris  Say. 
TENTHr.EDO  Lin. 

sericea  Say. 

arvensis  Say. 


bicolor  P.  de  B. 

iuornata  Say. 

septentrionalis  Fah. 

mellipes  Har. 

tarsata  liar. 

collaris  Say. 

dorsalis  Har. 
Nematus  Jur. 

integer  Har. 

ventralis  Har. 

fulvipes  Har. 

circumcinctus  Klg. 
Janus  Fch  ? 

fidviventris  Fch. 
Abia  Fch? 

cerasi  Fch. 
Phyllacus  Fch  ? 

trimaculatus  Soy. 
Lyda  Fah. 

scripta  Say. 

rufofasciata  Liar. 

XlFHYDRIADJi. 

Cei'Hus  Ljal. 

ferruginea  Say. 

filicornis. 
XiPHYDRIA  Lat. 

albicornis  Har. 

mellipes  Har. 

IjROCERIDyE. 

Tremex  Jur. 

columba  Linn. 
Urocerus  Fab? 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY 


557 


aTbicornis  Fab. 
abdominalis  liar, 
cyaneus  Uar. 
Orybsus  Bar. 
maurus  Har. 
affinis  Bar. 
haemorrhoiclalis  Bar. 

Sub-section  PUPIVORA — abdomen  pe- 
dunculated and  furnished  with  a  borer; 
larvae  without  feet. 

EVANIDJ5. 

EvANiA  Fab. 

appendigaster  Lat. 
Pblecinus  Lat. 

polycerator  Fab. 

clavator  Lat. 


ICHNEUMONID^. 


PiMPLA  Fab. 

atrata  Fab. 

lunator  Fab. 

irritator  Fab. 
Cryptus  Fnb. 

inquisitor  Say. 

subspinosus  Bar. 

palmapectus  Bar. 

recurvvilus  Har. 

cardinalis  Bar, 

versicolor  Bar, 
Ophion  Fab. 

geminatus  Say. 

flavicornis  Say. 

morio  Fab. 

analis  Say. 

relictus  Fab. 

glabratus  Har. 

mundus  Har. 
Trogus  Pan. 

fulvus  Fab. 

atratus  Har. 

pennator  Fab. 
Ichneumon  Linn. 

concitator  Say. 

devinctor  Say. 

multor  Say. 

basiator  Say. 

alternator  Say. 

centrator  Say. 

leucaniai. 

cingor  Say. 

residuus  Say. 


unifasciatorius  Say. 

otioKus  Say. 

brevinctor  Say. 

fonugator  Swe. 

oniarginatus  Uar. 

leucoptcrus  Har. 

suturalis  Har. 

exulans  Har. 

famelicus  Uar. 

ligatus  Har. 

plautaris  Har. 
Skmiotellus  Fch.? 

destructor  Fch.  ? 
Alysia  Pan? 

menducator  Pan. 

ApHIDIIDjE. 

Aphidius  Fell. 
lactucaphis  Fch. 

ANTHOPnORABIA? 

megachillis  ? 

Braconid^. 

Bkacon  Fab. 

j)opulator  >ay. 

operculatus  Har. 

rugulosus  Har. 

palpatorius  Har. 
Mierogaster  Lat. 

carpata  Har. 

congregata  Say. 
Cleonymus  Lat. 

clisiocampaj  Fch. 
Trichogramma? 

orgyiaj  Feh. 

fraterna  Feh. 
SiGALPiius  Lat. 

socius  Har. 

patulus  Har. 

pappius  Har. 
Chelonus  Jur. 

corrugatus  Har. 

sericeus  Har. 
Taxarus  Fch. 

triticaphis  Fch. 
Praon  Fch '? 

polygonai>liis  Fch. 

viburnaphis  Fch. 

avcnaphis  Fch. 
Trioxys  Fch. 

salicaphis  Fch. 

populapliis  Fch. 

cerasaphis  Fch. 


558 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Cynipid^.     "Gall-flies." 

BlARHIZA  Fch. 

nigra  Fch. 
Allotuia  Fell. 

tritici  Fell. 

avena  Fch. 
Philonix  Fell. 

fulvicollis  Fell. 

nigricollis  Fell. 
Macroglenes  Fell. 

quercus-globuli  Fell. 

quercus-pisi  Fch., 
Ctnips  Linn. 

quercus-tubev  Fch. 

quercus-arbos  Fell. 

quercus-batatus  Fch. 

quercus-globulus  Yeh. 

quei'cus-ticus  Fch. 

quercus-laiia  Fch.  ■ 

seminator  Har. 

quercus-pilula  Fch. 
Callaspidia  Fell. 

contliienta  Ilur. 

uubilipennis  liar. 

DiPLOLEPIDID.E. 

Ibalia  Lat. 

macvilipeiinis  Har. 

tigites  Lat. 

chiuquipiu  Fch. 

melisoma  Har. 
DiPLOLEPis  Oeof. 

confluentus  Say. 

oneratus  Hay. 

nubilipennis  Har. 

seminator  Har. 

bicolor  Har. 

impolita  Har. 
Spalakgia  Fchf 

querci-lanae  Fch. 

Chalcidid^. 

Chalcis  Fab. 

octonotata  Har. 
ToRYMUs  Dal. 

harrisii  Fch. 

EURYTOMA  III. 

tritici  Fch. 
hordei  Har. 
fulvipes  Fell. 
secalis  Fch. 
lanulse  Fch. 


Pteromalus  Lat. 

onerati  Fch. 

vanessie  Har. 

clisiocampai  Har. 

lepturus  Har. 

obesus  Har 
Perilampus  Lat. 

hyalinus  Har. 

Proctotrupiad^. 

DiAPRIA  Fch? 

agronomyzae  Fch. 
Proctotrupes  Lat. 

cordatus  Say. 
Platygaster? 

error  Feh. 

POLYMEXA? 

natans?  Lub, 
Teleomus  Fch? 

orgyije  Fell. 
PsiLUS  Jur. 

terminatus  Har. 

Chrysid.'E. 

Chrysis  Lin. 
paciiica  Say. 
caerulans  Fab. 
speculum  Har. 
viridis?  Nob. 

Sect.  n.  ACULEATA. 
Abdomen  of  the  females  and  neuters  anned 

with  a  sting. 
Sub-section  HETEROGYN A— Females  and 

neuters  wingless. 

FORMICIAD^.     "Ants." 

Formica  Lin. 
lierculeana  Lat. 
lignivora  Lat. 
noveboracensis  Feh. 
caryale  Feh. 
pensylvanica  He  G. 
ligniperda  Fch? 
sanguinea  Lat. 
rufa?  Linn. 
quadrata  Har. 
bilobata  Har. 
petulca  Har. 
subsericea  Har. 
mileneura  Har. 
nigra?  Linn. 
destructor?  Nob. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


559 


Mtrmica  Lat. 

molesta  Say. 

minuta  Say. 

cerasi  Fch. 

implecta  Ear. 
Typhlopone?  Hid. 

pallipes  Hid. 

MUTILIAD^. 

Myrmosa  Lat. 

unicolor  Say. 
Methoca  Lat. 

pacalis  Har. 
MUTILLA  Linn. 

ferinigata  Fab. 

undulata  Har. 

dislocata  Har. 

occidentalis  ?  Linn. 

Sub-section  FOSSORES— females  winged; 
wings  not  folded;  basal  joint  of  posterior 
tarsi  simple. 

SCOLIAD^. 

ScoLiA  Fab. 

quadrimaculata  Fab. 

plumipes  Drury. 
TiPHiA  Fab. 

inornata  Say. 

tarda  Har. 
Plesia  Jur. 

costata  Har. 
Myzene  ? 

sexcincta  Say. 
Sapyga  Lat. 

peptica  Har. 

centi-ata  Har. 

POMPILIAD^E. 


Cerophales  Lat. 

bipunctata  Say. 

denticulata  Har. 

formosa  Svy. 

cylindricus  Crs. 

mariae  Crs. 
Priocnemus? 

unifasciata. 
PoMPiLUS  Fah. 

biguttatus  Fab. 

marginatus  Say. 

tarsatus  Har. 

tropicus  Fab. 

debilis  Jur. 


Misccs  Jur. 

stygicus  liar. 

petiolatus  Har. 
Ctenoceuus  ? 
klugii '? 
Angociilora? 

pursus  Sink. 
Pepsis? 

foi-mosa?  Say. 

cyanea  Lin. 
Prosopis? 

affinis  Smh. 

elliptica  Krb. 


Sphegiad^. 

Ammopiiila  Kirb. 

subsulcata  Wst. 

cementaria  Smth. 

urnaria  Klg. 

luctuosa  Smth. 

lugubris  Har. 

gryplius  Uar. 

fulvicaulis  Uar. 
Sphex  Lin. 

tibialis  St.  F. 

icliueumonea  Lin. 

pensylvanica  Pal. 

labrosa  Har. 

apicalis  Uar. 
Pelop^us  Fab. 

caeruleus  Lin. 

flavipes  Fab. 

affinis  Fab. 

cyanea  Fab. 
Sarcophaga. 

nudipennis  Low. 

Bembicid^. 

Bembex  Fab. 

fasciata  Fab. 

variegata?  Nob. 
MONEDCLA  Lat. 

Carolina  Fab. 

quadrifasciata  Say. 

ventialis  Say. 

Larriad.e. 

A  ST  AT  A  Fah. 

unicolor  Say. 
Lyrops  III. 

aurulenta  Fab. 
Larrada? 

argentata  Bur. 


560 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Larra  Fab. 
unicincta  Say. 
pensylvanica  Bvs. 
subita  Har. 


NYSSONIDiE. 

Ntsson  Lat. 

laterale  Har. 
Tripoxtlon  Lat. 

politiim  Say. 

frigidum  Smth. 

clavatum  liar. 

atritarse  liar. 
OXYBELUS  Lat. 

emarginatus  Say. 

quodrinotatus  Say. 
Mellinus?  Fah. 

bimaciilatus  Say. 

GORYTES? 

flavicornis  Har. 
Alyson  ? 

oppositus  ? 
Stizus  Say. 

grandis  Say. 

speciosus  Dru. 

Crabronid^. 

Crabro  Fah. 

sexmaculatus  Say. 

singularis  Smth. 

decemmaculatus  Say, 

complanatus  Say. 

scutellatus  Say. 

tibialis  Say. 

famelicus  Har. 

pusillus  liar. 

pegasus  Har. 

glauconotatus  Har. 
Cemonus  Jur. 

concolor  Say. 

inornatus  Say. 

annulatus  Har. 
Cerceris  Lat. 

tuberculata  ? 

tricincta? 

baridius  Har. 

dorsata  Say. 

PSEN? 

leucopus  Say. 
Stigmcs? 

fraternus  Say. 
Thyreopus? 

latipes  Smth. 


Passal^cus  Cres. 

mandibularis  Cres. 
Rapholum  Pak. 

pediculatum  Pak: 
PniLANTHUs  Fab. 

vertilabris  Say. 

obsoletus  Har. 

viatus  Har. 

impunctatus  Har. 

erratus  Har. 

Sub-section  DIPLOTERA— Females  and 
neuters  winged;  wings  folded. 

Vespadje. 

Vespa  Lin. 

maculata  Lin. 

vulgaris  Ljin. 

areuaria  Fab. 

fraterna  Har. 

maculifrons  Har. 

euneata  Fab. 

inaequalis  liar. 
Odynerus  Lat, 

quadricornis  Linn. 

pleuricincta  Har. 

oculata  Har. 

daedalus  Har. 

leucomelus  ? 
Eumene^  Lat. 

fraterna  Say. 

flavicornis  Har. 

atricornis  Har. 
Polistes  Fab. 

fuscata  Fab. 

annularis  Fab. 

canadensis  Linn, 

promethea  Har. 

Sub-section  MELLIFERA — Females  and 
neuters  winged;  wings  not  folded;  pos- 
terior tarsi  compressed  into  poUinige- 
rous  organs. 

Andrenad^. 

Andrena  Fab. 
sericea  Fst, 
nigricornis  Fab. 
vicina  Say. 
frugalis  liar. 
inornata  liar, 
amoena  liar. 
calceata  Har. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


561 


fulviaiia  TIar. 

ligata  Uar. 
Sphecodes  Lat. 

dicliroa  liar. 
Halictes? 

parallelus  Say. 

Apiari^. 

Xtlocopa  Fuh. 

Carolina  Linn. 

viotima  Bar. 

virginica  ? 
Cekatina  Lat. 

dupla  Say. 

dvibia  Uld. 
Megachile  Lat. 

integer  Say. 

brevis  Say. 

latimana  Say. 

subsinuosum  Ear. 

dimidiatum  ILar. 

integrum  Rai'. 

centricularis  ? 
Apathus? 

aslitonii  ? 
Anthrophora  Smtlc^ 

spousa  Smth. 

abrupta  Fell  ? 

taurea  FcJi. 
OSMIA  Pa7i. 

lignivora  Pack. 

lignaria  Say. 

semilinea  Smth. 


paoilica  Say. 
Stems  Pan. 

intcnupta  liar. 
Caelioxys  Lat. 

octodcntata  Say. 
Epeolus  Fah. 

donatus  liar. 

nicrcatus  Hur. 
Xomada  Fah. 

decora  liar. 

vincta  liar. 

intenni)ta  Uar. 

pnlcljclla  Smth. 

imbricata  Saith. 
Melecta  Lat. 

inei-mis  liar. 
Eucera  Lat. 

tibialis  Uar. 

pi-uino.sa  liar. 

erratica  liar. 

rustica  liar. 
BoMBUS  Fab. 

amcricanum  Linn. 

virgiuicns  Fab. 

mnscoriuu? 

dimidiatus  Bar. 

elatus  Fah. 

fervidus  Fah. 

irapatiens  Uar. 

ternarius  Uar. 
Apis  IJnn. 

mellifica  Lin. 


The  foregoing  is  only  a  part  of  the  true  list  oi  llymenoptera,  that  may  ultimately  Ije 
found  in  the  county  of  Lancaster;  but  many  of  them  have  a  wide  range  geograi»hically, 
and  may  be  found  in  nearly  every  State  of  the  Union.  The  material  of  the  comi)iler 
was  too  meagre  to  furnish  a  comjilete  list,  or  one  that  reflects  the  true  state  of  entomo- 
logical science  in  this  department  at  the  present  day.  It  may  .sen-e  as  an  ai)pro.\ima- 
tion  to  what  Lancaster  county  contains,  of  this  interesting  order  of  inscct.s,  only  a  few 
spieces  of  which  are  known  to  belong  to  the  destructives;  and  those  chiefly  conlinc  them- 
selves to  the  foliage  of  vegetation  or  are  wood  borers.  The  jjarasitic  species,  of  which 
there  are  many,  may  be  regarded  as  the  special  friends  of  the  human  family,  and  their 
study  is  therefore  both  interesting  and  useful. 


LEPIDOPTERA. 

This  order  includes  the  "Butterflies"  and  "Moths,"  and  the  name  is  derived  fi-om 
the  two  Greek  words  lepis  a  scale,  and  jUeron — a  wing,  or  "scale-winged"  insects. 
The  whole  order  may  be  brought  more  or  less  under  the  following  characteristics. 
Wings  four;  composed  of  ner^mres.  and  transjiarcnt  membranes,  clothed  on  the  upiKT 
and  under  surfaces  with  minute  colored  scales,  resembling  dust  or  meal;  eyts  large  and 


37 


562 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


lateral;  antennce  generally  long  and  many-jointed,  and  also  very  variable  in  form; 
moiith  comi^osed  apparently  of  a  long  and  spirally  coiled  organ,  which  the  insect  em- 
ploys in  sipping  the  sweet  substances  from  flowers,  upon  which  it  subsists;  when  not 
used,  this  delicate  proboscis  is  coiled  up  and  defended  between  two  large  compressed 
organs  called  the  palpi,  which  are  inserted  upon  a  lip,  in  front  of  the  head;  abdomen 
destitute  of  a  sting;  the  body  \ery  pilose,  or  hairy,  and  variable  in  respect  to  size;  legs 
slender  and  hairy,  but  variable  in  difterent  sexes  and  species.  No  kinds  of  insects  are 
moi'e  dissimilar  in  their  different  stages  of  metamorphosis,  than  those  belonging  to  this 
order.  When  they  issue  from  the  egg,  we  recognize  their  larvce  under  the  familiar  form 
of  "caterpillars;"  these  change  into  a  chrysalis  ov pupa,  from  which  the  i^erfect  insect 
is  in  due  time  produced.  The  larvae  are  uniformly  comjiosed  of  thirteen  segments,  or 
sections;  the  first  represents  the  head,  the  second,  third  and  fourth  the  thorax,  and  the 
remaining  ones  the  abdomen.  They  may  be  all  included  under  the  following  groux^s 
established  by  Linnaeus,  namely: 
I.  Diurnia — or  day-fliers. 
II.  Crepuscularia — or  twilight-fliers. 

III.  Nocturnia — or  night-fliers. 

These  groups  are  numerously  represented  in  Lancaster  county,  although  the  individ- 
uals brought  under  them,  respectively,  are  by  no  means  constant  to  the  general  char- 
acteristics, but  vary  more  or  less  from  them. 


SECT.  I.  DIURNIA— OR  DAT-FLIERS, 
Includes    the  insects  properly    known  as 
Butterflies. 

Papilionid^. 

Papilio  Lin. 

turnus  Lin. 

glaucus  Lin. 

troilus  Lin. 

philenor  Lm. 

asterius  Fab. 

ajax  Lin. 
PoNTiA  Fab. 

casta  Kir. 

oleracea  liar. 
COLIAS  Fab. 

philodice  God. 

edusa?  Fab. 
PiERis  Lat. 

nicippe  Ood. 

lisa?  Boisd. 

Danaid^. 

Danais  Bois. 
archippus  Fab. 

Nymphalidje. 

Argtnnis  Fab.  • 

idalia  Dru. 
cybele  God. 
myrina  Crm. 


aphrodite  Boi. 

columbina  Boi. 

astarte?  Don. 

bellona?  God. 
Melit^a  Fab. 

phaeton  Crm. 

nycteis  Doii. 

tharos  Crm. 
Grapta  Dou. 

interrogationis  God. 

comma  liar. 
Vanessa  Fab. 

antiopa  Lin. 

progne  Crm. 

furcillata  Say. 

lintneri  Fell. 
Pyrameis  Hub. 

atalanta  Lin. 

cardui  Lin. 

huntera  Sm. 
Nymphalis  Lat. 

Ursula  Fab. 

disippus  God. 


Satyrid^. 


Neonympha  Hub. 

eui'ythris  Fab. 

acmenis  Hub, 

polixeues  Fab. 

cantheus?  Fab. 
Satyrus  Fab. 


alope  Fab. 
pegala  Fcih. 
Debis  Do^l. 
portlandia  Fah. 

CtENONTMPHA  Iluh. 

semidea  Say. 

Lycaexid^. 

Thecla  Fab. 

pan  Dru. 

favonius  Qod. 

falacer  God. 
Ltcaena  Fab. 

plileas  God. 

tlioe  Boi. 

POLYOMMATUS  Lat. 

acmon  Dou. 
comyutas  God. 
filenus  Poe. 

Hespeeid^. 

NiSONIADES  Hxib. 

juvenalis  Sm. 
Cyclop.edes  Uub. 

coras  Cnn. 
Pamphila  Fab. 

pustula?  Hub. 

peckii?  Krb. 

oileus  Linn. 
Hesperia  Lat. 

proteus  Fab. 

cellus  Boi. 

lycidas?  Enc. 

Epialid>e. 

Epialus  Fab. 
argento-maculatus  liar. 

SECT.  11.  CBEPUSCULARIA. 
Includes  those  families  usually  called  twi- 
light-fiyiug  moths. 

CoSSIDiE. 

CosstJS  Fab. 

robinise  Pck. 

querciperda  Fell. 

plagiatus?  Dou. 
Zeuzera  Lat. 

pyrinus?  God. 

CoNCHILOPODIDJE. 

Limacodes  Lat. 
cippus  Sm. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

spinuloidos  Hen. 

palida?  Wlk. 
Pimela  Chn. 

lanuginosa  Clm. 
Adoneta  Clm. 

voluta  Clm. 
Empretia  Clm. 

stimulca  Clm. 

paenulata  Clm. 
Nochelia  Clm. 

tardigrada  Clm. 


563 


PSYCHID^. 

TnYRIDOPTERTX  Stp. 

cpliemajriefonnis  Uar. 
pcnsylvanicus  Var. 
Peropiiora  Uar. 
melsheimcrii  Uar, 

Zygaenid^. 

Alypia  Krb. 

octomaculata  Sm. 
Procris  Fab. 

americana  Har. 

falsarius  Clm. 
Malthaca  Clm. 

perlucidula?  Clm. 
Glaucopis  Fab. 

pholus  Fab. 

scmidiaphana  Uar, 

latreillana?  Krb. 

epimenis  Dru. 

^GERID^. 

Trochilium  Sep. 

cucuibitie  Uar. 

caudata  Uar. 

exitiosa  Say. 

tipuliformis  Har. 

scitula  Har. 

fulvipes  Har. 
Thyris  lllg. 

maculata  Har. 

Sphingid^. 

Sesia  Fab. 

diffinis  Boi. 

thysbe  Fab. 
Macroglossa  Ocli. 

liavofasciata  Wlk. 
Thyrecs  Swn. 

abbotii  Swn. 

ucssus  Wlk. 


564 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Deidamia  Clm. 

inscripta  Clm. 
Deilephila  Ocli. 

lineata  Fah. 

cliamfeuerii  liar. 
Dakapsa  Wlk. 

inyron  Orm. 

cliaii'ilns  Orm. 

versicolor  Clm. 
Philampelus  Har. 

satellitia  Lin. 

achemoii  Dru. 
Macrosila  Wlk. 

rustica?  Crm. 

cingulata  Lin. 

Carolina  Lin. 

quinquemaculata  Stp. 

brontes  Dru. 
Sphii^x  Lin. 

cinerea  Hub. 

plebeia  Fab. 

kalmia3  Abt. 

drupiferarum  Abt. 

jasminearum  Lee. 
Ceratomia  liar. 

quadricornis  Hub. 

repeutiuus  Clm. 
Smerixthus  La. 

excsecatus  Abt. 

modesta  Har. 

geminatus  Say. 

optlialmicus  Boi. 
Ellema  Clm. 

harrisi  Clm. 

SECT.  LIL     NOCTUBNTA. 
POMERIDIAJSTA. 

Wiugs  crossed   upon  the  body;    antennas 
pectinated, 

Satuenid^. 

Saturnia  Shr. 

io  Smth. 

pica  Wlk. 
Attacus  Linn. 

cecropia  Linn. 

prometliea  Dru. 

luna  Fab. 

polyphemus  Fab. 

angulifera?  Wlk. 

didynia?  Pal. 
Ceratocampa  Har. 


regalis  Fab. 
imperialis  Dru. 
Dryocampa  Har. 
stigma  Fab. 
senatoria?  Fab. 
rubicnnda  Fab. 
bicolor?  Har. 


BOMBYCID^. 


Gastropacha  Ocli. 

americana  Har. 

laricis  Fell. 

occideutalis  Wlk. 
Clisiocampa  Cur. 

decipiens  Wlk. 

sylvatica  Har. 

americana?  Fab. 


NOTODOXTID^. 

Cerura  ScJi. 

borealis  liar. 
NOTODONTA  Och. 

basistriens  Wlk. 

varia  Wlk. 

biundato  Wlk. 

manteo  Wlk. 
Edema  Wlk. 

unicornis  Smitli  A. 

albifrons  Smith  A. 

concinna?  Smitli  A. 

ICHTHTURA  Hub. 

van  Fch. 
albosigma  Fch. 

EUDRYAS  Hu. 

grata  Fab. 

unio  Hub. 
Datana  Wlk. 

ministra  Drv,. 

contracta  Wlk. 
Nadata  Wlk. 

gibbosa  Sjn.  Ab. 

Arctiid^. 


Orgya  Och. 

leucostigma  Sm. 

antiqua  Linn. 
Deiopeia  Cur. 

bella  Linn. 
Spilosoma  Sip. 

acrea  Dru. 

virgiuica  Fab. 

cunea  Fabf 

egle  Dru. 


Ab. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


565 


Arctia  Auc. 

caja  Fab. 

virgo  Linn. 

phalerata  IJar. 

virguncula  Krb. 

nais  Dm. 

Isabella  Sm. 

lubricosa  Uar. 

coUaris  Fc7i. 
Callimorpha  Lat. 

militaris  Har. 

Carolina  Ha?'. 

comma  Doii. 

clymene  Esjh 
LoPHOCAMPA  Har. 

carysB  Hew. 

tesselaris  Sm. 

NOCTURNA. 
Wings  crossed  on  the  body  in  repose  ;  an- 
tenuse  setaceous. 

LlTHOSIID^. 

EusTixiA  Wlk. 
pupula  Lu. 

CiSTHENE   wile. 

subjecta?  Wlk. 
Crocota  Hub. 

brevicornis?  Wlk. 

rubicuudaria?  Hub. 
Gnophria  8tp. 

vittata  liar. 

NoCTUADiE. 


ACRONTCTA  Ocll. 

lobelias  Que. 
spinigera  Giie. 
innotata  Que. 
snperans  Gue. 

GORTYNA  OcJl. 

zese  Har. 

limpida  Gue. 
Leucaxia  Ocli. 

obtusa  Gue. 

commoides  Gue. 
Nonagria  Hub. 

inquiuata  Gue. 
CissrsA  Wm. 

spadix  Crm. 
Apatela  Fab. 

americana  Har. 
Mamestra  Oc1i. 

picta  Har. 


impulsa  Gue. 

ordinaria  Don. 
IIadena  Doi. 

ligiiicolora  Gue. 

libera  Dou. 

indocilis  Dou. 
Catocala  Hhr. 

vidua  Bin. 

illecta  Dou. 

ilia  Crm. 

epione  Dru. 

laclirjTnosa  Gue. 

nuptialis  Dou. 

selecta  Dou. 

desperata?  Gue. 
AcoxTiA  Ochs. 

margaritata  Dru. 
Agxoxomia  Huh. 

anilis  Dru. 
CnAMYRia  Gue. 

cerintliia  Gue. 
Alaria  Westw. 

llorida  Gue. 
Derrima  Wile. 

stellata  Doti. 
Plusia  Ochs. 

serea  Hub. 

thyatyroides  Gue. 

veriiica  Fab. 

u-brevis  Gue. 
Erastria  Oclis. 

cameola  Gue. 

iuscripta  Dou. 
Orthosia. 

instabilis  Sch. 

CUCULLIA   OcJl. 

chamomilku  Fab. 
Agrotis  Gue. 

spissa  Gue. 

suflusa  Den. 

tritici  Linn. 

ravida  Den. 

clandestina  Uar. 

devastator  Har. 

tessclata  Har. 

messoria  Uar. 

iuermis  Har. 

tclifera  Uar. 
NocTUA  Fab. 

pyramidea?  Linn. 

oleracea  Har. 

iota  Crm. 

ciujnilata  Har. 


566 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


,     lunata  Dru. 
sqviamularis  Dric. 
libatrix  Fab. 
aceris  Smth.  A. 
Hypena  Sch. 
geueralis  Dou. 
erectalis  Que. 
liabitalis  Dou. 
deceptalis  Dou. 

Pyralid^. 

Pyralis  Linn. 

fariiialis  Har. 

decoralis  Hub. 
Hekmikea  Lat. 

jacchusalis  Dou. 

clittoralis  Dou. 
BOTYS  Lat. 

oxydalis  Qxie. 

licealis  Wlk. 
Galleria  Fab. 

cereana  Fab. 

margaroiiia  LIub. 

quadristigmatis  Gue. 

TORTRICIDiE. 

LOXOTAENIA  Stp. 

rosaceana  liar. 

cerasivorana  Fell. 
ToRTRix  Trei. 

triqiietrana  Fch. 

raalaiia  Fch. 

sarteiia  Ihib. 

circulavia  Hub. 

pomoiia?  liar. 
Penthina  Trei. 

pomonella  Har. 

oculaiia  Har. 

vitivorana  Pack. 
Argyrolepia  Sti). 

quercifoliana  Fch. 
Croesia  Hub. 

persicaua  FcJi. 
Ephippiphora  Duj). 

caryana  Fch. 

TlNEAD^. 

Anacampsis  Cur. 
robiniella  Fch. 
Cerostoma  Lat. 
brassicella  Fch. 
■  Argyromyges  St}). 
quercifoliella  FeJi. 


quercialbella  Fch. 
I)seudacaciella  Fch. 
morrisella  Fch. 
vihlerella  Fch. 
ostensackenella  Fch. 
Tinea  Fab. 
biflavimaculella  Clm. 
dorsistrigella  Clm. 
crocicapitella  Clm. 
carnariella  Clm. 
flavifrontella  ? 
lanariella  Cl77i. 
iiubilipennella  Clm. 
variatella  Clm. 
ligulella  Hub. 
zeaj  Fch. 
granella  Har. 
pelliouella?  Linn. 
vestiauella?  ? 
BuTALis  Cur  ? 

cerealella  Olv. 
Xylesthia  Clm. 

pruniramiella  Clm. 
Amydria  Clm. 

effrenatella  Clm. 
Anaphora  Clm. 
plumifrontella  Clm. 
popeanella  Clm. 
arcanella  Clm. 
Incurvaria  Haw. 
russatella  Clm. 
acerifoliella  Fch. 
Plutella  Sch. 
vigilaciella  Clm. 
limbi])ennella  Clm. 
mollipedella  Clm. 
Hyponomeuta  Zel. 

multipvinctella  Clm. 
EUDARCIA  Clm. 

simvilatricella  Clm. 
Chaetociiilus  Stp. 
poiiietellus  Har. 
malifolielliis  Fch. 
trimaculelkis  Fch. 
veiitrellus  Fch. 
contubenialellus  Fch. 
Argyresthia  Hub. 

oreasella  Clm. 
Gracilaria  Zel. 
superbifroutella  Clm. 
fulgidella  Clm. 
venu Stella  Clm. 
strigifiuitella  Clm. 


OP  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


>67 


violacella  Clm. 
Ornix  Treit. 

trepidella  Clm. 

iestinella  Clm. 

crataegifoliella  Clm. 

acerifoliella  Clm. 
COSMOPTERYX?   Hub. 

gemmiferella  Clm. 
COSMIOTES  Clm. 

illectella  Clm. 

maculosella  Clm. 

madarella  Clm. 
COLEOPHORA  Zel. 

laticoniella  Clm. 

infuscatella  Clm. 

cretaticostella   Clm. 

coruscipennella  Clm. 

LiTHOCOLLETIDiE. 

LiTHOCOLLETIS   Zel. 

lucidicostella  Clm. 

robiniella  Clm. 

argentifimbriella  Clm. 

lucetiella  Clm. 

carypefoliella  Clm. 

guttifiiiitella  Clm. 
TiSCHERIA  Zel. 

solidagonifoliella  Clm. 

zelleriella  Clm. 

citrinipeunella  Clm. 

vittigiuella  Clm. 
Leucanthiza  Clm. 

amphicarpefefoliella  Clm. 
BUCCULATRIX  Zel. 

coronatella  Clm. 
Aktispila  Sell. 

nyssajfoliella  Clm. 

coniifoliella  Clm. 
AsPiDiscA  Clm. 

splendoriferella  Clm. 

Pterophoeidje. 


cincridactylus  Ych. 
marginidactylus  Fch. 
cretidactylus  Fch. 

Ennomid.e. 

Caberodes  Gue. 

remissaiia  Oue. 

imbraria  Gue. 

phasianaiia  Gne. 
Geometra  Lin. 

siccifolia  Fch. 

vernata?  Pck. 

catenaria  Dru. 

serrata  Dru. 
Dtspteris  Uub. 

abortivaria  lieu. 

ASCIDALID^. 

AsciDALiA  Trei. 
ossularia  Gue. 

MACARIDiE. 

Amilapis  Gue. 

triplipuiictata  Fch. 

unipunctata  Haw. 
Macaria  Curt. 

granitata  Gue. 

bicolarata  Fab. 


Zerenid^. 


Abraxis  Leh. 
ribearia  Fch. 


LARENTIAD.E. 


Melanippe  Dup. 
lacnstrata  Gue. 
intenuediata  Gue. 


SlONAD^. 


Heteropiileps  Sch. 

triguttaria 
Amsopteryx  Stj-). 

vernata  Pck. 

pometaria  Har. 

liybcniia  Lat. 

tiliaiia  Har. 


PTEROPnoRus  Geo. 

periscelidactylus  Fch. 

lobidactylus  Fch. 

tenuidactylus  Fch. 

The  foregoing,  already  a  long  list,  excludes  still  a  large  number  of  specie^,  which  no 
doubt  are  natives  of  Lancaster  county.  It  however  includes  many  small  species,  called 
^'Micro-Lepidopterar  which  are  so  exceedingly  small,  that  many  of  them  cannot  bo 
recoo-nized,  except  by  a  person  who  possesses  extraordinary  powers  of  vision,  or  has  access 
to  a  good  microscope.  Many  of  them  have  a  geographical  range  far  beyond  the  borders 
of  our  county.  The  number  of  species  is  too  great  to  give  anything  more  than  a  simple 
list.     The  time  to  treat  them  in  detail,  in  a  work  of  this  kind,  has  not  yet  arrived. 


568 


AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


ORDER  DIPTERA. 

The  name  of  this  order  was  first  used  by  Aristotle,  and  is  a  compound  of  two  Greek 
words  signifying  twice  or  hco,  and  icings;  that  is,  "Two-winged  insects,"  although 
there  are  a  few  species  belonging  to  it  that  are  entirely  wingless.  The  insects  included 
in  it  are  commonly  called  Crane-flies,  jMosquitos,  Gnats,  Bot-flies,  Horse-flies,  Ox-flies, 
Blow-flies,  House-flies,  &c.,  &c.  They  are  characterized  by  having  a  single  pair  of 
wings,  which  are  membranous  and  usually  extended,  and  affixed  to  the  middle  of  the 
sides  of  the  thorax.  Near  the  insertion  of  the  wings  are  a  pair  of  small  appendages 
called  halterers.  The  mouth  is  provided  with  a  hmistellum  composed  of  from  two  to  six 
scaly  lancet-like  pieces,  inclosed  in  a  groove  or  canal  upon  the  upper  surface  of  a  fleshy 
snout'  or  proboscis;  or  covered  by  one  or  more  inarticulated  plates,  forming  a  sort  of 
sheath.  The  antennoi  exhibit  various  degrees  of  development,  from  very  short  to  very 
long.  The  ocelli,  when  present,  are  three  in  number,  and  the  eyes  are  large,  lateral, 
and  composite — those  of  the  males  in  many  instances  being  much  larger  than  those  o  f 
the  females.  The  abdomen  is  usually  attached  to  tlie  thorax  by  only  a  portion  of  its 
basal  dimeter,  and  is  generally  more  pointed  in  the  females  than  the  males.  The  tarsi 
are  flve-jointed  and  terminated  by  a  small  pair  of  hooks,  and  often  by  a  sort  of  cussion- 
like  process,  which  enables  the  insect  to  walk  on  a  very  smooth  surface,  or  with  the  ba'^ 
downward.  The  larvae  are  usually  called  "maggots,"  and  there  is  less  diversity  in  their 
transformations  than  there  is  in  some  other  orders,  or  than  the  diversities  in  the  mature 
insects  would  seem  to  imply,  Lancaster  county,  occupying  a  geographical  position 
intermediately  between  North  and  South,  has  many  species  within  her  borders  that  are 
common  to  either  of  those  portions  of  our  territory,  but  the  local  Diptera  of  the  county 
is  only  very  partially  developed  in  history  and  classification. 


CULICID^. 

CuLEX  Linn. 

damnosus  Say. 

pipiens  Linn, 

cingulatus  Fab. 

ciliatus  Fab. 

pangeus  Weid. 

colon  liar. 
Anopheles  Mei. 

granulatus  liar. 

quadrimaculatus  bay. 

TiPULID.E. 

TiruLA  Linn. 

alternata  Say. 

trivittata  Say. 

flavicans  Fab. 

ferruginea  Fab. 

tricolor  Fab. 

nubilis  liar. 
Cecidomtia  Fab. 

grossularia^  Fch. 

tritici  Krb. 

robinia  Hid. 

inimica  Fell. 

cerealis  Fch. 


graminis  Fch. 

destructor  Say. 

salicis  Fch. 

culmicola  Mor. 
Ctexoi'iiora  Mei. 

abdominalis  Say. 
MOLOBRUS  Fch? 

mali  Fch. 

A'ulgaris  Fch. 

inconstans  Fck. 

fuliginosus  Fch. 
Ptyciioptera  Mei. 

clavipes  Linn. 
LiMNOBiA  Mei. 

rostra ta  Say, 

scutellata  Say. 
Ryphus  Lat, 

alternatus  Say. 

discoidus  Say. 
CiiiRONOMrs  Mei, 

albitarsis  Har. 

claracoUis  Har, 

lateralis  Har. 

biplagiatus  liar, 
SiMULiUii  Lai. 

obscurum  liar. 

calceatum  Har. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 


BiBio  Geof. 

femorata  Wei. 

brunnipes  Fah. 

albipennis  Say. 

articulosa  Har. 
ScATorsE  Oeof. 

nitida  Har. 
DiLOPnus  Met. 

frateruvis  Har. 

lugubris  Har. 
Leja  Mei. 

triplagiata  Uar. 

ziczac  Har. 

obscura  Har. 
Pedicia  Lat. 

rostrata?  Say. 

ASILID^. 

Laphria  Meig. 

thoracica  Fab. 

tei'gissa  Say. 

flavibarbis  Har. 

atribarbis  Say. 

posticata  Say. 

fulvicauda  Say. 

flavicollis  Saij. 

glabrata  Say. 

sericea  Say. 

saffrana  Say. 
DiocTRiA  Meig. 

octopvinctata  Say. 
AsiLXJs  Linn. 

sericeus  Say. 

gestuans  Linn. 

apicalis  Weid. 

heros  Weid. 

vorax  Har. 

glauconotatus  Har. 

ansatus  Har. 
EjiPfS  Lin. 

atritarsata  Har. 
Htbos  Meig. 

elevatus  Har. 
AcROCERA  Meig. 

obesa  Har. 
fasciata  liar. 

Antheacid^, 

BOMBYLIUS  Lin. 

sequalis  Fab. 

fulvis  Tie  id. 
Anthrax  Scop. 

morioides  Say. 


anal  is  Say. 
lateralis  Say. 
scapulaiis  liar. 


RnAGIONID.E. 

Thereva  Lat. 

nigra  Say. 

notata  Wei. 

frontalis  Say. 

plagiata  Har. 
Leptis  Fab. 

ornata  Say. 

plumbea  Say. 

liumeralis  Har. 

trifasciata  Har. 

DOLICHOPID^. 

DoLicnoPUS  Lat. 

sipho  Say. 

atriconiis  Har. 
PoRPHTROPS  Meig. 

quadriplagiatus  liar. 

scutellaris  Har. 
Plattpeza  Meig. 

appendiculata  Har. 

pallipes  *S'</^. 

Tabniid^. 

Chrtsops  Meig. 

ferrugatus  Fab. 

vittatus  Wei. 

confusiis  Har. 
Tabancs  Linn. 

atratus  Fab. 

cinctus  Fab. 

liueola  Fch. 

ferrugatus  Fc?i,. 

niolestis  Say. 

lineatus  Fab. 

divisus  Har. 

Xylophagidj:. 

Mtdas  Fab. 

filata  Lin. 

clavata?  Dru. 
Coenomyia  Lat. 

pallida  Say. 

fuscitarsis  Har. 
Xylophagus  Fab. 

heros  Har. 

fascipennis  Har. 

politus  Har. 


670 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Stratomyid^. 

Stratomys  Oeof. 

intermedia  We'i. 

abdominalis  Bar. 

quadripunctata  Ear. 
Sargus  Fab. 

decorus  Say. 

scutellatus  Har. 

amoenifrous  liar. 

viridicinctus  Ear. 
Chlorops? 

pumiliouis? 

glabra? 

Syrphyid^. 

VOLUCELLA  Geof. 

basalis  Jlar. 
Sericomyia  Meig. 
tuberculata  Ear. 
Eristalis  Meig. 
concavus  Say. 
quadratus  Say. 
cylindricus  Say. 
sincerus  Ear. 
posticatus  Fab. 
pterelas  Bar. 
fascicollis  Ear. 
Strphus  Lat. 
lachrJ^nosus  Say. 
gemiiiatus  Say. 
marginatus  Say. 
obliquus  Ear. 
vittatifrQiis  Ear. 
simulatus  Ear. 
angulatus  Ear. 
Meromyza? 

americana  Fell. 
Siphonella  Ileig. 
obesa  Fch. 
vulgaris  FcJi. 
autumnalis  FcJi. 
Ohrysogaster  Meig. 

ruficornis  Ear. 
Pyrgota  Wcid. 
undata  Har. 
valida  Ear. 
MiLEsiA  Lat. 
ornata  Fab. 
excentrica  Ear. 
obliqua  Har. 
analis  Ear. 
verbosa  Ear. 


PsARus  Lat. 

quadrifasciatus  Say. 
Merodon  Meig. 

bardus  Say. 

tubicornis  Ear. 

curvijies  Wei. 
Xylota  Meig. 

ejuncida  Say. 

proxima  Say. 

hajmatodes  Say. 
Rhingia  Scop. 

nasica  Say. 


OESTRIID^. 


Grastrus  Meig. 

equi  Linn. 

hsemorrhoides? 

veterinus? 
CEsTRis  Linn. 

bovis  Linn. 
Cephalemyia, 

ovis  Linn. 

CUTEREBRA. 

buccata  Fab. 


CONOPID^. 


Myopa  Fab. 

vesiculosa  Ear. 
Coxops  Linn. 

Sagittarius  Say. 

interruptus  Ear. 
Stomoxys  Geof. 

calcitrans  Fab. 

pallida  Ear. 


MUSCAID^. 


Echinomyia  Dum. 

obesa  Ear. 

tessellata  Fab. 
GoNiA  Meig. 

vertebrata  Ear. 

basalis  Ear. 

tarda  Ear. 

ACINIA. 

solidaginis  Fch. 
noveboracensis  FcJi. 
Agromyza. 
tritici  Fch. 

LUCILIA. 

ceasar? 
Gymnosoma  3feig. 

rotundata  Lin7i. 
TRicnopoDA  Lat. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


571 


jugatoria  Sdy. 
OcYPTERA  Meig. 

lateralis  Uar. 
Melakophora  Meig. 

stygia  Uar. 
Calliphora. 

vomitoria  Linn. 

liarpyia  Har. 
Musca  Linn. 

domestica  Linn. 

regina  Meig. 

anicena  Har. 

hirticollis  Har. 

Tachinid^. 

Tachina  Fah. 

plagiata  Har. 

vivida  Uar. 

fn tills  Har. 

algeiis  Wei. 

noctvife  Har. 

coiiica  Har. 
Sarcophaga  Meig. 

carnaria  Linn. 

georgina  Wei. 

Anthomyid^. 

Anthomyia  Meig. 
lunatifrons  Uar. 

ceparum  Lin. 

brassica  Bon. 

rapliani  Uw. 

tiniida  Uar. 

lenis  liar. 
Tephritis  Maq. 

melliginis  Fch. 

qiiadrifasciatus  Maq. 

trimaculatus  Maq. 

tabellavia  Fch. 

asteris  Har. 
OsciNis. 

tibialis  Fch. 

coxendix  Fell. 

lineatus  Uar. 
Homalomtia? 

scalai'is  Har. 
BoRBORUS  Meig. 

lilanipes  Har. 

CORDYLURA  Fal. 

placida  Har. 

SCATOMYZAD.E. 
SCATOPHAGA  Lat. 


furcata  liar. 
postilcna  liar. 

PlOPIIILA? 

casei  liar. 
Pyropa? 

furcata  Bay. 
LoxocERA  Lat. 

atricornis  Uar. 
LissOMYiA  Hay. 

polita  Uar. 

Ortilliad.e. 

Tetanura  Meig. 

pallida  Uar. 
Sapromyza  Fal. 

subfasciata  Uar. 
Tetanocera  Dum. 
guttularis  Wei. 
canadensis  Maq. 
saratogensis  Fch. 
cauta  Uar. 
cribaria  Har. 
Calobata  Meig. 
anteanaspes  Say. 
cerasi  Lin. 
agilis  Har. 
Diopsis  Linn. 
brevicornis  Say. 
subfasciatus  Fch. 
Hylemyia? 
deceptiva  Fch. 
similis  Fch. 
Ortalis  Fall. 
colon  Uar. 
Sepsis  Fal. 
putris  Lin. 
cylindrica  Fah. 
Trypeta  Meig. 
picta  Fab. 
serpentaria  Uar. 
cinctipes  Uar. 
albiscutellata  Uar 
Lauxania  Lat. 
lapsans  ILir. 
PiiORA  Lat. 
vclox  Uar. 

IIlPPOBASCID-E. 

Olfersia  Lch. 

amoricana  Lch. 
HiPPonoscA  Lch. 

equina"? 
Ornithomyia  Lch. 


572  AUTHENTIC    HISTOKY 

conflueiis  Sai/.  MELOPnAorrs? 

falcouis  JI(ir.  oviuus  Linn, 

My  scientitic  knowledge  of  the  Diptera  of  Lancaster  county  is  very  limited,  and 
therefore  the  foregoing  catalogue  of  these  insects  is  nothing  more  than  an  imperfect 
compilation  from  the  works  of  Say,  Harris  and  Fitch — with  Harris'  classilication — as 
an  approximation  to  what  may  be  jiresumed  to  be  the  dipterous  fauna  of  the  county, 
from  its  geographical  position,  and  its  relation  to  other  portions  of  the  northern  and 
middle  States  of  the  Union.  S.  S.  R. 


ORDER  APHANIPTERA. 

This  is  the  order  Aptera  of  IMacley,  and  includes  the  wingless  insects;  an  example 
of  which  is  the  common  "Flea" — Pulex  irritans.  Not  «W  insects  however,  that  are 
destitute  of  wings,  are  members  of  this  order;  for  there  are  various  species,  the  females 
of  which  are  wingless,  and  in  some  instances  both  sexes,  in  other  orders.  As  instances 
of  this  kind,  it  may  be  remarked,  that  several  species  of  predaceous  Goleopter a  v^revfirygs 
less,  although  tliey  have  wing-covers.  There  are  also  wingless  species  both  male  and 
female  among  the  Orthopiera;  and  females  among  the  Hemiptera;  and  among  the  Ilynf 
enoptera,  and  Lepidoptera,  as  well  as  the  Diptera.  This  subject  constitutes  one  of  those 
anomalies  in  natural  history,  which  can  only  be  solved  by  the  patient  and  jjersevering 
progress  of  the  entomological  student.  The  order  Aphaniptera  might  perhaps  be  properly 
restricted  to  a  single  small  family.  Pulecid.e,  which  includes  the  various  species 
of  fleas,  that  infest  men  and  animals.  The  Podurid^,  which  by  some  entomol- 
ogists are  regarded  as  degraded  species  of  Neuroptera,  may,  for  the  present  with 
some  proprietj',  beplaced  in  this  order.  These  insects  undergo  the  usual  trans- 
formations, from  the  egg  to  the  imago,  that  all  other  insects  do,  but  they  lack  the 
distinctive  divisions  of  head,  thorax  and  abdomen,  that  characterizes  the  other  ordei's, 
being  merely  a  series  of  segmental  rings,  from  the  head  to  the  caudal  termina- 
tion of  the  abdomen.  In  their  larva  state  they  are  long,  distorted,  wormlike  grubs, 
which  however  spin  themselves  into  a  sort  of  silken  coccoon,  and  assume  the  pupa  form, 
in  which  the  legs,  antennae,  and  sucking  apparatus  are  visible.  Emerging  from  this 
state,  they  assume  the  mature  form,  in  which  i\\e  P^llecid(e  have  the  hind  feet  developed 
into  leaping  appendages,  and  the  external  integument  tough  and  shiny,  each  segment 
being  fringed  with  a  few  stiff  bristles.  In  this  fonn  they  attack  men  and  animals,  living 
upon  the  blood  they  extract  from  them  by  means  of  their  powerful  piercers. 

PULECID^E.  arvalis  Fell. 

elegans  Fell. 
PuLEx  Lin.  noveboracensis  Fell. 

irritans  Lin.     "Common  Flea."'  signifer  Feh. 


PODURIDJE. 


PODTJRA. 

nivicola  Fell. 
Stmuthurus?  ,  Several  other  species. 


hor tensis  i^c7t.  Thysanitra.     "Spring-tails." 
juvenilis  Feh.  Several  species, 

dorsalis  Fell.  Lepisma. 
apicalis  Fell.  Several  species, 

maturus  Fell. 

The  Fodundce,  as  before  stated,  are  regarded  by  many  naturalists  as  merely  degraded 
forms  of  Neuroptera,  allying  them  with  the  genera  Ephemera  and  Perla,  and  therefore 
perhaps  they  cannot  j^roperly  be  classed  with  the  Order  Aptera,  scientifically  restricted. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY 


CLASS  MYRIAPODA. 

As  tlie  name  implies,  this  class  is  composed  of  oblou;;  or  loii^;  animals,  with  many 
feet,  of  which  there  are  not  a  large  numbei-  of  species  fonnil  within  tlie  limits  of  Lan- 
caster county;  and  although  some  of  them  are  very  common,  yet  very  little  attention 
has  been  devoted  to  their  specific  history  by  a  resident  naturalist.  Of  this  class  there 
are  two  divisions,  very  distinct  in  their  structure,  form  and  habits — commonly  called 
Centipedes  and  Millipedes.  "The  Myriapoda  are  air-breathing  apterous aiiiculata,  char- 
acterized by  the  distinctness  of  the  head  from  the  body;  the  strongly  marked  st>ginen- 
tation  of  the  latter,  and  its  method  of  development."  According  to  s]x'cialists.  they 
constitute  two  distinct  Orders,  called  Chilopoda,  including  the  centipedes;  and  Diplo- 
PODA,  including  the  millipedes.  The  former  are  known,  in  many  instances,  to  be  car- 
nivorous in  their  habits,  and  some  of  the  latter  are  equally  Avell  known  to  be  herbivo- 
rous. The  Chilopods  comprise  those  that  have  the  body  tlattened  with  a  limited  number 
of  segmental  rings,  to  each  of  which  is  attached  a  single  pair  of  feet,  at  the  sides.  The 
diplopods  on  the  other  hand  have  the  body  tube-shaped,  or  cylindrical,  with  a  double 
I)air  of  feet  attached  to  each  segment,  beneath.  The  former  are  very  swift  runners, 
whilst  the  latter  seem  to  glide  along  very  slowly,  and  when  internipted  throw  themselves 
over  on  the  side  in  a  spiral  coil.  There  is,  however,  a  subdivision  of  the  Chilopoda 
called  Chilogkatha,  which  seems  .to  be  a  connecting  link  between  the  two  orders 
above  named.  These  possess  the  flattened  bodies,  with  the  legs  articulated  at  the 
sides;  but  there  are  two  pairs  to  each  segment,  and  like  the  diplopoda.  they  are  slow- 
travellers.  Large  species  of  the  diplopods — from  three  to  four  inches  in  length — are 
found  in  the  wooded  valleys  of  Lancaster  comity,  especially  in  the  southern  tier  of 
townships.  These  have  been  detected  feeding  upon  the  various  species  of  funr/i  that 
are  common  to  those  localities.  Although  the  common  names  of  Centipedes  and  Milli- 
pedes, applied  to  these  animals,  would  seem  to  indicate  that  they  possess  respectively  a 
hundred  or  a  thousand  feet;  yet  there  are  species  that  exceed  the  first  number,  but 
none  that  reach  the  last. 


ORDER  CHILOPODA. 

Fam.  I.  Cermatid.e. 

Cermatia  III. 
forceps  Wood. 
coleoptrata?  Bay. 

FaM.  II.  LlTHOBIlD^. 

LlTHOBIUS  Lch. 
americanus  Nicp. 

BOTHKOPOLYS    Wood. 

multidentatus  Nicp. 

Fam,  III.  SCOLOPENDRID.E. 

Opisthemega  Wood? 
spinicauda  Wood. 

SCOLOPOCRYPTOPS  XlCp. 

sexspinosa  Kiop. 

Fam.  V.  GEOPHILID.E. 

Geopiiilus  ScJi. 

cephalicus  Wood. 
Strigamia  Gray. 

fulva  Sayer. 


walkeri?  Wood. 

SUB-ORDER  CHILOGNATIIA. 
Fam.  I.  Lysioptalidx. 

SpiROSTREPnox  Brndt. 
lactarius  Soy. 
csesioannulatus  Wood? 

Fam.  II.  Polydesmid.e. 

Polydesmus  Lnt. 
setiger  Wood. 
granulatus  Say. 
serratus"?  Say. 
canadensis  Miep. 
erjlhropygus  Bvndf. 
hispidipes  Wood. 
virginiensis  Dm. 
corrugatus  Wood. 
trimaculatus  Wood. 

ORDER  DIPLOPODA. 

Fam,  I.  JuLiD-E, 


574  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

SpiBOBOLrs  Brndt.  canaliculatus  Wood. 

marginatus  Say.  liqueatus. 

JULUS  Linn.  ceruleo-cinctus  Wood. 

pilosicavitus  Wood.  hortensis  Wood. 

canadensis  Niop.  variegatus  Wood. 

immaculatus?  Wood.  stigmatosus?  Brndt. 

pensylvanicus  Brndt.  minutus?  Brndt 

The  CMlognatTia  perhaps  ought  rather  to  be  considered  a  sub-order  of  the  Diplopoda 
than  the  Chilopoda.  They  are  diplopod  in  their  pedal  characters,  and  still  have  the  flat- 
tened bodies  of  the  chilopods,  Avith  the  legs  articulated  at  the  sides.  The  Class  is  cut 
up  into  many  orders,  sub-orders,  sub-families  and  sub-genera,  to  which,  in  a  limited 
list,  it  was  not  thought  necessary  to  adhere.  Nor  can  it  be  supposed,  from  the  little 
that  is  absolutely  known  of  the  local  myriapoda  of  Lancaster  county,  that  this  list 
includes  all  the  local  species.  Sufficient  are  however  enumerated  and  arranged,  to  give 
some  idea  of  what  the  county  contains.  With  but  limited  material,  assisted  by  the 
excellent  paper  of  Dr.  Wood  of  Philadelphia,  this  list  has  been  compiled. 


IIERPETOLOGY.i 

REPTILIA,  CLASS  OF  REPTILES. 

The  animals  belonging  to  this  class  have  been  long  and  tolerably  well  known  under 
the  common  names  of  Turtles,  Terrapins,  Snakes,  Frogs,  Toads,  Lizards,  Salamand- 
ers, Newts,  &c.,  and  although  generally  harmless,  the  larger  portion  of  our  population 
regard  many  of  them  with  feelings  of  aversion.  The  class  is  usually  divided  into  four 
orders,  namely,  C HE L  ONI  A,  8 A  URIA,  OPUIDIA  and  BABTBACHIA,  only  a  small 
number  of  species  of  either  of  which  are  known  to  inhabit  Lancaster  county. 

ORDER  I.     CEELONIA  or  TESTUDINATA—TURTLES. 

CiSTUDA  clausa — the  common  "land  tortoise"  or  "box  turtle;"   sparsely  but  widely 

distributed  over  the  county. 
Chelydra  serpentina — the  well-known  "snapping  turtle;"  very  much  prized  by  epi- 
cures, and  found  in  all  our  streams,  especially  in  ponds  and  mill-dams. 
Emys  (Graptemys,  Ag.,)  geographica — the  j^eculiar  yellow  curved  map-like  lines  with 

which  it  is  marked  gave  rise  to  the  specific  name. 
(Chrysemys,  Ag.,)   picta — the  scales  of  the  carapace  are  beautifully  bordered  with 

yellow,  and  the  base  with  red  markings,  hence  the  common  name  of  "painted 

terrapin." 
(Nanemys,  Ag.,)  guttata — is   distinguished    by  small  yellow    spots  on  the  black 

carapace;  numbers  are  often  associated  together  in  the  same  pond,  and  sunning 

themselves  on  a  log,  stone  or  stump,  in  the  water. 
(Glyptemis,    Ag.,)   insculpta — A  pretty  species,  scales  of  the  shell  deeply  grooved 

in  radiating  lines  from  an  elevated  centre — legs  and  neck  deep-orange  coloi'ed 

when  young. 
(Ptychemys,  Ag.,)  rubriventris — a  doubtful  species, 
megacephela  ? — the  large  river  terrapin ;    at  one  time  exceedingly  numerous  in  the 

Susqviehanna  river,  but  now  becoming  rather  scarce.     It  is  considered  next  in 

excellence  to  the  snapping  turtle. 
OzoTHECA,  Ag.,  odorata — commonly  called  the  "stink  pot." 

Contributed  by  Mr.  J.  Stauffer. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY,  575 

THYROSTERNrM  pensylvaiiicum,  Ag.  The  two  last  named  species  have  a  imusky  (xlor 
and  are  called  stiuk  pots.  The  first  can  readily  be  distin^ruished  from  the  Hccuiid 
by  its  more  deeply  marked  scales  and  the  small  lleshy  warts  inider  the  chin. 

ORDER  11.     SA  URIA— LIZARDS. 
We  have  but  t^yo  kinds 
Tropidolepus  undulatus — a  brownish  species  with  diagonal  markings  of  l)lack  stripes 

and  spots. 
SciNcrs  fasciatus— the  five-striped  lizard ;  a  specimen  from  East  Florida  appears  to  bo 
identical  with  ours. 

ORDER  III.     OPIIIDIA  or  SERPENTS. 

Family — Crotalid.e. 

Crotalus  horridus— "Bastard  Rattle-snake,"  without  the  rattle;  venomous;  rare. 
Distinguished  from  the  true  rattle-snake  mainly  by  the  absence  of  rattles.  Occa- 
sionally along  the  mountain  ranges  specimens  may  be  found. 

Trigonocephalus  contortrix,  Holb.,—\\\e  "Copperhead";  venomous.  This  reptile  is 
still  found  in  the  county,  and  especially  along  its  wild  southern  border,  where  in 
some  localities,  it  is  by  no  means  rare. 

Family — Coluberidje. 

Bascanon  constrictor,  B.  ^'  0. — Black-snake — by  way  of  distinction  called  the  racer. 

Not  venomous. 
ScoTOPHis  allighaniensis,  B.  §■  G. — Also  a  common  black  snake,  but  not  so  slender  as 

the  racer. 
Nerodia  sipedon — common  water  snake;  abundant,  but  harmless. 

fasciata — a  very  pretty  mottled  species  of  water  snake. 
Regina  lebris — subaquatic  in  its  habits. 
ExTAiNiA  sirtalis — the  common  garter  snake;  also  resorts  to  the  water  in  pursuit  of 

tadpoles  and  other  species  of  aquatic  animals, 
sauretia — the  swift  garter  snake,  also  called  the  "ribbon  snake";  is  more  slender, 

and  the  stripes  broader  and  more  distinct  than  in  the  common  species. 
Ophibolus  eximeus — the  common  "hoiise  snake"";  is  beautifully  mottled  with  brown 

spots,  with  dark  margins  on  a  light  ground.    A  specimen  three  feet  long  was  cap- 
tured near  Lancaster,  and  is  now  in  the  Museum  of  the  Linniean  Society. 
Heterodon  platyrhines — commonly  called  the  "Viper"  or  "Blower"';  but  unlike  the 

true  viper,  which  is  a  foreign  species,  it  is  entirely  harmless,  although  sometimes 

making  a  great  show  of  pugnacity. 
DiADOPnis  punctatus — the  ring-necked  snake;  is  not  rare. 
Storeyia   deKayi— quite  common  within  the  limits  of   Lancaster  city,    with  small 

black  spots  along  the   dorsal  line  and  sides;   color  in  larger  specimens  of  a 

brick  red. 
Celuta  amoena — ground  snake,  or  worm  snake. 

It  may  be  added  in  conclusion,  that  there  are  persons  now  living  in  the  county  of 
Lancaster,  who  verily  believe  they  have  seen  a  species  of  green-snake  within  its  limits 
many  years  ago,  but  no  recent  case  has  occurred  in  confirmation  of  such  a  belief. 

IV.    ORDER  BATRACniA— FROGS  AND  SALAMANDERS. 

Family — Urodelid^e. 

SALAMANDRAerythronota— the  most  common  species,  under  stones  and  logs;  dark  color 

with  a  yellowish  dorsal  stripe. 


576  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

conicaiida — a  Ijeautiful  bright  yellow  species,  with  black  spots  and  long  tail, 
symmetrica — a  reddish  brown  species  with  crimson  spots. 
rubra — red  with  black  spots, 
glutinosa — a  glutinous  species  of  a  bluish  color. 
Ambltstoma  opaca — terrestrial  in  their  habits,  but  partial  to  moist  localities, 
Triton  millepunctatus — this  species  is  aquatic  and  has  a  membrane  along  the  tail,  fin- 
like.     There  are  perhaps  other  species  inhabiting  Lancaster  county,  as  such  have 
been  captured  in  adjoining  counties. 
Menopoma  allighaniensis — this  is  the  "hell-bender"  of  the  fishennan;  it  is  the  largest 
species  known  to  our  county,  and  within  the  past  few  years  has  become  com- 
mon in  the  Susquehanna,  and  has  been  captured  at  Safe  Harbor,  Columljia  and 
Marietta.     A  specimen  in  the  collection  of  the  Linnsean  Society  is  nearly  eigh- 
teen inches  in  length. 

Family — Ranid.e. 

Rana  ijipens — our  most  common  species  of  frog.     This  species  was  at  one  time  very 

numerous  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  but  being  diligently  sought  by  epicures  as 

a  delicate  edible  table  relish,  is  becoming  very  rare,  especially  as  its  favorite 

haunts  are  rapidly  being  drained  and  giving  way  to  cultivation. 

fontinalis — commonly  called  the  "Bull-frog,"  and  is  distinguished  from  the  common 

species  by  dermal  folds  along  the  dorsal  line;  one  taken  near  Lancaster  city, 
halecina — the  spotted  or  shad-frog, 
sylvatica — the  wood-frog, 
palustris — the  marsh-frog. 
Hylodes  gryllus — the  small  cricket-frog. 

Hyla  versicolor — the  northern  tree-frog  or  tree-toad.  There  seem  to  be  two  kinds  of 
tree-frogs  in  Lancaster  county,  vTuless  the  difference  in  color  is  merely  sexual; 
one  is  a  dark  farm  color,  mottled  with  black;  the  other  has  small  eyes,  more 
prominent  and  of  a  greenish  color,  with  only  a  large  blotch  across  the  shoulders 
and  a  dark  band  on  the  thighs. 
BuFO  americanus — the  common  toad;  repulsive  to  some  people,  but  at  the  same  time 
harmless  and  useful  in  gardens  as  an  insect  scavenger, 
erythronotus — deemed  a  southern  species,  but  found  in  the  county. 


ICHTHYOLOGY.  1 

ORDER  L     ACANTEOPTERTOIL 

The  fishes  belonging  to  this  Order  have  two  dorsal  fins,  the  anterior  of  which  has 
spiny  rays. 

Family — Percid^. 

Pekca  flavescens,  the  common  American  yellow  perch,  is  extensively  distributed. 

They  rarely  attain  a  length  of  12  to  15  inches.    One  specimen  recorded  weighed  2|- 

pounds.     This  is  the  only  species  we  have. 
Labrax  liueatus — the  striped  bass  or  rock  fish;  well  known,  and  many  are  taken  at 

Safe  Harbor  and  elsewhere  on  the  Susquehanna  river.     They  vary  greatly  in  size; 

specimens  weighing  77  pounds  have  been  taken. 
LucioPERCA,  Cuv.  (Stizostedion,  Raf.) — the  yellow  pike-perch  of  the  Susquehanna,  13 

to  18  inches  long. 
PoMOTis — Sunfish. 

1  Contributed  by  Mr.  J.  Stauffer. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  577 

maculatus,  tlie  moccasin;  varies  in  diflerent  localities  ami  seasons  and  reMjmblcs  P. 
jibbosus  and  P.  catcsbei. 

appendix  (Ichthelis  appendix)  has  a  prolonged  rounded  point  to  the  oiwrculuni. 
Bkittus  tlavescens— a  name  sufrgested  by  the  writer  f<.r  a  bnttor-yellow  siiecifs  caught 
at  Safe  Harbor,  apparently  undescribed,  resemblin;r  a  Brittusaiul  tin-  butt»T-fisli 
of  AVestern  waters.     Prof.  Cope  saw  the  specimen  and  deemed  it  new  aii<l  un- 
named. 

Family  Etheostomid.e. 

This  family,  recently  established,  embraces  several  genera  of  .small  species  and  ap- 
pears to  be  exclusively  limited  to  the  fresh  waters  of  the  northern  poitinns  of  tho 
Western  Hemisphere. 

Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman  describes  two  species  of  Pkiicina,  as  a  sub-geiuis.  The  P. 
nebulosa  and  P.  miuima.  The  Pii.eom  A  belongs  here.  The  Boleosoma  tesscllatum, 
is  abundant  near  Lancaster,  in  a  small  stream  emptying  into  the  Conestoga  l)elow 
the  Railroad  Bridge.  Having  no  swinnning-bladder  it  is  not  seen  suspended  in  tho 
water,  but  always  at  the  bottom.  We  have  also  a  species  of  Etiieostoma,  described  as 
new  by  Prof.  E.  D.  Cope,  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Natural  Sciences  of 
Philadelphia,  for  September  and  October,  1864,  from  a  specimen  sent  him  from  tlieCon- 
estoga,  near  Lancaster,  wliich  he  named,  peltatum,  Stauffer.  It  is  a  beautiful  little 
fish,  with  broad  black  markings  over  the  opercle,  and  around  the  eyes.  The  only  other 
fish  belonging  to  this  order  found  in  the  county  known  to  me,  is  the  Cotti's  viscosus, 
Hald.,  found  in  a  few  localities,  in  clear  spring  water  flowing  through  meadows,  boixler- 
ed  by  turf  and  having  a  shallow  pebbly  bottom.  This  fish  is  rather  slimy,  and  3  inches 
long.  The  spines  are  stout.  Fishes  of  this  genus  are  properly  called  bull-heads.  Our 
species  was  first  described  by  Prof.  S.  S.  Haldeman,  in  1840. 


ORDER  11.    MALACOPTERI. 

This  order  embraces  fish  having  all  the  fin-rays  soft  and  cartilaginous,  with  the  excep- 
tion of  the  first  in  the  dorsal  and  the  first  in  the  pectoral,  as  in  the 

Family  Silurid^e — Cat-iishes. 

These  have  the  skin  naked,  mouth  bearded  with  long  filaments  and  a  second  adipose 
or  fatty  dorsal  fin.  Our  cat-fish  were  formerly  embraced  in  the  genus  Pimelodus, 
which  are  all  South  American  fishes.  They  are  now  divided  into  six  genera,  of  winch 
we  have  the 

Aminxjrus  lynx,  a  large  headed  black  species  with  a  rounded  caudal  tin,  and  tin  higher 
than  long  at  its  insertion, 
nebulosus.  (A.  albidus?)-has  the  anal  fin  short  but  broad  on  the  basc-a  la'autiful 
light  colored  and  gracefully  shaped  cat-fish  freciuently  taken  in  the  Conestoga. 
We  have  two  other  undescribed  cat-fish  belonging  to  the  genus 
ICHTH^LURUS,  Raf.  (Ictalurus  (7.;>.).-J.  P.  3IcCaskey,  September  9th,  1SG:1  brought 
me  a  specimen  taken  at  Shenk's  Ferry-nine  inches  long,  of  a  yellowish  or  pale 
olive  color,  having  a  silvery  reflective  and  metallic  blue  on  tlie  sides,  lateral  lino 
straight,  dorsal  spine  serrated,  nape  of  the  neck  depressed-anal  fin  wide  and 
lono-,  light  colored,  with  prominent  veins  or  blood  vessels  ramified  over  the  Ims. 
This  I  named,  Ichth^lurus  McCa^kei.  The  other  species,  taken  by  J.  B.  Kc- 
vinski,  Sept.  1863.  Head  moderate,  body  tapering,  tail  deeply  furcated,  color 
dorsally  black,  sides  slate  colored,  abdomen  whitish.  The  anal  fm  long  and 
moderately  high.  From  its  gyrating  motions  when  di-awn  from  the  water  1 
should  have  named  it  L  gyians,  but  this  name  is  appropriated  already  to  a  dis- 

38 


678  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

tinct  species  so  I  have  named  it,  Ichthajlurus  Kennskii.  Several  specimens 
of  blind  cat-fish  have  been  taken  in  the  Conestoga,  two  sent  to  Prof.  Cope,  of 
-which  he  published  a  long  account  in  the  Proceedings  of  the  Academy  of  Nat- 
ural Sciences  of  Philadelphia,  for  18G4,  p.  231.  Another  specimen  was  taken 
in  November,  1865.  This  proves  to  be  a  new  genus  and  species,  named  by  Prof. 
Cope,  GiiONiAS  nigrilabris.  The  stone  cat-fish,  distinguished  by  having  the  supra 
occipital  separated,  tail  rounded,  confluent  with  the  adipose  or  second  dorsal — 
known  as  Noturus  marginatus— (also  Silurus  gyrinus,)  concludes  this  Family. 

Family  Salmonid^ — Salmon. 

Fish  having  an  adipose  fin  and  scaly  bodies,  constitute  this  family.  All  the  rays 
of  the  fins  are  soft.  Our  common  brook  trout  is  the  Salmo  fontinalis  of  Mitchill. 
These  are  very  variable  in  color,  and  may  embrace  various  species. 

Family  Clupeid.e — Herring. 

Occasionally  caught  in  the  Susquehanna.  Tlie  green  herring  is  a  species  which  is 
almost  identical  with  Mitchill's  Clupea  vernalis;  but  our  Susqviehanna  herring  have 
the  upper  jaw  distinctly  notched,  Cthe  distinctive  mark  of  the  genus  ALOSA,)but  it  dif- 
fers in  some  respects  from  the  Alosa  menhaden  or  moss-bunker,  and  is  more  like  our 
Hickory  shad,  Alosa  tyi-annis.     The  true  Susquehanna  shad  is  the  Alosa  praestabilis. 

Family  Sauridje — Gar-pike. 

The  common  hard-scaled  gar  of  the  Susquehanna,  is  the  Lepidosteus  osseus. 
There  seem  to  be  several  species,  or  at  least  distinct  varieties.  The  banded  or  green 
Gar  belongs  to  the  Esocid^  or  Pike  family,  and  is  the  Belone  truncata;  also,  called 
Bill-fish.  The  common  pike  belongs  to  the  genus  Esox.  We  have  variable  species; 
the  E.  reticulatus  and  umbrosus. 

Family  AxGUiLLiDiE — Eels. 

Anguilla  macrocephala,  Lesueur,  the  biill-headed,  black  or  winter  eel,  also  short- 
nosed  eel. 

tenuirostris,  the  sharp-nosed  eel. 

argentea?  The  silver  eel  of  the  fisherman  is  a  variety  of  this;  its  white  abdomen 
separated  by  a  lateral  line  from  the  color  above. 

Family  Cyprinid.e. 

Prof.  E.  D.  Coi>e,  has  published  a  synopsis  of  the   Cyprinid^  of  Pennsylvania, 

■which  is  full  and  complete. 

EXOGLOSSUM  maxillingua  is  distinguished  by  its  lobed  under  lip,  a  common  fish  which 
takes  the  hook  readily.     The  only  species. 

Semotilus  rhotheus,  the  chub  or  fall  fish.  The  S.  corporalis  also  called  chub,  has 
smaller  scales,  and  a  dark  shade  across  the  eyes. 

Ceratichthys  biguttatus,  abounds  in  all  the  streams  in  the  State,  except  those  enter- 
ing into  the  Delaware.  It  is  called  the  horned  chub,  from  the  numerous  tuber- 
cles on  the  vertex  and  muzzle.  In  the  breeding  season  they  are  often  of  a  lively 
red  and  yellow  color, 
micropogon,  taken  in  Mill  creek.  Mr.  Cope  says  "I  only  know  this  species  from 
specunens  sent  me  by  my  friend  J.  Staufter  of  Lancaster,"  whether  it  occurs  in 
any  of  the  other  hydrographic  basins  is  not  yet  known.  The  head  is  shorter, 
convex,  a  dark  lateral  and  median  dorsal  band,  caudal  peduncle  slender. 


OF   LAXCASTER    COUNTY.  579 

Argtreus  nasutus,  the  Dace,  Rhiuichthis  Ag;  Cliondiostoma  Heck.,  is  f.nind  in  Kois- 
terous  and  rocky  streams,  and  takes  the  hook  with  the  spring'  of  a  trout 
astronasus,  the  black-nosed  Dace,  Mitcli.,  is  a  iavoritc  for  A(iuar?a.     In  Spring  they 
are  brilliantly  colored  with  vermilion  red  and  orange,  found  in  the  small  stream 
in  the  Dillerville  swamp.  Another, .which  I  suppose  to  be  the  A.  lunatus,  is  occa- 
sionally met  with. 
Stilbe  americana   (abramis  versicolor,  deEay.)      Its  young  arc  the   minnows  and 
shiners. 
Other  small  species  are  the  Clinostomus  funduloides  and  C.  mar-'arita. 
Htpsilepis  (Plargyrus,  Raf.) 
kentuckiensis.  , 

coniutus. 
Hybopsis  procue.     Prof.  Cope  has  it  from  the  Delaware,  Schuylkill  and  Su.squehanna, 
where  I  originally  saw  it,  but  not  further  westward, 
hudsonius,  and  a  specimen  closely  allied  to 
FUNDULUS  multifasciatus,  peculiar  in  having  a  series  of  13  bluish  vertical    bands— mot 
with  in  several  localities  near  Lancaster.     Also  what  I  called  the  Cyi'niNELLA 
analostoma,  and  the  Moxostoma  oblongum.     These  latter  are  without  a  lateral 
line,  taken  in  Mill  creek. 
The  Sucker  Family  comes  next  in  order.    The  hammer-head,  stone-roller  or  spotted 
sucker,  Catostomus  longirostris,  a  variety  of  C.  communis  or  black  sucker,  of  a  much 
lighter  color,  accords  with  the  description  of  C.  pallidus.     The  large  scaled  sucker, 
C.  aureolus,  is  much  like  the  C.  macrolepidotus,  which  latter  I  consider  the  long-Jlnned 
chubsuckeror  Susquehanna  carp;  the  other,  the  golden  sucker  or  common  Susipichanna 
mullet,  or  mullet  sucker.    The  Labeo  cyprinus  and  Carpiodes  cyprinus,  are  names 
applied  to  the  Susquehanna  carp. 

A  more  extended  investigation  may  reveal  other  siiccics.  This  emliraccs  all  known 
to  the  writer.  AYith  respect  to  the  cartilaginous  fishes,  we  have  the  lamprey,  Ammo- 
CCETUS  bicolor.  The  colored  mud-lamprey,  and  a  parasitic  species,  perhaps  Petromyzox 
nigricans,  which  attaches  itself  to  other  fishes,  and  is  the  bluish  lamprey.  These  are 
only  met  with  in  the  Susquehanna  river,  as  far  as  now  known. 


580  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


FLOEA. 

An  enumeration  of  indigenous  and  naturalized  Plants  found  growing  in  the  County  of 

Lancaster,  Pennsylvania. 

By  Thos.  C.  Porter, 
Professor  of  Botany  and  Zoology  in  Lafayette  College. 

The  following  catalogue  is  based  upon  the  results  of  explorations  made  during  a  resi- 
dence in  the  city  of  Lancaster  between  the  years  1853  and  1866.  All  the  plants  con- 
tained in  it  were  seen  and  examined  by  the  author,  with  the  single  exception  of  Quercus 
phellos,  L.,  and  specimens  of  the  rarer  species,  about  which  there  might  beany  question, 
are  at  hand  for  reference  in  his  own  herbarium  and  in  the  herbaria  of  the  Linnaean 
Society  and  the  State  Normal  School  at  Millersville. 

In  the  annals  of  American  Botany,  Lancaster  county  is  classic  ground.  It  was  the 
home  of  the  distingiiished  Mulilenberg,  who  probably  collected  on  her  soil,  at  the  be- 
ginning of  the  century,  many  of  the  species  first  described  by  him  and  by  the  German 
Botanist  Willdenou,  with  whom  he  carried  on  a  long  and  active  correspondence.  He 
left  behind  him  in  manuscript  a  Flora  Lancastriensis,  which  unfortunately  has  either 
been  lost,  or  is  no  longer  accessible. 

The  only  list  of  the  plants  of  the  county  heretofore  published  is  the  one  in  Rupp's 
History.  Its  preface  shows  that  it  was  compiled  by  the  late  Dr.  William  Darlington, 
of  West  Chester.  But,  because  it  is  a  compilation,  and  because  no  fewer  than  87  of  its 
species  are  inserted  on  the  strength  of  mere  conjecture,  it  was  thought  best  not  to  use  it 
in  the  preparation  of  the  present  catalogue.  Its  61  undetected  phaenogams  and  vascular 
cryptogams  were  therefore  ruled  out — a  loss  more  than  compensated  by  the  addition  of 
225,  not  including  marked  varieties. 

The  aim  of  the  author  has  been  to  lay  a  good  foundation  upon  which  any  one  who 
may  wish  to  continue  the  work  hereafter  can  build  with  confidence,  for  the  field  is  by  no 
means  exhausted.  Much  remains  to  be  done,  and  new  discoveries  may  be  looked  for, 
especially  in  the  unexplored  northern  and  eastern  portions  of  the  county.  On  the 
mosses  and  liverworts,  little  attention  was  bestowed,  and  by  further  search  their  numbers 
might  be  largely  increased. 

In  the  arrangement  and  nomenclatm-e,  the  fifth  edition  of  Dr.  Gray's  Manual  of  the 
Botany  of  the  Northern  United  States,  (1868),  has  been  followed.  Naturalized  and 
adventive  plants  are  indicated  by  italics.  For  the  rarer  species  localities  are  given  and 
the  names  of  the  persons  by  whom  they  were  communicated. 

Easton,  Pa.,  March  12,  1869. 

CATALOGUE — SUMMARY   OF   CONTENTS. 

Phaenogams.                                                                                 Indig.  Nat.  Total. 

Exogens,  694  147  841 

Endogens, 293  35  328 

Cryptogams. 

Acrogens, 47      47 

Anophytes, 152      152 

Whole  No.  of  Species  and  Varieties, 1368 

SERIES  I. 
PHAENOGAMOUS,  OR  FLOWERING  PLANTS. 
CLASS  I.     DICOTYLEDONOUS,   OR        virginiana  i.  (Virgin's  Bower.) 
EXOGENOUS  PLANTS.  Anemone  i. 

-r»  virjjiniana  L. 

RANUNCULACE^.  ",        .        TTi^a^^ra 

pennsylvamca  L.     Liberty  Square,  J.  S- 

Clematis  L.  Parry;  Little  Conestoga. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


>81 


nemorosa  L. 
Hepatica  Dill. 

triloba  Cliaix.  (Liverwort.) 
Thalictkum  L. 

anemonoides  Michx.  (Anemone.) 
dioicum  L.  (Early  Meadow  Rue.) 
cornuti  L.  (Tall  Meadow  Rue.) 
Ranunculus  L. 

aquatilis  L.    var.  trichophyllus,   Chaix. 

Litiz  Spring, 
alismaefolius  Oeyer.  Reinholdsville. 
flammula  L.  var.  reptans,  Oray.  On  the 
Susquehanna  at  Turkey   Hill,  /.    M. 
Seitz. 
abortivus  L. 
sceleratus  L. 
recurvatus  Poir. 

pennsylvanicus     L.      On    the     Susque- 
hanna, 
fascicularis  Mulil.  (Early  Crowfoot.) 
repens  L. 

bulbosus  L.  (Buttercups.) 
Caltha  L. 

palustris  L.  (Marsh  Marigold.) 
Aquilegia  L. 

canadensis  Z.    (Wild  Columbine.) 
Delphinium  L. 

consolida  L.    (Larkspur.) 
Hydbastis  L. 
canadensis  L.  Rich  woods  near  Lancaster; 
Conoy  twp.,  Said. 
ACTAEA  L. 

alba  Bigelow.  Near  Marticville, 

CiMICIFUGA  L. 

racemosa  Ell.  (Black  Snakeroot.) 

Magnoliace^. 

Magnolia  L. 

glauca  L.  Swamps  near  Smith ville. 

umbrella  Lam.  First  ravine  on  the  Sus- 
quehanna above  the  mouth  of  the 
Tucquau. 

acuminata  L.  On  the  road  between  Lan- 
caster and  Litiz  stands  a  single  large 
tree,  probably  planted  there.  It  may 
occur  wild  in  the  hills  around  Mt.  Hope 
Furnace. 

LiRIODENDIlON  L. 

tulipiferai.  (Tulip  Tree.) 

Anonace^. 


along  tlio  Conestoga  and  the  Su»quc- 
hanna. 

Menispermace^. 

Memspermum  ]j. 

canaden.se  L.  (Moonseed.) 

BERBERIDACEiE, 

Caulopiiyllum  Michx. 

thalictroiiU's  Michx.  (Blue  Cohosh.) 
Podophyllum  L. 

peltatum  L.  (May  Ajiplc.) 

NyMI'IIAEACE.E. 

Brasenia  t<chreber. 

peltata  Pursh.  CoUins's  Feny. 
Nymphaea  Tourn. 

odorata  Ait.  Safe  Harbor. 
Nuphar  Smith. 

advena  Ait.   (Spatter-tlock.) 

luteum  Smith,  var.  puniilum  Gray.  Col- 
lins's  Ferry. 

Sarraceniace^. 

Sarracenia  Tourn. 
purpurea  L.  Sphagnous  swamp  iKstween 
Christiana  and  Georgetown,  MissRake- 


strmc. 


Papaverace^. 


Abimina  Adans. 
triloba     Dunal. 


(Pa-paw.)     Common 


Papaver  L. 

somniferum  L.  (Poppy.) 

duhium  L.  (Field  Poppy.) 
Argemone  L. 

mexicaua  L.  Escaped  from  gardens. 
Chelidonium  L. 

majus  L.  Thoroughly  naturalized  along 
the  Susquohaima. 
Sanguinauia  Dill. 

canadensis  L.  (Bloodroot.) 

FUMARIACE.E. 

DiCENTRA  Dorkh. 

cucullaria|Z).  C.  (Dutchman's Breeches.) 
canadensis  D.  C.    (Squirrel  Corn.)    Lib- 
erty Square,  /.  S.  i^arry;  Turkey  HiU. 
A.  P.  Oarber. 

CORYDALIS. 

glauca  Punh.    Columbia;  Mount  Hoi>e 

Furnace. 
flavulaiJa/.     Common  on   tlic   Su.sque- 

hanna. 
FUMARIA  L. 


582 


AUTHENTIC  HISTOKY 


officinalis  L.     Escaped  from  Gardens. 

Crucifer^. 

Nastuktium,  M.  Br. 

palustre,  Z>.  C. 

palustre  D.  G.  var.  hispidum,  Gray. 

armoracia  Fries.    Meadows  above  Cedar 
Hill. 
Dentaria  L. 

laciniata  3Iuhl.  (Tooth wort.) 
Cardamine  L. 

rhomboidea  D.  C. 

liirsuta  L.  (Bitter  Cress. ) 
Akabis  L. 

lyrata  L. 

patens  Sulliv.  Near  Columbia.    Herb.  S. 

S.  Ilaldeman. 

laevigata  D.  G. 

canadensis  L.  (Sickle  Pod.) 
Barbarea  B.  Br. 

vulgaris  B.  Br.  (Winter  Cress.) 
Erysimum. 

clieiranthoides  L.  Islands  and  Banks  of 
tlie  Susquehanna. 
Sisymbrium  L. 

officinale  L.  (Hedge  Mustard.) 

thaliana,  Oaud. 
Brassica. 

tinapistrum  Boiss. 

nigra,  Gray.  (Common  Mustard.) 
Draba  L. 

caroliniana  Walt.  Graeff's  Landing. 

verna  L. 
Camelina  Graniz. 

sativa  Grants. 
Cafsella  Vent. 

bursa-pastoris  MaincJi.  (Shepherd's  Purse) 
Lepidium  L. 

virginicum  L.  (Wild  Pepper-grass.) 

Capparidacejs. 

POLANISIA 

graveoleus  Baf.     Safe  Harbor. 
VlOLACE^. 

SOLEA  Qing,  D.  G. 
concoloi- Ging.  Poor  House  Hill;  Turkey 
Hill. 
Viola  L. 
rotundifolia  Michx.  Ravine  near  Martic 

Forge, 
primulffifolia  i.  New  Texas;  Smith ville. 
blanda  Willd.  New  Texas;  Martic  Forge. 


cucuUata  Ait. 

cucullata  Ait.  Var.  palmata,   Gray. 

cucullata  Ait.  Var.  cordata,   Gray. 

sagittata  Ait. 

pedata  L.  (Bird-foot  Violet.) 

pedata  L.  Var.  bicolor,   Gray. 

canina  L.  Var.  sylvestris,  Begel. 

striata  Ait. 

pubescens  Ait.  Var.  eriocarpa,  Nutt. 

pubescens  Ait.  Var.  scabriuscula,  T.  §"  G. 

tricolor  L. 

ClSTACE^. 

Helianthemum  Tourn. 

cauadcnse  Michx.  Chesnut  Hill. 
Lechea  L. 

major  Michx.    On  the   Conestoga  near 
Eden. 

minor  Za??i.  (Pin  Weed.)  Chesnut  Hill. 

Droserace^. 

Drosera  L. 
rotundifolia  Z.  (Sun  Dew.)  Swamp  near 
Smithville,  New  Texas. 

Hypericace^. 

Ascyrum  L. 
crux-andrea3  L.    Below  Peach  Bottom;, 

mouth  of  the  Tucquan. 
Hypericum  L. 
pyramidatum    Ait.     Near    Kauffman's 

Mill,  on  the  Little  Conestoga,   J.   M. 

Seitz. 
prolificum  L.  Islands  and  Shores  of  the 

Susquehanna, 
ellipticum  Hook.  Island  at  Safe  Harbor. 
perforatum  L.    (Common    St.    John's- 

wort. ) 
mutilimi  L. 

canadense  L.  Martic  Forge,  New  Texas, 
sarothra  Michx. 
E  lode  A  Adans. 
virginica  J^utt.    Smithville,   New  Texas;. 

Mt.  Hope  Furnace. 

Caryophyllace^. 

DiANTHUS  L. 

armeria  L.  (DeiJtford  Pink.) 
Saponaria  L. 

officinalis   L.      Thoroughly    naturalized 
along  the  Susquehanna. 
Vaccaria  Medik. 

vulgaris  Host.  Escaped  from  Gardens. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 


583 


SiLENE  L. 

Stella ta  Ait. 

nivea  D.    C.       Islands  of  the   Susquc- 

liauua. 
pennsylvanica  iW<c7i..c.    Mt.  Joy;Chesnut 

Hill;  Martic  township. 
armeria  L.  Escaped  from  Gardens, 
antirrliiua  L. 
Lychnis  To  urn. 

gitJiago  Lam.  (Corn  Cockle.) 
Arenaria  L. 
serpyUifolia  L. 

stricta  Miclix.  Near  Hershey's  Mill, 
lateriflora  L.  Swamp  beyond  Dillervillc; 
Banks  of  the  Little  Conestoga. 
Stellaria  L. 
media.  Smith. 

pubera,  Miclix\  Peach  Bottom  J.  J.  Car- 
ter. 
longifolia  MuM.  Safe  Harbor;  banks  of 
the  Little  Conestoga. 

HOLOSTEUM  L. 

umhellatum  L.  Thoroughly  uaturaUzed  in 
fields  and  copses  around  Lancaster  city. 
Cerastium  L. 

vulgatum  L.     On  the  Conestoga  ;  rare. 

viscoaum  L.   Very  common. 

nutans  Baf. 

oblongifolium  Torr.    New  Texas,  on  the 
serpentine  barrens. 

arvense  L. 
Sagina  L. 

apetala  L.     Hill  below  Safe  Harbor. 
Spergularia  Pei's. 

rubra  Presl]  xar.  campe.stris  Orai/.     Is- 
land at  Safe  Harbor ;  scarce. 
Anychia  Michx. 

dichotoma  Miclix.     Dry  Hills. 

MOLLTJGO  L. 

verticillata  L.     (Carpet  Weed.) 
POETULACACE^. 

PORTULACA  Tourn. 

oleracca  L.     (Common  Purslane.) 
Talinum  Adans. 

teretifolium  Pursh.    New  Texas,  on  the 
serpentine  barrens,  /.  /.  Carter. 
Claytonia  L. 

virginica  L. 


MaLVACE-E, 


sylvestria  L. 

SiDA  L. 

spinosa  L.     Sandy  banks  of  streams. 
AiJUTiLOX  To\irn. 
avicenme  Gacrtn. 
Hibiscus  L. 
muschcutos  L.    Banks  of  the  Conestoga; 

Slu)ck's  Mill  above  ^larictta. 
militaris  Cuv.     Islands  of  the  Susfiuo- 

hanna,  at  Safe  Harbor. 
trionum  L. 
syriacua  L.     Escaped. 

TiLIACE.E. 

TiLIA  L. 
araericana  L.     (Linden.) 

Linages. 

LiNUM  L. 

virginianum  L. 

striatum  Walt.  Swamps  near  Dillci-villo 
and  Smithville. 

iisitatissimumL.  (Common Flax.)  Along 
railroad  embankments  and  occasion- 
ally in  cultivated  fields. 

Geraniace.e. 

Geranium  L. 

maculatum  L. 

carolinianum  L. 

cohi^tibinum  L.     Safe  Harbor. 
Erodium  L'ller. 

ciciLtarium  VEer.     Near  Columliia,  J. 
Staaffcr. 
Fl(ERKEA  Willd. 

proserpinacoides    Willd.     Banks  of  tho 
Conestoga  above  Cedar  Hill. 
Impatiens  L. 

pallida  Nutt.     (Pale  Toudi-me-not. ) 

fulva  Nuit.    (Spotted  Touch-me-not.) 
OXALIS  L. 

violacea  L. 

stricta  L.     (Yellow  Wood-son-cl.) 

RUTACE.E. 

XANTnoxYLUM  Coldcti. 

amcricanum  Mill.    On  the  Conestoga. 
AiLANTiius  Desf. 

(jlandulosus  De.of.  Naturalized  at 
duckies. 


ANACARDIACEuE. 


Malva  L. 
roiundifolia  L. 


(Mallows.) 


Rhus  L. 


584 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


typLiina  L.    (Staghorn  Sumach.)    River 

Hills. 
glabra  L.    (Smooth  Sumach.) 
copallina  L. 
venenata  D.    C.     Swamps  near   Diller- 

ville  and  Martic  Forge, 
toxicodendron  L, 

VlTACE^, 

ViTis  Tourn. 

labrasca  L.     (Fox  Grape, ) 

aestivalis  Michx.     New  Texas. 

cordifolia  3/^c7t.^;.     (Summer  Grape.) 

riparia  Michx.     On  the  Susquehanna. 
Ampelopsis  Miclix. 

quinquefolia  Michx.    (Virginia  Creeper. ) 

Ehamnace^. 

Ceanothus  L. 

americauus  Z.    (New  Jersey  Tea.) 
Celastrus  L. 

scandens  L. 
EuoNYMUs  Tourn. 

atropurpurens  Jacq.     (Burning  Bush.) 

americanus  L.     Peach  Bottom. 

Sapindace^']. 

Staphylea  L. 

trifolia  i.     (Bladder  Nut.) 
Acer  Tourn. 

sacchariuum  Wang.     (Sugar  Maple.) 

dasycarpum  Ehrh.     (Silver  M.) 

rubrum  L.     (Red  M.) 
Negundo  Manch. 

aceroides  Mcench.    Along  the  Conestoga. 

POLYGALACE^. 

PoLYGALA  Tourn. 
incarnata  L.  Near  Pleasant  Grove,  J.  J. 

Carter. 
sanguiuea  L.    Pleasant   Grove;    Martic 

Forge, 
nuttallii^r.  ^^  G.  Smith ville;  New  Texas, 
cruciata  L.  Smithville ;  New  Texas, 
verticillata  L. 
ambigua  Nutt. 

senega  L.  Mt.  Joy,  /.  Staicffer. 
paucifolia  Willd.  Bart  township. 

Leguminos^e. 

LxJPiNUS  Tourn. 

j)erennis  L.  Chesnut  Hill;  New  Texas. 
Crotalaria  L. 


sagittalis  L.  (Rattle  Box.)  Near  Willow 
Street. 
Trifolium  L. 

arvense  L.  (Rabbit-foot  Clover.) 

pratense  L.  (Red  C.) 

repens  L.  (White  C.) 

agrarium  L.  (Yellow,  or  Hop  C.) 

procrimbens  L.   (Low  Hop  C.) 
Melilotus  Tourn. 

officinalis    Willd.    Waste  grounds    near 
Lancaster. 

alba  Lam.  Escaped  from  gardens. 
Medicago  L. 

sativa  L.  (Lucerne.)   Fields  near  Millers- 
ville. 

lupulina  L.    Around  Lancaster. 

ROBINIA  L. 

pseudacacia  L.  (Locust  Tree.) 
Tephrosia  Pers. 

virginiana  Pers.  Chesnut  Hill. 
Desmodium  D.  C 

nudiflorum  D.  C. 

acuminatum  D.  C. 

rotundifolium  D.  V. 

canescens  D.  C. 

cuspidatum  T.  §•  O. 

dillenii  Darlington. 

paniculatum  D.  C 

canadense  D.  C.    Swamp  near  Dillerville. 

sessilifolium  T.  S,-  0.  Mouth  of  the  Tuc- 
quan. 

rigidum  D.  C.  New  Texas,  /.  J.  Carter. 

ciliare  D.  C- 

marilandicum  D.  C.  ^ 

Lespedeza  Michx. 

procumbens  Michx. 

repens  T.  §'  G.  Chesnut  Hill. 

violacea  Pers.  var.  divergens,   Gray. 

violacea  Pers.  var.  sessilitiora.   Gray. 

violacea  Pers.  var.  angustifolia  Gray. 

stuvei?  Nutt.  Chesnut  Hill. 

hirta  Ell. 

capitata  Michx.  On  the  Susquehanna. 
Stylosantues  Swartz. 

clatior    Simrtz.    Che.suut    Hill;    Willow 
Street. 
ViciA  Tourn. 

Sativa  L.  (Vetch  or  Tare.) 

cracca  L. 

caroliniana  Walt.  Herb.  8.  8.  HaldemaU' 

americana  Muhl. 
Lathyrus  L. 

palustris  i.    Swamps  beyond  Dillerville. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY 


585 


Apios  Boerhaave. 

tuberosa  Moenrh. 
Phaseolus  L. 

perennis  Walt.     On  the  Conestona. 

helvolus  L.     On  the  Susquehanna. 
Clitoria  L. 

mariana  i/.  Newtown,  Raphe  Townsliij), 
J.  Slaiiffer;  very  rare. 
Amphicakpa  Ell. 

monoica  Wutt. 
Galactia  F.  Broione. 

glabella  Michx.     Cedar  Hill ;  rare. 
Baptisia  Vent. 

tinctoria  R.  Br.     (Wild  Indi',ro.) 
Cercis  L. 

canadensis  X.     (Red  Bud.) 
Cassia  L. 

marilandica  L.     (Wild  Senna.) 

chamsecrista  L. 

nictitans  L. 
Gleditschia  L. 

triacanthos    L 
dwellings. 


Spontaneous     around 


Rosacea. 

Prunus  Tourn. 
americana  Marshall.     (Wild  Plum.) 
pumila  L,  Swamp  near  Smithville  ;  New 

Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 
virginianaX.     (Choke  Cherry.)     Chest- 
nut Hill, 
serotina  Ehrh.     (Wild  Cherry.) 
Spiraea  L. 

(Nine  Bark.) 
On  the  Susquehanna. 
New  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 
Meadows,  New  Texas. 


River  Hills. 


opulifolia  L. 

salicifolia  L. 

tomentosa  L. 

lobata  Mum. 
Gillenia  MoencTi. 

trifoliata  MoencJi.. 
Poterium  L. 

canadense  Gray.     Swamps  near  Diller- 
ville  and  the  Gap, 
Agrimonia  Tourn. 

eupatoria  L. 

parviflora  Ait. 
Geum  L. 

album  Omelin. 

virginianum  L.     Chickies. 

POTENTILLA  L. 

non^egica  L. 

canadensi.s  L.     (Cinquefoil.) 
canadensis  L.  Var.  simplex,  T.  ^"  0. 
arguta  Pursh.     Safe  Harbor. 


FuAuAUiA  Tourn. 
virginiana  Ehrh.     (Wild  StniwU-n-y. j 
vesca  L.     Hocks  along  the  Coiic«to«a. 
RuBus  Tourn. 
odoratus  L.     Below  P.inkley'H  Rridjfe. 
.strigo.sus  Miehr.     ('(.Dins'  F.-ny. 
occidentalis /..     (Black  Ha.splH'ny. ) 
villosns  yliV.     (BlacklH.-ny.) 
canadensis  L.    (DewlH-rry.) 
hispidus     L.        (Swamp      Bla<;klMTry.) 
Swamps  near  Sinilhvill.-  and   Marlic 
Forge, 
cuneifolius  PwrsA.     (Sand  Blackl)erry. ) 
Common  on  the  liills  .south  of  the  Pe- 
quea. 
Rosa  Tourn. 
Carolina  L.  (Swamp  Rose.) 
lucida  Ehrh. 

rubiginosa  L.  (Sweet  Briar.) 
Crataegus  L. 
coccinea  L. 
tomentosa  L. 

crus-galli  L.  (Cockspur  Thoni.) 
Pyrus  L. 

coronaria  L.    (Cnih  Apple.  J    Near  Man- 

heim;  Mt.  Xebo;  Conoy  twy. 
arbutifolia  L.  Var.  melanocarpa,  Oray. 
Amelanciiier  Medic. 
canadensis  T  &  J. 

Gray. 
canadensis   T.  &.  J. 
Gray. 

Saxifkagace.k. 

RiBES  L. 

hirtellum  Michi.  Cliesnut  Hill. 

tloridum  L. 
Hydrangea  Gronoc. 

arborescens  L.  River  Hills. 
Saxifraga  L. 

virginiensis  Michx. 

ponn.sylvanica  Z.  Manlieim;  New  Texas; 
Millersville. 
Heucheha  L. 

americana  L.  On  the  Concstoga. 

pubescens   Pursh.     Along  the   Susquc- 
lianna. 
Mitella  Tourn. 

diphylla  i/.  (Miti-e-wort.; 
Chrysosplenium  Tourn. 

americanum  Schweinilz. 

Crassulace^. 


Var.  Botryapium, 
Var.    oblongifolia. 


586 


AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


Penthorum  Gronov. 

sedoides  L. 
Sedum  Tourn. 

ternatum  Miclix.   Rocks  along  the  Sus- 
quehanna. 

telephium  L.  Escaped  in  some  places. 

Hamamelace^. 

Hamamelis  L. 
vh-gmica  i.  (Witch  Hazel.) 

Onagrace^. 

CiRC^A  Tourn. 

lutetiana  L. 
Gaura  L. 

biennis  L. 
Epilobium  L. 

angustifolium  L.  Christiana;  New  Texas. 

palustre  L,  Var.  lineare,  Gray.  Swamp 
South  of  Marticville. 

molle  Tourn.  Swamp  beyond  Dillerville. 

coloratum  MuM. 
Oenothera  L. 

biennis  L.  (Evening  Primrose.) 

fruticosa  L. 

LUDWIGIA  L. 

alternifolia  L. 
palustris  Ell. 

Melastomace^. 

Rhexia  L. 
virginica  L.  New  Texas;  ^louth  of  the 
Tucquan. 

LYTHRACEiE. 

Ammannia  Houston. 

humilis  Miclix.  Chickies;  New  Texas. 
CuPHEA  Jacg. 

viscosissima  Jacg. 

CaCTACEuE. 

Opuntia  Tourn. 
vulgaris  J/27?.  (Prickly  Pear.)  On  Rocks 
at  the  head  of  an  Island  above  Peach 
Bottom. 

Passiflorace^. 

Passiflora  L. 
lutea   L.    Safe   Harbor;  Mouth   of  the 
Tucquan. 


Cucurbitace^. 


SiCTOS. 


angulatus  L.  (Nimble  Kate.) 
ECHINOCYSTIS  T.  &  G. 

lobatus  T.  &  G.    Near Bainbridge,  A.J. 

Garber. 

Umbellifer^. 

HyDROCOTYLE  Tourn.\ 

ranunculoides  L.  Columbia. 

americana  L. 
Sanicula  Tourn. 

canadensis  L. 

marilandica  L. 
Daucus  Tourn. 

carota   L.    (Wild  Carrot.)      Most  thor- 
oughly naturalized. 
Heracleum  L. 

lanatum  Miclix.   (Cow  Parsnips.) 
Pastinaca  Tourn. 

sativa  L.    (Wild  Parsnip.)    Fully  natu- 
ralized. 
Archemgra  B.  C. 

rigida  D.  C  New  Texas,  /.  /.  Carter. 
Archangelica  Iloffm. 

hirsuta  T.  &  G. 

atropurpurea  IJoffni.     Swamps   around 
Lancaster. 
Thaspium  iV^M«. 

barbinode  JSfutt. 

aureum  Nuit.     Swamp  beyond  Diller- 
ville. 

trifoliatum  Gray. 

ziziA  n.  c. 

integerrima  D.  C.  Poor  House  Hill. 
BuPLEURUM  Tourn. 
rotundifolium  L.  Escaped  in  some  places. 

CiCUTA  L. 

maculata  L.   (Spotted  Cowbane.) 

bulbifera  L.  Collins' s  Ferry. 
SiDM  L. 

lineare  Michx. 
Cryptot^nia  D.  C. 

canadensis  Z>.  C. 

Cn.EROPHYLLUM  L. 

procumbens  Lam.  On  the  Conestoga. 
sativurn  Lam.  Near  the  Poor  House. 
OSMORRHIZA  Ra,f. 
longistylis  D.  C.    (Sweet  Myi'rh.) 
brevistylis  D.  C. 

Araliace.^. 

Aralia  Tourn. 
spinosa  L.  Escaped  from  cultivation, 
racemosa  L.  (Spikenard.) 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


587 


hispida  ITic/t-c.  Above  Columbia,  J.  Stauf- 

fer. 
nuclicaulis  L. 
quimiuefolia    Gray.    (Ginseng.)    Herb. 

Wm.  Gill. 
trifolia  Gray. 

CORXACEiE. 

CoRNUS  Tourn. 

canadensis  i.  Mt. Hope  Hills,  J.  Stauffer. 

tlorida  L.   (Dogwood.) 

eircinata  UUev.  Cedar  Hill. 

sericea  L. 

paniculata  L^Hev. 

alternifolia  L. 
Nyssa  L. 

multiflora  Wang.  (Sour  Gum.) 

Caprifoliace^. 

LONICERA  L. 

sempervirens  Ait.  Banks  of  the  Cones- 
toga;  jSTew  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 

parvifiora  Lani.  Banks  of  the  Conestoga. 
DiERViLLA  Tourn. 

trifida,  Mccnch.  Chesnut  Hill ;  near  Safe 
Harbor. 
Triostetjm  L. 

perfoliatuna  L. 

angustifolium  L.  Mt.  Joy,  /.  Stauffer. 
Sambucus  Tourn. 

canadensis  i,  (Common  Elder.) 

pubens     Miclix.      (Red-berried     Elder.) 
Chickies;  Turkey  Hill. 
Viburnum  L. 

lentago  L.  New  Texas;  Bart  township. 

prnnifolium  i.   (Black  Haw.) 

nudum  L.  Bart  township;  Smithville. 

dentatum  L.  Bart  township. 

acerifoliuni  L. 

EUBIACE^. 

Galium  L. 
aparine  L.  (Bedstraw.) 
asprellum  Michx. 
concinnum  T.  §'  G.    Near  ]\It.  Joy,  J. 

Stauffer;  on  an  island  at  the  mouth  of 

the  Tucqvian. 
trifidum  L.,  var.  tinctorium  Gr. 
triflorum  Miclix. 
pilosum  Ait. 
circaezans  Michx. 
lanceolatum     Torr.     Below    Binkley's 

Bridge. 


boreale  /-.   Hanks  of  the  Conestopi. 
Diodia  L. 

teres  Walt.  Hills  south  of  tho  Pccjuea. 
Ceimialantiius  L. 

occidentalis  L.  (Butter  Hush.) 
MiTGIIELLA  L. 

repeus  L.  (Partridge  Bcn-y. 
HOUSTONIA   L. 

purjnirea /-.,  var.  longifolia.  Gray.  Chos- 
nut  Hill. 

ca-rulea  h.  (Bluets.) 

Yalerian.\ce.i:. 

Yalekiaxa  Tourn. 

paucillora  Michx.  Ou  the  Little  Cone»- 
toga  beyond  :Millcrsville,  A.  P.  Garber. 
Fedia  Gaerln. 

oliloria  Vahl.  (Corn  Salad.) 

radiata  Michx. 

DiPSACE.E. 

DiPSACUS  Tourn. 
»ylvestri»  Mill.  (Wild  Teasel.) 

Compositj:. 

Verxonia  Sch7'eb. 

noveboracensis  Willd.  (Iron  Weed.) 
Elepiiantopcs  L. 
carolinianus   Willd.    (Elephant's  Foot.) 
Peach  Bottom. 
LiATRis  ScJireb. 
spicata  Willd.  New  Texas;  Martic  Forge; 
Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tucquau. 
KUHNIA  L. 

eupatorioides  L.  Cedar  Hill. 
EuPATORiUM  Tourn. 

purpurouin  L.  (Joe  Pye  Weed.) 
hyssopifolium  L.  Collins's  Ferry:  above 

McCairs  Ferry  on  the  Susquehanna, 
teucrifolium   Willd.   Swamps  in  Martic 

township  and  near  New  Texas, 
rotundifolium  L.     On  tho  Susquehanna 

below  Peach  Bottom, 
sessilifolium  L. 
pcrfoliatum  L.  (Boneset.) 
agcratoidos  L. 

aromaticum  L.  Chesnut  Hill. 
3I1KANIA  Willd. 
scandens    Willd.  Bart  township:   below 
Martic  Forge. 
CONOCLtXIUM  D.  C. 
cffilestinum  2).  C  (Mist  Flower.)  On  the 
Conestoga  above   Lanca.stcr;    on    tho 


588 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


Susquehanna  above  McCall's  Feny. 
Sericocarpus  Kees. 
solidagineus  Nees.   Swamp  near  Martic 

Forge;  New  Texas,  /,  J.  Carter. 
conyzoides  Nees. 
Aster  L. 

corymbosus  Ait. 

macrophyllus  L. 

radula  Ait.  Swamp  west  of  Smithville. 

patens  Ait. 

patens  Ait.,  var.  phlogifolius,  Oray. 

laevis  I.  Fruitville;    New  Texas,   J.  J. 

Carter. 
undulatus  L. 
cordifolius  L. 
ericoides  L. 

ericoides  L.,  var.  villosus,  Oray. 
ericoides  L.,  var.  gracilis.   On  the  ser- 
pentine barrens  around  New  Texas, 
mutitiorus  Ait.  Islands  at  Safe  Harbor, 
dumosus  L.  Martic  township, 
tradescanti  L.  On  the  Susquehanna, 
miser  L.,  Ait. 
simplex  Willd. 
puniceus  L. 
prenanthoides  Mulil. 
prenanthoides  3fu7d.Yar.  scaber,  T.  &  G. 
novae  anglise  L. 
Erigeron  L. 
canadense  L. 
bellidifolium  Mulil. 
philadelphicum  L. 
annuum  Pers. 
strigosum  MilM. 
DiPLOPAPPus  Ca»». 
linariifolius  llook.  Cedar  Hill;  Pleasant 

Grove, 
umbellatus    Torr.  ^-  Or.  Island  at  the 

mouth  of  the  Tucquan. 
amygdalinus  Torr.  §■  Or.    Swamp  near 

Martic  Forge, 
cornifolius  Darlington.  Mt.  Nebo. 
BOLTONIA  L'Her. 
glastifolia  U Her.    Islands  and  shores  of 

the  Susquehanna. 

SOLIDAGO  L. 
bicolor  L. 
latifolia  L. 
caesia  L, 
virga-aurea  L.  Var.humilis,  Oray.  Rocky 

islands  at  McCall's  Ferry, 
neglecta  Torr.  §•  Or.  New  Texas,  /.  J. 
Carter. 


patula  MuM. 

arguta  Ait.  Safe  Harbor;  New  Texas. 

muhlenbergii  Torr  ^  Or.  Eiver  Hills. 

altissima  L. 

ulmifolia  Muld. 

odora  Ait.  Below  Peach  Bottom. 

nemoralis  Ait. 

canadensis  L. 

canadensis  L.  Var.  proceia  T.  §•  0. 

serotina  Ait. 

gigantea  Ait. 

lanceolata  L. 
Chrysopsis  Nutt. 

mariana  Xuti.  Pleasant  Grove. 
Inula  L. 

lielenium  L.  (Elecampane.) 
Bacchakis  L. 

halimifolia  L.      Marsh   South  of  New 
Texas;  very  scarce. 

POLYMNIA  L. 

canadensis  L.     Above   Shenk's  Ferry; 
rare. 

uvedalia  Z.  (Leaf  Cup.) 
SiLPniUM  L. 

trifoliatum  L.       On  the    Susquehanna 
above  McCall's  Ferry,  A.  P.  Oarber. 
Ambrosia  Tourn. 

trilidai.    (Rag  Weed.) 

artemi siae folia  i.  (Hog  Weed.) 
Xanthium  Tourn. 

strumarium  L. 

spinosum  L.  Washington;  New  Texas. 

ECLIPTA  L. 

procumbens  3/tc7t.t;.  On  the  Susquehanna. 
Heliopsis  Pers. 

laivis  Pers. 
RUDBECKIA  L. 

laciniata  L. 

fulgida  Ait. 

hirta  L. 
Helianthus  L. 

giganteus  L. 

strumosus  L. 

strumosus  L.  Var.  mollis,  T.  §•  O.  Wood- 
ward Hill. 

divaricatus  L. 

decapetalus  L. 

doronicoides  Lam.     Along  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

tuberosus  L.  (Jerusalem  Artichoke.)  Es- 
caped. 

ACTINOMERIS  Nutt. 

squarrosa  Nutt.    Common. 


OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


589 


Coreopsis  /.. 
tripteris  L.  On  the  Susquehanna  above 
McCall's  Ferry. 
BiDENS  L. 
frondosa  L. 
connata  Muhl. 

cernua  L.  Swami)  near  Dillerville. 
chrysanthemoides  Michx. 
bipiunata  L.  (Spanish  Needles.) 
Helenium  L. 

autumnale  L. 
Martjta  Cass. 

cotulaD.  C.  (May  Weed.) 
Anthemis  L. 

aroensis  L.  Cohimbia;  Lancaster. 
Achillea  L. 

Millefolium  L.  (Yarrow.) 
Leijcanthemum  Tour/1. 

vulgare  Lam.  Ox-eye  Daisy. 
partheniuiii;   Oodron.    (Feverfew.)    Es- 
caped. 
Tanacetum  L. 

vulgare  L.  (Tansy.)  Escaped. 
Gnaphalium  L. 
polycephalum  Michx.  (Everlasting.) 
uliginosum  L. 
purpureum  L. 
Antennaria  Gcertn. 

margaritacea,  E.  Br.  Gap  Hills;  Mt. 
Hope, 
plantaginifolia  Hook. 
FiLAGO  Tourn. 

germanica  L.  Bainbridge;  New  Texas. 
Erechthites  Raf. 

hieracifolia  Raf.  (Fire  Weed. ) 
Cacalia  L. 
suaveolens  L.  Below  the  mouth  of  the 

Pequea;  on  the  Little  Conestoga. 
reniformis  Muld.  Islands  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, 
atriplicifolia  L. 
Senecio  L. 

avu-eus  L.  Var.  obovatus,  T.  §"  G. 
Arnica  L. 

nudicaulis  Ell.  New  Texas,  /.  J.  Carter. 
Centaurea  L. 

eyanus  L.  (Blue  Bottle.)  Escaped. 
CiRSiTJM  Tourn. 
lanceolatum,  Scop.  (Common  Thistle.) 
discolor  Spreng, 
altissimum  Spreng 
muticum  Michx. 
pumilum  Spreng. 


horridulum  Michx.  Swamps  Wyond  Dil- 
lerville. 
arvense,  Scop.  (Canada  Tliistle.)  Nortli 
and  West  of  Lancaster. 
Lappa  Tourn. 

officinalis  All.     (Common  Bunlork.) 
CiciiORiL'M  'Tourn. 

intybus  L.     (Cichory  or  Chicoiy.) 
Krioia  Schrcb. 

virginica  Willd. 
Hieuacium  Tourn. 
scabrum  Michx.   (Rough  Hawkweed.) 
gronovii  L. 

venosum  L.  ^ 

paniculatum  L. 
Nabalis  C(«.'*«. 
albus  Hook. 
altissimus  Hook. 

fraseri  D.  C.     Near  ^lartic  Forge, 
fraseri  D.  C.     Var.  integrifoli,   T.  §•  G. 
New  Texas. 
Taraxacum  Ilaller. 

dens-leonis  Desf.     (Dandelion.) 
Lactuca  Tourn. 
canadensis  L.     (Wild  Lettuce.) 
canadensis  L.      Var.     integrifolius     T. 
SfG. 
Mulgedium  (7«s<. 
acuminatiun  D.  C. 
florid  anum  D.  C. 
leucopha;um,  D.  C. 

SOKCHUS  L. 

oleraceus  L. 
asper,  Vill. 

LOBELIACEJ-:. 

Lobelia  L. 

oardinalis  L.     (Cardinal  Flower.) 
syphilitic.i  L. 

puberula  MicJir.    New  Tcxa.s,  J.  J.  Car- 
ter. 
inflata  L.     (Lulian  Tobacco.) 
spicata  Lam. 
kalmii  L.     Swamps  beyond  Dillei-villo, 

Campanulace.*:. 

Campanula  Tourn. 

rotundifolia /..    (IIare-bel\)    Rocks  be- 
low Wabank. 

aparinoidcs  Pursh. 

americana  L,     On  the  Conestoga; 
Speculauia  Jliister. 

perfoUata  J.  B.  C. 


590 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


Ericaceae. 

Gaylussacia  H.  B.  E. 
dumosa  T.  ^-  O.  Smithville;  New  Texas, 
frondosa  T.  §•  G.     Safe  Harbor, 
resinosa  T.  tV  O.     (Black  Huckleberry.) 
Vaccinium  D. 
macrocarpon  Aii.  (Cranberry.)  George- 
town, 
stamineum  L. 

pennsylvanicuni  Latn.     Fruitville. 
vacillans  Solander. 
corymbosum  L. 
^  Epiga^a  L. 

repens  i.     (Trailing  Arbutus.) 
Gaultheria  Kahn. 
procumbens  Z/.  (Tea  Berry.)  Near  Smith- 
ville ;  Chestnut  Hill. 
Leucothoe  Do}i. 

racemosa  Gray.    Swamps  at  Smithville  ; 
Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tucquan. 
Andromeda  L. 
mariana  L.     New  Texas,  J.  J.  Garter. 
ligustrina  Muhl. 
Kalmia  L. 
latifolia  L.     (Common  Laurel.) 
angustifolia,  7>.  (Sheep  Laurel.)  Smith- 
ville ;  New  Texas. 
Azalea  L. 

viscosa  7>.  Bart  Township;    Smithville; 

New  Texas, 
nudiflora  L.     (Wild  Honeysuckle.) 
Rhododendron  L. 
maximum  L.    (Rosebay.  Great  Laurel. ) 
Ravines  along  the  Susquehanna. 
Pyrola  Tourn. 
rotundifolia  L. 
elliptica  NxM. 

chlorantha  Swartz.     Turkey  Hill, 
secunda  L.     Hei-b.  Wm.  Gill. 
Chuiaphila  Pursh. 
umbellata  Nutt.     (Pipissewa.) 
maculata  PursJi. 

MONOTROPA  L. 

uniflora  i.     (Indian  Pipe.) 
hypopitys  L. 

Aquifoliacejb. 

Ilex  L. 
o^aca,  Ait,    (American  Holly.)     Around 

McCall's  Ferry, 
verticillata  Gray. 
laivigata    Gray.     Whitson's  Mill,  Bart 


Township. 

Ebenace^, 

DiOSPYROS  L. 
virginiana  L      (Persimmon.)     Common 
on  the  Susquehanna. 

Plantagikace^. 

Plantago  L. 
major  L..     (Common  Plantain.) 
lanceolata  L.     (Ripi>le  grass.) 
virginica  L. 

Primulace^. 

DODECATnEON  L. 

meadia  Z.    (Hawk's  Bill.)    Rocks  above 
Graeff 's  Lauding  ;  below  Safe  Harbor. 
Trientalis  L. 

americana  Pursh.     Mt.  Hope  Furnace. 
Lysimachia  lourn. 
stricta  Ait.     On  the  Susquehanna, 
quadrifolia  L. 
ciliata  L. 

lanceolata   Walt.     On  the  Susquehanna. 
Anagallis  lourn. 
arvensis  L.     (Pimpernel.)     Near   Lan- 
caster. 
Samolus  L. 

valerandi  L.  Var.  Americanus,  Gray. 
On  the  Conestoga,  near  Millersville  ; 
rare. 

Lentibulace^. 

Utricularia  L. 
vulgaris  L.  CoUins's  Ferry, 
gibba  L.  CoUins's  Ferry. 

BlGNONIACE^. 

Tecoma  Jtiss. 
radicans  Juss.  Trumpet  Creeper.  On  the 
Octorara,  J.  J.  Carter. 
Catalpa  Scop.,   Walt. 

bignonioides  Walt. 
Martynia  L. 
probosoidea    Glox.   (Unicorn  Plant.)  Es- 
caped. 

Orobanchace^. 

Epiphegus  Nutt. 

virginiana  5ar<  (Beech  Drops.) 
CONOPHOLUS  Wallroth. 

americana,  Wallroth.  (Cancer  Root.) 
Cedar  Hill. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


591 


Aphyllon  Mitchell. 
uniflorum  T.  h,-  G. 

SCROPHULARIACE^E. 

Yerbascum  L. 

Thapsxis  L.  (Common Mullein.) 

Uattaria  L,  (Moth^M.) 

lychnitisL.  Speedwell  Forge.  J.Stav.ffer. 
Lin  ARIA  Tourn. 

canadensis  Spreng.  Near  New  Texas. 

vulgaris,  Mill.  (Toad  Flax.) 

SCROPHULARIA    Toum. 

nodosa  L. 
Chelone  Tourn. 

glabra  L.   (Turtle  Head.) 
Pentstemon  3Iitc?iell. 

pubescens  Soland.  (Beard  Tongue.) 

MiMULUS  L. 

ringens  L.  (Monkey  Flower.) 

alatus  L. 
Gratiola  L. 

virginiana  L. 
Ilysanthes  Raf. 

gratioloides  Bentli. 
Veronica  L. 

virginica  L. 

anagallis  L.  Swamp  beyond  Dillersville. 

americana  8c1i weinitz. 

scutellata  L.   Collins' s  Ferry. 

oiiicinalis  L. 

serpyllifolia  L. 

peregrina  L. 

arvensis  L. 

agrestis  L:  Very  rare. 

hedercefoUa  L.  On  the  Conestoga,  below 
Snavely's  Mill. 

BUCHNERA  L. 

americana  L.  Near  Pleasant  Grove,  /.  J. 
Carter. 
Gerardia  L. 

purpvu-ea  i.  Swamp  beyond  Dillerville; 
on  the  Susquehanna. 

tenuifolia  Vahl. 

setacea  Walt.    Near  New  Texas,    /.  /• 
Carter. 

flava  L. 

quercifolia  Pursh.  Herb.  Wm.  Gill. 

pedicularia  L. 
Castilleia  Mutts. 

coccinea  Spreng.  (Painted  Cup.) 
Pedicularis  Tourn. 

canadensis  L.  (Lousewort.) 

lanceolata  Miclix. 


Melampyucm  Tourn. 

americanum  Michi.  (Cow  AVho:i«.) 

ACANTIIACEJ':. 

Diantrkua  Oronov. 
americana   /..     In    the   ConoRtojra   and 
Susquehamia. 
Ruellia  L. 
strcpens  L.     Banks  of   the   Conestoga; 
rare. 

Yeruenace.k. 

Verbena  L. 

angustifolia  Michx.  On  the  Su-squehanna. 

hastata  L. 

urticifolia  L. 

officinalis  L.  Near  Lancaster;  along  X.\n' 
Susquehanna. 
LiPPiA  L. 

lanceolata  Michx.  Islands  and  shores  of 
the  Susquehanna. 
Phryma  L. 

leptostachya  L.  (Lopseed. ) 

Labiate:. 

Teucrium  L. 

canadense  L.  (Germander.) 
Triciiostema  /.. 

dichotomum  L.  (Blue  Curls.) 
IsANTUUS  Michx. 

cjBiuleus  Michx.  On  the  Susquehamui. 
Mentha  L. 

viridis  L.  (Si^ear  Mint.) 

piperita  L.  (Pepper  M.) 

sativa  L.  On  the  Conestoga,  near  Lan- 
caster. 

canadensis  L. 

canadensis    L.,    var.    glabrata,    Baith. 
Shores  of  the  Susquehamia. 
Lycopvs  L. 

virginicus  L. 

europieus  /-. 

europiwus  /..,  var.  integrifolius.  Gray. 

europieus  L.,  var.  siimatus,  Gray. 

LUNIl.A  ].. 

mariana  L.  (Dittany.) 
Pycnantiikmcm  Michx. 
incanum  Michx. 

clinnpodioides    Torr   &■    Gr.    Head    of 
Heed's  Run.  above  the  mouth  of  the 
Tucquan. 
muticum  Pers. 
lanceolatum  Pur»h. 


592 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


linifoliura  Parsh. 
Origanum  L. 

vulgare  L.  Roadsides  near  Smithville. 
Calamintha  McencJi. 

cUnopodium  Bentli.     (Basil.) 
Melissa  L. 

officinalis  L,  (Balm.)  Escaped. 
Hedeoma  Pers. 

pulegioides  Pers.  (Pennyroyal.) 

COLLINSONIA  L. 

canadensis  L.  (Horse  Balm.) 
Salvia  L. 
lyrata  L.     Woods  and  meadows    near 
Lancaster. 

MONARDA  L. 

fistulosa  L.  (Wild  Bergamot.) 
LOPHANTHUS  Benth. 

nepetoides  Benth. 

scropliulariajfolius  Benth. 
Nepeta  L. 

cataria  L.  (Catnip.) 

glechoma  Benth.  (Ground  Ivy.) 
Physostegia  BentJt. 

virginiana  Benth.  Islands  of  tlie  Susque- 
hanna. 
Brucella  Tourn. 

vulgaris -L.  (Heal-all.) 
Scutellaria  L. 

canescens  Nutt. 

pilosa  Michx. 

integrifolia  L.  New  Texas ;  SmithviUe. 

nervosa  Pursh.  Cedar  Hill. 

parvula Michx.  Chesnut  Hill;  New  Texas. 

galericulata  L. 

lateriflora  L. 
Marrubium  L. 

vulgare  L.  (Horehound.) 
Stachts  L. 

palustris  L.    Var.    aspera,    Oray.    Safe 
Harbor. 

palustris  L.  Var.  glabra.   Oray. 
Leonurus  L. 

eardiaca  L.  (Motherwort,  j 
Lamium  L. 

amplexicaule  L.  (Dead  Nettle. ) 

purpureum  L.  On  the  Conestoga,  below 
Witmer's  Bridge. 

BORRAGINACEiE. 

EcHixjM  Tourn. 

vulgare  L.   (Blue  Weed.) 
Symphytum  Tourn. 

officinale  L.   (Comfrey.)  Escaped. 


Onosmodium  Michx. 

virginianum  D.  G.  Cedar  Hill. 
LiTnosPERMUM  Tourn. 

arvense  L.  (Field  Gramwell._) 

latifolium  Michx. 
Mertensia  Both. 

virginica  D.  G.  (Lungwort.) 
Myosotis  L. 

palustris  WitJiering.  Var.  laxa,  Oray. 
(Forget-me-not. ) 

verna  Nutt. 
Cynoglossum  Tourn. 

officinale  L.  (Hound's  Tongue.) 

virginicunri  L. 

morisoni  D.  G. 

Hydrophyllace^. 

Hydrophyllum  L. 

virginicum  L. 

canadense  L.  Turkey  Hill;  Island  above 
Peach  Bottom. 

append iculatum  Michx.  Near  Mt.  Joyj^ 
/.  Stauffer;  Herb.    Wm.  Gill. 
Ellisia  L. 

nyctelea  L.  Along  the  Susquehanna. 
Phacelia  JliSS. 

parviflora  Pursh.  Along  the  Susquehana. 

POLEMONIACE^. 

Polemonium  Tourn. 

reptans  L.  On  the  Conestoga. 
Phlox  L. 

paniculata  L.  Peach  Bottom;  mouth  of 
the  Tucquan. 

maculata  jj. 

pilosa  L.  New  Texas,  J.  J.  Garter. 

divaricata  L. 

.subulata  L.  (Moss  Pink.)  New  Texas, 
J.  J.  Garter. 

CONVOLVULACE^. 

Ipom^a  L. 

purpurea  L.  Escaped  from  gardens. 

nil,  Both.  Fields,  New  Texas. 

lacunosa  L.  Islands  of  the  Susquehanna. 

pandurata  Meyer.  CWild  Sweet  Potato.) 
Convolvulus  L. 

arvensis  L.  (Bindweed. )  Near  Lancaster. 
Calystegia  B.  Br. 

sepium  R.  Br.  Islands  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

spithamaea  Pursh,  Near  Columbia;  Man- 
heim,  /.  Stauffer. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


593 


CuscuTA  Tourn. 

epilinum,  WeiJie.  New  Texas,  ,/.  J.  Car- 
ter. 

tenuiflora  Engelm.  Shock's  Mill,  above 
Marietta. 

chlorocarpa  Engelm.  Islands  at  Safe  Har- 
bor. 

gronovii  Willd. 

SOLANACE^. 

SoLANUM  Tourn. 

dulcamara  L.   (Bitter-sweet.) 

nigrum  L.  (Night-shade.) 

carolinense  L.  Bart  twp. ;  Millersville. 
Physalis  L. 

philadelphica  Lam.  Lancaster. 

viscosa  L. 

pennsylvanica,  L.    Petersville. 
NiCANDRA  Adans. 

physaloides  Gmrtn. 
Lycium  L. 

vulgare,  Duval.    Escaped  in  some  places. 
Datura  L. 
■  stramonium,  L.  (Thorn  Apple.) 

tatula  L.   (Purple  T.) 

Gentianace^. 

Sabbatia  Adams. 

angularis  Pursli.  (Am.  Centaury.) 
Erythraea  Pers. 
ramosissima,  Pers.  var.  pidchella,  Griseb. 
Abundant  near  Lancaster. 
Gentiana  L. 
crinita   Froel.    Swamps  beyond  Diller- 

ville. 
ochroleuca  Froel.  New  Texas, 
andrewsii  Griseb. 
saponaria  L.  Swamp  at  Sniithville. 
Bartonia  Muhl. 

tenella  Mtihl.  Swamp  near  Martic  Forge. 
Obolaria  L. 

virginica  L.  Martic  township. 
Menyanthes  Tourn. 

trifoliata  L.  (Buck  Bean.)  Swamp  be- 
yond Dillerville;  Long  Swamp,  below 
Eden. 

Apocynace^. 

Apocynum  Tourn. 
androsaemifolium  L.  (Dog  Bane.) 
cannabinura  L.  (Indian  Hemp.) 
cannabinum  L.     Var.    hypericifolium, 
Gray. 

39 


Asclkpiadace.k. 

ASCLEPIAS  L. 

cornuta  Dcrniitnf.  (('omnmn  Milkwtt.'d.  i 

phytolaccoides  Pur»h. 

purpurasccMs  L. 

variegata  L.  Chesnut  Hill. 

quadrifolia  Jiirq. 

incarnata  L. 

incaniata  L.  Var.  pulchi-a.  Gray.  Smitli- 
ville. 

obtusifolia  Michx.  New  Texan,  J.  J.  Car- 
ter. 

rubra  L.     Swamj)s  at    Smithville  and 
Georgetown. 

tuberosa  L. 

verticillata  L.  Cedar  Hill. 
ACERATES  Ell. 

viridiliora  Ell. 
GoNOLOBUs  Michx. 

obliquus    R.    Br.     Cedar    Hill,    al)ov9 
Shenk's  Ferry. 

Oleace.k. 

LiGCSTRUM  Tourn. 
vulgare  L.  (Privet.)    On  the  Concstoga. 

CHIONANTnUS  L. 

virginica    L.      (Fringe    Tifc.)     Martic 
Township;  New  Texa.s,  J.  J.  Carter. 
Fraxinus  Tourn. 

americana  L.  (White  Ash.) 

pulx!sccns  Lam.  (Rod  Ash.) 

viridis  i¥i'<-7i.r. /.  (Green  Ash.)  Island  at 
Safe  Harbor. 

sambucifolia  Lam.  (Black  Ash.) 

AmSTOLOCHIACE.t:. 

AsARU.M  Tourn. 

canadeuse  //.  (Wild  Ginger.) 
Aristolochia  Tourn. 

serpeutaria  L.  (Virginia  Snakcnwt.) 

PnYTOLACCACE^. 

Phytolacca  Tourn. 
decandra  L.  (Poke.) 

CllENOPODlACE-K. 

CnEN'oroDicM  L. 

album  L.  (Lamb's  Quarters. ) 

album  L.  Var.   bo.scianum,   Gray.  Safe 

Harbor. 
glaucum  L.  Streets  of  Lancaster. 
urbicum  L.  Streets  of  Lanca.ster. 


594 


AUTHENTIC    HISTORY 


hyhridum  L.  Safe  Harbor. 
botrys  L. 
ambrosioides  L. 

ambrosioides  L.     Var.    anthelminttcum, 
Gr.  (Wormseed.)  Columbia. 
Blitum  Tourn. 
capitaium   L.    (Strawberry  Elite.)    Es- 
caped from  cultivation. 

Amarantace^. 

Amaraxtus  Tourn. 
hypocliondriacus  L. 
paniculaius  L. 
retroflexus  L. 

retroflexiis  L.  Var,   chlorostachys,  Gray, 
albus  L. 
spinosus  L. 


POLYGONACE^. 
POLYGOMUM  Z.l 

orientale  L.  (Prince's  Feather.) 

pennsylvanicum  L. 

incarnatum  Ell.  On  the  Susquehanna. 

persicaria  L. 

liydropiper  X.   (Smartweed.) 

acre  R.  B.  K. 

hydropiperoides  Micltx. 

amphibium   L.    Var.    aquaticum  Willd. 

In  the  Susquehanna  at  Safe  Harbor, 
amphibium  L.  Var.  terrestre,  Willd. 
virginianum  L. 

aviculare  L.  Var.  erectum,  Both. 
tQnwe  Michx.  Chesnut  Hill;  New  Texas, 
arifolium  L. 

sagittatum  L.  (Tear  Thumb.) 
convolvulus  L.   (Wild  Buckwheat.) 
dumetorum  L.  Var.  scandens  Gray. 
Fagopyrum  Tourn. 
esculentum  Moencli.  (Buckwheat.) 

RUMEX  L. 

britannica  X.  (Pale  Dock.)  Safe  Harbor. 
crispus  L.   (Curled  D.) 
obtusifoUus  L.  (Bitter  D.) 
ucetosella  L.  (Sheep  Sorrel.) 

Laurace^. 

Sassafras  Nees. 

officinale  Nees. 
LiNDERA  Tliunberg. 

\>en7.ova.  Meisner.  (Spice  Bush.) 

Thymelace^. 

DiRCA  L. 


palustris  L.    (Leatherwood.)  Near  Mt. 
Joy,  /.  Stauffer. 

Santalace^, 

COMANDRA  Nutt. 

umbellata  Nutt. 

LOEANTHACE^. 

PnORADENDRON  Nutt. 

flavescens  Nutt.    (Mistletoe.)    On    two 
gum-trees  near  Martic  Forge. 

Saururace^. 

Satjrurus  L. 

cernuus  L.   (Lizard's  Tail.) 

Ceratophyllace^. 

Ceratophyllum  L. 

deroersum  L.  (Hornwort.) 

Callitrichace^e, 

Callitriche  L. 
verna  L. 

EUPHORBIACE^. 

EnpnoRBiA  L. 
maculata  L. 
hypericifolia  Z. 
coroUata  L. 
dentata  Michx.  On  the  Conestoga  near 

the  railroad-bridge,  E.  DiffenbatigTi. 
peplus  L.  Fruitville. 
commutata,  Engelm.  Safe  Harbor. 
latJiyris  L.   (Mole  Spurge.) 

ACALYPHA  L. 

virginica  L. 
Phyllanthus  L. 
carolinensis  Walt.  On  the  Susquehanna. 

Urticaceje. 

Ulmus  L. 

fulva  Michx.   (Slippery  Elm.) 

araericana  i.  (White  E.) 
Celtis  Toxirn. 

occidentalis  L.   (Hackberry.) 
MoRUS  Tourn. 

rubra  L. 

alba  L.  Along  roadsides. 
TJrtica  Tourn. 

gracilis  Ait. 

dioica  L.   (Common  Nettle. ) 
Laportea  Gaudichaud. 

canadensis,  Gaudichaud. 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY, 


595 


Ptlea  Lindl. 

pumila  Gray. 
BffiHMERiA  Jacq. 

cyliiulrioa   Willd. 
Parietarta  Tourn. 

pennsylvanica  MuM. 
Cannabis  Tourn. 

sativa  L. 

HUMULUS    L. 

lupulns  L.    (Hop.)    On 
and  Snsqnehanna. 


tlie  Conestoica 


Platan  ACE  J?:, 

Platanus  l. 
occidentalis  L.  (Buttonwood.) 

JUGLANDACE.E. 

JUGLANS   L. 

cinerea  L.   (Butternut.) 

nigral..  (Black  Walnut.) 
Carya  Nutt. 

alba  Nutt.  (Shellbark  Hickory.) 

sulcata  Nutt. 

tomentosa  Nutt. 

porcina  Nutt.   (Pig  Nut. ) 

amara  Nutt. 

CUPULIFER.E. 

QuERcrs  L. 

albai.  (White  Oak.) 

obtusiloba  Michx.  (Po.st  Oak.)  Kissel 
Hill;  near  Marietta;  New  Texas;  rare. 

macrocarpa  Michx.  On  the  Cocalico. 

bicolor  Willd.  Islands  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

prinus />.  (Che-snut  Oak.) 

prinus  L.,  var.,  monticola  Michx.  (Rock 
Oak.) 

prinus  i.,  var.  acuminata,  Michx.  (Yel- 
low Chesnut  Oak.)  On  the  Conestoga; 
rare. 

priuoides,  Willd.  (Chinquapin  Oak.) 
Smithville. 

phellos  L.  (Willow  Oak)  Reported  on 
reliable  authority  as  growing  on  the 
Pequea  near  Good's  mill. 

nigra  i.  (Blackjack.)  Near  Smithville ; 
New  Texas;  rare. 

ilicifolia  Wang.  (Scrub Oak.)  New  Texas. 

coccinea  Wang.  (Scarlet  Oak.) 

coccinea  Wang.,  var.  tinctoria,  Gray. 
("Quercitron,  or  Black  Oak.) 

rubra  Z.  (Red  Oak.) 


pahistris  D>i  Hoi.  (Pin  Oak.)  Conowafco 
Hills. 
Castanka   Tourn. 

vysoa  L.   (Cliosinit.) 

pumila  .VjcAj.  (Chincpi.-i])!!!.)  Nrar  Mar- 
tic  Forge. 
Fagus  'lourn. 

fenuginea  Ait.  (Beech.) 
CoRYLrs  Tourn . 

americana  Walt.  (Common  Hazelnut) 

rostrata  ,h7.  (Beaked  H.)  Chesnut  Hill. 
OsTRTA  Mitchell. 

virginica  Willd.  (Iron  Wood.) 
Carpinus  L. 
americana  Miehx.  (Hornbeam.) 

^[yricace.e. 

CoMPTOXiA  Solander. 
asplenifolia  Ait.  (Sweet  Feni.) 

Betulace^. 

Betula  Tourn. 

lentai.  (Sweet  Birch.)  River  Hills. 

nigia  L. 
Alncs  Tourn. 

serrulata  JiY.     (Alder.) 

Salicace.e. 

Salix  Tourn. 
tristis^4j7.  New  Texas, 
humilis  Marshall. 
discolor  Muhl. 
sericea  Marshall. 
petiolaris  Smith, 
purpxirea  L. 

cordata  Muhl.   Islands  of  the  Susque- 
hanna, 
cordata  Muhl.  Var.  myricoides  Gray. 
lucida  Muhl.  Near  Wa.shington. 
nigra  Marshall. 
nigra  Marsh.  Var.  falcata  Carey.  Along 

the  Susquehanna. 
fragilis  L.    Var.  russeliana  Carey.    On 

the  Conestoga. 
alba  L. 
PopcLCS  Tourn. 
tremuloides  Michx.  (Aspen.) 
grandidentita  Michx. 

CONIFER-E. 

PiNUS  Tourn. 
rigida  Miller.  (Pitch  Pine.) 
inops  Ait.  (Scrub  Pine) 


596 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


mitisMichx.  (Yellow  Pine.)  A  small  grove 

of  it  near  Manlieim. 
StrobusX.  (White  Pine.) 
Abies  Tourn. 

canadensis  Michx.  (Hemlock  Spruce.) 

JUNIPERUS  L. 

communis  L.  (Common  Juniper.)  On 
the  Conestoga  near  Mill  Creek;  near 
Eeinholdsville. 

canadensis  L.  (Red  Cedar,  j 

CLASS  II.     MONO  COT  YLED  ONO  US, 
OB  ENDOGENOUS  PLANTS. 

Arace^. 

Aris^ma  Martins. 

tripliyllum  Torr.  (Indian  Turnip.) 

dracontium  Scliott. 
Symplocarpus  Salisb. 

foetidus  Salisb.  (Skuiik  Cabbage.) 
Orontium  L. 

aquaticum   L.    (Golden   Club.)  Swamp 
beyond  Dillerville;  Smithville. 
ACORUS  L. 

calainus  L.  (Calamus.) 

Lemnacej*;. 

Lemna  L. 

trisulca  i.  Run  near  Lancaster. 

minor  L.      (Duck    Weed.)       Collins's 

Ferry.  ^ 
polyrrhiza  L. 

TYPHACEJi. 

Typha  Tourn. 

latifoliai.  (Cat  Tail.) 
Sparganium  Tourn. 

eurycarpum  Engehn.  Collins's  Ferry. 

simplex  Hudson.  Var.  nuttallii  Or. 

simplex  Z/Mrf-stJ/i,.  Var.  androcladum  Or. 

Naiadaceje. 

Naias  L. 

flexilis  All.  In  the  Susquehanna. 

POTAMOGETON    Toum. 

natans  L. 

claytonii  Tuckerm.  Susquehanna. 

hybridus  Michx.     Near  Christiana. 

lonchitis  Tuckerm.     Susquehanna. 

gramineus  L.  Susquehanna. 

perfoliatus  L. 

crispus  L.  Conestoga  and  Susquehanna. 

compressus  L.  Near  Bainbridge. 


obtusifolius   3Iertens   Sf  Koch.    Riui  in 
swamp  beyond  DilleiTille;  very  rare. 

paucitlorus  Pursh. 

pusillus  L. 

pectinatus  L.  Susquehanna  at  Safe  Har- 
bor. 

robbinsii  Oakes.  Safe  Harbor;  Wash- 
ington. 

Alismace^. 

Alisma  L. 

plantago  L.  Var.  americanum,  Or. 
Sagittaria  L. 

variabilis  Engehn. 

heterophylla  Pursh.  Safe  Harbor. 

Hydrochardiace^. 

Anacharis  Richard. 

canadensis  Planchon. 
Vallisneria  3Iicheli. 

spiralis  L.  CEel  Gi'ass.) 

ORCHIDACEJi. 

Orchis  L. 

spectabilis  L.  River  Hills. 
Habenaria  Willd.,  B.  Br. 

tridentata  Hook.  Mt.  Hope  Hills;  Mar- 
tic  Swamp. 

virescens  Spreng.  New  Texas,  /.  J.  Car- 
ter. 

viridis  B.  Br.  Var.  bractcata,  Beichen- 
baeh.  Mt.  Hope  Hills.  J.  Stauffer; 
Chiques,  Herb.  S.  S.  Haldeman. 

ciliaris  B.  Br.  Smithville;  New  Texas. 

lacera  B.  Br.  New  Texas. 

psycodes  Gr. 

timbriata  B.  Br.  Hills  east  of  George- 
town. 

peramasna    Gr.    New  Texas,    /.  J.  Car- 
ter. Near  the  mouth  of  the  Pequea. 
GOODYERA  B.  Br. 

pubescens  B.  Br. 
Spiranthes  Bichard. 

latifolia  Torr.  Meadows  near  Millers- 
ville. 

cernua  Bichard. 

graminea  Lindl.  Var.  walteri,  Gr. 

gracilis  Bigelow. 
Arethusa  Gronov. 

bulbosa  L.  Swamps  near  Smithville  and 
Georgetown. 
POGONIA  Juss. 

ophioglossoides  Nutt.    Smithville;  New 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


597 


Texas, 
pendula  Lindl.  Near  Shenk's  Ferry,  E. 

Diffenhaucjh. 
verticillata  Nutt.  Below   Willow  Street. 
Calopogon  R.  Br. 
pulchellus  R.  Br.  Martic  Swamp;  New 

Texas. 

MiCROSTYLIS   Nutt. 

ophioglossoides  Nutt.  New  Texas,  /.  /. 
Carter. 
LiPARis  Richard. 

liliifolia  Ridiard.  Chesiiut  Hill. 
CORALLORHIZA  IlalUr. 

innata  R.    Br.     House    Rock,    Martic 
Township. 

odontorhiza  Nutt. 

multiflora  Nutt. 
Aplectrum  Nutt. 

hyemale  Nutt.  (Adam and  Eve) 
Cypripedium  L. 

parviflorum  Salixb.    New  Texas;  Little 
Conestoga;^  Reinholdsville. 

pnbescens  Willd.  Near  Martic  Forge. 

acaule  Ait.  Chicques;  Smitliville. 

Amarylladace^. 

Narcissus  L. 
pseudo-narcissus L.  (Daffodil.)  Escaped 
at    House   Rock,    Martic    Township; 
near  Millersville,  A.  P.  Garher. 
Hypoxys  L. 
erecta  i.  (Star  Grass.) 

n.EMODORACEvE. 

Aletris  L. 
farinosa  L.  Smitliville;  New  Texas. 

IRIDACE..E. 

Iris  L. 

versicolor  Z.  (Blue  Flag.) 

virginica  L.  New  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 
Pardanthus  Eer. 

cTiinensis    Ker.     Bart    township;     New 

Texas. 
S18YRINCHIUM  L. 

bermudianum  L.  Var.  anceps  Or. 

bermudianum  L.  Var,  mucronatum  0. 

DiOSCOREACE.E. 


DloscoREA  Plxtmier. 
villosa  L. 


SMILACE.E.. 


Smilax  Tourn. 

rotundifolia  /..   (rirceii  Briar.; 
ghiuca  W,dt.  Swamp  at  Siiiithvlllo. 
hispida  Mu?d.  On  tho  Coucstojpi. 
horbacca  L.  (Carrion  Flower.  ^ 

LlLIACEJE. 
Trillium  L. 
granditlorum  SaltJib.  Below  Peach  Bot- 
tom, ,/.  ,/.  Carter. 
ereotum  /..   (Wake  Robin.) 
erectum   L.    "Var.  album,   Gr.    LilKTty 

Square,  J.  S.  Parry. 
cernuum  L.  Ravines  near  Martic  Forge* 
Reinholdsville. 
Medeola  Gronov. 

\irginica  L.  (Indian  CucumlKr-root.) 
Melanthium  Gronor.  L. 

virginicum  L. 
Stenanthium  (tray. 
angustifolium    Gr.     New  Texas,    J,   ,/. 
Carter. 
Veratrum  Tourn. 

viride  Ait.  (White  Helleboie.} 
Amianthium  Gray. 
muscajtoxicum  Gr.  (Fly  Poison. ^  Hills 
along  the  Octoi-aro. 
CirAM.ELIRIUM   Willd. 

luteinn  Gr.  (Blazing Star.) 
UVULARIA  L. 

perfoliata  L.  (Bellwort.) 
sessilifolia  L. 
Smilacina  Dei(f. 
racemosa  Dcsf. 

stellata  Des/.   Silver  Spring,  J.  P.  Gar- 
her. 
bifolia  Ker. 

POLYGONATUM   ToUVn. 

bitlorum  Ell.   (Solomon's  Soal.;i 

giganteum  Dietrich. 
Asparagus  L. 

officinalis  L.  Escaped  fnim  gardciu;. 
LlLIUM  L 

philadelpfiium  L.  Clu-snut  Hill. 

canadense  /..  Smitliville. 

superbum  /..  New  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter; 
Reinholdsville. 
Erytrronium  L. 

americanum  Smith.  (Dog's-tooth  Violet) 

albidum  Nutt.  Turkey  Hill.  -1.  P.  Gar- 
ber. 
ORMTnOGALUM  Tourn. 

umbellatum  L.     (SUir  of   Bethlehem.; 


598 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


Escaped. 
Allium  L. 
tricoccum    Ait.    Peacli    Bottom,  J.   J. 

Cartel'. 
cernuum  Both.  (Wild  Onion. ^ 
mneale  L.  (Garlic.) 

canadense  Kahn.  Swanij)  near  Dillerville. 
MuscARi  Tourn. 
botryoides,  Mill.  (Grape  Hyacinth,  j  Es- 
caped. 

JuXCACE.i:. 

LUZULA  B.    C. 

pilosa    Willd.     On  the   Conestoga  near 
Eden. 

campestris  D.  C. 
JUNCUS  L. 

effusus  L.  (Common  Rush.) 

balticus  Dctliard.  Swamps  beyond  Dil- 
lerville. 

marginatus  Bostk. 

bufonius  L. 

tennis  Willd. 

tennis    Willd.    Var.  secundus,    Engclin. 
Safe  Harbor;  Reigart's  Landing. 

acuminatns  Michx.  Var.  debilis,  Engebn. 
Swamp  at  Smith ville;  rare. 

acuminatns     Michx.      Var.     legitimus, 
Engelm. 

acuminatns  Michx.  Vor.  frateruus  En- 
gelm. 

nodosus  L.  Swamps  beyond  Dillerville 
SciRPOiDEs  Lam.  Var.  macrostemon,  En- 
gelm. Island  at  the  mouth  of  the  Tuc- 
quan. 

canaden.sis  J.   Gay.  Var.  longicaudatus, 
Engelm. 

canadensis  J.  Gay.    Var.  subcaudatus, 
Engelm.  lleinholdsville;  rare. 

canadensis  J.  Gay.  Var.  brachycephalus. 
Engelm.    Swamps  beyond  Dillerville. 

PONTEDERIACE.E. 
PONTEDERIA  L. 

cordata  L.  Susquehanna  at  Safe  Hai'bor. 
Heteranthera  Buiz  is'  Pav. 

renifonnis  B^liz  i^'  Pav. 
Schollera  Schreh. 

graminea  Willd. 

COMMELYJSTACEJE. 
COMMELYNA  Dill. 

erecta  L.  Peach  Bottom;  Reed's  Run. 


virginica  L.  Safe  Harbor. 
Tradescantia  L. 
virginica  L.  (Spiderwort.) 

Xyridace^. 

Xyris  L. 

flexnosa  Miihl.  Ghapm.  Islands  of  Sus- 
quehanna; New  Texas. 

Cyperace^. 

Cyperus  L. 

flavescens  L. 

diandrus  Torr. 

iuflexus  Muhl.  On  the  Susquehanna. 

dentatus  Torr.  On  the  Susquehanna. 

phymatodes  Muhl. 

strigosus  L. 

filicuhnis  Vahl. 

lancastriensis  T.  C.  Porter.  Abundant 
along  the  shores  of  the  Susquehanna 
and  on  the  islands  from  Safe  Harbor 
to  Peach  Bottom. 

ovularis  Torr.  On  the  Susquehanna. 
DuLicniUM  Bichard. 

spathaceum  Pers. 
ELEOcnARis  B.  Br. 

obtnsa  Schultes. 

palustris  B.  Br. 

intermedia  Schultes. 

tennis  Schultes. 

acicularis  B.  Br. 
SCIRPUS  L. 

planifolius  Muhl. 

pungens  Vahl.  Swamp  near  Dillerville; 
along  the  Susquehanna. 

validus  Vahl. 

debilis  Pursh.  Smith  ville;  Pleasant 
Grove. 

fluviatilis  Gray.  Sus(iuehanna  at  Peach 
Bottom,  Br.  George  Smith. 

atrovirens  MiM. 

polyphyllus  Vahl. 

eriophoium  Michx. 
Eriophorum  L. 

virginicum  L. 

FlMBRISTYLIS    Vahl. 

laxa   Vcihl.  New  Texas,  on  the  serpen- 
tine, J.  J.  Carter. 
autumnalis  Bcem  §•  Schult. 
capillaris  Gray. 
Rhyncospora  Vahl. 

cjnnosa  Nutt.  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tucquan;  Georgetown;  New  Texas. 


OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY 


699 


alba  Vahl. 

capillacea  Torr.  Swami)s  beyond  Dillcr- 
ville. 

glomerata  Vahl. 
Cladium  p.  Browne. 

mariscoides  Torr.    Swami)  near  Dillcr- 

ville. 
SCLERIA  L. 

triglomerata  Michx.  Smithville. 

laxa  2'orr.  Martic  Swamp. 

pauciflora  Mulil.  New  Texas. 

verticillata  MuM.  Swamps  beyond  Diller- 
ville. 
Carex  L. 

polytriclioides  MuM. 

willdenovii  Schk.  Near Binkley's  Bridge. 

steudelii  Kunth.  On  the  Concstoga. 

bromoide.s  Schk. 

teretiuscula    Oood.,    var.   major,    Koch. 
Swamp  nearDillei"ville;  Long  Swamp. 

vrdpinoidea  Michx. 

stipata  Ma  hi. 

sparganioides  Muhl. 

cephaloidea  Dew.,  Boott. 

cephalophora  Muhl. 

muhlenbergii   Schk. 

rosea  Schk. 

retroflexa  Muhl.  Above  Reigart's  Land- 
ing. 

sterilis  Willd.  Swamps  near  Dillerville. 

stellulata  Good. 

stellulata   Good.,  var.  scirpoides,  Boott. 

scoparia  Schk. 

lagopodioides  Schk.  Safe  Harbor. 

cristata  Schw.  Near  Peach  Bottom. 

straminea  Schk.,  var.  typica,  Boott. 

striata  Lam. 

striata  Lam.,  var.  strictior,  Boott. 

crinita  Lam. 

buxbaumii      Wahl.      Smithville;      New 
Texas. 

paniaea  L.  New  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 

tetanica  Schk. 

granularis  Muhl. 

conoidea  Schk.    Swamp  beyond  Diller- 
ville. 

glauaodea  Tuckerm.  Smithville. 

grisea  Wahl. 

davisii  ScJiw.  S\'  Torr. 

gracillima  Schw. 

virescens  Muhl. 

triceps  Michx. 

platyphylla  Carey.  On  the  Conestoga. 


digitalis  Willd.  On  the  Little  Conestog*. 

laxitlora  Lam. 

laxitlora  Lam.,   var.    Btyloflcxa,    Boott. 
SwaiHp  near  Smithville. 

laxitlora  Lam.,  var.  blanda.  Boott. 

laxitlora  Lam.,  var.  latir.tlia.  Boott. 

oligocarpa  Schk.   Poor  Hou.se  Hill. 

hitchcoi'kiana  Dew. 

peduncnlata  Mithl.  Below  Eilen. 

umboHata  Srhk.   Ik'low  Chioiues. 

ennnonsii  Deir. 

pennsylvanica  L.am. 

varia  Muhl. 

pubescens  Muhl. 

miliacea  Muhl. 

scabrata  Schw.  Turkey  Hill;  Mt.  IIoi* 
Hills. 

debilis  Michx.  Smithville ;  Bart  towiuhip. 

debilis  Michx.,  var.  imlx'ra.  Gr.  Smith- 
ville. 

lanuginosa  Michx. 

vestita  ^yilld.  Smithville. 

polymoipha     Muhl.      Smithville;     Bart 
township. 

trichocarpa  Muhl. 

comosa  Boott.  Collin.s's  Ferry;   Fi.shiMg 
Creek. 

hystricina  Willd. 

tentaculata  Muhl. 

intumescens  Rudgc.    New  Texa.s;   Bart 
town.ship. 

luijulina  Mvhl.  Island  nearthe  Tuccjuan. 

folliculata  L.  Mt.  llo])0  Funiaee;  swaniji 
near  Smithville. 

squarrosa  L.  Island  at  the  mouth  of  the 
Tucquan. 

monile  Tuckerm.    Swamp  near  Smith- 
ville. 

Imllata  Schk.  Swam])  near  Smithville. 

Gramine.e. 

Leersia  Solander. 
virginica  Willd. 
oryzoides  Swartz. 
ZizAMA  Gronov. 
aquatica    L.     (Indian     l{iee,)     Swamps 
above   Shock's   mill,    on  the  Su.sque- 
hanna.  • 

PnLEUM  L. 

pratense  L.  (Timothy.) 
Crypsis  Ait. 
schoenoides.    Lam.   Near  Mountvillo.  A. 
P.  Qarber. 


600 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


ViLPA  Adans.  Beauv. 

aspera  Beauv. 

vaginseflora  Torr. 
Agkostis  L. 

perennans  Tuckerm. 

scabra  Willd. 

vulgaris,  With.  (Red  top.) 

alba  L. 

CiNNA  L. 

arundinacea  L.  Chiques. 
MuHLENBERGiA  Scliveber. 

sobolifeva  Trin. 

glomerata  Trin,  Swamps  beyond  Diller- 
ville. 

mexicana  Trin. 

sylvatica  T.  Sf  O. 

willdenovii  Trin. 

diffusa  Schreb. 

capillaris  Kunth.    Below  Safe  Harbor; 
very  rare. 
Brachyelytrum  Beauv. 

aristatum  Beauv. 
Calamagrostis  Adans. 

canadensis  Beauv.  Near  Georgetown. 

nuttalliana  Steud.    Swamps  at  Smith- 
Oryzopsis  Miclix. 

melanocarpa,   Muhl.     Below   Binkley's 
Bridge. 
Akistida  L. 

dichotoma  Michx. 

gracilis  Ell. 

purpurascens  Pair.     On    the     Susque- 
hanna 
Spartina,  Schreb. 

cynosuroides,    Willd.     On  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

BOUTELONA  Laff. 

curtipendula  Gr.     Safe  Harbor;  Cedar 
Hill. 
Eleusine  Qaertn. 

indica,  Gaertn.     (Crab  Grass.  ^ 
Tricuspis  Beauv. 

seslerioides  Torr. 
Dactylis  L. 

glomerata  L.     ( Orchard  Grass. ) 
Eatonia  Raf. 

obtusata  Gr.     Safe  Harbor. 

pennsylvanica  Gr. 
Melica  L. 

mutica    Walt.     Var.  diffusa,   Gr.     Safe 
Harbor. 
Gltceria  B.  Br. 

canadensis  Trin.  Martic  Swamp ;  Smith- 


ville. 

elongata  Trin.    Beyond  Reinholdsville. 

nei-vata  Trin. 

fluitans  B.   Br.     Georgetown ;   Willow 
Street, 
PoaZ. 

annua  L. 

compressa  L.     (Blue  Grass.) 

pratensis  L.     (Meadow  Grass.) 

trivialis  L. 

sylvestris  Gr.     Little  Conestoga  beyond 
Millersville. 

alsodes  Gr.     Ravine  near  Martic  Forge. 

brevifolia  Muhl.     Rocks  on  the  Cones- 
toga. 
Eragrostis  Beauv. 

reptans  Nees. 

po(Eoides  Beauv. 

pilosa  Beauv. 

frankii  Meyer.       Shores  of  the  Susque- 
hanna. 

capillaris  Nees.     On  the  Susquehanna. 

pectinacea  Gr.,  Var.  spectabilis,  Gr. 
Festitca  L. 

tenella  Willd. 

elatior  h.     (Fescue  Grass.) 

elatior  L.,  Var.  pratensis,  Gr. 

nutans  Willd. 

nvitans  Willd.,  Var.  palustris.  In  swamps 
near  Dillerville,  Smithville  and  New 
Texas. 
Bromus  L. 

secalinus  L.     (Cheat.) 

racemosus  L. 

ciliatus  L. 
Uniola  L. 

latifolia  Michx.     McCall's  Ferry;    Safe 
Harbor. 
LOLIUM  L. 

perenne  L.     (Darnel.^ 
Triticum  L. 

repens  L.     ( Couch  Grass. ) 
Elymus  L. 

virginicus  L. 

canadensis  L. 

canadensis  L.,  var.  glaucifolius,  Gr. 

striatus,    Willd.      Island    above    Peach 
Bottom. 
GYMNOSTtcHUM  Schrcb.     (Bottle  Brush.) 

hystrix,  Schreb.     (Bottle  Brush.) 
Danthonia  B.  C. 

spicata  Beauv. 
Trisetum  Pers. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


601 


palustre    Torr.     Bart   Township ;    near 
Dillei-ville. 
AiRA  L. 

flexiiosa  L.     Rocks  near  Peach  Bottom. 

caespitosa,  L.  Long  Swamp  below  Eden. 
Arrhenatherum  Beauv. 

avenaceum  Beauv.     (Oat  Grass.) 

IIOLCUS  L. 

lanatus  L.     (Velvet  Grass.) 
Anthoxanthum  L. 

odoratum  i,     (SAveet  Vernal  Grass. ) 
Phalaris  L. 

canariensis  L.     (Canary  Grass.) 

arundinacea  L. 
Paspalum  L. 

setaceum  Michx. 

Iseve  Michx. 
Panicum  L. 

filifomie  L. 

glabrum  Gaudin. 

sanguinale  L. 

anceps  Michx. 

agrostoides  Spreng. 

prolifemni  Lam. 

capillare  L. 

virgatum  L.     On  the  Susquehanna. 

latifolium  L. 


clandcstiniim  L. 

microcarium  Mnhl.  Islands  of  the  Suk- 

quehaniia. 
paucitloruni  FAL     On  the  Su.squchanna. 
dichotonuim  L. 
depauperatum  Muld. 
crus-galli  L. 
Setaria  Beauv. 
verticillata,  Beauv. 
glauca,  Beauv.  (Foxtail.) 
viridis  Beauc.  (Green  F.) 
Cknchuus  L. 

tribuloidcs  X.  (Bur  Grass.)  On  the  Su- 
quohanna. 
Tripsacum  L. 
dactyloides  L.    (Gama  Grass.)  On   the 
Susquehanna. 
Andropogon  L. 
furcatus  Mu?d. 
scoparius  Michx. 

virginicus    L.    Chesnut    Hill;    Susque- 
hanna, 
macrourus  Michx.  Martic Swamp;  Smith- 

ville. 
Sorghum  Peri*. 
nutans  Gray. 


SERIES  II. 
CRYPTOGAMOUS,  OR  FLOWERLESS  PLANTS. 

pinnatifidum  Nutt.  Rocks  east  of  George- 
town. 

trichomancs  L. 

ebeueum  L. 

montanum  Willd.  On  the  Tucquan. 

ruta-muraria  L.  Cedar  Hill. 

augustifolium  Michx.  Turkey  Hill- 

thelypteroidcs  Michx. 

hlix-fffimina  Bernh. 
Camptosouus  Link. 

rhizophyllus  Link.  (Walking  Leaf.) 
P^EGOPT^:RIS  FCe. 

hexagonoptera  FC'C. 

dryopteris  F^e.  Itiwine  near Marticl-  orge. 
AsPiDiUM  Swarlz. 

thelypteris  Sictz. 

noveboracense  Swtz. 

spinulosum  Swtz.,  var.  dilatatum,  trr. 

cristatum  Swtz.  Swamps,  Martic  town  p. 

marginalc  Swtz. 

acrostichoides  Swtz. 
Cystopteris  Bernh. 

bulbifera  Bernh. 


CLASS  TIL    ACRO GENS 

Equisetace^. 

EqtJisETUAt  L. 
arvense  L. 

arvenseZ.,  var.  serotinum,  3/(e^e7'.  Island 
at  Safe  Harbor,  June  7, 1 865 ;  abundant, 
sylvaticum  L.  Long  Swamp,  below-  Eden, 
hyemale  L.  (Scouring  Rush.) 

FiLICES. 

POLTPODIUM   Lj. 

vulgare  L. 
Adiantum  L. 

jMidatxim  L.  (Maidenhair.) 
Pteris  Z. 

aquilina -L.   (Brake.) 
Cheilanthes  Sicartz. 

vestita  Swartz.     Rocks  on  the  Susque- 
hanna. 
Pell^a  Link. 

atropurpurea  Link. 
Abplenium  L. 


602 


AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 


fragilis  Bernh. 

fragilis  J5er7iA.,  var.  dentata,  Hooh. 
Struthiopteris  Willd. 

gernianica  Willd.  COstrich Fern.) Islands 
and  banks  of  the  Susquehanna. 
Onoclea  L. 

sensibilis  L. 
WoODSiA  R.  Br. 

obtusa  Torr. 
DiCKsoNiA  V Her. 

punctilobula  Kunze. 

OSMUNDA  L. 

regalis  L. 

claytoniana  L. 

cinnamomea  L. 
BoTRYCHiUM  Swartz. 

virginicum  Swtz. 

lunarioides  8wtz.,  var.  obliquuni,  Gr. 

lunarioides  Sictz.,  var.  dissectum,  Or. 
Ophisglossom  L. 

vulgatum  L.  (Adder's  Tongue.)    Near 
Mountville,  A.  P.  Garber. 

Lycopodiace^. 

Lycopodium  L.  Spring. 

lucidulum  Michx.   Ravine  near  Martic 
Forge, 
dendroideum  Miclix. 
clavatum  L.  New  Texas,  J.  J.  Carter. 
complanatum  L. 
Selaginella  Beauv.,  Spring. 
rupestris  Spring.  Cedar  Hill;  shores  of 

the  Susquehanna, 
apus  Spring. 

ISOETES  L. 

engelmanni  Brann,  var.  valida,  Engelm. 
Bogs  around  Smith ville. 

CLASS  IV.     AN0PHYTE8. 

Musci.^ 

Sphagnum  Dill. 

cymbifolium  Bill. 

acutifolium  Ehrh. 
Archidium  Brid. 

ohioense  Scldmp.  On  the  Tucquan. 
Phascum  L. 

crassinervium  SchwcBgr. 
Weissia  Hedw. 

viriduia  Brid. 
DiCRANUM  Hedw. 

1  In  the  determination  of  the  mosses,  valuable  aid 
Thomas  P.  James,  Esq.,  of  Philadelphia. 


varium  Hedw. 

rufescens  Turner. 

heteromallum  Hedw. 

schreberi  Hedw.     Swamp  beyond  Diller- 
ville. 

scoparium  L. 

undulatum  Turner. 
Ceratodon  Brid. 

purpureus  Brid. 
LEUror.RYUM  Hampe. 

minus  Hampe. 

glaucum  Hampe. 
FissiDENs  Hedw. 

minutulus  Sulliv. 

adiantioides  Hedw. 
CoNOMiTRiUM  Montague. 

julianum  Mont. 
TRicnosTOMUM  Br.  cV  Sell. 

tortile  Schrad. 

pallidum  Hedio. 
Barbula  Hedw. 

unguiculata  Hedw. 

ciespitosa  ScMocegr. 
Desmatodon  Br-id. 

plinthobius  Sulliv.  ^'  Lesqx.  On  limestone 
rocks,  below  the  railroad  bridge,  near 
Lancaster. 
Tetraphis  Hedio. 

pellucida  Hedw. 
Encalypta  Sclireh. 

streptocarpa  Hedw. 
Zygodon  Hook.  &,•  Tayl. 

lapponicus  Br.  ^  ScTi. 
Drummondia  Hook. 

clavellata  Hook. 
Orthotrichum  Hedw. 

cupulatum  Hoffm. 

anomalum  Hedw. 

strangulatum  Beauv. 

canadense  Br.  8f  ScTi. 

hutchinsias  Smitli. 

crispum  Hedw. 

crisi^ulum  HornscJi. 
ScnisTiDiUM  Br.  Sf  ScTi. 

apocarpum  Br.  §■  Sch. 

confertum  Br.  ^'  Sch. 
Grimmia  Ehrh. 

pennsylvanica  Schwcegr. 
Hedwigia  Ehrh. 

ciliata  Ehrh. 
DiPiiYsciUM  Web.  §•  Mohr. 
has  Ijeen  received  from  that  excellent  bryologist, 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


603 


foliosum  Web.  Sf-MoJir.  River  Hills. 
Atkichum  Beauv. 

undulatuni  Beauv. 

angustatum  Beauv. 
PoGONATUM  Beauv. 

brevicaule  Brid. 
PoLYTRicnusi  Brid. 

commune  L. 

formosum  Uedio. 
TiMMiA  Hedw. 

megapolitana  Iledm. 
AuLACOMNioN  Schwagr. 

heterostichum  Br.  §•  Sch. 

palustre  Schwcpgr. 
Bryum  Br.  ^  Sch. 

pyriforme  Hedw. 

crudmn  Schreh.  On  the  Conestoga. 

nutans  Schreh. 

roseum  Schreb. 

argenteum  L. 

bimum  Schreb. 

inteiTnedium  Brid. 

caespiticium  L. 

cirrhatum  Iloffe  ^'  Rornsch. 
Mnium  Br  &,■  Sch. 

affine  Bland. 

hornum  Hedw. 

lycopodioides  UooU.  Mill  Creek. 

punctatum  Hedw. 

serratum  Brid. 

cuspidatum  Uedw. 
Bartramia  Hedw. 

pomiformis  Hedw. 

fontana  Brid. 
Funaria  Schreb. 

bygrometrica  Hedic. 
Physcomitrium  Brid. 

pyriforme  Br.  ^~  Sch. 
Aphanorhegma  Sullio. 

serrata  SuUiv. 
Fontinalis  Dill. 

antipyretica  L.  Yar.  gigantea,  Sulliv. 

dalecarlica  Bry.  Eur. 
Leucodon  Sc7nccp.gr. 

julaceus  Sullio. 
Leptodon  Mohr. 

tricbomitriou  Mohr. 
Anomodon  Hook  §-  Tayl. 

attenuatus  Hub. 

?tristis  Cesati. 
Leskea  Hedio. 

polycarpa  Hedw. 

obscura  Hedw. 


rostrata  Hedw. 
TnELiA  Sulliv. 

birtella  Sulliv. 
JMyurella  Bry.     Europ. 

careyana  Sulliv 
Pylais.ea  Bry.  Eur. 

intricata  Bry.  Eur. 
Homalothecium  Bry.  Eur. 

subcapillatum  Bry.  Eur. 
Platygerium  Bry.  Eur. 

repens  Bry.    Eur. 
Cylindrotiiecium  B7-y.  Eur. 

cladorrhizans  Bry.  Eur. 

seductrix  Bry.  Eur. 
Neckera  Hedw. 

pennata  Hedw. 
Climacium  Web  Sj-  Mohr. 

araericanum  Brid. 
Hypnum  Hill. 

tamariscinum  Hedw. 

paludosum  Sulliv.     Swamp  near  Dillers- 
ville. 

triquetrum  L. 

brevirostre  Ehrl. 

splendens  Hedw. 

alleghaniense,  C.  Mull.     Martic   Town- 
ship. 

hians  Hedw. 

suUivantii  Spruce. 

strigosum  Hoffm . 

boscii  Schwaegr. 

serrulatum  Hedio. 

rusciforme  Weis-     Martic  Township. 

recurvans  Schwcegr. 

giganteum   Schimp.     Swamp   near  Dil- 
lerville. 

cusiiidatum  L.    Schreberi,  Willd. 

cordifolium  Uedw. 

aduncum  Hedw. 

filicinum  L. 

crista-castrensis  L. 

moUuscum  Hedw. 

imponeus  Hedw. 

curvifolium  Hedw. 

pratense  Koch. 

rugosum  Ehrh. 

salebrosum  Hoffm. 

laetum  Brid 

rutabulum  L. 

plumosum  L. 

stellatum  Schreh. 

polymorphum  Bry.     Europ. 

hispidulum  Brid. 


604 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 


minutissimum,  Sulliv.  ^  Lesqx. 

adnatum  Hedw. 

serpens  Hedw. 

radicale  Brid. 

orthocladon  Beauv. 

noterophilum   Sulliv.    &f    Lespx.      Litiz 

Spring, 
riparium  Hedw.  Litiz  Spring, 
lescvirii  Sulliv.  Safe  Harbor, 
denticulatum  L. 

Hepatic^. 

RicciA  Mich. 

glauca  L. 

natans  L.  Turkey  Hill. 

fluitans  L. 
Anthockros  Mic?i. 

laevis  L. 
Marchantia  i. 

polymorpba  L. 
Fegatella  Raddi. 

conica  Corda. 
Reboxjlia  Raddi. 

hemisphajrica  Raddi. 
Grimaldia  Raddi. 

barbifrons  Bischoff.  On  the  Conestoga. 
Metzgeria  Raddi. 

furcata  Nees. 
Steetzia  Lelim. 


lyellii  Lehm. 
Laphocolea  Nees. 
bidentata  Nees. 

JUNGERMANNIA  L. 

curvifolia  Dickson. 

schraderi  Martins. 
ScAPANiA  Lindenherg. 

nemorosa  Nees. 
Plagiochila  Nees  ^•Mont. 

asplenioides  Nees  SfMont. 

porelloides  Lindenierg. 
Frullania  Raddi. 

grayana  Mont. 

virginica  Lehm. 

eboracensip,  Lehm. 

Hiolotis  Nees. 
Lejeunia  Libert. 

clypeata  Schweinitz 

cucullata  Nees. 
Madotheca  Dumortier. 

platyphylla  Dumort. 

porella  Nees. 
Ptilidium  Nees. 

ciliare  Nees. 
Trichocolea  Nees. 

tomentella  Nees. 
Mastigobryum  Nees. 

trilobatum  Nees. 


.^^ 


^^ 


z  aielhlon'm^        Man/t  etff 


^^^ 


GEOL©©lI'BALiilAiP 

OF 


i;r-ff».7(  TjyDAVlB  JM.SUTTFKR, Lancaster. 


I         I  Mesozoir Red  Sand  Stone . 

I  I  Falaeozoic.  Linte  Stanc 

i  I  LonrrFal neozoic , Potsdam  Sand  Stove 

I  I  Gneiss,  Stratified  Granite. 

■BH  Trrt/;  or  Green  Stone. 

L— __J  /i  on  t'l  II  (j  SI  rife 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  605 


GEOLOGY.i 

Lancaster  County  presents  three  prominent  geological  features. -which  it  may  be  well 
to  notice  separately,  Commencing  on  the  northern  boundary,  the  Conewago  range  of 
hills  separating  the  county  from  Dauphin  and  Lebanon  Counties,  belongs  to  the  Meso- 
zoic  red  sand  stone  period.  The  shales  and  gravelly  soil  of  this  formation  spread  south- 
ward. A  glance  at  Scott's  County  Map,  will  show  the  range  of  hills  commencing  at 
Bainbridge,  on  the  Susquehanna,  extending  in  a  line  curving  northwardly,  then  soutb- 
eastwardly,  with  a  general  eastward  course,  embracing  the  greater  portion  of  surface 
of  the  northern  tier  of  townships.  The  limestone  valley,  constituting  the  central  portion 
of  the  county,  extends  by  a  narrow  inlet  between  two  Gravel  hills,  in  Penn  township, 
not  over  a  mile  apart,  (southeast  of  Manheim, )  which  opens  into  a  limestone  basin, 
around  the  borough  of  Manheim,  widening  out  and  embracing  a  large  portion  of  Penn, 
Warwick,  Clay  and  Ephrata  townships,  and  portions  of  West  and  East  Cocalico.  The 
red  shale  or  gravel  formation  east  of  Reamstown,  and  on  the  south-eastern  side  of  the 
Cocalico  creek,  and  north  of  the  Conestoga  creek,  in  a  narrow  strip,  extends  westward, 
crossing  the  southern  portions  of  Ephrata,  Warwick  and  Penn  townships,  to  the  afore- 
•  named  inlet.  The  Reading  and  Columbia  Railroad  passes  nearly  through  the  centre 
of  this  isolated  valley.  This  Mesozoic  red  sand  stone,  is  a  portion  of  what  Dana  chills 
the  Palisade  range,  which  extends  from  Rockland,  .on  the  Hudson  river,  southward 
through  New  Jersey,  Pennsylvania  and  Virginia,  east  of  the  Blue  Ridge,  in  a  contin- 
uous line  of  about  350  miles  in  length.  It  crosses  the  Delaware  between  Ti-enton  and 
Kintnerville ;  the  Schuylkill  about  12  miles  below  Reading,  and  the  Susquehanna  river 
between  Highspire  in  Dauphin,  and  Bainbridge  in  Lancaster  county.  In  York  county 
this  belt  inclines  southward,  in  conformity  with  the  Appalachian  flexures,  or  mountain 
ranges  on  the  N.  W. 

The  Mesozoic  or  Mediaeval  time  in  the  Earth's  history  comprises  a  single  age  only — 
the  Reptilian.  It  is  remarkable,  however,  that  very  few  fossils  or  signs  of  life  of  any 
kind  are  found  within  the  county.  The  rock  is  in  general  a  red  sand-stone,  pass- 
ing into  a  shale  or  conglomerate,  and  occasionally  including  beds  of  impure  lime-stone. 
The  brown  building  stone,  often  called  freestone,  used  in  the  erection  of  our  County 
Jail  and  Court  House,  were  quarried  in  the  Black  Oak  Ridge,  in  Clay  Township.  Other 
quarries  of  sandstone  are  6pened  along  the  range  of  hills.  Millstones  are  also  made 
from  a  hard  millstone  grit  found  in  Cocalico  Township,  and  other  points.  Extensive 
dikes  of  trap  or  greenstone  are  met  with  in  the  Conewago  hills,  as  also  below  Bainbridge 
near  Millers ville,  and  crossing  thence  towards  Safe  Harbor  and  at  various  other  points. 

This  Trap  rock  is  of  igneous  origin,  and  belongs  to  the  class  of  rocks  met  with  in 
volcanic  countries,  like  lava,  being  in  fact  the  melted  material  of  older  rocks,  ejected 
through  fissui-es  in  the  sand  stone.  In  some  places  the  sandstone  is  baked  into  a  hard 
grit  by  the  heat,  and  at  times  blown  up  by  steam  so  as  to  seem  scoriaceous,  or  the 
clayey  sandstone  is  changed  into  very  hard  rock,  similar  to  Trap  itself.  IMinerals  like 
the  epidote  and  tourmaline  result  from  this  baking.  The  predonunant  red  color  in  the 
soil,  arises  from  the  oxidation  of  magnetic  iron  grains  present  in  it. 

The  calcareous  formation,  or  the  Limestone  Valley,  extends  from  the  Gravel  Hills,  or 
Red  Sandstone  formation,  to  the  Gneiss  and  Talc  Slate  Hills,  commencing  at  Safe  Har- 
bor east  of  the  Conestoga  creek,  inclining  towards  Willowstreet,  thence  eastward  below 
or  south  of  Strasburg,  in  a  westwardly  course  along  the  boundary  between  Salisbury 
and  Sadsbury  Townships.  This  Limestone  Valley  as  well  as  the  Gneissic  portions, 
belong  to  an  age  or  period  prior  to  the  shales.  The  Palaeozoic  age  is  represented  by  a 
hard  quartzite  named  the  Postdam  sandstone  by  the  geologists  of  New  York,  a  rock 
which  is  remarkably  compact  and  rather  fine  grained,  and  consists  almost  exclusively 
I  Drawn  up  by  Mr.  J.  St lufler,  Lancaster. 


606  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

of  nearly  pure  silicious  sand.  It  rises  in  a  bold  ridge  ending  in  a  precipitous  cliif  at 
Chicques  on  the  Susquehanna,  a  mile  and  a  half  above  Columbia.  This  formation  ex- 
tends eastwai'd  from  the  river  towards  Rohrerstown  and  between  Silver  Spring  and 
Mountville.  It  also  appears  between  Lancaster  and  Neffsville,  and  in  tlie  eastern  por- 
tion of  the  county,  on  Laurel  Hill,  extending  into  Berks  County.  The  Hill  in  the 
extreme  northeastern  corner  of  the  county  is  also  an  upheaval  of  this  peculiar  formation 
and  corresponds  with  the  South  Mountain  in  Berks  County,  being  the  lowest  in  the 
Palteozoic  period.  From  the  Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Banks  many  thousand  tons  of  Iron  Ore 
(argillaceous  oxide  and  hematite)  have  been  taken  from  the  overlying  clay.  Xumerous 
other  localities  exist  throughout  the  county,  where  Iron  Ore  is  found,  commonly  along 
the  borders  of  the  Limestone  formation.  The  curious  calcareous  rock,  called  Potomac 
Marble,  (Breccia)  occurs  north  of  Manheim  and  east  of  Bainbridge.  Argillite  (or 
clay  slate  or  roofing  slate)  is  found  at  Peach  Bottom,  on  both  sides  of  the  river  and 
inferior  qualities  occur  in  Rapho  and  Peun  Townships,  but  the  laminated  structure  is 
found  defective  to  a  great  degree. 

Considering  the  extent  of  the  Limestone  Valley,  between  the  gneiss  and  red  sand 
stones,  and  that  in  the  opinion  of  geologists  most  limestone  was  formed  from  the  cal- 
careous relics  of  living  species  accumulated  in  oceanic  waters,  like  the  coral  limestone 
of  the  present  period,  and  partially  protected  by  barriers  from  the  incursion  of  detritus, 
it  is  probable,  therefore,  that  this  valley  was  once  an  arm  or  bay  of  the  Atlantic  Ocean, 
and  now  constituting  the  most  valuable  and  fertile  portion  of  the  county  for  agricultural 
purposes.  The  lower  or  southern  portion  of  the  county,  like  that  on  the  north,  is  much 
improved  by  liming.  Belts  of  limestone  are  found  near  New  Providence  and  at  Quarry- 
viUe.  Gneiss  has  much  the  composition  of  Granite,  but  with  the  Mica  more  or  less 
distinctly  in  layers.  As  the  Mica  is  in  scales,  a  gneiss  rock  breaks  most  easily  in  the 
direction  of  the  Mica  layers,  tlms  affording  slabs.  As  the  earthy  matter  of  all  soils  has 
been  produced  by  the  gradual  decay,  degradation,  or  crumbling  down,  of  previously  ex- 
isting rocks,  it  follows  that  whenever  a  soil  rests  immediately  upon  the  rock  from  which 
it  has  been  derived,  it  may  be  expected  to  partake  more  or  less  of  the  composition  and 
character  of  the  rock.  I  shall  not  attempt  to  speculate  on  the  cause  and  description  of 
the  diversified  rocks,  the  convulsions  to  which  they  were  subjected,  in  a  remote  period 
of  the  woi'ld's  history,  the  faults,  upheavings,  &c.,  these  subjects  being  accessible  in  the 
various  books  and  treatises  on  geology. 


MINERALS  or  LANCASTER  COUNTY.i 

Arranged  according  to  the  last  edition  of  Dana's  Mineralogy.  To  give  the  general 
reader  an  idea  of  the  nature  and  composition  of  each  mineral,  its  constituent  elements 
are  stated  in  a  parenthesis,  without  regard  to  chemical  combination.  When  the 
occurrence  of  a  mineral  is  rare,  or  the  locality  new  or  doubtful,  the  authorities  are  given 
in  initial  letters :  D.  standing  for  Dana;  K.  for  Kevinski;  R,  for  Miles  Rock;  Bcb.  for 
Reepper  and  W.  for  Captain  Williams. 

L     NATIVE  ELEMENTS. 
1.  Gkaphite,  or  plumbago,  ("carbon,)  K. 

IL     SULPHIDES. 
Galenite,  or  galena,  (lead,  sulphur. ) 

1.  Contributed  by  Mr.  J.  B.  Kevinski. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  607 

3.  Ordinary  variety,  on  Mt.  Joy  Railroad,  4  miles  northwest  of  Lancaster,  with  zinc 
ore,  H.;  in  quartz,  Salisbury  township,  R.;  Chesnut  riflles  in  the  Susquehanna, 
not  analyzed,  perhaps  argentiferous,  illaldeman.'] 

3.  Argentiferous  variety,  or  silver  bearing  galena,  in  Pequea  townsliip,  8  miles  south 

of  Lancaster. 

4.  Sphalerite,  or  blende,  (zinc,  suliihur;)  on  Mt.  Joy  Railroad,  4  miles  northwest  of 

Lancaster,  D. 

5.  MiLLERiTE,  or  capillary  pyrites,  (nickel,  sulphur) ;  in  Gap  Mines,  Bart  township,  in 

radiated  fibrous  coatings,  occuring  thus  in  no  other  part  of  the  world.     Tlie  usual 
fomi  in  long  fine  needles  also  occurs  in  Gap  IVIines,  K. 
Ptrrhotite,  or  magnetic  pyrites,  (iron,  sulphur.) 

6.  NiCKELiFEROUS  variety,   (iron,  nickel,  sulphur;)  occurs  in  Gap  Muies,  Bart  twp., 

and  is  the  chief  of  Nickel  ore. 
Pyrite,  or  pyrites  (iron,  sulphur. ) 

7.  Ordinary  variety,  in  crystals,  near  New  Texas,  Little  Britain  twp.,  in  pentagonal 

dodecahedrons;  in  the  limestone  stratum  underlying  Lancaster  city  in  cubes;  in 
the  Gap  Mines  in  octahedrons,  B. 

8.  Radiated  variety,  K. 

9.  CnALCOPYRiTE,  Or  copper  pyrites,  (copper,  ii-on,  sulphur-);  in  the  Gap  Mines  and 

extracted  with  the  Nickel  ores. 

10.  Marcasite,  or  white  iron  pyrites,  (iron,  sulphur.) 

III.     FLUORIDES. 

11.  Fluorite,  or  fluor  spar,  (lime,  hydrofluoric  acid);  in  limestone  quarry  half  a  mile 

east  of  Lancaster,  K. 

IV.     OXYGEN  COMPOUNDS. 
A.     SIMPLE  OXIDES. 

13.  Water,  (hydrogen,  oxygen.)  almost  throughout  the  county  contains  much  carbonate 
of  lime  in  solution.  In  Colonial  times  a  mineral  spring,  containing  sulphates  of 
iron  and  copper,  &c.,  in  solution,  led  to  the  discovery  of  the  Gap  Mines. 

13.  Melaconite,  or  black  copper,  (copper,  oxygen.) 

14.  Corundum,  or  Emery,  (Alumina.) 
Hematite,  or  red  hematite,  (iron,  oxygen.) 

15.  Compact  variety.  Wood's  mine.  Little  Britain  township,  D. 

16.  Micaceous  variety. 

Menacconite,  or  titanic  iron,  (sibanium,  iron,  oxygen.) 

17.  Ilmenite  variety;  near  New  Holland,  Rm. 

18.  Menacconite  variety;  near  Wood's  mine,  Little  Britain  township,  and  near  Rock 

Springs,  Fulton  township,  D. 

19.  Magnetite,  or  loadstone,   (iron,  oxygen.)     In  octahedral  crystals  imbedded  in 

chlorite,  near  Rock  Springs,  Fulton  township,  Bee.  D. 

30.  Chromite,  or  chromic  iron,  (chromium,  iron,  oxygen,  magnesia,  alumina);  Wood's 

Mines,  Little  Britain  township. 

31.  RuTiLE,  (titanium,  oxygen);  Bart  township,  W. 

32.  GoTHiTE,  (iron,  oxygen,  water);  Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Banks,  7  miles  west  of  Lan- 

caster, K. 
23.  Lepidokrokite  variety,  Chestnut  Hill  Ore  Banks,  7  miles  west  of  Lancaster,  K. 

LiMONiTE,  or  brown  hematite,  (iron,  oxygen,  water.) 
34  Compact  and  Geodic  variety ;  Safe  Harbor,  Chestnut  Hill,  &c. 
35.  Brown  Ochre  variety ;  Chestnut  Hill,  K. 


608  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

36.  Bog  Iron  variety  ;  Shoeneck,  14  miles  N.  E.  of  Lancaster. 

27.  Brucite,  (magnesia,  water);  Tyson's  Chrome  Mine,  near  New  Texas,  D. 

28.  PsiLOMELANE,  (manganese,  oxygen.) 
Quartz,  (silicon,  oxygen.) 

29.  Rock  Crystal  variety,  scattered  through  limestone  soils  ;  in  dilierent  parts  of  the 

county. 

30.  Rose  Quartz  variety. 

31.  Smoky  Quartz  variety,  on  Gap  hills,  K. 

32.  Milky  Quartz  variety. 

33.  Ferruginous  Quartz  variety. 

34.  Sagenitic  variety,  containing  crystal  of  tourmaline. 

35.  Chalcedony  variety,  near  Rock  Springs,  Fulton  township,  D. 

36.  Carnelian  variety,  Rock  Springs,  Fulton  township,  D.,  K. 

37.  Moss  Agate,  or  Mocha  Stone  variety,  near  Rock  Springs,  B.  K. 

38.  Agate  Jasper  variety,  near  Rock  Springs. 

39.  Yellow  Jasper  variety,  Rock  Springs. 
Opal,  (silicon,  oxygen,  water.) 

40.  Cachalong  variety. 


B.     COMPOUNB  0XIBE8. 

Silicates. 

A.  Anhydrous  Silicates. 
*Bisilicates. 

41.  Bronzite,  (magnesia,  iron  oxide,  silica),  "Wood's  mine,  Little  Britain  twp.,  B. 
Pyroxene,  (lime,  magnesia,  iron  oxide,  alumina,  silica.) 

42.  Angite  variety,  Gap  mine.  It  is  the  gangue  of  the  Nickel  ores. 

43.  Anthophyllite,  (iron  oxide,  magnesia,  silica;)  near  New  Texas,  B. 
Amphibole. 

44.  Actinolite  variety,  (lime,  magnesia,  silica;)  Gap  mines,  B. 

45.  Hornblende  variety,  (lime,  magnesia,  iron,  alumina,  silica;)  Gap  mine. 

46.  Asbestus  variety.  Little  Britain  township. 

**Unisilicates. 

47.  Chrysolite,  (magnesia,  iron  oxide,  silica;)  Wood's  mines.  Little  Britain  twp.,  G. 
Garnet. 

48.  Andradite  variety,  or  iron  garnet,  (lime,  iron  oxide,  alumina,  silica;)  Little  Britain 

township. 

49.  OuvAROViTE  vai'iety,  (chromium  oxide,  lime,  silica.)  Wood's  mine,  B. 

50.  Epidote,  (lime,  iron  oxide,  alumina,  silica) ;  Earl  township. 

51.  Mica,  (potash,  soda,  magnesia,  iron  oxide,  alumina,  silica.) 

52.  Lepidolite,  or  Lithia  Mica,  (lithia,  potash,  manganese  oxide,  alumina,  silica.) 

53.  Feldspar,  (potash,  alumina,  silica.)     Bart  township. 

54.  Moonstone  variety.  Little  Britain  township. 

***  Subsilicates. 

Tourmaline,  (boracic  acid,  alumina,  lime,  magnesia,  soda,  potash,  silica.) 

55.  Black  variety.  Pequea  township,  K. 

56.  Green  variety.  In  Talc  near  Rock  Springs,  Fulton  township,  B. 

57.  Kyanite,  (alitmina,  silica.) 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY.  609 

C.     HYDRO  US  SILICA  TES. 

**  Unisilicates. 

58.  Calamine,  (zinc,  silica,  water.)  On  Mount  Joy  Railroad,  4  miles  northwest  of  Lan- 

caster, D. 

§§§  MABQAROPUYLLITE  SECTION. 

*  Bisilicates. 

Talc,  (magnesia,  silica,  water.) 

59.  Foliated  variety.  Low's  mine,  D. 

60.  Steatite  variety.  Little  Britain  township,  K. 

**  Unisilicates. 
Serpentine,  (magnesia,  silica,  water.) 

61.  Massive  and  Foliated  variety,  Wood's  mine,  Little  Britain  township,  D. 

62.  Williamsite  variety.  Wood's  Chrome  mine.  Little  Britain  township,  K ;  Low's 

mine,  D. 

63.  Marmolite  variety.  Wood's  mine,  D. 

64.  Chrtsotile  variety.  Little  Britain  township,  Rce. 

65.  Picrolite  variety.  Wood's  mine,  D. 

66.  Baltimorite  variety.  Wood's  mine,  D. 

67.  Deweylite,  (magnesia,  silica,  water.)  Little  Britain  township,  K. 
Kaolinite,  (alumina,  silica,  water.) 

68.  LiTHOMARGE  Variety. 

69.  Chlorite,  (magnesia,  alumina,  silica,  water.)  Drumore  township. 
Pennite,  (iron  oxide,  chromium  oxide,  magnesia,  alumina,  silica,  water.) 

70.  K^mmererite  variety.  Wood's  mines,  B. 

71.  Rhodochrome  variety.  Wood's  mines. 

72.  RiPiDOLiTE,  (magnesia,  alumina,  silica,  water.)  Wood's  mine,  D. 

73.  Clinochlore  variety,  Wood's  mine,  K. 

74.  Margarite  (potash,  magnesia,    alumina,  silica;)  Pequea  twp.,  7  miles  south  of 

Lancaster,  on  Pequea  creek,  K. 

75.  Genthite  (nickel,  oxide,  magnesia,  silica,  water;)  Wood's  mine,  D. 

Phosphates,  Arsenates. 

76.  ViviANiTE,  (iron  oxide,  phosphoric  acid;)  Gap  mines,  D. 

11.  Cacoxine,  (iron  oxide,  phosphoric  acid,  water;)  Chesnut  Hill  L-on  Mines,  [Ilald.'l 

78.  Wavellite,  (alumina,  i^hosphoric  acid,  water;)  Chesnut  Hill  Iron  Mines,  [Hald.J 

Sulphates,  Chromates. 

79.  Melanterite,  or  copperas,  (iron  oxide,  sulphuric  acid,  water;)  In  effloresent  coat- 

ings at  Gap  mines,  R. 

80.  Chalcanthite,  or  blue  vitriol,  (copper  oxide,  sulphiuic  acid,  water;)  With  melan- 

terite at  Gap  mines,  R. 

81.  Copiapite,  (iron  scsquioxide,  sulphuric  acid,  water;)  Gap  mines,  Ra. 

82.  Vauquelinite,  (copper  oxide,  lead  oxide,  chromic  acid;)  Pequea  mine,  8  miles 

south  of  Lancaster,  D. 

Carbonates. 

83.  Calcite,  or  calc  spar,  (lime,  carbonic  acid;)   Wood's  Mine,  D ;  near  Lancaster 

Gas  Works,  K. 

40 


010  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

84.  Iceland  Spar  variety,  near  Gas  "Works,  K. 

85.  Marble,  or  Granular  Limestone  variety,  near  P.  R.  E.  bridge  over  Conestoga, 

one  mile  East  of  Lancaster,  K. 

86.  Hard  Compact  Limestone  variety.     Tlie  limestone  rocks  of  the  central,  eastern 

and  western  parts  of  county. 

87.  Travertin,  or  Calcareous  Tufa  variety,  in  a  quarry  on  Groffstown  road.  East  of 

Lancaster,  K. 

88.  Dolomite,  (magnesia,  lime,  carbonic  acid;)    "Wood's  Mine,  D. 

89.  Pearl  Spar  variety. 

90.  Brown  Spar  variety,  (contains  iron  oxide.) 

91.  Magnesite,    (magnesia,  carbonic  acid;)  "Wood's  Mines,  D ;    and  at  Landisville, 

seven  miles  "West  of  Lancaster,  K. 
Siderite,  (iron  oxide,  carbonic  acid. ) 
93.  Crystallized  variety.  Gap  Mines,  R. 

93.  Spherosiderite  variety.  Gap  Mine,  K. 

94.  Black  Band  variety. 

95.  Smithsonite,  (zinc  oxide,  carbonic  acid;)  on  ]\It.  Joy  R.  R.  four  miles  "West  of 

Lancaster,  D. 

96.  Arragonite,  (lime,  carbonic  acid;)  In  tufts  of  acicular  crystals  near  Safe  Harbor; 

massive  in  a  boulder  at  "Wabank,  three  miles  south-west  of  Lancaster,  K.  "Wood's 
Mines,  D. 

97.  Cerussite,  (lead  oxide,  carbonic  acid;)  Pequea  Mine  with  vauquelinite,  B. 

98.  Hydromagnesite,  (magnesia,  carbonic  acid,  water;)  "Wood's  mine,  D. 

99.  Lancasterite  variety,  (a  mixture  of  hydromagnesite  and  bnicite;)  "Wood's  mine, 

D.  K. 
Hydrodolomite,  (magnesia,  lime,  carbonic  acid,  water.) 

100.  Pennite  variety.  New  Texas,  colored  green  by  Nickel  oxide. 

101.  Zaratite,  or  Emerald  Nickel,    (Nickel  oxide,   carbonic  acid,   water;)    "Wood's 

mine,  New  Texas,  D.' 

102.  Aurichalcite,  (zinc  oxide,  copper  oxide,  carbonic  acid,  water;)  On  Mount  Joy 

Railroad,  4  miles  N.  "W.  of  Lancaster.  (Taylor,  Am.  J.  Sci.  II.  **  413.) 

VL     HYDRO  CARBONS. 

103.  Mineral  Coal,    (carbon;)  occurs  in  small  quantities  north  of  Hinkletown,  (in 

Mesozoic  shales,  possibly,  B.)  About  the  year  1830  it  was  proposed  to  form  a 
coal  company  at  this  locality,  and  sufficient  coal  was  collected  on  the  occasion  to 
build  a  fire  in  a  number  of  the  houses  of  the  town.   [Ilaldeman.] 

104.  Fossil  Resin.  In  bog  iron  ore  near  Shoeneck,  14  miles  N.  E.  of  Lancaster,  K. 


AECH^OLOGY. 

The  archaeology  of  this  county  is  almost  wholly  untrodden  ground .  The  whole  county, 
as  has  been  shown  in  the  opening  chapters  of  this  work,  was  occupied  for  a  long 
period  by  successive  Indian  tribes,  and,  to  this  day,  the  plough  turns  up  in  various  parts 
of  the  county,  interesting  mementos  of  the  red  occupants  of  the  soil.  Arrow-heads, 
tomahawks,  hatchets,  stone-pipes,  pieces  of  pottery  are  very  common.  The  following 
notices  of  such  rehcs,  exhumed  at  different  periods  and  in  different  locaUties,  will  be 
perused  with  much  interest.  Besides  the  localities  named,  we  would  call  particular 
attention  to  the  neighborhood  of  the  old  Indian  Town  (Conestogo),  in  Manor  twp.;  to 


OF  LANCASTEE  COUNTY.  611 

the  valleys  and  months  of  the  Conestoga,  Pequca,  Chic(iuesaluiiga  and  Conoy  crocks,  as 
localities  whose  exploration  would  probahly  greatly  enrich  the  archaeological  treasmy 
of  the  county.  The  pictorial  inscriptions  on  the  rocks  in  the  Susciuehaniia,  of  which  a 
minute  account  is  subjoined,  are  also  very  important. 

But  before  noticing  Indian  antiquities,  we  reprint  here  an  account  of  tlie  discovery  of 
fossil-bones  in  1816. 
Extract  of  a  letter  from  Joel  Lightner,  Esq.,  dated  Salisbury,  Lancaster  county,  Pa., 

Nov.  30,  181 G,  to  the  Rev.  Mr.  Shaffer,  of  New  York. 

My  absence  from  home,  and  being  otherwise  much  engaged,  prevented  me  from 
writing  sooner.  It  is  with  pleasure  that  I  undertake  to  give  you  all  the  satisfaction 
that  I  am  capable  of  giving  respecting  the  circumstances  connected  with  the  discovei-y 
of  certain  fossil  bones  found  on  my  laud ;  their  dimensions,  locality,  manner  in  which 
they  lay  deposited,  nature  of  the  earth  in  which  found,  <kc. 

Five  or  six  years  since,  I  discovered  upon  a  bank  of  limestone,  witliin  five  rods  of  the 
Philadelphia  and  Lancaster  turnpike  road,  the  appearance  of  handsome  Hag  stones, 
standing  partly  on  their  edge,  inclining  somewhat  to  the  north,  with  their  ends  north- 
east and  south-west,  at  which  time  and  since,  we  have  occasionally  taken  several  of 
them  out ;  and  as  they  proved  to  be  valuable  for  sills,  flags,  &c.,  and  the  demand  con- 
siderable, I  concluded  to  have  the  quarry  completely  opened,  in  doing  which  it  was 
necessary  to  begin  at  the  foot  of  the  hill  or  bank,  and  to  dig  on  a  level  until  we  could 
reach  the  stone.  This  work  I  commenced  with  a  few  hands  in  August  last,  and  after 
having  penetrated  twenty-four  feet  into  the  bank,  on  a  level,  through  a  rich  black 
earth,  intermixed  with  a  small  piece  of  limestone  [perpendicidar  depth  about  eight  or 
nine  feet]  we  came  to  a  body  of  hard  clay,  also  intermixed  with  small  pieces  of  hme- 
stone,  materially  difterent  from  the  earthy  matter  dug  up  on  entering  the  bank,  being 
a  yellowish  cast,  abounding  in  some  parts  with  calcareous  spar,  and  so  extremely  hard 
that  it  was  with  difficulty  to  be  entered  with  a  pick  or  mattock.  After  having  worked 
into  the  body  of  this  stratum  of  clay,  limestone,  &c.,  about  four  feet  and  a  half  from 
its  surface,  and  within  a  few  inches  of  the  rocks  or  flag  stones,  (the  object  of  our 
labor,)  a  large  bone  was  found,  supposed  to  be  the  upper  bone  of  the  fore -leg  of  some 
large  animal,  the  lower  part  appeared  to  have  been  broken  off,  as  nothing  of  the  joint 
could  be  seen.  The  upper  part  was  to  be  seen  in  its  full  size,  but  being  much  decayed, 
and  the  clay  and  small  stones  so  very  hard  pressed  in  and  about  it,  that  the  greater 
portion  of  it  could  not  be  kept  together,  leaving  only  a  small  spongy  end  to  it,  and  that 
also  with  clay,  and  the  small  pieces  of  limestone  firmly  united  with  it. 

The  length  of  the  bone,  as  much  as  I  was  able  to  save  of  it,  is  fifteen  inches,  and 
measures  ten  and  a  half  inches  around  the  smaller  solid  part ;  the  circumference  of  the 
thicker  or  upper  part  is  twenty-two  inches,  but  the  thickest  part  could  not  be  preserved, 
being  so  much  decayed,  and  probably  there  might  have  been  eight  or  ten  inches  want- 
ing. 

This  bone  was  found  lying  partly  in  a  horizontal  position,  the  thick  end  witluu  three 
or  four  inches  of  the  rock's  termination,  and  appeared  to  have  been  thrown  there  pro- 
miscuously, as  well  as  the  pieces  of  limestone  around  it,  which  are  evidently  fragments 
of  larger  ones. 

Within  three  or  four  feet  of  the  same  place,  in  a  black  earth  or  mould,  appearances 
o{  other  large  bones  presented  themselves,  but  they  were  so  much  decomposed  that  they 
could  not  be  preserved  entire,  resembling  pidveilzed  chalk,  or  slacked  lime. 

I  have  put  up  specimens  of  the  different  earths  as  mentioned  above,  also  of  the  rocks 
and  stones  found  near  the  spot  where  the  bones  Avere  discovered ;  and  also  a  piece  of 
the  bone  which  I  intend  to  forward  to  you  by  tlie  first  safe  opportunity. 

Since  the  discovery  of  these  bones  on  my  land,  I  have  been  informed  that  many  years 
since,  an  extraordinary  large  tooth  (grinder)  was  found  in  a  spring  about  two  miles 
from  my  quarry,  but  I  am  not  able  to  learn  what  has  become  of  it. 


612  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY 

The  subjoined  discovery  took  place  in  1828  : 

"  We  have  received  from  Doctor  David  Watson,  of  Bainbridge,  in  this  county,  several 
curiosities  discovered  in  the  neighborhood  of  that  jilace,  by  the  laborers  employed  on 
the  Pennsylvania  canal,  among  which  are  a  stone  tobacco  pipe,  very  neatly  formed,  a 
rude  tomahawk,  a  small  brass  basin,  two  keys,  a  small  globular  bell,  and  some  broken 
pieces  of  Indian  pottery;  but  the  greatest  curiosity  is  the  scull  bone  of  an  Indian,  whicli 
materially  differs  in  form  any  that  we  have  ever  seen  belonging  to  the  human  species. 
The  skull  is  remarkably  large,  and  of  an  oblong  or  oval  form;  the,  bones  themselves  of 
which  it  is  composed,  have  been  very  thin,  much  more  so  than  is  usually  the  case. 
What  is  very  remarkable  in  the  general  outline  of  the  skull,  is  the  peculiar  manner  in 
which  the  frontal  bone,  which  forms  the  forehead,  recedes  from  the  root  of  the  nose 
and  the  superciliary  ridges  on  which  the  eyebrows  rest,  and  rather  lies  on  the  top  of 
the  head  than  juts  over  the  rest  of  the  face,  as  is  usual.  Thus  there  is  no  forehead, 
properly  so  called ;  the  cranium  in  this  respect  presenting  rather  the  appearance  of  the 
skull  of  a  dog  than  a  human  being.  The  Choctaw  tribe  of  Indians  were  formerly  in 
the  habit  of  flattening  their  heads  in  this  manner,  by  binding  metallic  plates  on  the 
foreheads  of  their  male  children.  A  chief  having  this  singular  appearance,  was  in 
Philadelphia  in  the  year  179G.  Indians  inhabiting  the  sources  of  the  Missouri,  are  to 
this  day  in  the  habit  of  moulding  their  skulls  into  this  form.  The  Incas  or  kings  of 
Pera,  and  all  those  partaking  of  their  being  within  a  certain  degree  of  consanguinity  to 
them,  (and  they  only, )  were  allowed  to  enjoy  the  imi:)erial  privilege  of  having  their 
heads  thus  modeled.  It  may  be  worthy  of  observation,  that  this  artificial  conforma- 
tion is  not  known  in  the  slightest  degree  to  impair  the  mental  opei-ation.  The  skull 
above  mentioned  is  that  of  a  male,  probably  about  45  or  50  years  of  age. 

"The  whole  have  been  presented  to  Mr.  Landis,  who  has  since  received  from  John 
Hamilton,  Esq.,  who  resides  near  Bainbridge,  an  ornamented  tobacco  pipe,  which  has 
a  human  head  rudely  carved  upon  it;  also  some  beads,  and  a  curious  bead,  ajiparently 
made  of  clay,  which  is  as  hard  as  stone." — Lancaster  Gazette. 

Forty  years  later,  the  same  locality  discloses  similar  relics.  "In  the  fall  ot  1868, 
while  workmen  were  engaged  at  the  ql^arries  of  Messrs.  J.  L.  Kerr  &  Co.,  on  the  farm 
of  Jacob  Haldeman,  Esq.,  near  Bainbridge,  Lancaster  county,  in  clearing  the  clay 
from  off  the  limestone,  they  dug  up  the  larger  bones  of  six  fully  developed  bodies,  be- 
sides a  collection  of  trinkets,  consisting  of  beads,  necklace,  pipes  and  several  hatchets. 
These  partial  skeletons  were  found  about  eighteen  inches  beneath  the  surface  and  in 
close  proxunit'y  to  each  other.  The  pipes  are  nicely  carved,  and  together  with  the 
beads  and  other  articles,  are  in  a  good  state  of  preservation." 

In  this  connection  we  add  the  following  communication: 

"Mr.  A.  Morlot,  of  Lausanne,  Switzerland,  made  a  communication  to  the  American 
Philosophical  Society,  in  whose  proceedings  it  was  published  (with  a  plate)  in  Novem- 
ber, 1862,  in  which  he  calls  attention  to  certain  enamel  beads  found  in  Indian  graves  at 
Beverly,  in  Canada;  a  similar  one  having  been  found  near  Stockholm,  in  Sweden,  and 
another  from  a  grave-mound  in  Jutland.  These  are  considered  to  be  of  ancient  Phoenician 
manufacture.  'It  follows,  that  those  glass  beads  and  baldrics  from  the  ossi;aries  at 
Beverly,  are  anterior  to  the  Christian  era,  and  that  America  appears  to  have  been  visited 
already  at  that  remote  period  by  Europeans,  most  likely  by  those  skilful  navigators,  the 
Phoenicians.' — Morlot. 

"Whilst  digging  the  Pennsylvania  canal  near  Bainbridge,  in  this  county,  small  copper 
beads  were  found,  made  by  bending  into  a  circle,  bits  of  flat  wire,  about  a  sixteenth  of 
an  inch  wdde,  and  enamel  baldrics  (tubular  beads)  about  an  eighth  of  an  inch  in  diameter 
and  an  inch  and  a  half  long,  of  the  red  color  of  the  celebrated  pipe-stone  of  Minnesota, 
when  this  is  wet.  A  single  bead  of  the  Beverly  pattern,  5-16  of  an  inch  in  diameter, 
and  one-fourth  of  an  inch  long,  the  form  spherical  with  the  ends  compressed,  color  deep 
blue,  and  a  paler  blue  in  alternate  longitudinal  stripes,  ends  red,  separated  from  the 


INDIAN   HIEROGLYPHICS 

oiinorks  hcloir  SAFE  HABBOR  , 

fiim caster  Co.P'} 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY.  613 

blue  by  a  narrow  wavy  line  of  white,  centre  white  around  the  perforation.  The  white 
line  forms  twelve  waves,  as  in  the  figures  in  Schoolcraft's  Indian  Tribes,  Vol.  1,  pi.  21, 
p.  p.  11,  12,  13." 

Some  of  these  specimens  arc  in  possession  of  Prof.  S.  S.  Ilaldcman,  of  Chi«|ues,  to 
whom  we  are  indebted  for  this  communication. 

The  subjoined  account  refers  to  the  picture-writing  on  the  rocks  below  Safe  Harbor. 
It  was  written  by  Professor  T.  C.  Porter,  D.D.,  fonnerly  of  Lancaster,  now  of  Lafay- 
ette College,  Easton,  Pa.,  dated  April  1,  1865  : 

"I  inclose  much  reduced  photographic  copies  of  figures  carved  by  the  Indians  on  two 
gneissic  rocks  (A  and  B,)  in  the  Susquehanna  river,  below  the  dam  at  Safe  Harbor, 
Lancaster  county.  Pa.,  drawn  from  casts  in  plaster,  taken  under  tlie  auspices  of  the 
Linnajn  Society  of  Lancaster  county,  in  the  autumn  of  1803,  and  the  summer  of  1804. 
The  casts  are  boxed  up  and  ready  for  sending  to  the  Smithsonian  Institution.  Tlio 
largest  figure  is  over  three  feet  in  length.  When  the  season  arrives,  we  will  secure  for 
you  a  full  set  of  casts  in  plaster,  from  which  accurate  drawings  can  be  made. 

"In  the  month  of  September,  1863,  the  existence  of  figures  chiseled  out  by  the  red 
men  of  oui-  stone  period,  on  certain  rocks  in  the  Susquehanna  River,  became  known  to 
the  Linntean  Socity  of  Lancaster  County,  and  a  committee  was  appointed,  with  the 
president,  Prof.  T.  C.  Porter,  as  chairman,  to  visit  those  rocks  and  obtain  casts  of  the 
figures  in  plaster.  The  work  was  begun  and  carried  on  during  the  month  of  October, 
but  not  completed  till  the  summer  of  1864,  the  rocks  being  accessible  only  at  a  low  stage 
of  the  water.  Drawings  on  a  greatly  reduced  scale  were  made  from  the  casts  by  Mr. 
Jacob  Staufter  and  photographic  copies,  still  more  reduced,  by  Mr.  W.  L.  Gill,  members 
of  the  Society.  Those  under  the  letter  A  belong  to  the  larger  rock,  and  those  under  B 
to  the  smaller  one.  The  intention  is  to  furnish  the  American  Philosophical  Society  with 
a  full  set  of  casts,  in  order  that  a  permanent  record  may  be  secured  in  their  transac- 
tions. Search  for  the  implements  used  in  cutting  out  the  figures  has,  as  yet,  been 
unsuccessful.     The  following  facts  were  collected  and  reported  by  the  committee  : 

''Position  of  tJie  Rocks:  The  Susquehanna  river,  below  the  dam  at  Safe  Harbor,  Lan- 
caster County,  is  filled  with  a  multitude  of  rocks  and  rocky  islets,  various  in  size  and 
extent,  between  which,  the  fall  being  considerable,  the  water  rushes,  forming  a  series 
of  rapids  and  eddies,  navigable  only  by  channels.  The  width  of  the  stream  at  this 
point  is  scarcely  less  than  a  mile,  and  the  jurisdiction  of  Lancaster  County  extends  to 
low-water  mark  on  the  York  County  shore. 

"Among  these  rocks  are  the  two  in  question. 

"The  larger  one,  A,  lies  a  full  half  mile  below  the  dam,  in  a  line  nearly  due  south 
from  the  mouth  of  the  Conestoga. 

•'The  smaller  one,  B,  is  situated  about  250  yards  further  up,  in  the  same  line,  at  a 
distance  of  some  400  or  500  yards  from  the  eastern  shore. 

"The  currents  around  both  rocks  are  strong  and  swift. 

"  Their  Character:  Each  rock  is  composed  of  several  masses  overlying  each  other  at 
an  angle  of  45°  down  stream,  the  lines  of  division  running  east  and  west,  the  southern 
crest  being  the  highest".  They  consist  of  gneiss,  which  is  rather  friable  within  but 
hard  on  the  outside.  The  surface  is  roughened  by  grains  of  quartz,  and  here  and  there, 
are  seen  distinct  veins  of  the  same  material.  The  portions  facing  up  stream  have  been 
rounded  and  worn  smooth  by  the  action  of  ice  and  drift-wood  during  the  high  freshets 
of  early  spring,  as  may  be  inferred  from  the  logs  piled  upon  and  around  them,  and  from 
the  striai  or  grooves  on  the  larger  rock,  produced  probably  by  angular  pieces  of  stouo 
imbedded  in  cakes  of  ice.  Each  rock  has,  also  extending  a  little  distance  below  it,  a 
tongue  of  land  on  which  grow  dwarf  oaks,  dog-woods,  and  a  few  herbaceous  plants. 

''Their  Dimensions:  Rock  A  measures  through  the  centre,  from  north  to  south,  83 
feet,  and  from  east  to  west  40  feet.  It  slopes  gradually  upward  from  north  to  south; 
the  lowest  part  being  9  feet,  and  the  highest  16  feet  above  low-water  mark.     This  rock 


614  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY 

is  said  to  be  tlie  highest  in  the  river  near  Safe  Harbor,  and  from  its  flat  summit  the 
prospect  is  extensive  and  beautiful. 

"Rock  B  measures,  from  east  to  west,  on  the  north  side,  20  feet;  on  tlie  south  side, 
29  feet  8  inches;  from  north  to  south,  on  the  east  side,  12  feet  9  inches;  on  tlie  west  side, 
8  feet  6  inches.  The  height  of  the  west  side  above  low- water  mark  is  6  feet;  of  the 
east  side,  12  feet  9  inches. 

"From  the  east  side  a  huge  mass  has  been  broken  off,  perhaps  during  one  of  the  ice- 
gorges  which  sometimes  occur  in  the  river  at  this  spot.  It  has  fallen  into  the  bed  of 
the  stream  with  the  fractured  end  uppennost.  Its  length  is  12  feet  9  inches,  and  its 
computed  weight  27  tons.  The  oldest  fishermen  about  Safe  Harbor  know  nothing, 
either  from  their  own  observation  or  from  tradition,  as  to  when  the  disruption  took 
place ;  and  yet  it  must  have  happened  since  the  figures  were  cut  upon  the  rock,  for 
those  found  on  the  outer  perpendicular  face  of  the  fragment  evidently  belong  to  the 
same  series  as  those  on  the  upper  level  surface  with  which  it  was  once  continuous. 

' '  The  Figures :  The  two  rocks  contain  in  all  upwards  of  80  distinct  figures,  and  a 
number  more  almost  obliterated.  They  are  much  scattered,  and  seem  to  have  been 
formed  without  regard  to  order,  so  that  it  is  not  possible  for  an  unskilled  observer  to 
say  that  they  bear  any  necessary  relation  to  each  other.  They  are  probably  symbolical, 
but  it  is  left  to  those  who  are  versed  in  American  antiquities  to  decipher  their  meaning. 
Some  points,  however,  are  clear.  They  were  made  by  the  Aborigines,  and  made  at 
a  large  cost  of  time  and  labor,  with  rude  stone  implements,  because  no  sharp  lines  or 
cuts  betray  the  use  of  iron  or  steel.  This,  in  connection  with  their  number  and  variety, 
proves  that  they  were  not  the  offspring  of  idle  fancy,  or  the  work  of  idle  hours,  but  the 
product  of  design  toward  some  end  of  high  importance  in  the  eyes  of  the  sculptors." 


OF  LANCASTER  COUNTY. 


615 


LIST  OF  MOST  OF  THE  ABBREVIATIONS  OF   AUTHORITIES  REFERRED 
TO  IN  THE  PRECEDING  DIVISION. 


Ag.,  Agas.     Agassiz. 

Abt.     Abbot. 

Aub.,  Au.    Aube. 

Aud.     Audvibon. 

Ant.     Anthony. 

Adans.     Adanson. 

Adans.andBeauv.  Adanson  andBeauvoise. 

Ait.     Aiton. 

Ann.     Annales  Soc.  Ent.  de  Paris. 

A.  D.  C.  Alphonso  De  CandoUe. 
Beav.,  Bvr.,  Bvs.,  Bv.  Beauvois. 
Brid.     Bridel. 

Br.  and  Sch.     Bruch  and  Sbimper. 

Bern.     Bernhardi. 

Beanv.  and  Spreng.  Beauvoise  and  Spren- 

gel. 
BrnU.,  Brll.     Brulle. 
Brd.     Baird. 
Bos.     Bosc. 

Bbm.,  Bhn.     Bobeman. 
Briss.     Brisson. 
Bod.,  Bd.     Boddert. 
Bon.     Bonelli. 
Bart.     Barton. 
Bonap.     Bonai)arte. 
Brm.,  Bur.     Burmeister. 
Br.     Brunicb, 
Brndt.     Brandt. 
Boisd.,  Boi.     Boisduval. 
Borkb.     Borkbansen. 
Bentb.     Bentliam. 

B.  &  G.    Baird  &  Girard. 
Cbv.     Cbevrolet. 

Ciu-t.,  Cur.     Curtis. 

Cbaud.,  Cbd.    Cbaudoir. 

Cab.     Cabanis 

Cas.     Cassin. 

Cbz.     Chwinitz. 

Cuv.,  Cv.     Cuvier. 

Crs.     Cressou. 

Claii-.,  Civ.     Clairville. 

Crm.     Cramer. 

Cbn.     Clemmens. 

C.  Mull.     C.  Miiller. 
Dup.     Dupont. 
Don.     Donovon. 
Dal.,  Dim.     Dalman. 
Dabl.     Dablgren. 
Des.     Desvoidy. 
Dew.     Dewey. 


Dill.     DillwjTi. 

De  G.     De  Geer. 

Daud.    Daudin. 

Dum.     Dumeril. 

Dumort.     Dumortier. 

Dru.     Drury. 

Dej.     Dejean. 

Dou.     Doubleday. 

D.  C.     De  CandoUe. 

D.     Darlington. 

Desf.     Desfontaines. 

Eul.,  (erroneously,)     Ubler. 

Ere.,  Ers.     Ericson. 

Esb.,  Escb.     Eschscboltz. 

Ent.     Entoni.  Magazine. 

End.     Eudlicber. 

Engelm.     Engelmann. 

Esp.     Esper. 

Ebrh.     Ebrhart. 

Ell.     Emit. 

Fab.,  Frbs.,  Fah.     Fabricius. 

Forst.,  Frs.,  Fst.     Forster. 

Frt.     Ferte. 

Feb.    Fitcb. 

Fisch.     Fischer. 

Ging.     De  Gingins. 

Gaud.     Gaudiu. 

Grm.     Germer. 

Gml.     Gmelin. 

Gr.     Gray. 

Good.     Goodenough. 

Griseb.     Grisebach. 

Grv.,  Gnv.     Gravenhorst. 

Gyl.     Gyllenhal. 

Gld.     Gould. 

Gor.     Gory. 

Guer.,  Gur.     Gudrin. 

Geb.     Gebler.  • 

Gue.     Guonen. 

Gamb.     Gamber. 

God.     Godart. 

Gronov.     Gronovius. 

Godron.     Goodenough. 

Glox.     Gloxin. 

Geer.     De  Geer. 

Geof.     Geoffroy. 

Gaertn.     Gaertner. 

Hub.,  Hu.     Hiibner. 

Haw.     Haworth. 

Hntz.,  Hts.     Hentz. 


616 


AUTHENTIC  HISTOEY 


Hpe.     Hope. 

Hoi.    Holbrook. 

Hbst.,  Hbt.     Herbst. 

Har.     Harris. 

Hartl.     Hartley. 

Hel.     Heller. 

Hag.     Hagen. 

Hald.,  Hid.     Haldeman. 

H.  B.  K.  Plumboldt,  Boiipland  and  Kuutli. 

Hoflfm.     Hoffman. 

Hedw.     Hedwig. 

Hoff  and  Hornsh.     Hoifman  and  Horn- 

scbuh. 
Hook.    Hooker. 

Hook  and  Tayl.     Hooker  and  Taylor. 
Hornsch.     Hornschuli. 
lUg.,  111.     Illiger. 
Jaq.,  Jag.     Jacquiu. 
,Tur.     Jurine. 
.Tuss.     Jnssien. 
Kun.     Kiinz. 
KoL,  Kohl.     Kohler. 
Kug.     Kugelniann. 
Klg.    Klug. 

Kch.,  Kn.,  Kb.     Enoch. 
Kin.     Klein. 
Kaup.     Kaupmann. 
Kirb.,  Krb.,  Kir.     Kirby. 
Knh.     Knight. 
L.,  Lin.,  Linn.     Linnaeus. 
Lee.     Leconte. 
Lehm.     Lehman. 
Lat.,  La.     Latrielle. 
Lac.     Lacordaire. 

Lch.,  Leh.     Leach. 

Lindl.     Lindley. 

Licht.     Lichtenstein. 

Low.     Leow. 

Law.     Lawrence. 

Lath.     Latham. 

Lam.     Lamarck. 

Lap.     Lapporte. 

Ln.     Lucas. 

L'Her.,  L'Hev.     L'Heritier. 

Maq.     INLaquarte. 

Mis.,  Mels.    Melsheimer. 

Motch.     Motchulsky. 

Mul.     MiUler. 

]\Iull.,  Chapm.    MiUler,  Chapman. 

Mac.    Macleay. 

Mom.     (erroneously)  Newman. 

Mont.     Montagne. 

Mann,,  Man.     Mannerheim. 


Meg.,  Mie.,  Mieg.     Miegan. 

Merr.     Mcerig. 

Mor.     Morris. 

Michx.     Michaux. 

Muhl.     Muhlenberg. 

Medic,  Medik.    Medicus. 

Mill.     Miller. 

Moench.     ]Monch. 

Nwp.     Newporte. 

Nwm.,  Num.,  New.     Newmaun. 

Nees.,  Nees  von  Esenbeck. 

Nees.  and  Mont.     Nees  von  Esenbeck  and 

Montagne. 
Nutt.     Nuttal. 
Oliv.,  Olv.,  Old.     Olivier. 
Ord.     Ord. 

Och.,  Ochs.     Ochsenheimer. 
Orm.     Ormstead '? 
Pal.     Pallas. 
Pck.,  Pk.     Peck. 
P.  de  B.,  Pal.  de  Beauvoise. 
Pic.     Pictet. 
Pan.,  Pnz.     Panzer. 
Putz.,  Puz.,  Ptz.     Putseys. 
Payk.,  Pky.,  Pyk.     PaykuU. 
Pen.     Pennant. 
Prm.     Prime. 
Pak.,  Pack.     Packard, 
Poir.     Poiret. 
Pers.,  Persl.     Persoon. 
Raf.     Rafenesque. 
Richard.     Richardson. 
Riuz  and  Pav.     Riuz  and  Pavon. 
Rac.     Racket. 
Ran.,  Rnd.     Randall. 
Ran.,  Rud.     (Typographical  error)  ibid. 
Redt.,  Red.,  Ret.     Redtenbacher. 
Ramb.,  Ram.     Rambur. 
R.  Br.     Robert  Brown. 
Schwseg.     Schwsegricher. 
Schreb.     Schreber. 
Swtz.     Swartz. 
Schimp.     Schimper. 
Steph.,  Stp.     Stephens. 
Steud.     Steudel. 
Salisb.     Salisbury. 
Swn.,  Sw.    Swainson. 
Srv.,  Sro.     Serville. 
Schn.,  Sch.     Schonherr. 
StU.     Stoll. 
Scop.,  Sep.     Scopoli. 
Sol.,  Sul.     Solander. 
Shrnk.,  Shr.,  Sh.     Schrank. 


OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY 


C17 


St.  F.    St.  Fargeau. 

Spin.,  Spn.     Spinola. 

Suf.     Siiffraiu. 

Swe.     Swederus. 

Strm.     Stmm. 

Serb.     Scribner. 

Smth.,  Smb.,  Sm.     Smith. 

Sm.  A.     Smith  &  Abbot. 

Shrp.     Sharpless. 

Siilliv.     Sullivant. 

SuUiv.  and  Lesqx.     Sullivant  and  Lesque- 

reiix. 
Spreng.     Sprengel. 
Thn.     Thb.     Thnnberg. 
Temm.     Temmink. 
Tourn.     Tournfort. 
ToiT  and  G.  T.  &  G.     Torry  &  Gray. 
Ton-.     Tony. 
Trin.     Trinius. 


Tuckim.     Tuckcrman. 

Uhl.     Uhler. 

Viel.    Viellant. 

Vahl,  (fovWahl.)     Wahlcnberg. 

Vent.     Ventcnat. 

Vill.    Villars. 

Web.,  Wbr.     Weber. 

Wils.     Wilson. 

Wm.,  (erroneously,  for  Newman.) 

Westw.     Westwood. 

Wlk.     Walker. 

Wldi.     Walch. 

Walt.     Walter. 

Willd.     Willdenau. 

Waug.     Wangenhetni. 

Weid.,  Wei.     Weidmann. 

Zieg.,  Zgl.     Ziegler. 

Zimm.     Zimmerman. 

Zel.     Zellers. 


APPENDIX. 


DIVISION  X. 


DOCUMENTARY 


AND 


FI  NANCIAL. 


No.  I. 

^'  The  Charter  of  Charles  the  /Second,  of  England,  Scotland,  France  and 
Ireland,  King,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c.,  unto  William  Penn,  Proprietary 
and  Governor  of  tlie  Province  0/ Pennsylvania,"  [1681.] 

"  Charles,  by  the  grace  of  God,  King  of  England,  Scotland,  France  and 
Ireland,  defender  of  the  faith,  &c.,  to  all,  to  whom  these  presents  shall 
come,  Greeting: 

"Whereas  our  trusty  and  well-beloved  subject  William  Penn,  Esquire, 
son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn  deceased,  (out  of  a  commendable  de- 
sire to  enlarge  our  British  empire,  and  promote  such  useful  commodities, 
as  may  be  of  benefit  to  us  and  our  dominions,  as  also  to  reiduce  the 
savage  Natives,  by  just  and  gentle  manners,  to  the  love  of  civil  society, 
and  christian  religion)  hath  humbly  besought  leave  of  US,  to  transport 
an  ample  colony  unto  a  certain  country,  hereinafter  described,  in  the 
parts  o^  America  not  yet  cultivated  and  planted;  and  hath  likewise  so 
humbly  besought  our  royal  Majesty  to  give,  grant  and  confirm  all  the 
said  country,  with  certain  privileges  and  jurisdictions,  requisite  for  the 
good  government  and  safety  of  the  said  country  and  colony,  to  him,  and 
his  heirs  forever. 

SECTIOX    I. 

"  Know  ye,  therefore,  that  we,  (favoring  the  petition  and  good  purpose 
of  the  said  William  Penn,  and  having  regard  to  the  memory  and  merits 
of  his  late  father,  in  divers  services,  and  particularly  to  his  conduct, 
courage  and  discretion,  under  our  dearest  brother  James  Duke  of  York, 
in  that  signal  battle  and  victory,  fought  and  obtained,  against  the  Dutcli 
fleet,  commanded  by  the  Heer  Van  Opdam,  in  tlie  year  1665:  In  consid- 
eration thereof,  of  our  special  grace,  certain  knowledge,  and  mere  motion) 
have  given  and  granted,  and,  by  this  our  present  Charter,  for  us.  our 
heirs  and  successors,  do  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  WiUicmi  Penn,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  tract,  or  part,  of  land,  in  America,  with  the 
islands  therein  contained,  as  the  same  is  bounded,  on  the  east,  by  Dela- 
ware river,  from  twelve  miles  distance  northwards  of  New  Castle  town, 
unto  the  three  and  fortieth  degree  of  northern  latitude,  if  the  said  river 
doth  extend  so  far  northward,  but  if  the  said  river  shall  not  extend  so 
far  northward,  then,  by  the  said  river,  so  far  as  it  doth  extend ;  and  from 
the  head  of  the  said  river,  the  eastern  bounds  are  to  be  determined  by  a 
meridian  line,  to  be  drawn  from  the  head  of  the  said  river,  unto  the  said 

IK 


2  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

forty-third  degree.  The  said  land  to  extend  westward  five  degrees  ia 
longitude,  to  be  computed  from  the  said  eastern  bounds;  and  the  said 
lands  to  be  bounded  on  the  north  by  the  beginning  of  the  three  and 
fortieth  degree  of  northern  latitude,  and,  on  the  south,  by  a  circle,  drawn 
at  twelve  miles  distance  from  Neio  Castle^  northward  and  westward,  unto 
the  beginning  of  the  fortieth  degree  of  northern  latitude;  and  then  by  a 
straight  line  westward  to  the  limits  of  longitude  above  mentioned. 

SECTION  II. 
"  We  do  also  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs  and 
assigns,  the  free,  and  undisturbed  use,  and  continuance  in,  and  passage  unto, 
and  out  of  all  and  singular  ports,  harbours,  bays,  waters,  rivers,  isles  and 
inlets,  belonging  unto,  or  leading  to,  and  from,  the  country,  or  islands 
aforesaid,  and  all  the  soils,  lands,  fields,  woods,  underwoods,  mountains, 
hills,  fenns,  isles,  lakes,  rivers,  waters,  rivulets,  bays  and  inlets,  situated, 
or  being  within,  or  belonging  to,  the  limits,  or  bounds,  aforesaid,  together 
with  the  fishing  of  all  sorts  of  fish,  whales,  sturgeon,  and  all  royal,  and 
other  fishes,  in  the  seas,  bays,  inlets,  waters,  or  rivers,  within  the  prem- 
ises, and  all  the  fish  taken  therein;  and  also  all  veins,  mines,  minerals  and 
quarries,  as  well  discovered  as  not  discovered,  of  gold,  silver,  gemms,  and 
precious  stones,  and  all  other  whatsoever,  be  it  stones,  metals,  or  of  any 
other  thing  or  matter  whatsoever,  found,  or  to  be  found,  within  the 
country,  isles,  or  limits,  aforesaid. 

SECTION  III. 
"And  him,  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs  and  assigns,  we  do  by  this 
our  royal  charter^  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  make,  create  and  con- 
stitute the  true  and  absolute  proprietary  of  the  country  aforesaid,  and  of 
all  other  the  premises ;  saving  always  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the 
faith  and  allegiance  of  the  said  William  Pem\  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and 
of  all  other  proprietaries,  tenants  and  inhabitants,  that  are,  or  shall  be, 
within  the  territories  and  precincts  aforesaid;  and  saving  also  unto  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  the  sovereignty  of  the  aforesaid  country;  to 
have,  hold,  possess  and  enjoy  the  said  tract  of  land,  country,  isles,  inlets, 
and  other  the  premises,  unto  the  said  William,  Penn^  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
forever,  to  be  holden  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  kings  of  England, 
as  of  our  castle  of  Windsor,  in  the  county  of  Berks,  in  free  and  common 
soccage,  by  fealty  only,  for  all  services  and  not  in  capite,  or  by  knight 
service  :  yielding  and  paying  therefore  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  two 
Beaver  skins,  to  be  delivered  at  our  castle  of  Wi7idsor,  on  the  first  day  of 
January,  in  every  year ;  and  also  the  fifth  part  of  all  gold,  and  silver  oar, 
which  shall,  from  time  to  time,  happen  to  be  found  within  the  limits 
aforesaid,  clear  of  all  charges.  And  of  our  further  grace,  certain  knowl- 
edge, mere  motion.  We  have  thought  fit  to  erect,  and  we  do  hereby  erect, 


THE    CHARTEK   OF    CHARLES    THE   SECOND.  3 

the  aforesaid  country  and  islands  into  a  province  and  seigniory,  and  do 
call  it  Pensilvania,  and  so  from  henceforth  will  have  it  called. 

SECTION    IV. 

"And,  for  as  much  as,  we  have  hereby  made  and  ordained  the  afore- 
said William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  the  true  and  absolute  proprie- 
taries of  all  the  lands  and  dominions  aforesaid.  Know  ye,  therefore,  that 
we  (reposing  special  trust  and  confidence  in  the  fidelity,  wisdom,  justice 
and  provident  circumspection  of  the  said  William  Penn)  for  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  do  grant  free,  full  and  absolute  power,  by  virtue  of  these 
presents,  to  him  and  his  heirs,  to  his,  and  their  deputies  and  lieutenants, 
for  the  good  and  happy  government  of  the  said  country,  to  ordain,  make 
and  enact,  and,  under  his  and  their  seals,  to  publish  any  laws  whatsoever 
for  the  raising  of  money  for  public  uses  of  the  said  province,  or  for  any 
other  end,  appertaining  either  unto  the  public  state,  peace,  or  safety  of 
the  said  country,  or  unto  the  private  utility  of  particular  persons,  accord- 
ing unto  their  best  discretion,  and  with  the  advice,  assent  and  approba- 
tion of  the  freemen  of  the  said  country,  or  the  greater  part  of  them,  or 
of  their  delegates,  or  deputies,  whom,  for  the  enacting  of  the  said  laws, 
when,  and  as  often  as  need  shall  require,  we  will  that  the  said  William 
Penri^  and  his  heirs  shall  assemble,  in  such  sort  and  form,  as  to  him  and 
them  shall  seem  best,  and  the  same  laws  duly  to  execute,  unto  and  upon 
all  people,  within  the  said  country  and  limits  thereof. 

SECTION  V. 

"  And  we  do  likewise  give  and  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn^  and 
to  his  heirs,  and  their  deputies  and  lieutenants,  full  power  and  authority 
to  appoint  and  establish  any  Judges  and  Justices,  Magistrates,  and  other 
officers  whatsoever,  (for  the  probates  of  wills,  and  for  the  granting  of  ad- 
ministration within  the  precincts  aforesaid)  and  with  what  power  soever, 
and  in  such  form,  as  to  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs  shall  seem 
most  convenient:  also  to  remit,  release,  pardon  and  abolish  (whether 
before  judgment  or  after)  all  crimes  and  offences  whatsoever,  committed 
within  the  said  country,  against  the  laws,  (treason  and  wilful  and  mali- 
cious murder  only  excepted,  and  in  those  cases,  to  grant  reprieves,  until 
our  pleasure  may  be  known  therein)  and  to  do  all  and  every  other  thing 
and  things,  which  unto  the  complete  establishment  of  justice,  unto  courts 
and  tribunals,  forms  of  judicature,  and  manner  of  proceedings  do  belong, 
although,  in  these  presents,  express  mention  be  not  made  thereof;  and 
by  judges,  by  them  delegated,  to  award  process,  hold  pleas,  and  deter- 
mine, in  all  the  said  courts  and  tribunals,  all  actions,  suits  and  causes 
whatsoever,  as  well  criminal  as  civil,  personal,  real  and  mixt;  which 
laws,  so  as  aforesaid,  to  be  published,  our  pleasure  is,  and  so  we  enjoin, 
require  and  command,  shall  be  most  absolute  and  available  in  law;  and 


4  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

tliat  all  the  liege  people  and  subjects  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do 
observe  and  keep  the  same  inviolably  in  those  parts,  so  far  as  they  con- 
cern them,  under  the  pain  therein  expressed,  or  to  be  expressed.  Pro- 
vided nevertJi.eless,  That  the  same  laws  be  consonant  to  reason,  and  not 
repugnant,  or  contrary,  but,  (as  near  as  conveniently  may  be)  agreeable 
to  the  laws  and  statutes,  and  rights  of  this  our  kingdom  of  England;  and 
saving  and  reserving  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the  receiving,  hear- 
ing and  determining  of  the  appeal  and  appeals  of  all,  or  any  person,  or 
persons,  of,  in,  or  belonging  to  the  territories  aforesaid,  or  touching  any 
judgment  to  be  there  made,  or  given. 

SECTION   VI. 

"And,  for  as  much  as,  in  the  government  of  so  great  a  country,  sudden 
accidents  do  often  happen,  whereunto  it  will  be  necessary  to  apply  rem- 
edy, before  the  freeholders  of  the  said  province,  or  their  delegates,  or 
deputies,  can  be  assembled,  to  the  making  of  laws;  neither  will  it  be 
convenient,  that  instantly  upon  every  such  occasion,  so  great  a  multitude 
should  be  called  together:  Therefore  (for  the  better  government  of  the 
said  country)  we  will  and  ordain,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors,  do  grant  unto  the  the  said  William  Penn  and  his  heirs, 
by  themselves,  or  by  their  Magistrates  and  officers,  in  that  behalf,  duly 
to  be  ordained,  as  aforesaid,  to  make  and  constitute  lit  and  wholesome 
ordinances,  from  time  to  time,  within  the  said  country  to  be  kept  and 
observed,  as  well  for  the  preservation  of  the  peace,  as  for  the  better  gov- 
ernment of  the  people  there  inhabiting;  and  publicly  to  notify  the  same 
to  all  persons,  whom  the  same  doth  or  may  any  ways  concern.  Which 
ordinances  our  will  and  pleasure  is  shall  be  observed  inviolably  within 
the  said  province,  under  the  pains  therein  to  be  expressed,  so  as  the  said 
ordinances  be  consonant  to  reason,  and  be  not  repugnant  nor  contrary, 
but  (so  far  as  conveniently  may  be)  agreeable  with  the  laws  of  our  king- 
dom of  England^  and  so  as  the  said  ordinances  be  not  extended,  in  any 
sort,  to  bind,  change,  or  take  away  the  right,  or  interest  of  any  person, 
or  persons,  for,  or  in,  their  life,  members,  freehold,  goods,  or  chattels. 
And  our  farther  will  and  pleasure  is.  That  the  laws  for  regulating  and 
governing  of  property  within  the  said  province,  as  well  as  for  the  descent 
and  enjoyment  of  lands,  as  likewise  for  the  enjoyment  and  succession  of 
goods  and  chattels,  and  likewise  as  to  the  felonies,  shall  be  and  continue 
the  same,  as  they  shall  be  for  the  time  being  by  the  general  course  of 
the  law  in  our  kingdom  of  England^  vmtil  the  said  laws  shall  be  altered 
by  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs  or  assigns,  and  by  the  freemen  of 
the  said  province,  their  delegates,  or  deputies,  or  the  greater  part  of  them. 

SECTION    VII. 

"And  to  the  end  that  the  said  William.  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  or  other  the 


THE   CHARTER   OF    CHARLES   THE    SECOND.  6 

planters,  owners,  or  inhabitants  of  the  said  province  may  not,  at  any 
time  hereafter  (by  misconstruction  of  the  power  aforesaid)  through  inad- 
vertency,  or  design,  depart  from  that  faith  and  due  allegiance,  which  by 
the  laws  of  this  our  realm  of  England,  they  and  all  our  subjects,  in  our 
dominions  and  territories,  always  owe  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  by 
colour  of  any  extent,  or  largeness  of  powers  hereby  given,  or  pretended 
to  be  given,  or  by  force  or  colour  of  any  laws  hereafter  to  be  made,  in 
the  said  province,  by  virtue  of  any  such  powers;  Our  farther  will  and 
pleasure  is,  that  a  transcript  or  duplicate,  of  all  laws,  which  shall  be  so, 
as  aforesaid,  made  and  published  within  the  said  province,  shall  within 
five  years  after  the  making  thereof,  be  transmitted  and  delivered  to  the 
Privy  Council,  for  the  time  being,  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors:  And 
if  any  of  the  said  laws,  within  the  space  of  six  months  after  that  they 
shall  be  so  transmitted  and  delivered,  be  declared  by  us,  our  heirs  and- 
successors,  in  our,  or  their  Privy  Council,  inconsistent  with  the  sover- 
eignty, or  laAvful  prerogative  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  or  con- 
trary to  the  faith  and  allegiance,  due  to  the  legal  government  of  this 
realm,  from  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  or  of  the  planters  and 
inhabitants  of  the  said  province,  and  that  thereupon  any  of  the  said  laws 
shall  be  adjudged  and  declared  to  be  void  by  us,  our  heirs  and  success- 
ors, under  our  or  their  privy  seal,  that  then,  and  from  thenceforth  such 
laws,  concerning  which  such  judgment  and  declaration  shall  be  made, 
shall  become  void :  otherwise  the  said  laws,  so  transmitted,  shall  remain 
and  stand  in  full  force,  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof. 

SECTION  VIII. 

"Furthermore,  that  this  new  colony  may  the  more  happily  increase  by 
the  multitude  of  people  resorting  thither;  Therefore,  we,  for  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  do  give  and  grant,  by  these  presents,  power,  license, 
and  liberty  unto  all  the  liege  people  and  subjects,  both  present  and  fu- 
ture, of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  (excepting  those,  who  shall  be 
especially  forbidden)  to  transport  themselves  and  families  unto  the  said 
country,  with  such  convenient  shipping,  as,  by  the  laws  of  this  our  king- 
dom of  England,  they  ought  to  use,  and  with  fitting  provision ;  paying 
only  the  customs  therefore  due,  and  there  to  settle  themselves,  dwell  and 
inhabit  and  plant,  for  the  public,  and  their  own  private  advantage. 

SECTION  IX. 

"And  furthermore,  that  our  subjects  may  be  the  rather  encouraged  to 
undertake  this  expedition,  with  ready  and  cheerful  minds,  Knoiv  ye,  That 
we,  of  our  special  grace,  certain  knowledge,  and  mere  motion,  do  give 
and  grant,  by  virtue  of  these  presents,  as  well  unto  the  said  William 
Penn,  and  his  heirs,  as  to  all  others,  who  shall,  from  time  to  time,  repair 
unto  the  said  country,  full  license  to  lade  and  freight,  in  any  ports  what- 


6  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

soever  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  according  to  the  laws  made,  or  to 
be  made,  within  our  kingdom  of  England^  and  unto  the  said  country,  by 
them,  their  servants  or  assigns,  to  transport  all  and  singular  their  goods, 
wares  and  merchandizes,  as  likewise  all  sorts  of  grain  whatsoever,  and 
all  other  things  whatsoever,  necessary  for  food,  or  cloathing,  not  pro- 
hibited, by  the  laws  and  statutes  of  our  kingdom  and  dominions,  to  be 
carried  out  of  the  said  kingdom,  without  any  let,  or  molestation  of  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  or  of  any  of  the  officers  of  us,  our  heirs  or  suc- 
cessors; saving  always  to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  the  legal  imposi- 
tions, customs,  or  other  duties  and  payments  for  the  said  wares  and 
merchandizes,  by  any  law  or  statute,  due,  or  to  be  due,  to  us,  our  heirs 
and  successors. 

SECTION    X. 

"And  we  do  further,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  give  and  grant 
unto  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs  and  assigns,  free  and  absolute 
power  to  divide  the  said  country  and  islands  into  towns,  hundreds  and 
counties,  and  to  erect  and  incorporate  towns  into  burroughs,  and  bur- 
roughs into  cities,  and  to  make  and  constitute  fairs  and  markets  therein, 
Avith  all  other  convenient  privileges  and  immunities,  according  to  the 
merits  of  the  inhabitants,  and  the  fitness  of  the  places,  and  to  do  all,  and 
every  other  thing  and  things,  touching  the  premises,  which  to  him,  or 
them,  shall  seem  meet  and  requisite;  albeit  they  be  such,  as  of  their  own 
nature  might  otherwise  require  a  more  special  commandment  and  war- 
rant, than,  in  these  presents,  is  expressed. 

SECTION   XI. 

"  We  will  also,  and,  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
we  do  give  and  grant  license,  by  this  our  charter,  unto  the  said  William 
Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  and  to  all  the  inhabitants  and  dwellers  in 
the  province  aforesaid,  both  present  and  to  come,  to  import,  or  unlade, 
by  themselves,  or  their  servants,  factors  or  assigns,  all  merchandizes  and 
goods  whatsoever,  that  shall  arise  of  the  fruits  and  commodities  of  the 
said  province,  either  by  land  or  sea,  into  any  of  the  ports  of  us,  our  heirs, 
or  successors,  in  our  kingdom  of  England^  and  not  into  2a\j  other  country 
whatsoever;  and  we  give  him  full  power  to  dispose  of  the  said  goods, 
in  the  said  ports;  and,  if  need  be,  within  one  year  after  the  unlading  of 
the  same,  to  lade  the  said  merchandize  and  goods  again,  into  the  same, 
or  other  ships,  and  to  transport  the  same  into  any  other  countries,  either 
©f  our  dominions,  or  foreign,  according  to  law ;  provided  always,  that 
they  pay  such  customs  and  impositions,  subsidies  and  duties  for  the  same, 
to  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  as  the  rest  of  our  subjects  of  our  king- 
dom of  England^  for  the  time  being,  shall  be  bound  to  pay,  and  do  ob- 
serve the  acts  of  navigation,  and  other  laws,  in  that  behalf  made. 


THE    CHARTER   OF    CHARLES   THE   SECOND.  7 

SECTION    XII. 

"  And  furtliermore,  of  our  ample  and  special  graee,  certain  knowledge 
and  mere  motion,  we  do,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  grant  unto  the 
said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  full  and  absolute  power  and 
authority,  to  make,  erect  and  constitute,  within  the  said  province,  and 
the  isles  and  inlets  aforesaid,  such  and  so  many  seaports,  harbors,  creeks, 
havens,  keys,  and  other  places,  for  discharging  and  unlading  of  goods 
and  merchandize,  out  of  the  ships,  boats,  and  other  vessels,  and  landing 
them  unto  such,  and  so  many  places,  and  with  such  rights,  jurisdictions, 
liberties  and  privileges,  unto  the  said  ports  belonging,  as  to  him  and  them 
shall  seem  most  expedient ;  and  that  all,  and  singular  the  ships,  boats  and 
other  vessels,  which  shall  come  for  merchandize  and  trade,  into  the  said 
province,  or  out  of  the  same,  shall  be  laden,  or  unladen,  only  at  such 
ports,  as  shall  be  created  and  constituted  by  the  said  William  Penn^  his 
heirs,  or  assigns,  (any  use,  custom  or  thing  to  the  contrary  notwithstand- 
ing.) Provided,  that  the  said  William  Penn  and  his  heirs,  and  the  Lieu- 
tenants and  Governors,  for  the  time  being,  shall  admit  and  receive  in  and 
about  all  such  havens,  ports,  creeks  and  keys,  all  officers  and  their  depu- 
ties, who  shall,  from  time  to  time,  be  appointed  for  that  purpose  by  the 
farmers,  or  commissioners  of  our  customs  for  the  time  being. 

SECTION  XIII. 

"  And  we  do  further  appoint  and  ordain,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  we  do  grant  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  that  he,  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
may,  from  time  to  time,  for  ever,  have  and  enjoy  the  customs  and  subsi- 
dies, in  the  ports,  harbours  and  other  creeks,  and  places  aforesaid,  within 
the  province  aforesaid,  payable,  or  due  for  merchandize  and  "wares  there 
to  be  laded  and  unladed,  the  said  customs  and  subsidies  to  be  reasonably 
assessed,  upon  any  occasion,  by  themselves  and  the  people  there,  as  afore- 
said to  be  assembled,  to  whom  we  give  poAver  by  these  presents,  for  us, 
our  heirs  and  successors,  upon  just  cause,  and  due  proportion,  to  assess 
and  impose  the  same;  saving  unto  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  such 
impositions  and  customs,  as,  by  act  of  Parliament,  are,  and  shall  be, 
appointed. 

SECTION  XIV. 

"And  it  is  our  farther  will  and  pleasure,  that  the  said  William  Penn, 
his  heirs  and  assigns,  shall,  from  time  to  time,  constitute  and  appoint  an 
Attorney,  or  agent,  to  reside  in,  or  near  our  city  of  London;  who  shall 
make  known  the  place  where  he  shall  dwell,  or  may  be  found,  unto  the 
clerks  of  our  Privy  Council,  for  the  time  being,  or  one  of  them,  and  shall 
be  ready  to  appear  in  any  of  our  courts,  at  M^estminster,  to  answer  for 
any  misdemeanor,  that  shall  be  committed,  or  by  any  wilful  default,  or 


0  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

neglect,  permitted  by  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs  or  assigns,  against 
the  laws  of  trade  and  navigation ;  and  after  it  shall  be  ascertained,  in  any 
of  our  courts,  what  damages  we,  or  our  heirs,  or  successors,  shall  have 
sustained  by  such  default,  or  neglect,  the  said  William  Penn^  his  heirs, 
or  assigns,  shall  pay  the  same  within  one  year,  after  such  taxation,  and 
demand  thereof  from  such  attorney;  or  in  case  there  shall  be  no  such 
attorney  by  the  space  of  one  year,  or  such  attorney  shall  not  make  pay- 
ment of  such  damages,  within  the  space  of  a  year,  and  answer  such  other 
forfeitures  and  penalties,  within  the  said  time,  as  by  acts  of  Parliament, 
in  England,!  are  and  shall  be  provided  according  to  the  true  intent  and 
meaning  of  these  presents;  then  it  shall  be  lawful  for  us,  our  heirs  and 
successors,  to  seize  and  resume  the  government  of  the  said  province  or 
country,  and  the  same  to  retain,  until  payment  shall  be  made  thereof: 
but  notwithstanding  any  such  seizure,  or  resumption  of  the  government, 
nothing  concerning  the  propriety,  or  ownership,  of  any  lands,  tenements, 
or  other  hereditaments,  goods  or  chattels  of  any  of  the  adventurers, 
planters  or  owners,  other  than  the  respective  offenders  there,  shall  any 
ways  be  affected  or  molested  thereby. 

SECTION  XV. 

"Provided  always,  and  our  will  and  pleasure  is,  that  neither  the  said 
William  Penn^i  nor  his  heirs,  nor  any  other,  the  inhabitants  of  the  said 
province,  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  have  or  maintain,  any  correspond- 
ence with  any  other  king,  prince  or  state,  or  with  any  of  their  subjects, 
who  shall  then  be  in  war  against  us,  our  heirs  and  successors ;  nor  shall 
the  said  William  Penn^  or  his  heirs  or  any  other  inhabitants  of  the  said 
province,  make  war,  or  do  any  act  of  hostility  against  any  other  king, 
prince,  or  ^state,  or  any  of  their  subjects,  who  shall  then  be  in  league  or 
amity  with  us,  our  heirs  and  successors. 

SECTION    XVI. 

"And  because,  in  so  remote  a  country,  and  situate  near  many  barbar- 
ous nations,  the  incursions  as  well  of  the  savages  themselves,  as  of  other 
enemies,  pirates  and  robbers,  may  probably  be  feared ;  Therefore,  we 
have  given,  and,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do  give  power,  by  these 
presents,  to  the  said  William  Pen^i,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  by  themselves, 
or  their  captains,  or  other  their  officers,  to  levy,  muster  and  train  all 
sorts  of  men,  of  what  condition  soever,  or  wheresoever  born,  in  the  said 
Province  of  Pennsylvania.!  for  the  time  being,  and  to  make  war,  and  to 
pursue  the  enemies  and  robbers  aforesaid,  as  well  by  sea  as  by  land, 
even,  without  the  limits  of  the  said  province,  and,  by  God's  assistance,  to 
vanquish  and  take  them;  and  being  taken,  to  put  them  to  death,  by  the 
law  of  war,  or  to  save  them ;  at  their  pleasure,  and  to  do  all  and  every 
other  thing,  which  unto  the  charge  and  office  of  a  captain  general  of  an 


THE    CHAKTER    OF    CHARLES    THE    SECOND.  9 

army  belongetli,  or  hath  accustomed  to  belong,  as  I'ully  and  freely  as  any 
captain  general  of  an  army  hath  ever  had  the  same. 

SECTION   XVII. 

"And  furthermore,  of  our  special  grace,  and  of  our  certain  knowledge 
and  mere  motion,  we  have  given  and  granted,  and,  by  these  presents,  for 
us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  do  fgive  and  grant  unto  tlie  said  William 
Penn^  his  heirs  and  assigns,  full  and  absolute  power,  license  and  authority, 
that  he,  the  said  Williani  Penu,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  from  time  to  time 
hereafter  forever,  at  his  or  their  own  will  and  pleasure,  may  assign,  alien, 
grant,  demise,  or  enfeoff  of  the  premises  so  many,  and  such  parts  and 
parcels  to  him,  or  them,  that  shall  be  willing  to  purchase  the  same,  as 
they  shall  think  fit ;  to  have  and  to  hold  to  them,  the  said  person,  or 
persons  willing  to  take  and  purchase,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  in  fee  sim- 
ple, or  fee  tail,  or  for  the  term  of  life,  lives,  or  years,  to  be  held  of  the 
said  William  Penn^  his  heirs,  or  assigns,  as  of  the  said  seigniory  of  Witid- 
sor,  by  such  services,  customs,  or  rents,  as  shall  seem  meet  to  the  said 
William  Penn^  his  heirs,  or  assigns,  and  not  immediately  of  us,  our  heirs 
or  successors. 

SECTION   XVIII. 

"And  to  the  same  person,  or  persons,  and  to  all  and  every  of  them,  we 
do  give  and  grant,  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
license,  authority  and  power,  that  such  person  or  persons  may  take  the 
premises,  or  any  parcel  thereof,  of  the  aforesaid  William  Penn,  his  heirs 
or  assigns,  and  the  same  to  hold  to  themselves,  their  heirs  and  assigns,  in 
what  estate  of  inheritance  soever,  in  fee  simple,  or  in  fee  tail,  or  other- 
wise, as  to  him  the  said  William  Perm,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  shall  seem 
expedient :  The  statute  made,  in  the  parliament  of  Edward,  the  son  of 
King  Henry,  late  King  of  England,  our  predecessor  (commonly  called 
the  statute,  '  Qiua  Em,ptores  Terrarum'  lately  published  in  our  kingdom 
of  England)  in  any  wise  notwithstanding. 

SECTION   XIX. 

"And  by  these  presents,  we  give  and  grant  license  unto  the  said  Wil- 
liam Penn  and  his  heirs,  and  likewise  to  all,  and  every  such  person,  or 
persons,  to  whom  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs,  shall,  at  any  time 
hereafter,  grant  any  estate,  or  inheritance,  as  aforesaid,  to  erect  any  par- 
cels of  land,  within  the  province  aforesaid,  into  manors,  by  and  with  the 
license,  to  be  first  had  and  obtained,  for  that  purpose,  under  the  hand 
and  seal  of  the  said  William  Penn,  or  his  heirs;  and,  in  every  of  the  said 
ma7iors,  to  have  and  hold  a  Court-Baron,  with  all  things  what.soever,^ 
which  to  a  Court-Baron  do  belong,  and  to  have  and  to  hold  View  of 
Frank  Pledge,  for  the  conservation  of  the  peace,  and  the  better  govern- 
ment of  those  parts,  by  themselves,  or  their  stewards,  or  by  the  lords  for 


10  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

the  time  being,  of  the  manors  to  be  deputed,  wlien  they  shall  be  erected, 
and,  in  the  same,  to  use  all  things  belonging  to  the  Vieiv  of  Frank  Pledge. 
And  we  do  further  grant  license  and  authority,  That  every  such  person, 
or  persons,  Avho  shall  erect  any  such  manor,  or  manors,  as  aforesaid, 
shall,  or  may,  grant  all,  or  any  part  of  his  said  land  to  any  person,  or 
persons,  in  fee  simple,  or  any  other  estate  of  inheritance  to  be  held  of  the 
said  manors  respectively,  so  as  no  further  tenure  shall  be  created,  but 
that  upon  all  further,  or  other  alienations  thereafter  to  be  made,  the  said 
lands  so  aliened  shall  be  held  of  the  same  lord  and  his  heirs,  of  whom  the 
aliener  did  then  before  hold,  and  by  the  like  rents  and  services,  which 
were  before  due  and  accustomed. 

SECTION  XX. 

"And  furthermore,  our  pleasure  is,  and  by  these  presents,  for  us,  our 
heirs  and  successors,  we  do  covenant  and  grant  to  and  with  the  said 
Williain  Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  that  we,  our  heirs  and  successors, 
shall,  at  no  time  hereafter,  set,  or  make,  or  cause  to  be  set,  or  made,  any 
imposition,  custom,  or  other  taxation,  rate,  or  contribution  whatsoever, 
in  and  upon  the  dwellers  and  inhabitants  of  the  aforesaid  province,  for 
their  lands,  tenements,  goods,  or  chattels,  within  the  said  province,  or  in 
and  upon  any  goods  and  merchandizes  within  the  province,  or  to  be  la- 
den, or  unladen  within  the  ports,  or  harbours  of  the  said  province,  unless 
the  same  be  with  the  consent  of  the  Proprietary,  or  Chief  Governor,  or 
Assembly,  or  by  act  of  parliament  in  England. 

SECTION  XXI. 

"And  our  pleasure  is,  and,  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  we  charge 
and  command,  that  this  our  declaration  shall  be  from  henceforth, 
from  time  to  time,  be  received  and  allowed,  in  all  our  courts,  and  before 
all  the  judges  of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  for  a  suflScient  lawful  dis- 
charge, payment  and  acquittance ;  commanding  all  the  officers  and  min- 
isters of  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  and  enjoining  them  upon  pain  of 
our  highest  displeasure,  that  they  do  not  presume,  at  any  time,  to  attempt 
anything  to  the  contrary  of  the  premises,  or  that  do,  in  any  sort,  with- 
stand the  same ;  but,  that  they  be,  at  all  times,  aiding  and  assisting,  as  is 
fitting,  to  the  said  William  Penn,  and  his  heirs,  and  unto  the  inhabitants 
and  merchants  of  the  province  aforesaid,  their  servants,  ministers,  fac- 
tors and  assigns,  in  the  full  use  and  fruition  of  the  benefit  of  this  our 
charter. 

SECTION  XXII. 

"And  our  farther  pleasure  is,  and  we  do  hereby,  for  us,  our  heirs  and 
successors,  charge  and  require.  That,  if  any  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said 
province,  to  the  number  of  twenty,  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  be  de- 
sirous, and   shall,  by  any  writing,  or   by  any  person   deputed  by  them,  . 


thp:  charter  of  charles  the  second.  11 

signify  such  their  desire  to  the  bishop  of  London,  for  the  time  being,  that 
any  preacher,  or  preachers,  to  be  approved  of  by  the  said  bishop,  may 
be  sent  unto  them,  for  their  instruction ;  that  then  such  preacher,  or 
preachers,  shall  and  may  reside  within  the  said  province,  without  any 
denial,  or  molestation  whatsoever. 

SECTION   XXIII. 

"And,  if  perchance  hereafter  any  doubt  or  question  should  arise  con- 
cerning the  true  sense  and  meaning  of  any  word,  clause,  or  sentence,  con- 
tained in  this  our  present  charter,  we  will,  ordain  and  command,  that,  at 
all  times,  and  in  all  things,  such  interpretation  be  made  thereof,  and 
allowed,  in  any  of  our  courts  whatsoever,  as  shall  be  adjudged  most  ad- 
vantageous and  favorable  unto  the  said  William  Penn,  his  heirs  and  as- 
signs :  Provided  ahvays,  no  interpretation  be  admitted  thereof,  by  which 
the  allegiance  due  unto  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  may  suffer  any  prej- 
udice or  diminution ;  although  express  mention  be  not  made,  in  these 
presents,  of  the  true  yearly  value,  or  certainty  of  the  premises,  or  any 
part  thereof,  or  of  other  gifts  and  grants,  made  by  us,  and  our  progeni- 
tors, or  predecessors,  unto  the  said  William  Penn:  Any  statute,  act,  or- 
dinance, provision,  proclamation,  or  restraint,  heretofore  had,  made,  pub- 
lished, ordained,  or  provided,  or  any  other  thing,  cause,  or  matter  what- 
soever, to  the  contrary  thereof  in  any  wise  notwithstanding.  In  Witness 
whereof  we  have  caused  these  our  letters  to  be  made  patent :  Witness 
Ourself]  at  Westminster,  the  fourth  day  of  March,  in  the  three  and  thir- 
tieth year  of  our  reign,  Annoque  Domini  one  thousand  six  hundred  and 
eighty-one. 

"/?y  vrit  of  Privy  Seal, 

PIGOTT." 


12  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


No.  2. 

Certain  conditions,  or  concessions,  agreed  iqjon  by  William  Penn,  Propri- 
etary and  Governor  of  the  i^rovince  of  Pennsylvania^  and  those  who  are 
the  adventurers  and  purchasers  in  the  same  province^  the  eleventh  of  July, 
one  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty-one. 

I.  That  so  soon  as  it  pleaseth  God  that  the  abovesaid  persons  arrive 
there,  a  certain  quantity  of  land,  or  ground  plat,  shall  be  laid  out,  for  a 
large  town  or  city,  in  the  most  convenient  place,  upon  the  river,  for 
health  and  navigation ;  and  every  purchaser  and  adventurer  shall,  by  lot, 
have  so  much  land  therein  as  will  answer  to  the  proportion,  which  he 
hath  bought,  or  taken  up,  upon  rent :  but  it  is  to  be  noted,  that  the  sur- 
veyors shall  consider  what  roads  or  high-ways  will  be  necessary  to  the 
cities,  towns,  or  through  the  lands.  Great  roads  from  city  to  city  not  to 
contain  less  ihivn  forty  feet,  in  breadth,  shall  be  first  laid  out  and  declared 
to  be  for  high-ways,  before  the  dividend  of  acres  be  laid  out  for  the  pur- 
chaser, and  the  like  observation  to  be  had  for  the  streets  in  the  towns  and 
cities,  that  there  may  be  convenient  roads  and  streets  preserved,  not  to  be 
encroached  upon  by  any  planter  or  builder,  that  none  may  build  irregu- 
larly to  the  damage  of  another.     In  this,  custom  governs. 

II.  That  the  land  in  the  town  be  laid  out  together  after  the  proportion 
of  ten  tliousand  acres  of  the  whole  country,  that  is,  two  hundred  acres,  if 
the  place  will  bear  it :  however,  that  the  proportion  be  by  lot,  and  entire, 
so  as  those  that  desire  to  be  together,  especially  those  that  are,  by  the 
catalogue,  laid  together,  may  be  so  laid  together  both  in  the  town  and 
country. 

III.  That,  when  the  country  lots  are  laid  out,  every  purchaser,  from 
one  thousand,  to  ten  thousand  acres,  or  more,  not  to  have  above  one  thousand 
acres  together,  unless  in  three  years  they  plant  a  family  upon  every 
thousand  acres ;  but  that  all  such  as  purchase  together,  lie  together ;  and, 
if  as  many  as  comply  with  this  condition,  that  the  whole  be  laid  out 
together. 

IV.  That,  where  any  number  of  purchasers,  more  or  less,  whose  num- 
ber of  acres  amounts  to  five  or  ten  thousand  acres,  desire  to  sit  together 
in  a  lot,  or  township,  they  shall  have  their  lot,  or  township,  cast  together, 
in  such  places  as  have  convenient  harbours,  or  navigable  rivers  attending 
it,  if  such  can  be  found ;  and  in  case  any  one  or  more  purchasers  plant 
not  acccording  to  agreement,  in  this  concession,  to  the  prejudice  of  others 
of  the  same  township,  upon  complaint  thereof  made  to  the  Governor,  or 


CERTAIN    CONDITIONS   OR   CONCESSIONS.  13 

his  Deputy,  with  assistance,  they  may  award  (if  they  see  cause)  that  the 
complaining  purchaser  may,  paying  the  survey  money,  and  purchase 
money,  and  interest  thereof,  be  entitled,  enrolled  and  lawfully  invested, 
in  the  lands  so  not  seated. 

V.  That  the  proportion  of  lands,  that  shall  be  laid  out  in  the  first  great 
town,  or  city,  for  every  purchaser,  shall  be  after  the  proportion  of  ten 
acres  for  every  Jive  hundred  acres  purchased,  if  the  place  will  allow  it. 

VI.  That  notwithstanding  there  be  no  mention  made,  in  the  several 
deeds  made  to  the  purchasers;  yet  the  said  William  Penn  does  accord 
and  declare,  that  all  rivers,  rivulets,  woods,  and  underwoods,  waters, 
watercourses,  quarries,  mines,  and  minerals,  (except  mines  royal)  shall  be 
freely  and  fully  enjoyed,  and  wholly  by  the  purchasers,  into  whose  lot 
they  fall. 

YII.  That,  for  every  fifly  acres,  that  shall  be  allotted  to  a  servant,  at 
the  end  of  his  service,  his  quit-rent  shall  be  two  shillings  per  annum,  and 
the  master,  or  owner  of  the  servant,  when  he  shall  take  up  the  other  /?/"/// 
acres,  his  quit-rent,  shall  he  four  shillings  by  the  year,  or,  if  the  master  of 
the  servant  (by  reason  in  the  indentures  he  is  so  obliged  to  do)  allot  out 
to  the  servant  Jiff y  acres  in  his  own  division,  the  said  master  shall  have, 
on  demand,  allotted  him,  from  the  Governor,  the  owe  hundred  acres,  at  the 
chief  rent  of  six  shillings  per  annum. 

VIII.  And,  for  the  encouragement  of  such  as  are  ingenious  and  willing 
to  search  out  gold  and  silver  mines  in  this  province,  it  is  hereby  agreed, 
that  they  have  liberty  to  bore  and  dig  in  any  man's  property,  fully  paying 
the  damage  done ;  and  in  case  a  discovery  should  be  made,  that  the  dis- 
coverer have  one-Jifth,  the  owner  of  the  soil  (if  not  the  discoverer)  a  tenth 
part,  the  Governor  two-Jifths,  and  the  rest  to  the  public  treasury,  saving 
to  the  king  the  share  reserved  by  patent. 

IX.  In  every  hundred  thousand  acres,  the  Governor  and  Proprietary, 
by  lot,  reserveth  ten  to  himself,  what  shall  lie  but  in  one  place. 

X.  That  every  man  shall  be  bound  to  plant,  or  man,  so  much  of  his 
share  of  land  as  shall  be  set  out  and  surveyed,  within  tliree  years  after  it 
is  so  set  out  and  surveyed,  or  else  it  shall  be  lawful  for  new  comers  to  be 
settled  thereupon,  paying  to  them  their  survey  money,  and  they  go  up 
higher  for  their  shares. 

XI.  There  shall  be  no  buying  and  selling,  be  it  with  an  Indian,  or  oue 
among  another,  of  any  goods  to  be  exported,  but  what  shall  be  performed 
in  public  market,  when  such  places  shall  be  set  ajjart,  or  erected,  where 
they  shall  pass  the  public  stamp,  or  mark.  If  bad  ware,  and  prized  as 
good,  or  deceitful  in  proportion  or  weight,  to  forfeit  the  value,  as  if  good 
and  full  weight  and  proportion,  to  the  public  treasury  of  this  province, 
whether  it  be  the  merchandize  of  the  Indian,  or  that  of  the  })lanters. 

XII.  And  forasmuch,  as  it  is  usual  with  the  planters  to  over-reach  the 


14  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

poor  natives  of  the  country,  in  trade,  by  goods  not  being  good  of  the 
kind,  or  debased  with  mixtures,  with  which  they  are  sensibly  aggrieved, 
it  is  agreed,  whatever  is  sold  to  the  Indians^  in  consideration  of  their  furs, 
shall  be  sold  in  the  market  place,  and  there  suffer  the  test,  whether  good 
or  bad ;  if  good,  to  pass ;  if  not  good,  not  to  be  sold  for  good,  that  the 
natives  may  not  be  abused,  nor  provoked. 

XIII.  That  no  man  shall,  by  any  ways  or  means,  in  word,  or  deed, 
affront,  or  wrong  any  Indian^  but  he  shall  incur  the  same  penalty  of  the 
law,  as  if  he  had  committed  it  against  his  fellow  planter,  and  if  any  Indian 
shall  abuse,  in  word,  or  deed,  any  planter  of  this  Province,  that  he  shall 
not  be  his  own  judge  upon  the  Indian^  but  he  shall  make  his  complaint 
to  the  Governor  of  the  province,  or  his  Lieutenant,  or  De-puty,  or  some 
inferior  Magistrate  near  him,  who  shall,  to  the  utmost  of  his  power,  take 
care  with  the  king  of  the  said  Indian^  that  all  reasonable  satisfaction  be 
made  to  the  said  injured  planter. 

XIV.  That  all  difterences,  between  the  planters  and  the  natives,  shall 
also  be  ended  by  twelve  men,  that  is,  by  six  planters  and  six  natives ;  that 
so  we  may  live  friendly  together  as  much  as  in  us  lieth,  preventing  all 
occasions  of  heart-burnings  and  mischief. 

XV.  That  the  Indians  shall  have  liberty  to  do  all  things  relating  to 
improvement  of  their  ground,  and  providing  sustenance  for  their  fami- 
lies, that  any  of  the  planters  shall  enjoy. 

XVI.  That  the  laws,  as  to  slanders,  drunkenness,  swearing,  cursing, 
pride  in  apparel,  trespasses,  distresses,  replevins,  weights,  and  measures, 
shall  be  the  same  as  in  England,  till  altered  by  law  in  this  province. 

XVII.  That  all  shall  mark  their  hogs,  sheep  and  other  cattle,  and  what 
are  not  marked  within  three  months  after  it  is  in  their  possession,  be  it 
young  or  old,  it  shall  be  forfeited  to  the  Governor,  that  so  people  may  be 
compelled  to  avoid  the  occasions  of  much  strife  between  planters. 

XVIII.  That,  in  clearing  the  ground,  care  be  taken  to  leave  one  acre 
of  trees  for  every  Jive  acres  cleared,  especially  to  preserve  oak  and  mul- 
berries, for  silk  and  shipping. 

XIX.  That  all  ship-masters  shall  give  an  account  of  their  countries, 
names,  ships,  owners,  freights  and  passengers,  to  an  officer  to  be  ap- 
pointed for  that  purpose,  which  shall  be  registered  within  two  days  after 
their  arrival,  and  if  they  shall  refuse  so  to  do,  that  then  none  presume  to 
trade  with  them,  upon  forfeiture  thereof;  and  that  such  masters  be  looked 
upon  as  having  an  evil  intention  to  the  province. 

XX.  That  no  person  leave  the  province,  without  publication  being 
made  thereof,  in  the  market  place,  three  weeks  before,  and  a  certificate 
from  some  Justice  of  the  Peace,  of  his  clearness  with  his  neigbours  and 
those  he  dealt  with,  so  far  as  such  an  assurance  can  be  attained  and 
given:  and  if  any  master  of  a  ship  shall,  contrary  hereunto,  receive  and 


CERTAIN   CONDITIONS   OR   CONCESSIONS. 


15 


carry  away  any  person,  that  hatli  not  given  tliat  public  notice,  the  said 
master  shall  be  liable  to  all  debts  owing  by  the  said  person,  so  secretly 
transported  from  the  province. 

Lastly,  That  these  are  to  be  added  to,  or  corrected,  by  and  with  the 
consent  of  the  parties  hereunto  subscribed. 

WILLIAM  PENN. 
-|       William  Boeliiam, 
|-      Harbert  Springet, 
J       Thomas  Prudyard. 

Sealed  and  delivered  in  tJte  ^ 
presence  of  all  the  propri- 
etors, who    have  hereunto   [^ 
suhscrihed,  except  Thomas   f 
Farrinhor rough  and  John 
Goodson,  in  presence  of      J 


Sealed  and  delivered  in 
the  presence  of 


Hugh  Chamberlen, 
E.  Murray, 
Harbert  Springet, 
Humphry  South, 
Thomas  Barker, 
Samuel 'JoBsoN, 
^JoHN  Joseph  Moore, 
William  Powel, 
KiCHARD  Davie, 
Griffith  Jones, 
Hugh  Lambe, 
Thomas  Farrinborrougu, 
John  Goodson. 


16  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


No.  3. 

The  frame  of  the  government  of  the inovince  of  Peusilvania,  in  America: 
together  loith  certain  laws  agreed  upon  in  England,  hy  the  Goverrior  and 
divers  freemen  of  the  aforesaid  inovince.  To  he  further  explained  and 
confirmed  there,  hy  the  first  2^1'ovincial  Council,  that  shall  he  held,  if  they 
see  meet. 

THE    PREFACE. 

When  the  great  and  wise  God  had  made  the  world,  of  all  his  creatures, 
it  pleased  him  to  chuse  man  his  Deputy  to  rule  it :  and  to  fit  him  for  so 
great  a  charge  and  trust,  he  did  not  only  qualify  him  with  skill  and 
power,  but  with  integrity  to  use  them  justly.  This  native  goodness  was 
equally  his  honour  and  his  happiness ;  and  whilst  he  stood  here,  all  went 
well ;  there  was  no  need  of  coercive  or  compulsive  means ;  the  precept 
of  divine  love  and  truth,  in  his  bosom,  was  the  guide  and  keeper  of  his 
innocency.  But  lust  prevailing  against  duty,  made  a  lamentable  breach 
upon  it ;  and  the  law,  that  before  had  no  power  over  him,  took  place 
upon  him,  and  his  disobedient  posterity,  that  such  as  would  not  live 
conformable  to  the  holy  law  Avithin,  should  fiill  under  the  reproof  and 
correction  of  the  just  law  without,  in  a  judicial  administration. 

This  the  Apostle  teaches  in  divers  of  his  epistles:  "The  law  (says  he) 
was  added  because  of  transgression :"  In  another  place,  "  Knowing  that 
the  law  was  not  made  for  the  riofhteous  man;  but  for  the  disobedient  and 
ungodly,  for  sinners,  for  unholy  and  prophane,  for  murderers,  for  whore- 
mongers, for  them  that  defile  themselves  with  mankind,  and  for  man- 
stealers,  for  lyers,  for  perjured  persons,"  &c.,  but  this  is  not  all,  he  opens 
and  carries  the  matter  of  government  a  little  further:  "Let  every  soul 
be  subject  to  the  higher  powers;  for  there  is  no  power  but  of  God.  The 
powers  that  be  are  ordained  of  God:  whosoever  therefore  resisteth  the 
power,  resisteth  the  ordinance  of  God.  For  rulers  are  not  a  terror  to 
good  works,  but  to  evil:  wilt  thou  then  not  be  afraid  of  the  power?  do 
that  which  is  good,  and  thou  shalt  have  praise  of  the  same."  "  He  is  the 
minister  of  God  to  thee  for  good."  "  Wherefore  ye  must  needs  be  sub- 
ject, not  only  for  wrath,  but  for  conscience  sake." 

This  settles  the  divine  right  of  government  beyond  exception,  and  that 
for  two  ends:  first,  to  terrify  evil  doers:  secondly,  to  cherish  those  that 
do  well;  which  gives  government  a  life  beyond  corruption,  and  makes 
it  as  durable  in  the  world,  as  good  men  should  be.  So  that  government 
seems  to  me  a  part  of  religion  itself,  a  thing  sacred  in  its  institution  and 


FIRST  fra:me  of  goverxmext.  17 

end.  For,  if  it  does  not  directly  remove  the  cause,  it  cruslies  the  effects 
of  evil,  and  is  as  such,  (though  a  lower,  yet)  an  emanation  of  the  same 
Divine  Power,  that  is  both  author  and  object  of  pure  religion;  the  dif- 
ference lying  here,  that  the  one  is  more  free  and  mental,  the  other  more 
corporal  and  compulsive  in  its  operations:  but  that  is  only  to  evil  doers; 
government  itself  being  otherwise  as  capable  of  kindness,  goodness  and 
charity,  as  a  more  private  society.  They  weakly  err,  that  think  there  is 
no  other  use  of  government,  than  correction,  which  is  the  coarsest  part 
of  it:  daily  experience  tells  us,  that  the  care  and  regulation  of  many  other 
affairs,  more  soft,  and  daily  necessary,  make  up  much  of  the  greatest  part 
of  government ;  and  which  must  have  followed  the  peopling  of  the  world, 
had  Adam  never  fell,  and  will  continue  among  men,  on  earth,  under  the 
highest  attainments  they  may  arrive  at,  by  the  coming  of  the  blessed 
Second  Adaon,  the  Lord  from  heaven.  Thus  much  of  government  in 
general,  as  to  its  rise  and  end. 

For  particular /Va?)ie5  and  models,  it  will  become  me  to  say  little;  and 
comparatively  I  will  say  nothing.     My  reasons  are : 

First.  That  the  age  is  too  nice  and  difficult  for  it ;  there  being  nothing 
the  wits  of  men  are  more  busy  and  divided  upon.  It  is  true,  they  seem 
to  agree  to  the  end,  to  wit,  happiness;  but,  in  the  means,  they  differ,  as 
to  divine,  so  to  this  human  felicity ;  and  the  cause  is  much  the  same,  not 
always  want  of  light  and  knowledge,  but  want  of  using  them  rightly. 
Men  side  with  their  passions  against  their  reason,  and  their  sinister  inter- 
ests have  so  strong  a  bias  upon  their  minds,  that  they  lean  to  them 
against  the  good  of  the  things  they  know. 

Secondly.  I  do  not  find  a  model  in  the  world,  that  time,  place,  and 
some  singular  emergences  have  not  necessarily  altered;  nor  is  it  easy  to 
frame  a  civil  government,  that  shall  serve  all  places  alike. 

Thirdly.  I  know  what  is  said  by  the  several  admirers  of  monarchy, 
aristocracy  and  democracy,  which  are  the  rule  of  one,  a  few,  and  many, 
and  are  the  three  common  ideas  of  government,  when  men  discourse  on 
the  subject.  But  I  chuse  to  solve  the  controversy  with  this  small  dis- 
tinction, and  it  belongs  to  all  three:  Any  government  is  free  to  the i^ople 
under  it  (whatever  be  the  frame)  tuliere  the  laws  rule,  and  the  x>eople  are  a 
party  to  those  laws,  and  more  than  this  is  tyranny,  oligarchy,  or  confusion. 

But,  lastly,  when  all  is  said,  there  is  hardly  one  frame  of  government 
in  the  world  so  ill  designed  by  its  first  founders,  that,  in  good  hands, 
would  not  do  well  enough;  and  story  tells  us,  the  best,  in  ill  ones,  can 
do  nothing  that  is  great  or  good;  witness  the  Jeicish  and  Boman  states. 
Governments,  like  clocks,  go  from  the  motion  men  give  them ;  and  as 
governments  are  made  and  moved  by  men,  so  by  them  they  are  ruined 
too.  Wherefore  governments  rather  depend  upon  men,  than  men  upon 
governments.  Let  men  be  good,  and  the  government  cannot  be  bad;  if 
2k 


18  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 

it  be  ill,  they  will  cure  it.     But,  if  men  be  bad,  let  the  government  be 
never  so  good,  they  will  endeavor  to  warp  and  spoil  it  to  their  turn. 

I  know  some  say,  let  us  have  good  laws,  and  no  matter  for  the  men 
that  execute  them :  but  let  them  consider,  that  though  good  laws  do  well, 
good  men  do  better :  for  good  laws  may  want  good  men,  and  be  abolished 
or  evaded  by  ill  men;  but  good  men  will  never  want  good  laws,  nor 
suffer  ill  ones.  It  is  true,  good  laws  have  some  awe  upon  ill  ministers, 
but  that  is  where  they  have  not  power  to  escape  or  abolish  them,  and 
the  people  are  generally  wise  and  good :  but  a  loose  and  depraved  peo- 
ple (which  is  to  the  question)  love  laws  and  an  administration  like  them- 
selves. That,  therefore,  which  makes  a  good  constitution,  must  keep  it, 
viz :  men  of  wisdom  and  virtue,  qualities,  that  because  they  descend  not 
with  worldly  inheritances,  must  be  carefully  propagated  by  a  virtuous 
education  of  youth;  for  which  after  ages  will  owe  more  to  the  care  and 
prudence  of  founders,  and  the  successive  magistracy,  than  to  their  par- 
ents, for  their  private  patrimonies. 

These  considerations  of  the  weight  of  government,  and  the  nice  and 
various  opinions  about  it,  made  it  uneasy  to  me  to  think  of  publishing 
the  ensuing  frame  and  conditional  laws,  forseeing  both  the  censures,  they 
will  meet  with,  from  men  of  differing  humours  and  engagements,  and  the 
occasion  they  may  give  of  discourse  beyond  my  design. 

But,  next  to  the  power  of  necessity,  (which  is  a  solicitor,  that  will  take 
no  denial)  this  induced  me  to  a  compliance,  that  we  have  (with  reverence 
to  God,  and  good  conscience  to  men)  to  the  best  of  our  skill,  contrived 
and  composed  the  frame  and  laws  of  this  government,  to  the  great  end  of 
all  government,  viz:  To  support  power  in  reverence  with  the  people^  and 
to  secure  the  people  frovti  the  abuse  of  power;  that  they  may  be  free  by  their 
just  obedience,  and  the  magistrates  honourable,  for  their  just  administra- 
tion: for  liberty  without  obedience  is  confusion,  and  obedience  without 
liberty  is  slavery.  To  carry  this  evenness  is  partly  owing  to  the  consti- 
tution, and  partly  to  the  magistracy:  where  either  of  these  fail,  govern- 
ment will  be  subject  to  convulsions;  but  where  both  are  wanting,  it 
must  be  totally  subverted:  then  where  both  meet,  the  goverment  is  like 
to  endure.  Which  I  humbly  pray  and  hope  Ood  will  please  to  make  the 
lot  of  this  of  Pensilvania.     Amen. 

WILLIAM  PENN. 

THE  FRAME,  &C. 

To  all  people,  to  whom  these  presents  shall  come.  Whereas,  king 
Charles  the  Second,  by  his  letters  patents,  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land^ for  the  consideration  therein  mentioned,  hath  been  graciously  pleased 
to  give  and  grant  unto  me  William  Peim,  (by  the  name  of  William 
Penn^  Esquire,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn^  deceased)  and  to  my 


FIRST   FRAME   OF   GOVERNMENT.  19 

heirs  and  assigns  forever,  all  that  tract  of  land,  or  province,  called  Pcji- 
silvcmia,  in  America,  with  divers  great  powers,  preheminences,  royalties, 
jurisdictions,  and  authorities,  necessary  for  the  well-being  and  govern- 
ment thereof:  Now  know  ye,  that  for  the  well-being  and  government 
of  the  said  province,  and  for  the  encouragement  of  all  the  freemen  and 
planters,  that  may  be  therein  concerned,  in  pursuance  of  the  powers 
aforementioned,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  have  declared,  granted  and 
confirmed,  and  by  these  presents,  for  me,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  do  de- 
clare, grant  and  confirm  unto  all  the  freemen,  planters  and  adventurers 
of,  in  and  to  the  said  province,  these  liberties,  franchises  and  properties, 
to  be  held,  enjoyed  and  kept  by  the  freemen,  planters  and  inhabitants  of 
the  said  province  of  Pensilvania  for  ever. 

Imprimis.  That  the  government  of  this  province  shall,  according  to 
the  powers  of  the  patent,  consist  of  the  Governor  and  freemen  of  the  said 
province,  in  form  of  a  provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly,  by 
whom  all  laws  shall  be  made,  ofl&cers  chosen,  and  public  affairs  trans- 
acted, as  is  hereafter  respectively  declared,  that  is  to  say — 

II.  That  the  freemen  of  the  said  province  shall,  on  the  twentieth  day 
of  the  twelfth  month,  which  shall  be  in  this  present  year  one  thousand 
six  hundred  eighty  and  two,  meet  and  assemble  in  some  fit  place,  of  which 
timely  notice  shall  be  before  hand  given  by  the  Governor  or  his  Deputy; 
and  then,  and  there,  shall  chuse  out  of  themselves  seventy-tivo  persons  of 
most  note  for  their  wisdom,  virtue  and  ability,  who  shall  meet,  on  the 
tenth  day  of  the  first  month  next  ensuing,  and  always  be  called,  and  act 
as,  the  provincial  Council  of  the  said  province. 

III.  That,  at  the  first  choice  of  such  provincial  Council,  one-third  part 
of  the  said  provincial  Council  shall  be  chosen  to  serve  for  three  years, 
then  next  ensuing;  one-third  part,  for  two  years  then  next  ensuing;  and 
one-third  part,  for  one  year  then  next  ensuing  such  election,  and  no 
longer;  and  that  the  said  third  part  shall  go  out  accordingly:  and  on  the 
twentieth  day  of  the  twelfth  month,  as  aforesaid,  yearly  for  ever  after- 
wards, the  freemen  of  the  said  province  shall,  in  like  manner,  meet  and 
assemble  together,  and  then  chuse  twenty-four  persons,  being  one-third 
of  the  said  number,  to  serve  in  provincial  Council  for  three  years:  it 
being  intended,  that  one-third  part  of  the  whole  provincial  Council  (al- 
ways consisting,  and  to  consist,  of  seventy-two  persons,  as  aforesaid) 
falling  ofl"  yearly,  it  shall  be  yearly  supplied  by  such  new  yearly  elec- 
tions, as  aforesaid;  and  that  no  one  person  shall  continue  therein  longer 
than  three  years :  and,  in  case  any  member  shall  decease  before  the  last 
election  during  his  time,  that  then  at  the  next  election  ensuing  his  de- 
cease, another  shall  be  chosen  to  supply  his  place,  for  the  remaining  time» 
he  was  to  have  served,  and  no  longer. 

ly .  That,  after  the  first  seven  years,  every  one  of  the  said  third  parts, 


20  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 

that  goetli  yearly  off,  sliall  be  uncapable  of  being  cliosen  again  for  one 
whole  year  following :  that  so  all  may  be  fitted  for  government,  and  have 
experience  of  the  care  and  burden  of  it. 

Y.  That  the  provincial  Council,  in  all  cases  and  matters  of  moment,  as 
their  arguing  upon  bills  to  be  passed  into  laws,  erecting  courts  of  justice, 
giving  judgment  upon  criminals  impeached,  and  choice  of  officers,  in 
such  manner  as  is  herein  after  mentioned;  not  less  than  two-thirds  of 
the  whole  provincial  Council  shall  make  a  quorum;  and  that  the  con- 
sent and  approbation  of  two-thirds  of  such  quorum  shall  be  had  in  all 
such  cases  and  matters  of  moment.  And  moreover  that,  in  all  cases  and 
matters  of  lesser  moment,  twenty-four  Members  of  the  said  provincial 
Council  shall  make  a  quorum,  the  majority  of  which  twenty -four  shall, 
and  may,  always  determine  in  such  cases  and  causes  of  lesser  moment. 

VI.  That,  in  this  provincial  Council,  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy, 
shall  or  may,  always  preside,  and  have  a  treble  voice;  and  the  said  pro- 
vincial Council  shall  always  continue,  and  sit  upon  its  own  adjournments 
and  committees. 

VII.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  prepare  and 
propose  to  the  General  Assembly,  hereafter  mentioned,  all  bills,  which 
they  shall,  at  any  time,  think  fit  to  be  passed  into  laws,  within  the  said 
province;  which  bills  shall  be  published  and  affixed  to  the  most  noted 
places,  in  the  inhabited  parts  thereof,  thirty  days  before  the  meeting  of 
the  General  Assembly,  in  order  to  the  passing  them  into  laws,  or  reject- 
ing "of  them,  as  the  General  Assembly  shall  see  meet. 

A^III.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  take  care,  that 
all  laws,  statutes  and  ordinances,  which  shall  at  any  time  be  made  within 
the  said  province,  be  duly  and  diligently  executed. 

IX.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times,  have 
the  care  of  the  peace  and  safety  of  the  province,  and  that  nothing  be  by 
any  person  attempted  to  the  subversion  of  this  frame  of  government. 

X.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times, 
settle  and  order  the  situation  of  all  cities,  ports,  and  market  towns  in 
every  county,  modelling  therein  all  public  buildings,  streets  and  market 
places,  and  sliall  appoint  all  necessary  roads,  and  high-ways  in  the  prov- 
ince. 

XI.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times,  have 
power  to  inspect  the  management  of  the  public  treasury,  and  punish  those 
who  shall  convert  any  part  thereof  to  any  other  use,  than  what  hath  been 
agreed  upon  by  the  Governor,  provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly. 

XII.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council,  shall  erect  and  order 
all  public  schools,  and  encourage  and  reward  the  authors  of  useful  sci- 
ences and  laudable  inventions  in  the  said  province. 

XIII.  That,  for  the  better  management  of  the  powers  and  trust  afore- 


FIRST   FRAME    OF   GOVERNMENT.  21 

said,  the  provincial  Council  shall,  from  time  to  time,  divide  itself  into 
four  distinct  and  proper  committees,  for  the  more  easy  administration  of 
the  affairs  of  the  Province,  which  divides  the  seventy-two  into  four  eigh- 
teens,  every  one  of  which  eighteens  shall  consist  of  six  out  of  eacli  of  the 
three  orders,  or  yearly  elections,  each  of  Avhich  shall  have  a  distinct  portion 
of  business,  as  followeth :  Fust,  a  committee  of  plantations,  to  situate 
and  settle  cities,  ports,  and  market  towns,  and  high- ways,  and  to  hear  and 
decide  all  suits  and  controversies  relating  to  plantations.  Secondly,  a 
committee  of  justice  and  safety,  to  secure  the  peace  of  the  Province,  and 
punish  the  mal-administration  of  those  who  subvert  justice,  to  the  preju- 
dice of  the  public,  or  private,  interest.  Thirdly,  a  committee  of  trade 
and  treasury,  who  shall  regulate  all  trade  and  commerce,  according  to 
law,  encourage  manufacture  and  country  growth,  and  defray  the  public 
charge  of  the  Province.  And,  Fourthly,  a  committee  of  manners,  educa- 
tion and  arts,  that  all  wicked  and  scandalous  living  may  be  prevented, 
and  that  youth  may  be  successively  trained  up  in  virtue  and  useful 
knowledge  and  arts:  the  quorum  of  each  of  which  committees  being  six, 
that  is,  two  out  of  each  of  the  three  orders,  or  yearly  elections,  as  afore- 
said, make  a  constant  and  standing  Council  of  tiventy-four,  which  will 
have  the  power  of  the  provincial  Council,  being  the  quorum  of  it,  in  all 
cases  not  excepted  in  the  fifth  article;  and  in  the  said  committees,  and 
standing  Council  of  the  Province,  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  shall,  or 
may  preside,  as  aforesaid;  and  in  the  absence  of  the  Governor,  or  his 
Deputy,  if  no  one  is  by  either  of  them  appointed,  the  said  committees  or 
Council  shall  appoint  a  President  for  that  time,  and  not  otherwise ;  and 
what  shall  be  resolved  at  such  committees,  shall  be  reported  to  the  said 
Council  of  the  province,  and  shall  be  by  them  resolved  and  confirmed 
before  the  same  shall  be  put  in  execution ;  and  that  these  respective  com- 
mittees shall  not  sit  at  one  and  the  same  time,  except  in  cases  of  necessity. 
XIV.  And,  to  the  end  that  all  laws  prepared  by  the  Governor  and 
provincial  Council  aforesaid,  may  yet  have  the  more  full  concurrence  of 
the  freemen  of  the  province,  it  is  declared,  granted  and  confirmed,  that, 
at  the  time  and  place  or  places,  for  the  choice  of  a  provincial  Council, 
as  aforesaid,  the  said  freemen  shall  yearly  chuse  Members  to  serve  in  a 
General  Assembly,  as  their  representatives,  not  exceeding  two  hundred 
persons,  Avho  shall  yearly  meet,  on  the  twentieth  day  of  the  second  month, 
which  shall  be  in  the  year  one  thousand  six  hundred  eighty  and  three 
following,  in  the  capital  town,  or  city,  of  the  said  province,  where,  during 
eight  days,  the  several  Members  may  freely  confer  with  one  another ;  and, 
if  any  of  them  see  meet,  with  a  committee  of  the  provincial  Council 
(consisting  of  three  out  of  each  of  the  four  committees  aforesaid,  being 
twelve  in  all)  which  shall  be,  at  that  time,  purposely  appointed  to  receive 
from  any  of  them  proposals,  for  the  alterations  or  amendment  of  any  of 


22  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

the  said  proposed  and  promulgated  bills :  and  on  the  ninth  day  from  their 
so  meeting,  the  said  General  Assembly,  after  reading  over  the  proposed 
bills  by  the  Clerk  of  the  provincial  Council,  and  the  occasions  and 
motives  for  them  being  opened  by  the  Governor  or  his  Deputy,  shall  give 
their  affirmative  or  negative,  which  to  them  seemeth  best,  in  such  man- 
ner as  herein  after  is  expressed.  But  not  less  than  two-thirds  shall  make 
a  quorum  in  the  passing  of  laws,  and  choice  of  such  officers  as  are  by 
them  to  be  chosen. 

XV.  That  the  laws  so  prepared  and  proposed,  as  aforesaid,  that  are 
assented  to  by  the  General  Assembly,  shall  be  enrolled  as  laws  of  the 
Province,  with  this  stile:  By  the  Governor^  ivith  the  assent  and  approba- 
tion of  the  freemen  in  provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly. 

XVI.  That,  for  the  establishment  of  the  government  and  laws  of  this 
province,  and  to  the  end  there  may  be  an  universal  satisfaction  in  the  laying 
of  the  fundamentals  thereof:  the  General  Assembly  shall,  or  may,  for  the 
first  year,  consist  of  all  the  freemen  of  and  in  the  said  province;  and 
ever  after  it  shall  be  yearly  chosen,  as  aforesaid;  which  number  of  two 
hundred  shall  be  enlarged  as  the  country  shall  increase  in  people,  so  as 
it  do  not  exceed  five  hundred,  at  any  time;  the  appointment  and  propor- 
tioning of  which,  as  also  the  laying  and  methodizing  of  the  choice  of  the 
provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly,  in  future  times,  most  equally 
to  the  divisions  of  the  hundreds  and  counties,  which  the  country  shall 
hereafter  be  divided  into,  shall  be  in  the  power  of  the  provincial  Council 
to  propose,  and  the  General  Assembly  to  resolve. 

XVII.  That  the  Governor  and  the  provincial  Council  shall  erect,  from 
time  to  time,  standing  courts  of  justice,  in  such  places  and  number  as 
they  shall  judge  convenient  for  the  good  government  of  the  said  province. 
And  that  the  provincial  Council  shall,  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  the  first 
mouth,  yearly,  elect  and  present  to  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  a  double 
number  of  persons,  to  serve  for  Judges,  Treasurers,  Masters  of  Rolls, 
within  the  said  province,  for  the  year  next  ensuing ;  and  the  freemen  of 
the  said  province,  in  the  county  courts,  when  they  shall  be  erected,  and 
till  then,  in  the  General  Assembly,  shall,  on  the  three  and  twentieth  day 
of  the  second  month,  yearly,  elect  and  present  to  the  Governor,  or  his 
Deputy,  a  double  number  of  persons,  to  serve  for  Sherifts,  Justices  of  the 
Peace,  and  Coroners,  for  the  year  next  ensuing;  out  of  which  respective 
elections  and  presentments,  the  Governor  or  his  Deputy  shall  nominate 
and  commissionate  the  proper  number  for  each  office,  the  third  day  after 
the  said  presentments,  or  else  the  first  named  in  such  presentment,  for 
each  office,  shall  stand  and  serve  for  that  office  the  year  ensuing. 

XVIII.  But  forasmuch  as  the  present  condition  of  the  province  requires 
some  immediate  settlement,  and  admits  not  of  so  quick  a  revolution  of 
officers;  and  to  the  end  the  said  Province  may,  with  all  convenient  speed. 


FIRST   FRAME    OF    GOVERNMENT.  23 

be  well  ordered  and  settled,  I,  William  Penn,  do  therefore  think  fit  to 
nominate  and  appoint  such  persons  for  Judges,  Treasurers,  Masters  of  the 
Eolls,  Sherififs,  Justices  of  the  Peace,  and  Coroners,  as  are  most  fitly  qual- 
ified for  those  employments ;  to  whom  I  shall  make  and  grant  commis- 
sions for  the  said  offices,  respectively,  to  hold  to  them,  to  whom  the  same 
shall  be  granted,  for  so  long  time  as  every  such  person  shall  well  behave 
himself  in  the  office,  or  place,  to  him  respectively  granted,  and  no  longer. 
And  upon  the  decease  or  displacing  of  any  of  the  said  officers,  the  suc- 
ceeding officer,  or  officers,  shall  be  chosen,  as  aforesaid. 

XIX.  That  the  General  Assembly  shall  continue  so  long  as  may  be 
needful  to  impeach  criminals,  fit  to  be  there  impeached,  to  pass  bills  into 
laws,  that  they  shall  think  fit  to  pass  into  laws,  and  till  such  time  as  the 
Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  delare  that  they  have  nothing 
further  to  propose  unto  them,  for  their  assent  and  approbation :  and  that 
declaration  shall  be  a  dismiss  to  the  General  Assembly  for  that  time ; 
which  General  Assembly  shall  be,  notwithstanding,  capable  of  assembling 
together  upon  the  summons  of  the  provincial  Council,  at  any  time  during 
that  year,  if  the  said  provincial  Council  shall  see  occasion  for  their  so 
assembling. 

XX.  That  all  the  elections  of  members,  or  representatives  of  the  peo- 
ple, to  serve  in  provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly,  and  all  ques- 
tions to  be  determined  by  both,  or  either  of  them,  that  relate  to  passing 
of  bills  into  laws,  to  the  choice  of  officers,  to  impeachments  by  the  Gene- 
ral Assembly,  and  judgment  of  criminals  upon  such  impeachments  by 
the  provincial  Council,  and  to  all  other  cases  by  them  respectively  judged 
of  importance,  shall  be  resolved  and  determined  by  the  ballot;  and  un- 
less on  sudden  and  indispeusible  occasions,  no  business  in  provincial 
Council,  or  its  respective  committees,  shall  be  finally  determined  the 
same  day  that  it  is  moved. 

XXI.  That  at  all  times  when,  and  so  often  as  it  shall  hap])en  that  the 
Governor  shall  or  may  be  an  infant,  under  the  age  of  one  and  twenty 
years,  and  no  guardians  or  commissioners  are  appointed  in  writing,  by 
the  father  of  the  said  infant,  or  that  such  guardians  or  commissioners, 
shall  be  deceased ;  that  during  such  minority,  the  provincial  Council 
shall,  from  time  to  time,  as  they  shall  see  meet,  constitute  and  appoint 
guardians  or  commissioners,  not  exceeding  three ;  one  of  which  three 
shall  preside  as  deputy  and  chief  guardian,  during  such  minority,  and 
shall  have  and  execute,  with  the  consent  of  the  other  two,  all  the  power 
of  a  Governor,  in  all  the  public  affairs  and  concerns  of  the  said  province. 

XXII.  That,  as  often  as  any  day  of  the  month,  mentioned  in  any  arti- 
cle of  this  charter,  shall  fall  upon  the  first  day  of  the  week,  commonly 
called  the  Lord's  Day,  the  business  appointed  for  that  day  shall  be  de- 
ferred till  the  next  day,  unless  in  case  of  emergency. 


24  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

XXIII.  That  no  act,  law,  or  ordinance  whatsoever,  shall  at  any  time 
hereafter,  be  made  or  done  bj  the  Governor  of  this  province,  his  heirs  or 
assigns,  or  by  the  freemen  in  the  provincial  Council,  or  the  General 
Assembly,  to  alter,  change,  or  diminish  the  form,  or  effect,  of  this  charter^ 
or  any  part,  or  clause  thereof,  or  contrary  to  the  true  intent  and  mean- 
ing thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the  Governor,  his  heirs,  or  assigns,  and 
six  parts  of  seven  of  the  said  freemen  in  provincial  Council  and  General 
Assembly. 

XXIV.  And  lastly,  that  I,  the  said  William  Penn^  for  myself,  my 
heirs  and  assigns,  have  solemnly  declared,  granted  and  confirmed,  and  da 
hereby  solemnly  declare,  grant  and  confirm,  that  neither  I,  my  heirs,  nor 
assigns,  shall  procure  or  do  any  thing  or  things,  whereby  the  liberties, 
in  this  charter  contained  and  expressed,  shall  be  infringed  or  broken; 
and  if  any  thing  be  procured  by  any  person  or  persons  contrary  to  these 
premises,  it  shall  be  held  of  no  force  or  effect.  In  witness  whereof,  I,, 
the  said  William  Penn^  have  unto  this  present  character  of  liberties  set 
my  hand  and  broad  seal,  this  five  and  twentieth  day  of  the  second  month,, 
vulgarly  called  April,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  six  hundred 
and  eighty-two. 

WILLIAM  PENN. 

LAWS  AGREED  UPON  IN  ENGLAND,  kG. 

I.  That  the  charter  of  liberties,  declared,  granted  and  confirmed  the  five 
and  twentieth  day  of  the  second  month,  called  April,  1682,  before  divers- 
witnesses,  by  William  Penn^  Governor  and  chief  Proprietor  of  Pensil- 
vania,  to  all  the  freemen  and  planters  of  the  said  province,  is  hereby  de- 
clared and  approved,  and  shall  be  for  ever  held  for  fundamental  in  the 
government  thereof,  according  to  the  limitations  mentioned  in  the  said 
charter. 

II.  That  ever}^  inhabitant  in  the  said  province,  that  is  or  shall  be,  a 
purchaser  of  one  hundred  acres  of  land,  or  upwards,  his  heirs  and  assigns, 
and  every  person  who  shall  have  paid  his  passage,  and  taken  up  one  hun- 
dred acres  of  land,  at  one  penny  an  acre,  and  have  cultivated  ten  acres 
thereof,  and  every  person,  that  hath  been  a  servant,  or  bonds-man,  and 
is  free  by  his  service,  that  shall  have  taken  up  his  fifty  acres  of  land,  and 
cultivated  twenty  thereof,  and  every  inhabitant,  artificer,  or  other  resi- 
dent in  the  said  province,  that  pa3^s  scot  and  lot  to  the  government ; 
shall  be  deemed  and  accounted  a  freeman  of  the  said  province  :  and  every 
such  person  shall,  and  may,  be  capable  of  electing,  or  being  elected^ 
representatives  of  the  people,  in  provincial  Council,  or  General  Assem- 
bly, in  the  said  province. 

III.  That  all  elections  of  members,  or  representatives  of  the  people 
and  freemen   of  the   province   of  Pensilva7u'a,  to   serve   in   provincial 


FIEST   FRAME    OF    GOVERNMENT.  25 

Council,  or  General  Assembly,  to  be  held  within  the  said  province,  shall 
be  free  and  voluntarj^ :  and  that  the  elector,  that  shall  receive  any  re- 
ward or  gift,  in  meat,  drink,  monies,  or  otherwise,  shall  forfeit  his  right 
to  elect;  and  such  person  as  shall  directly  or  indirectly  give,  promise,  or 
bestoAV  any  such  reward  as  aforesaid,  to  be  elected,  shall  forfeit  his  elec- 
tion, and  be  thereby  incapable  to  serve  as  aforesaid :  and  the  provincial 
Council  and  General  Assembly  shall  be  the  sole  judges  of  the  regularity, 
.or  irregularity  of  the  elections  of  their  own  respective  Members, 

IV.  That  no  money  or  goods  shall  be  raised  upon,  or  paid  by,  any  of 
the  people  of  this  province  by  way  of  public  tax,  custom  or  contribution, 
but  by  a  law,  for  that  purpose  made ;  and  whoever  shall  levy,  collect,  or 
pay  any  money  or  goods  contrary  thereunto,  shall  be  held  a  public  enemy 
to  the  province,  and  a  betrayer  of  the  liberties  of  the  people  thereof 

V.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  justice  shall  neither  be  sold,  de- 
nied nor  delayed. 

VI.  That,  in  all  courts  all  persons  of  all  persuasions  may  freely  appear 
in  their  own  way,  and  according  to  their  own  manner,  and  there  personally 
plead  their  own  cause  themselves ;  or,  if  unable,  by  their  friend :  and  the 
first  process  shall  be  the  exhibition  of  the  complaint  in  court,  fourteen 
days  before  the  trial ;  and  that  the  party,  complained  against,  may  be 
fitted  for  the  same,  he  or  she  shall  be  summoned,  no  less  than  ten  days 
before,  and  a  copy  of  the  complaint  delivered  him  or  her,  at  his  or  her 
dwelling  house.  But  before  the  complaint  of  any  person  be  received,  he 
shall  solemnly  declare  in  court,  that  he  believes,  in  his  conscience,  his 
cause  is  just. 

VII.  That  all  pleadings,  processes  and  records  in  courts,  shall  be 
short,  and  in  English^  and  in  an  ordinar}'-  and  plain  character,  that  they 
may  be  understood,  and  justice  speedily  administered. 

VIII.  That  all  trials  shall  be  by  twelve  men,  and  as  near  as  may  be, 
peers  or  equals,  and  of  the  neighborhood,  and  men  without  just  excep- 
tion ;  in  cases  of  life,  there  shall  be  first  twenty-four  returned  by  the 
Sheriffs,  for  a  grand  inquest,  of  whom  twelve,  at  least,  shall  find  the 
complaint  to  be  true ;  and  then  the  twelve  men,  or  peers,  to  be  likewise 
returned  by  the  Sheriff",  shall  have  the  final  judgment.  But  reasonable 
challenges  shall  be  always  admitted  against  the  said  twelve  men,  or  any 
of  them. 

IX.  That  all  fees  in  all  cases  shall  be  moderate,  and  settled  by  the 
provincial  Council,  and  General  Assembly,  and  be  hung  up  in  a  table  in 
every  respective  court;  and  whosoever  shall  be  convicted  of  taking 
more,  shall  pay  two-fold,  and  be  dismissed  his  employment ;  one  moiety 
of  which  shall  go  to  the  party  wronged. 

X.  That  all  prisons  shall  be  work-houses,  for  felons,  vagrants,  and 
loose  and  idle  persons;  whereof  one  shall  be  in  every  county.' 


26  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

XI.  That  all  prisoners  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties,  un- 
less for  capital  offences,  where  the  proof  is  evident,  or  the  presumption 
great. 

XII.  That  all  persons  wrongfully  imprisoned,  or  prosecuted  at  law, 
shall  have  double  damages  against  the  informer,  or  prosecutor. 

XIII.  That  all  prisons  shall  be  free,  as  to  fees,  food  and  lodging. 

XIV.  That  all  lands  and  goods  shall  be  liable  to  pay  debts,  except 
where  there  is  legal  issue,  and  then  all  the  goods,  and  one-third  of  the 
land  only. 

XV.  That  all  wills,  in  writing,  attested  by  two  witnesses,  shall  be  of 
the  same  force,  as  to  lands,  as  other  conveyances,  being  legally  proved 
within  forty  days,  either  within  or  without  the  said  province. 

XVI.  That  seven  years  quiet  possession  shall  give  an  unquestionable 
right,  except  in  cases  of  infants,  lunatics,  married  women,  or  persons  be- 
yond the  seas. 

XVII.  That  all  briberies  and  extortion  whatsoever  shall  be  severely 
punished. 

XVIII.  That  all  fines  shall  be  moderate,  and  saving  men's  contene- 
ments,  merchandize,  or  wainage. 

XIX.  That  all  marriages  (not  forbidden  by  the  law  of  God,  as  to 
nearness  of  blood  and  affinity  by  marriage)  small  be  encouraged ;  but 
the  parents,  or  guardians,  shall  be  first  consulted,  and  the  marriage  shall 
be  published  before  it  be  solemnized ;  and  it  shall  be  solemnized  by 
taking  one  another  as  husband  and  wife,  before  credible  witnesses ;  and 
a  certificate  of  the  whole,  under  the  hands  of  parties  and  witnesses,  shall 
be  brought  to  the  proper  register  of  that  county,  and  shall  be  registered 
in  his  office. 

XX.  And,  to  prevent  frauds  and  vexatious  suits  within  the  said  pro- 
vince, that  all  charters,  gifts,  grants,  and  conveyances  of  and  (except 
leases  for  a  year  or  under)  and  all  bills,  bonds,  and  specialties  above  five 
pounds,  and  not  under  three  months,  made  in  the  said  province,  shall  be 
enrolled,  or  registered  in  the  public  enrolment  office  of  the  said  province, 
within  the  space  of  two  months  next  after  the  making  thereof,  else  to  be 
void  in  law,  and  all  deeds,  grants,  and  conveyances  of  land  (except  as 
aforesaid)  within  the  said  province,  and  made  out  of  the  said  province, 
shall  be  enrolled  or  registered,  as  aforesaid,  within  six  months  next  after 
the  making  thereof,  and  settling  and  constituting  an  enrolment  office  or 
registry  within  the  said  province,  else  to  be  void  in  law  against  all  per- 
sons whatsoever. 

XXI.  That  all  defacers  or  corrupters  of  charters,  gifts,  grants,  bonds, 
bills,  wills,  contracts,  and  conveyances,  or  that  shall  deface  or  falsify  any 
enrolment,  registry  or  record,  within  this  province,  shall  make  double 
satisfaction  for  the  same ;  half  whereof  shall  go  to  the  party  wronged, 


FIRST    FRAME    OF    GOVERNMENT.  27 

and  they  shall  be  dismissed  af  all  places  of  trust,  and  be  publicly  dis- 
graced as  false  men. 

XXII.  That  there  shall  be  a  register  for  births,  marriages,  burials, 
wills,  and  letters  of  administration,  distinct  from  the  other  registry, 

XXIII.  That  there  shall  be  a  register  for  all  servants,  where  their 
names,  time,  wages,  and  days  of  payment  shall  be  registered. 

XXIV.  That  all  lands  and  goods  of  felons  shall  be  liable,  to  make 
satisfaction  to  the  party  wronged  twice  the  value  ;  and  for  want  of  lands 
or  goods,  the  felons  shall  be  bondmen  to  work  in  the  common  prison,  or 
work-house,  or  otherwise,  till  the  party  injured  be  satisfied. 

XXV.  That  the  estates  of  capital  oft'enders,  as  traitors  and  murderers, 
shall  go,  one-third  to  the  next  of  kin  to  the  sufferer,  and  the  remainder 
to  the  next  of  kin  to  the  criminal. 

XXVI.  That  all  witnesses,  coming,  or  called,  to  testify  their  know- 
ledge in  or  to  any  matter  or  thing,  in  any  court,  or  before  any  lawful 
authority,  within  the  said  province,  shall  there  give  or  deliver  in  their 
evidence,  or  testimony,  by  solemnly  promising  to  speak  the  truth,  the 
whole  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  to  the  matter,  or  thing  in  ques- 
tion. And  in  case  any  person  so  called  to  evidence,  shall  be  convicted 
of  wilful  falsehood,  such  person  shall  suffer  and  undergo  such  damage  or 
penalty,  as  the  person,  or  persons,  against  whom  he  or  she  bore  false  wit- 
ness, did,  or  should,  undergo  ;  and  shall  also  make  satisfaction  to  the  party 
wronged,  and  be  publicly  exposed  as  a  false  witness,  never  to  be  credited 
in  any  court,  or  before  any  Magistrate,  in  the  said  province. 

XXVII.  And,  to  the  end  that  all  officers  chosen  to  serve  within  this 
province,  may,  with  more  care  and  diligence,  answer  the  trust  reposed  in 
them,  it  is  agreed,  that  no  such  person  shall  enjoy  more  than  one  public 
office,  at  one  time. 

XXVIII.  That  all  children,  within  this  province,  of  the  age  of  twelve 
years,  shall  be  taught  some  useful  trade  or  skill,  to  the  end  none  may  be 
idle,  but  the  poor  may  work  to  live,  and  the  rich,  if  they  become  poor, 
may  not  want. 

XXIX.  That  servants  be  not  kept  longer  than  their  time,  and  such  as 
are  careful,  be  both  justly  and  kindly  used  in  their  service,  and  put  in 
fitting  equipage  at  the  expiration  thereof,  according  to  custom. 

XXX.  That  all  scandalous  and  malicious  reporters,  backbiters,  de- 
famers  and  spreaders  of  fiilse  news,  whether  against  Magistrates,  or  pri- 
vate persons,  shall  be  accordingly  severely  punished,  as  enemies  to  the 
peace  and  concord  of  this  province. 

XXXI.  That  for  the  encouragement  of  the  planters  and  traders  in  this 
province,  who  are  incorporated  into  a  society,  the  patent  granted  to  them 
by  William  Pmn,  Governor  of  the  said  province,  is  hereby  ratified  and 
confirmed. 


28  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

XXXII.  *  *  *  *  * 


XXXIII.  That  all  factors  or  correspondents  in  the  said  province, 
wronging  their  employers,  shall  make  satisfaction,  and  one-third  over, 
to  their  said  employers:  and  in  case  of  the  death  of  any  such  factor 
or  correspondent,  the  committee  of  trade  shall  take  care  to  secure  so 
much  of  the  deceased  party's  estate  as  belongs  to  his  said  respective 
employers. 

XXXIY.  That  all  Treasurers,  Judges,  Masters  of  the  Rolls,  Sheriffs, 
Justices  of  the  Peace,  and  other  officers  and  persons  whatsoever,  relating 
to  courts,  or  trials  of  causes,  or  any  other  service  in  the  government ;  and 
all  Members  elected  to  serve  in  provincial  Council  and  General  Assem- 
bly, and  all  that  have  right  to  elect  such  Members,  shall  be  such  as 
possess  faith  in  Jesus  Christ,  and  that  are  not  convicted  of  ill  fame,  or 
imsober  and  dishonest  conversation,  and  that  are  of  twenty-one  years  of 
age,  at  least;  and  that  all  such  so  qualified,  shall  be  capable  of  the  said 
several  employments  and  privileges,  as  aforesaid. 

XXXV.  That  all  persons  living  in  this  province,  who  confess  and 
acknowledge  the  one  Almighty  and  eternal  God,  to  be  the  Creator,  Up- 
holder and  Ruler  of  the  world ;  and  that  hold  themselves  obliged  in  con- 
science to  live  peaceably  and- justly  in  civil  society,  shall,  in  no  ways,  be 
molested  or  prejudiced  for  their  religious  persuasion,  or  practice,  in 
matters  of  faith  and  worship,  nor  shall  they  be  compelled,  at  any  time,  to 
frequent  or  maintain  any  religious  worship,  place  or  ministry  whatever. 

XXXVI.  That,  according  to  the  good  example  of  the  primitive  Chris- 
tians, and  the  ease  of  the  creation^  every  first  day  of  the  week,  called  the 
Lord's  day,  people  shall  abstain  from  their  common  daily  labour,  that 
they  may  the  better  dispose  themselves  to  worship  God  according  to  their 
understandings. 

XXXVII.  That  as  a  careless  and  corrupt  administration  of  justice 
draws  the  wrath  of  God  upon  magistrates,  so  the  wildness  and  looseness 
of  the  people  provoke  the  indignation  of  God  against  a  country:  there- 
fore, that  all  such  offences  against  God,  as  swearing,  cursing,  lying, 
prophane  talking,  drunkenness,  drinking  of  healths,  obscene  words,  incest, 
sodomy,  rapes,  whoredom,  fornication,  and  other  uncleanness  (not  to  be 
repeated)  all  treasons,  misprisions,  murders,  duels,  felony,  sedition,  maims, 
forcible  entries,  and  other  violences,  to  the  persons  and  estates  of  the 
inhabitants  within  this  province ;  all  prizes,  stage-plays,  cards,  dice.  May- 
games,  gamesters,  masques,  revels,  bull-baitings,  cock-fightings,  bear- 
baitings,  and  the  like,  which  excite  the  people  to  rudeness,  cruelty,  loose- 
ness, and  irreligion,  shall  be  respectively  discouraged,  and  severely  pun- 
ished, according  to  the  appointment  of  the  Governor  and  freemen  in 


FIRST   FRAME   OF   GOVERNMENT.  29 

provincial  Council  and  General  Assembly;  as  also  all  proceedings  con- 
trary to  these  laws,  that  are  not  here  made  expressly  penal. 

XXXVIII.  That  a  copy  of  these  laws  shall  be  hung  up  in  the  provin- 
cial Council,  and  in  public  courts  of  justice:  and  that  they  shall  l3e  read 
yearly  at  the  opening  of  every  provincial  Council  and  General  Assem- 
bly, and  court  of  justice ;  and  their  assent  shall  be  testified,  by  their 
standing  up  after  the  reading  thereof. 

XXXIX.  That  there  shall  be,  at  no  time,  any  alteration  of  any  of  these 
laws,  without  the  consent  of  the  Governor,  his  heirs,  or  assigns,  and  six 
parts  of  seven  of  the  freemen,  met  in  provincial  Council  and  General 
Assembly. 

XL.  That  all  other  matters  and  things  not  herein  provided  for,  which 
shall,  and  may,  concern  the  public  justice,  peace  or  safety  of  the  said 
province ;  and  the  raising  and  imposing  taxes,  customs,  duties,  or  other 
charges  whatsoever,  shall  be,  and  are,  hereby  referred  to  the  order,  pru- 
dence and  determination  of  the  Governor  and  freemen,  in  provincial 
Council  and  General  Assembly,  to  be  held,  from  time  to  time,  in  the  said 
province. 

Signed  and  sealed  by  the  Governor  and  freemen  aforesaid,  the  fifth 

day  of  the  third  month,  called  May^  one  thousand  six  hundred 

and  eighty-two. 


30  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


No.  4. 

The  Frame  of  the  Government  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  and  Terri- 
tories thereunto  annexed^  in  America.     1683. 

To  all  persons^  to  whom  these  presents  may  come.  Whereas^  king 
Charles  the  Second,  by  his  letters  patents,  under  the  great  seal  of  Eng- 
land^ bearing  date  the  fourth  day  of  March,  in  the  thirty  and  third  year 
of  the  king,  for  divers  considerations  therein  mentioned,  hath  been  gra- 
ciously pleased  to  give  and  grant  unto  me  William  Penn  (by  the  name 
of  William  Penn^  Esquire,  son  and  heir  of  Sir  William  Penn^  deceased) 
and  to  my  heirs  and  assigns  for  ever,  all  that  tract  of  land,  or  province, 
called  Pennsylvania,  in  America,  with  divers  great  powers,  preheminen- 
cies,  royalties,  jurisdictions  and  authorities,  necessary  for  the  well-being 
and  government  thereof.  And,  lohereas,  the  king's  dearest  brother  James, 
duke  of  York  and  Albany,  kc,  by  his  deeds  of  feoffment,  under  his  hand 
and  seal,  duly  perfected,  bearing  date  the  four  and  twentieth  day  of  Au- 
gust, one  thousand  six  hundred  eighty  and  two,  did  grant  unto  me,  my 
heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  tract  of  land,  lying  and  being  from  twelve 
miles  northward  of  Neivcastle,  upon  Delaware  river,  in  America,  to  Cape 
Hinlopen,  upon  the  said  river  and  bay  of  Delaivare  southward,  together 
with  all  royalties,  franchises,  duties,  jurisdictions,  liberties  and  privileges 
thereunto  belonging. 

Now  knoiv  ye.  That  for  the  well-being  and  good  government  of  the  said 
province  and  territories  thereunto  annexed,  and  for  the  encouragement 
of  all  the  freemen  and  planters,  that  may  be  therein  concerned,  in  pursu- 
ance of  the  rights  and  powers  aforementioned,  I,  the  said  William  Penn, 
have  declared,  granted,  and  confirmed,  and  by  these  presents,  for  me, 
my  heirs  and  assigns,  do  declare,  grant  and  confirm  unto  all  the  freemen, 
planters  and  adventurers  of,  in  and  to  the  said  province  and  territories 
thereof,  these  liberties,  franchises  and  properties,  so  far  as  in  me  lieth, 
to  be  held,  enjoyed  and  kept  by  the  freemen,  planters  and  adventurers 
of  and  in  the  said  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  territories  thereunto 
annexed,  for  ever. 

Imjnimis,  That  the  government  of  this  province  and  territories  there- 
of, shall,  from  time  to  time,  according  to  the  powers  of  the  patent  and 
deeds  of  feoffment  aforesaid,  consist  of  the  Proprietary  and  Grovernor, 
and  freemen  of  the  said  province  and  territories  thereof,  in  form  of  pro- 
vincial Council  and  General  Assembly;  which  provincial  Council  shall 
consist  of  eighteen  persons,  being  three  out  of  each  county,  and  which 


SECOND   FRAME   OF   GOVERNMENT.  31 

Assembly  shall  consist  of  thirty-six  persons,  being  six  out  of  each  coun- 
ty, men  of  most  note  for  their  virtue,  wisdom  and  ability;  by  whom  all 
laws  shall  be  made,  officers  chosen,  and  public  affairs  transacted,  as  is 
hereafter  limited  and  declared. 

II.  There  being  three  persons  already  chosen  for  every  respective 
county  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  to  serve  in  the  provin- 
cial Council,  one  of  them  for  three  years ;  one  for  two  years,  and  one  for 
one  year;  and  one  of  them  to  go  off' yearly,  in  every  county;  that  on  the 
tenth  day  of  the  first  month  yearly,  for  ever  after,  the  freemen  of  the  said 
province  and  territories  thereof,  shall  meet  together,  in  the  most  conven- 
ient place,  in  every  county  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  then 
and  there  to  chuse  one  person,  qualified  as  aforesaid,  in  every  county, 
being  one-third  of  the  number  to  serve  in  provincial  Council,  for  three 
years;  it  being  intended,  that  one-third  of  the  whole  provincial  Council, 
consisting  and  to  consist  of  eighteen  persons,  falling  oft'  yearly,  it  shall 
be  yearly  supplied  with  such  yearly  elections,  as  aforesaid ;  and  that  one 
person  shall  not  continue  in  longer  than  three  years;  and  in  case  any 
member  shall  decease  before  the  last  election,  during  his  time,  that  then, 
at  the  next  election  ensuing  his  decease,  another  shall  be  chosen  to  sup- 
ply his  place  for  the  remaining  time  he  was  to  have  served,  and  no 
longer. 

III.  That,  after  the  first  seven  years,  every  one  of  the  said  third  parts, 
that  goeth  yearly  off,  shall  be  incapable  of  being  chosen  again  for  one 
whole  year  following,  that  so  all  that  are  capable  and  qualified,  as  afore- 
said, may  be  fitted  for  government,  and  have  a  share  of  the  care  and 
burden  of  it. 

IV.  That  the  provincial  Council  in  all  cases  and  matters  of  moment, 
as  their  arguing  upon  bills  to  be  passed  into  laws,  or  proceedings  about 
erecting  of  courts  of  justice,  sitting  in  judgment  upon  criminals  impeach- 
ed, and  choice  of  officers,  in  such  manner  as  is  herein  after  expressed, 
not  less  than  two-thirds  of  the  whole  shall  make  a  quorum ;  and  that  the 
consent  and  approbation  of  two-thirds  of  that  quorum  shall  be  had  in  all 
such  cases,  or  matters,  of  moment :  and  that,  in  all  cases  and  matters  of 
lesser  moment,  one-third  of  the  whole  shall  make  a  q^corum,  the  majority 
of  which  shall  and  may  always  determine  in  such  cases  and  causes  of  les- 
ser moment. 

V.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  have  the  power  of 
preparing  and  proposing  to  the  Assembly,  hereafter  mentioned,  all  bills, 
which  they  shall  see  needful,  and  that  shall,  at  any  time,  be  past  into 
laws,  within  the  said  province  and  territories  thereof,  which  bills  shall 
be  published  and  affixed  to  the  most  noted  places,  in  every  county  of 
this  province  and  territories  thereof,  twenty  days  before  the  meeting  of 
the  Assembly,  in  order  to  passing  them  into  laws. 


32  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

VI.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  take  care  that  all 
laws,  statues  and  ordinances,  which  shall,  at  any  time,  be  made  within  the 
said  province  and  territories,  be  duly  and  diligently  executed. 

YII.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times, 
have  the  care  of  the  peace  and  safety  of  this  province  and  territories 
thereof;  and  that  nothing  be,  by  any  person,  attempted,  to  the  subver- 
sion of  this  frame  of  government. 

VIII.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times, 
settle  and  order  the  situation  of  all  cities,  and  market  towns,  in  every 
county,  modelling  therein  all  public  buildings,  streets  and  market  places ; 
and  shall  appoint  all  necessary  roads  and  highways,  in  this  province  and 
territories  thereof. 

IX.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall,  at  all  times,  have 
power  to  inspect  the  management  of  the  public  treasury,  and  punish 
those  who  shall  convert  any  part  thereof  to  any  other  use,  than  what 
hath  been  agreed  upon  by  the  Governor,  provincial  Council  and  As- 
sembly. 

X.  That  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  erect  and  order  all 
public  schools,  and  encourage  and  reward  the  authors  of  useful  sciences 
and  laudable  inventions  in  the  said  province  and  territories  thereof. 

XI.  That  one-third  part  of  the  provincial  Council,  residing  with  the 
Governor,  from  time  to  time,  shall  with  the  Governor  have  the  care  of 
the  management  of  public  affairs,  relating  to  the  peace,  justice,  treasury 
and  improvement  of  the  province  and  territories,  and  to  the  good  educa- 
tion of  youth,  and  sobriety  of  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants  therein,  as 
aforesaid. 

XII.  That  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  shall  always  preside  in  the 
provincial  Council,  and  that  he  shall,  at  no  time,  therein  perform  any 
public  act  of  state  whatsoever,  that  shall,  or  may,  relate  unto  the  justice, 
trade,  treasury,  or  safety  of  the  province  and  territories  aforesaid,  but  by 
and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  provincial  Council  thereof 

XIII.  And  to  the  end  that  all  bills  prepared  and  agreed  by  the  Governor 
and  provincial  Council,  as  aforesaid,  may  yet  have  the  more  full  concur- 
rence of  the  freemen  of  the  province  and  territories  thereof,  it  is  de- 
clared, granted  and  confirmed,  that,  at  the  time  and  place  in  every 
county  for  the  choice  of  one  person  to  serve  in  provincial  Council,  as 
aforesaid,  the  respective  Members  thereof,  at  their  said  meeting,  shall 
yearly  chuse  out  of  themselves  six  persons  of  most  note,  for  virtue,  wis- 
dom and  ability,  to  serve  in  Assembly,  as  their  representatives,  who 
shall  yearly  meet  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  third  month,  in  the  capital 
town  or  city  of  the  said  province,  unless  the  Governor  and  provincial 
Council  shall  think  fit  to  appoint  another  place  to  meet  in,  where,  during 
eight  days,  the  several  Members  may  confer  freely  with  one  another  ; 


SECOND    FRAME    OF    GOVERXMEXT.  33 

and  if  any  of  them  see  meet,  with  a  committee  of  the  provincial  Council, 
which  shall  be,  at  that  time,  purposely  appointed,  to  receive  from  any  of 
them  proposals  for  the  alterations,  or  amendments,  of  any  of  the  said 
proposed  and  promulgated  bills;  and  on  the  ninth  day  from  their  so 
meeting,  the  said  Assembly,  after  their  reading  over  the  proposed  bills, 
by  the  Clerk  of  the  provincial  Council,  and  the  occasions  and  motives  for 
them  being  opened  by  the  Governor  or  his  Deputy,  shall,  upon  the  ques- 
tion by  him  put,  give  their  affirmative  or  negative,  which  to  them  seem- 
eth  best,  in  such  manner  as  is  hereafter  expressed :  but  not  less  than 
two-thirds  shall  make  a  quorum  in  the  passing  of  all  bills  into  laws,  and 
choice  of  such  officers  as  are  by  them  to  be  chosen. 

XIV.  That  the  laws  so  prepared  and  proposed,  as  aforesaid,  that  are 
assented  to  by  the  Assembly,  shall  be  enrolled  as  laws  of  this  province 
and  territories  thereof,  with  this  stile:  By  the  Oovernor^  icith  the  assent 
and  approhation  of  the  freemen  in  pirovincial  Council  and  Assembly  met, 
and  from  henceforth  the  meetings,  sessions,  acts,  and  proceedings  of  the 
Governor,  provincial  Council  and  Assembly,  shall  be  stiled  and  called, 
The  meeting,  sessions  and  'proceedings  of  the  General  xissemhJy  of  tlie  i)rovince 
of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  territories  thereunto  belonging. 

XV.  And  that  the  representatives  of  the  people  in  provincial  Council 
and  Assembly,  may,  in  after  ages,  bear  some  proportion  with  the  increase 
and  multiplying  of  the  people,  the  number  of  such  representatives  of 
the  people  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  increased  and  enlarged,  so  as 
at  no  time,  the  number  exceed  seventy-two  for  the  provincial  Council, 
and  two  hundred  for  the  Assembly;  the  appointment  and  proportion 
of  which  number,  as  also  the  laying  and  methodizing  of  the  choice  of 
such  representatives  in  future  time,  most  equally  to  the  division  of  the 
country,  or  number  of  the  inhabitants,  is  left  to  the  Governor  and  pro- 
vincial Council  to  propose,  and  the  Assembly  to  resolve,  so  that  the 
order  of  proportion  be  strictly  observed,  both  in  the  choice  of  the  Coun- 
cil and  the  respective  committees  thereof,  viz.:  one  third  to  go  off,  and 
come  in  yearly. 

XVI.  That  from  and  after  the  death  of  this  present  Governor,  the  pro- 
vincial Council  shall,  together  with  the  succeeding  Governor,  erect,  from 
time  to  time,  standing  courts  of  justice,  in  such  places  and  number  as 
they  shall  judge  convenient  for  the  good  government  of  the  said  province 
and  territories  thereof;  and  that  the  provincial  Council  shall,  on  the 
thirteenth  day  of  the  second  month  then  next  ensuing,  elect  and  present 
to  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  a  double  number  of  persons,  to  serve  for 
Judges,  Treasurers,  and  Masters  of  the  Kolls,  within  the  said  province 
and  territories,  to  continue  so  long  as  they  shall  well  behave  themselves, 
in  those  capacities  respectively;  and  the  freemen  of  the  said  province,  in 
an  Assembly  met  on  the  thirteenth  day  of  the  third  month,  yearly,  shall 

3k 


34  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

elect  and  then  present  to  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  a  double  number 
of  persons  to  serve  for  Sheriffs,  Justices  of  the  Peace,  and  Coroners,  for 
the  year  next  ensuing ;  out  of  which  respective  elections  and  present- 
ments, the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  shall  nominate  and  coramissionate 
the  proper  number  for  each  office,  the  third  day  after  the  said  respec- 
tive presentments;  or  else  the  first  named  in  such  presentment,  for 
each  office,  as  aforesaid,  shall  stand  and  serve  in  that  office,  the  time 
before  respectively  limited;  and  in  case  of  death  or  default,  such 
vacancy  shall  be  supplied  by  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  in 
manner  aforesaid. 

XVII.  That  the  Assembly  shall  continue  so  long  as  may  be  needful 
to  impeach  criminals,  lit  to  be  there  impeached,  to  pass  such  bills  into 
laws  as  are  proposed  to  them,  which  they  shall  think  fit  to  pass  into  laws, 
and  till  such  time  as  the  Governor  and  provincial  Council  shall  declare, 
that  they  have  nothing  further  to  propose  unto  them,  for  their  assent 
and  approbation,  and  that  declaration  shall  be  a  dismiss  to  the  Assembly, 
for  that  time;  which  Assembly  shall  be,  notwithstanding,  capable  of 
assembling  together,  upon  the  summons  of  the  Governor  and  provincial 
Council,  at  any  time,  during  that  year,  if  the  Governor  and  provincial 
Council  shall  see  occasion  for  their  so  assembling. 

XVIII.  That  all  the  elections  of  members,  or  representatives  of  the 
people  to  serve  in  provincial  Council  and  Assembly,  and  all  questions  to 
be  determined  by  both,  or  either  of  them,  that  relate  to  choice  of  officers, 
and  all,  or  any  other  personal  matters,  shall  be  resolved  or  determined 
by  the  hallot^  and  all  things  relating  to  the  preparing  and  passing  of  bills 
into  laws,  shall  be  openly  declared  and  resolved  by  the  vote. 

XIX.  That,  at  all  times,  when  the  Proprietary  and  Governor  shall 
happen  to  be  an  infant,  and  under  the  age  of  one  and  twenty  years,  and 
no  guardians  or  commissioners  are  appointed  in  writing,  by  the  father  of 
the  said  infant,  or  that  such  guardian  shall  be  deceased,  that  during  such 
minority,  the  provincial  Council  shall,  from  time  to  time,  as  they  shall 
see  meet,  constitute  and  appoint  guardians  and  commissioners,  not  ex- 
ceeding three,  one  of  which  shall  preside  as  deputy,  and  chief  guardian, 
during  such  minority,  and  shall  have  and  execute,  with  the  consent  of 
one  of  the  other  two,  all  the  power  of  a  Governor,  in  all  public  affairs 
and  concerns  of  the  said  province  and  territories  thereof,  according  to 
charter ;  which  said  guardian  so  appointed,  shall  also  have  the  care  and 
oversight  of  the  estate  of  the  said  minor,  and  be  yearly  accountable  and 
responsible  for  the  same  to  the  provincial  Council,  and  the  provincial 
Council  to  the  minor,  when  of  age,  or  to  the  next  heir,  in  case  of  the 
minor's  death,  for  the  trust  before  expressed. 

XX.  That  as  often  as  any  days  of  the  month  mentioned  in  any  article 
of  this  charter,  shall  fall  upon  the  first  day  of  the  week,  commonly  called 


SECOND   FRAME    OF    GOVERNMENT.  85 

the  LonVs  day,  tlie  business  appointed  for  tliat  day,  shall  be  deferred 
until  the  next  day,  unless  in  cases  of  emergency. 

XXI.  And,  for  the  satisfaction  and  encouragement  of  all  aliens,  I  do 
give  and  grant,  that,  if  any  alien,  who  is,  or  shall  be  a  purchaser,  or  who 
doth,  or  shall,  inhabit  in  this  province  or  territories  thereof,  shall  decease 
at  any  time  before  he  can  well  be  naturalized,  his  right  and  interest 
therein  shall  notwithstanding  descend  to  his  wife  and  children,  or  other 
his  relations,  be  he  testate,  or  intestate,  according  to  the  laws  of  this 
province  and  territories  thereof,  in  such  cases  provided,  in  as  free  and 
ample  manner,  to  all  intents  and  purposes,  as  if  the  said  alien  had  been 
naturalized. 

XXII.  And  that  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof 
may  be  accommodated  with  such  food  and  sustenance,  as  God,  in  his 
providence,  hath  freely  afforded,  I  do  also  further  grant  to  the  inhabit- 
ants of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  liberty  to  fowl  and  hunt 
upon  the  lands  they  hold,  and  all  other  lands  therein  not  inclosed ;  and 
to  fish,  in  all  waters  in  the  said  lands,  and  in  all  rivers  and  rivulets  in, 
and  belonging  to,  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  with  liberty  to 
draw  his  or  their  fish  on  shore  on  any  man's  lands,  so  as  it  be  not  to  the 
detriment,  or  annoyance  of  the  owner  thereof,  except  such  lands  as  do 
lie  upon  inland  rivulets  that  are  not  beatable,  or  which  are,  or  may  be 
hereafter  erected  into  manors. 

XXIII.  And  that  all  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  and  territories 
thereof,  whether  purchasers  or  others,  may  have  the  last  worldly  pledge 
of  my  good  and  kind  intentions  to  them  and  theirs,  I  do  give,  grant  and 
confirm  to  all  and  every  one  of  them,  full  and  quiet  possesion  of  their 
respective  lands,  to  which  they  have  any  lawful  or  equitable  claim,  saving 
only  such  rents  and  services  for  the  same,  as  are,  or  customarily  ought  to 
be,  reserved  to  me,  my  heirs  or  assigns. 

XXI A^.  That  no  act,  law,  or  ordinance  whatsoever,  shall,  at  any  time 
hereafter,  be  made  or  done  by  the  Proprietary  and  Governor  of  this 
province,  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  or  by 
the  freemen  in  provincial  Council  or  Assembly,  to  alter,  change  or  dimin- 
ish the  form  or  effect  of  this  charter,  or  any  part  or  clause  thereof,  con- 
trary to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the 
Proprietary  and  Governor,  his  heirs  or  assigns,  and  six  parts  of  seven  of 
the  said  freemen  in  provincial  Council  and  Assembly  met. 

XXY.  And  lastly,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  Proprietary  and  Governor 
of  the  province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  for 
me,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  have  solemnly  declared,  granted  and  confirmed, 
and  do  hereby  solemnly  declare,  grant  and  confirm,  that  neither  I,  my 
heirs  nor  assigns,  shall  procure,  or  do,  any  thing  or  things,  whereby  the 
liberties,  in  this  charter  contained  and  expressed,  shall  be  infringed  or 


36  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

broken:  and  if  any  thing  be  procured,  by  any  person  or  persons,  con- 
trary to  these  premises,  it  shall  be  held  of  no  force  or  effect.  In  witness 
whereof,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  at  Philadel])hia^  in  Pennsylvania^ 
have  unto  this  present  charter  of  liberties  set  my  hand  and  broad  seal, 
this  second  day  of  the  second  month,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand 
six  hundred  and  eighty  and  three,  being  the  five  and  thirtieth  year  of  the 
king,  and  the  third  year  of  my  government. 

WILLIAM  PENN. 

This  within  charter^  which  we  have  distinctly  heard  read  and  thank- 
fully received,  shall  be  by  us  inviolably  kept,  at  Philadelphia^  the  second 
day  of  the  second  month,  one  thousand  six  hundred  eighty  and  three. 

Tlie  Members  of  the  j^^'ovincial  Council  i^re sent : 

William  Markham,  William  Clark, 

John  Moll,  William  Biles, 

William  Haige,  James  Harrison, 

Christopher  Taylor,  John  Kichardson, 

John  Simcock,  Philip  Thomas  Lenraar, 
William  Clayton,  Seer.  Gov. 

Francis  Whittwel,  Eichard  Ingelo,  CI  Coun. 
Thomas  Holme, 

The  Members  of  tJic  Assembly  present: 

Casparus  Harman,  Thomas  Hassald, 

John  Darby,  John  Hart, 

Benjamin  Williams,  Kobert  Hall, 

William  Guest,  Eobert  Bedwell, 

Valentine  Hollingsworth,  William  Simsmore, 

James  T3oyden,  Samuel  Darke, 

Bennony  Bishop,  Kobert  Lucas, 

John  Beazor,  James  Williams, 

John  Harding,  John  Blunston, 

Andrews  Bringston,  John  Songhurst, 

Simon  Irons,  John  Hill, 

John  Wood,  Nicholas  Wain, 

John  Curtis,  Thomas  Fitzwater, 

Daniel  Brown,  John  Clows, 

William  Futcher,  Luke  Watson, 

John  Kipshaven,  Joseph  Phipps, 

Alexander  Molestine,  Dennis  Eotchford, 

Eobert  Bracy,  senior,  John  Brinklair, 

Thomas  Bracy,  v  Henry  Bowman, 


SECOND  FRAME    OF    GOVERNMENT.                                       87 

William  Yardly,  Cornelius  Verhoofe, 

John  Hastings,  John  Southworth,  CI  Synod. 

Eobert  Wade, 

Some  of  the  inhabitants  of  Philadelphia  present: 

William  Howell,  Henry  Lewis, 

Edmund  Warner,  Samuel  Miles. 


88  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


No.  5. 

The  Frame  of  Government  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  and  the  terri- 
tories thereunto  belonging^ passed  hy  Governor  Markham,  November  7, 1696. 

Whereas,  the  late  king  Charles  the  Second,  in  the  three  and  thirtieth 
year  of  his  reign,  by  letters  patent  under  the  great  seal  of  England,  did, 
for  the  considerations  therein  mentioned,  grant  unto  William  Penn,  his 
heirs  and  assigns,  for  ever,  this  colony,  or  tract  of  land,  thereby  erecting 
the  same  into  a  province,  called  PennsTjlvania,  and  constituting  him,  the 
said  Williayn  Penn,  absolute  Proprietary  thereof,  vesting  him,  his  Depu- 
ties and  Lieutenants,  with  divers  great  powers,  pre-eminences,  royalties, 
jurisdictions  and  authorities,  necessary  for  the  well-being  and  good  gov- 
ernment of  the  said  province.  And  whereas  the  late  duke  of  Yorh  and 
Albany ,  &c.,  for  valuable  considerations,  did  grant  unto  the  said  William 
Penn,  his  heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  tract  of  land  which  hath  been  cast, 
or  divided  into  three  counties,  now  called  Newcastle,  Kent,  and  Sussex, 
together  with  all  royalties,  franchises,  duties,  jurisdictions,  liberties  and 
privileges  thereunto  belonging;  which  last  mentioned  tract  being  in- 
tended as  a  beneficial  and  requisite  addition  to  the  territory  of  the  said 
Proprietary,  he,  the  said  Proprietary  and  Governor,  at  the  request  of  the 
freemen  of  the  said  three  counties,  by  their  deputies,  in  Assembly  met, 
with  the  representatives  of  the  freemen  of  the  said  province  at  Chester, 
alias  Upland,  on  the  sixth  day  of  the  tenth  month,  1682,  did  (with  the 
advice  and  consent  of  the  Members  of  the  said  Assembly)  enact,  that  the 
said  three  counties  should  be  annexed  to  the  province  of  Pennsylvania, 
as  the  proper  territories  thereof:  and  whereas  king  William  and  the  late 
queen  Mary,  over  Pjiigland,  &c.,  by  their  letters  patent  and  commission, 
under  the  great  seal  of  England,  dated  the  twenty-first  day  of  October,  in 
the  fourth  year  of  their  reign,  having,  (for  the  reasons  therein  mentioned) 
taken  the  government  of  the  said  province  and  territories  into  their 
hands,  and  under  their  care  and  protection,  did  think  fit  to  constitute 
Benjamin  Fletcher,  Governor  of  New  York,  to  be  their  Captain  General, 
and  Governor  in  Chief,  over  this  province  and  country.  And  whereas, 
also  the  said  king  and  queen  afterwards,  by  their  letters  patent,  under 
the  great  seal  of  England,  dated  the  twentieth  day  of  August,  in  the  sixth 
year  of  their  reign,  have  thought  fit,  upon  the  humble  application  of  the 
said  William  Penn,  to  restore  them  to  the  administration  of  the  govern- 
ment of  the  said  province  and  territories ;  and  that  so  much  of  their  said 
commission  as  did  constitute  the  said  Benjamin  Fletcher,  their  Captain 


THIRD  FRAME  OF  GOVERXMENT.  39 

General  and  Governor  in  Chief  of  the  said  province  of  Pennsylvania, 
country  of  Neivcastk,  and  the  territories  and  tracts  of  land  depending 
thereupon,  in  America,  together  with  all  the  powers  and  authorities 
thereby  granted  for  the  ruling  and  governing  their  said  province  and 
country,  should,  from  the  publication  of  the  said  last  recited  letters 
patent,  cease,  determine  and  become  void ;  and  accordingly  the  same  are 
hereby  declared  void ;  whereupon  the  said  Williayn  Penn  did  commis- 
sionate  his  kinsman,  William  Markham,  Governor  under  him,  with  di- 
rections to  act  according  to  the  known  laws  and  usages  of  this  govern- 
ment. 

Now,  forasmuch  as  the  former  frame  of  government,  modelled  by  act 
of  settlement,  and  charter  of  liberties,  is  not  deemed,  in  all  respects,  suit- 
ably accommodated  to  our  present  circumstances,  therefore  it  is  unani- 
mously desired  that  it  may  be  enacted.  And  be  it  enacted  by  the  Gover- 
nor aforesaid,  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  representatives  of  the 
freemen  of  the  said  province  and  territories,  in  Assembly  met,  and  by 
the  authority  of  the  same,  that  this  government  shall,  from  time  to  time, 
consist  of  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputy,  or  Deputies,  and  the  freemen  of 
the  said  province,  and  territories  thereof,  in  form  of  a  Council  and  As- 
sembly; which  Council  and  Assembly  shall  be  men  of  most  note  for 
virtue,  wisdom  and  ability;  and  shall,  from  and  after  the  tenth  day  of 
the  first  month  next,  consist  of  two  persons  out  of  each  of  the  counties  of 
this  government,  to  serve  as  the  people's  representatives  in  Council ;  and 
of  four  persons  out  of  each  of  the  said  counties,  to  serve  as  their  repre- 
sentatives in  Assembly ;  for  the  electing  of  which  representatives,  it  shall 
and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  all  the  freemen  of  this  province  and  terri- 
tories aforesaid,  to  meet  together  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  first  month 
yearly  hereafter,  in  the  most  convenient  and  usual  place  for  election, 
within  the  respective  counties,  then  and  there  to  chuse  their  said  repre- 
sentatives as  aforesaid,  Avho  shall  meet  on  the  tenth  day  of  the  third 
month  yearly,  in  the  capital  town  of  the  said  province,  unless  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council  shall  think  fit  to  appoint  another  place. 

And,  to  the  end  it  may  be  known  wlio  those  are,  in  this  province  and 
territories,  who  ought  to  have  right  of,  or  to  be  deemed  freemen,  to 
chuse,  or  be  chosen,  to  serve  in  Council  and  Assembly,  as  afore- 
said. Be  it  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  no  inhabitant  of  this 
province  or  territories,  shall  have  right  of  electing,  or  being  elected  as 
aforesaid,  unless  they  be  free  denizens  of  this  government,  and  are  of 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  or  upwards,  and  have  fifty  acres  of  land, 
ten  acres  whereof  being  seated  and  cleared,  or  be  otherwise  worth  Ji/ty 
poumls,  lawful  money  of  this  government,  clear  estate,  and  have  been 
resident  within  this  government  for  the  space  of  two  years  next  before 
such  election. 


40  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

And  whereas  divers  persons  within  this  government,  cannot,  for  con- 
science sake,  take  an  oath,  upon  any  account  whatsoever.  Be  it  therefore 
enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  all  and  every  such  person  and 
persons,  being,  at  any  time  hereafter,  required,  upon  any  lawful  occasion, 
to  give  evidence,  or  take  an  oath,  in  any  case  whatsoever,  shall,  instead 
of  swearing,  be  permitted  to  make  his,  or  their  solemn  affirmation,  attest, 
or  declaration,  which  shall  be  adjudged,  and  is  hereby  enacted  and  de- 
clared to  be  of  the  same  force  and  effect,  to  all  intents  and  purposes 
whatsoever,  as  if  they  had  taken  an  oath;  and  in  case  any  such  person 
or  persons  shall  be  lawfully  convicted  of  having  wilfully  and  corruptly 
afl&rmed,  or  declared  any  matter  or  thing,  upon  such  solemn  affirmation 
or  attest,  shall  incur  the  same  penalties  and  forfeitures,  as  by  the  laws 
and  statutes  of  England  are  provided  against  persons  convicted  of  wilful 
and  corrupt  perjury. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  all  persons 
who  shall  be  hereafter  either  elected  to  serve  in  Council  and  Assembly, 
or  commissionated  or  appointed  to  be  Judges,  Justices,  Masters  of  the 
Rolls,  Sheriffs,  Coroners,  and  all  other  offices  of  State  and  trust,  within 
this  government,  who  shall  conscientiously  scruple  to  take  an  oath,  but 
when  lawfully  required,  will  make  and  subscribe  the  declaration  and 
profession  of  their  Christian  belief,  according  to  the  late  act  of  parlia- 
ment, made  in  the  first  year  of  king  William^  and  the  late  queen  Mary^ 
entitled.  An  act  for  exempting  their  majesties'  Protestant  subjects,  dis- 
senting from  the  Church  of  England^  from  the  penalty  of  certain  laws, 
shall  be  adjudged,  and  are  hereby  declared  to  be  qualified  to  act  in  their 
said  respective  offices  and  places,  and  thereupon  the  several  officers 
herein  mentioned,  shall,  instead  of  an  oath  make  their  solemn  affirmation 
or  declaration  in  manner  and  form  following;  that  is  to  say, 

The  form  of  Judges'  and  Justices'  attest  shall  be  in  these  words,  viz. 

Thou  shalt  solemnly  promise,  that  as  Judge,  or  Justice,  according  to 
the  Governor's  commission  to  thee  directed,  thou  shalt  do  equal  right  to 
the  poor  and  rich,  to  the  best  of  thy  knowledge  and  power,  according  to 
law,  and  after  the  usages  and  constitutions  of  this  government;  thou 
shalt  not  be  of  council  of  any  matter  or  cause  depending  before  thee,  but 
shalt  well  and  truly  do  thy  office  in  every  respect,  according  to  the  best 
of  thy  understanding. 

The  form  of  the  attests  to  be  taken  by  the  Masters  of  the  Rolls,  Secre- 
taries, Clerks,  and  such  like  officers,  shall  be  thus,  viz: 

Thou  shalt  well  and  faithfully  execute  the  office  of,  &c.,  according  to 
the  best  of  thy  skill  and  knowledge ;  taking  such  fees  only  as  thou 
oughtest  to  receive  by  the  laws  of  this  government. 

The  form  of  the  Sheriffs'  and  Coroners'  attest,  shall  be  in  these  words, 
viz: 


THIRD  FRAME  OF  GOVERNMENT.  41 

Thou  slialt  solemnly  promise,  that  thou  wilt  well  and  truly  serve  the 
King  and  Governor  in  the  oflice  of  the  Sheriff  (or  Coroner)  of  the  county 
of,  &c.,  and  preserve  the  King  and  Governors  rights,  as  far  forth  as  thou 
canst,  or  mayest ;  thou  shalt  truly  serve,  and  return,  all  the  writs  and 
precepts  to  thee  directed ;  thou  shalt  take  no  bailiff,  nor  deputy,  but 
such  as  thou  wilt  answer  for;  thou  shalt  receive  no  writs,  except  from 
such  judges  and  justices  who,  by  the  laws  of  this  government,  have  au- 
thority to  issue  and  direct  writs  unto  thee  ;  and  thou  shalt  diligently  and 
truly  do  and  accomplish  all  things  appertaining  to  thy  office,  after  the 
best  of  thy  wit  and  power,  both  for  the  King  and  Governor's  profit,  and 
good  of  the  inhabitants  within  the  said  county,  taking  such  fees  only  as 
thou  oughtest  to  take  by  the  laws  of  this  government,  and  not  otherwise. 

The  form  of  a  Constable's  attest  shall  be  this,  viz: 

Thou  shalt  solemnly  promise,  w^ell  and  duly,  according  to  the  best  of 
thy  understanding,  to  execute  the  office  of  a  Constable  for  the  town  (or 
county)  of  P.  for  this  ensuing  year,  or  until  another  be  attested  in  thy 
room,  or  thou  shalt  be  legally  discharged  thereof. 

The  form  of  the  Grand  Inquest's  attests  shall  be  in  these  words,  viz: 

Thou  shalt  diligently  enquire,  and  true  presentment  make,  of  all  such 
matters  and  things  as  shall  be  given  thee  in  charge,  or  come  to  thy 
knowledge,  touching  this  present  service ;  the  King's  counsel,  thy  fel- 
lows, and  thy  own,  thou  shalt  keep  secret,  and  in  all  things  thou  shalt 
present  the  truth,  and  nothing  but  the  truth,  to  the  best  of  thy  knowledge. 

This  being  given  to  the  Foreman,  the  rest  of  the  Inquest  shall  be  at- 
tested thus,  by  three  at  a  time,  viz : 

The  same  attestation  that  your  Foreman  hath  taken  on  his  part,  you 
will  well  and  truly  keep  on  your  parts. 

The  form  of  the  attest  to  be  given  to  the  Traverse  Jury,  by  four  at  a 
time,  shall  be  thus,  viz: 

You  solemnly  promise  that  you  will  well  and  truly  try  the  issue  of 
traverse  between  the  lord  the  King,  and  A.  B.  whom  you  have  in  charge, 
according  to  your  evidence. 

In  civil  causes,  thus,  viz: 

You  solemnly  promise  that  you  will  Avell  and  truly  try  the  issue  be- 
tween A.  B.  plaintiff;  and  C.  D.  defendant,  according  to  your  evidence. 

Provided  always,  and  it  is  hereby  intended,  that  no  person  shall  be, 
by  this  act,  excused  Irom  swearing,  who,  by  the  acts  of  parliament,  for 
trade  and  navigation,  are,  or  shall  be  required  to  take  an  oath. 

And,  that  elections  may  not  be  corruptly  managed,  on  which  the  good 
of  the  government  so  much  depends.  Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  au- 
thority aforesaid,  that  all  elections  of  the  said  representatives  shall  be 
free  and  voluntary,  and  that  the  electors,  who  shall  receive  any  reward, 
or  gift,  for  giving  his  vote,  shall  forfeit  his  right  to  elect  for  that  year ; 


42  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

and  such  person  or  persons,  as  shall  give,  or  promise,  any  such  reward 
to  be  elected,  or  that  shall  ofter  to  serve  for  nothing,  or  for  less  wages 
than  the  law  prescribes,  shall  be  thereby  rendered  incapable  to  serve  in 
Council,  or  Assembly,  for  that  year ;  and  the  representatives  so  chosen, 
either  for  Council  or  Assembly,  shall  yield  their  attendance  accordingly, 
and  be  the  sole  judges  of  the  regularity,  or  irregularity  of  the  elections 
of  their  respective  Members ;  and  if  any  person,  or  persons,  chosen  to 
serve  in  Council,  or  Assembly,  shall  be  wilfully  absent  from  the  service, 
he  or  they  are  so  chosen  to  attend,  or  be  deceased,  or  rendered  incapable, 
then,  and  in  all  such  cases,  it  shall  be  lawful  for  the  Governor,  within 
ten  days  after  knowledge  of  the  same,  to  issue  forth  a  writ  to  the  Sheriff 
of  the  county,  for  which  the  said  person,  or  persons,  were  chosen,  imme- 
diately to  summons  the  freemen  of  the  same  to  elect  another  member  in 
the  room  of  such  absent,  deceased,  or  incapable  person  or  persons;  and 
in  case  any  Sheriff  shall  misbehave  himself,  in  the  management  of  any  of 
the  said  elections,  he  shall  be  punished  accordingly,  at  the  discretion  of 
the  Governor  and  Council,  for  the  time  being. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  every  member 
now  chosen,  or  hereafter  to  be  choseUj  by  the  freemen  as  aforesaid,  to 
serve  in  Council,  and  the  Speaker  of  the  Assembly,  shall  be  allowed  five 
shillings  by  the  day,  during  his  and  their  attendance;  and  every  Mem- 
ber of  Assembly  shall  be  allowed  four  shillings  by  the  day,  during  his 
attendance  on  the  service  of  the  Assembly ;  and  that  every  Member  of 
Council  and  Assembly  shall  be  allowed  towards  their  traveling  charges 
after  the  rate  of  two  pence  each  mile,  both  going  to,  and  coming  from, 
the  place,  where  the  Council  and  Assembly  is,  or  shall  be,  held ;  all 
which  sums  shall  be  paid  yearly  out  of  the  count}^  levies,  by  the  county 
receivers  respectively. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Gover- 
nor, or  his  Deputy,  shall  always  preside  in  the  Council,  and  that  he  shall, 
at  no  time,  perform  any  public  act  of  state  whatsoever,  that  shall,  or  may 
relate  unto  the  justice,  treasury  or  trade  of  the  province  and  territories, 
but  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Council  tliereof,  or  major 
part  of  them  that  shall  be  present. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  all  the 
Sheriffs  and  Clerks  of  the  respective  counties  of  the  said  province,  and 
territories,  who  are,  or  shall  be,  commissionated,  shall  give  good  and 
sufficient  security  to  the  Governor,  for  answering  the  king  and  his  peo- 
ple, in  matters  relating  to  the  said  offices  respectively. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Coun- 
cil, in  all  cases  and  matters  of  moment,  as  about  erecting  courts  of  justice, 
sitting  in  judgment  upon  persons  impeached,  and  upon  bills  and  other 
matters,  that  may  be,  from  time  to  time,  presented  by  the  Assembly,  not 


THIRD  FKAME  OF  GOVERNMENT.  43 

less  than  two-tbirds  shall  make  a  quonnn  ;  and  that  the  consent  and  ap- 
probation of  the  majority  of  that  quorum  shall  l)e  had  in  all  such  cases 
and  matters  of  moment ;  and  that  in  cases  of  less  moment,  not  less  tlian 
one-third  of  the  whole  shall  make  a  quorum ;  the  majority  of  which 
shall,  and  may,  always  determine  in  all  such  matters  of  lesser  moment, 
as  are  not  above  specified:  and  in  case  the  Governor's  power  shall  here- 
after happen  to  be  in  the  Council,  a  President  shall  then  be  chosen  out  of 
themselves  by  two-thirds,  or  the  major  part  of  them;  which  President 
shall  therein  preside. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  Governor 
and  Council  shall  take  care  that  all  the  laws,  statutes  and  ordinances, 
which  shall  at  any  time  be- made  within  the  said  province  and  territories, 
be  duly  and  diligentl}'  executed. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Governor 
and  Council  shall,  at  all  times,  have  the  care  of  the  peace  of  this  province 
and  territories  thereof,  and  that  nothing  be,  by  any  persons,  attempted  to 
the  subversion  of  this /ra.?/^f  of  governrufiit. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Gover- 
nor and  Council  for  the  time  being,  shall,  at  all  times,  settle  and  order 
the  situation  of  all  cities  and  market  towns,  modeling  therein  all  public 
buildings,  streets  and  market  places;  and  shall  appoint  all  public  land- 
ing places  of  the  towns  of  this  province  and  territories:  and  if  any  man's 
property  shall  be  judged  by  the  Governor  and  Council  to  be  commodious 
for  such  landing  place  in  the  said  towns,  and  that  the  same  be  by  them 
appointed  as  such,  that  the  owner  shall  have  such  reasonable  satisfac- 
tion given  him  for  the  same  as  the  Governor  and  Council  shall  see  meet, 
to  be  paid  by  the  said  respective  towns. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Governor 
and  Council  shall,  at  all  times,  have  power  to  inspect  the  management  of 
the  public  treasury,  and  punish  those  who  shall  convert  any  part  thereof 
to  any  other  use,  than  what  hath  been  agreed  upon  by  the  Governor, 
Council  and  Assembly. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  Governor 
and  Council  shall  erect  and  order  all  public  houses,  and  encourage  and 
reward  the  authors  of  useful  sciences  and  laudable  inventions  in  the  said 
province,  and  territories  thereof. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  tlie  Gover- 
nor and  Council  shall,  from  time  to  time  have  the  care  of  the  manage- 
ment of  all  public  affairs,  relating  to  the  peace,  safety,  justice,  treasury, 
trade,  and  improvement  of  the  province  and  territories,  and  to  the  good 
education  of  youth,  and  sobriety  of  the  manners  of  the  inhabitants  therein, 

as  aforesaid. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  the  repre- 


44  AUTHENTIC    HISTOKY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

sentatives  of  the  freemen,  when  met  in  Assembly,  shall  have  power  to 
prepare  and  propose  to  the  Governor  and  Council  all  such  bills  as  they 
or  the  major  part  of  them,  shall,  at  any  time,  see  needful  to  be  passed 
into  laws,  within  the  said  province  and  territories. 

Provided  always.  That  nothing  herein  contained  shall  debar  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council  from  recommending  to  the  Assembly  all  such  bills  as 
they  shall  think  fit  to  be  passed  into  laws ;  and  that  the  Council  and  As- 
semby  may,  upon  occasion,  confer  together  in  committees,  when  desired ; 
all  which  proposed  and  prepared  bills,  or  such  of  them,  as  the  Governor, 
with  the  advice  of  the  Council,  shall,  in  open  Assembly,  declare  his  assent 
unto,  shall  be  the  laws  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof,  and  pub- 
lished accordingly,  with  this  stile.  By  tlie  Governor^  with  the  assent  and 
approbation  of  the  freemen  in  General  Assembly  met;  a  true  transcript,  or 
duplicate  Avhereof,  shall  be  transmitted  to  the  king's  privy  council,  for 
the  time  being,  according  to  the  said  late  king's  letters  patent. 

And  be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  the  Assem- 
bly, shall  sit  upon  their  own  adjournments,  and  committees,  and  con- 
tinue, in  order  to  prepare  and  propose  bills,  redress  grievances,  and 
impeach  criminals,  or  such  persons  as  they  shall  think  fit  to  be  there 
impeached,  until  the  Governor  and  Council,  for  the  time  being,  shall 
dismiss  them ;  which  Assembly  shall,  notwithstanding  such  dismiss,  be 
capable  of  Assembling  together  upon  summons  of  the  Governor  and 
Council,  at  any  time  during  that  year;  two-thirds  of  which  Assembly, 
in  all  cases,  shall  make  a  quorum. 

And  be  it  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  all  elections  of 
representatives  for  Council  and  Assembly,  and  all  questions  to  be  deter- 
mined by  them,  shall  be  by  the  major  part  of  votes. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  as  oft  as  any 
days  of  the  month,  mentioned  in  any  article  of  this  act,  shall  fall  upon 
the  first  day  of  the  week,  commonly  called  the  Lord's  day,  the  business 
appointed  for  that  day,  shall  be  deferred  till  the  next  day,  unless  in  cases 
of  emergency. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  if  any  alien, 
who  is,  or  shall  be  a  purchaser  of  lands,  or  who  doth,  or  shall  inhabit  in 
this  province,  or  territories  thereof,  shall  decease  at  any  time  before  he 
can  well  be  denizised,  his  right  and  interest  therein  shall  notwithstanding 
descend  to  his  wife  and  children,  or  other,  his  relations,  be  he  testate,  or 
intestate,  according  to  the  laws  of  this  province  and  territories  thereof, 
in  such  cases  provided,  in  as  free  and  ample  manner,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  as  if  the  said  alien  had  been  denizised. 

And  that  the  people  may  be  accommodated  with  such  food  and  suste- 
nance as  God,  in  his  providence,  hath  freely  afforded,  Be  it  enacted  by  the 
authority  aforesaid.  That  the  inhabitants  of  this  province  and  territories 


THIRD  FRAME  OF  GOVERN' ME  XT.  45 

thereof,  shall  have  liberty  to  fish  and  hunt,  upon  the  lands  they  hold,  or 
all  other  lands  therein,  not  inelosed,  and  to  fish  in  all  waters  in  the  said 
lands,  and  in  all  rivers  and  rivulets,  in  and  belonging  to  this  province 
and  territories  thereof,  with  liberty  to  draw  his,  or  their  fish  upon  any 
man's  land,  so  as  it  be  not  to  the  detriment  or  annoyance  of  tlie  owner 
thereof,  except  such  lands  as  do  lie  upon  inland  rivulets,  that  are  not 
boatable,  or  which  hereafter  may  be  erected  into  manors. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid,  That  all  inhabitants 
of  this  province  and  territories,  whether  purchasers,  or  others,  and  every 
one  of  them,  shall  have  full  and  quiet  enjoyment  of  their  respective 
lands  and  tenements,  to  which  they  have  any  lawful  or  equital)le  claim, 
saving  only  such  rents  and  services  for  the  same,  as  are,  or  customarily 
ought  to  be,  reserved  to  the  lord,  or  lords  of  the  fee  thereof,  respectively. 

Be  it  further  enacted  by  the  authority  aforesaid.  That  no  act,  law,  or 
ordinance  whatsoever,  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter,  be  made  or  done,  by 
the  Governor  of  this  province,  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  or  by 
the  freemen,  in  Council,  or  Assembly,  to  alter,  change  or  diminish  the 
form  and  effect  of  this  act,  or  any  part,  or  clause  thereof,  contrary  to  the 
true  intent  and  meaning  thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the  Governor, 
for  the  time  being,  and  six  parts  of  seven  of  the  said  freemen,  in  Council, 
and  Assembly  met.  This  act  to  continue,  and  be  in  force,  until  the  said 
Proprietary  shall  signify  his  pleasure  to  the  contrary,  by  some  instru- 
ment, under  his  hand  and  seal,  in  that  behalf. 

Provided  always,  and  it  is  hereby  enacted.  That  neither  this  act,  nor 
any  other  act,  or  acts  whatsoever,  shall  preclude,  or  debar  the  inhabitants 
of  this  province  and  territories,  from  claiming,  having  and  enjoying  any 
of  the  rights,  privileges  and  immunities,  which  the  said  Proprietary,  for 
himself,  his  heirs,  and  assigns,  did  formerly  grant,  or  which  of  right  belong 
unto  them,  the  said  inhabitants,  by  virtue  of  any  law,  charter  or  grants 
whatsoever,  any  thing  herein  contained  to  the  contrary  notwithstanding. 


46  AUTHENTIC   HISTOEY   OF   LANCASTEK   COUNTY. 


No.  6. 

"THE  CHARTER  OF  PRIVILEGES, 

"Granted  by  William  Penn^  Esquire,  to  the  inhabitants  of  Pennsyhania 
and  territories: 

•'  William  Penn^  Proprietary  and  Governor  of  the  province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  to  all  to  whom  these  presents 
shall  come,  sendeth  Greeting: 

"  Wheeeas,  King  Charles  the  second,  by  his  letters  patent,  under  the 
great  seal  of  England,  bearing  date  the  fourth  day  of  March,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty,  was  graciously  pleased  to  give  and 
grant  unto  me  and  my  heirs  and  assigns  forever  this  province  of  Penn- 
sylvania, with  divers  great  powers  and  jurisdictions  for  the  well  govern- 
ment thereof 

'■^And  whereas,  the  King's  dearest  brother,  James,  Duke  of  York  and 
Albany,  d:c.,  by  his  deeds  of  feofi'ment,  under  his  hand  and  seal,  duly 
perfected,  bearing  date  tlie  2'ith  day  of  August,  one  thousand  six  hundred 
eighty  and  two,  did  grant  unto  me,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  all  that  tract  of 
land  now  called  the  territories  of  Pennsylvania,  together  with  powers 
and  jurisdictions  for  the  good  government  thereof 

^^And  whereas,  for  the  encouragement  of  all  the  freemen  and  planters 
that  might  be  concerned  in  the  said  province  and  territories,  and  for  the 
good  government  thereof,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  in  the  year  one 
thousand  six  hundred  and  eighty  and  three,  for  me,  my  heirs  and  assigns, 
grant  and  confirm  unto  all  the  freemen,  planters  and  adventurers 
therein,  divers  liberties,  franchises  and  properties,  as,  by  the  said  grant, 
entitled,  '  The  frame  of  the  government  of  the  i^rovince  of  Pennsylvania 
and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  in  America,^  may  appear ;  which  char- 
ter, or  frame,  being  found,  in  some  parts  of  it,  not  so  suitable  to  the 
present  circumstances  of  the  inhabitants,  was,  in  the  Third  month,  in  the 
year  one  thousand  seven  hundred,  delivered  up  to  me,  by  six  parts  of 
seven  of  the  freemen  of  this  province  and  territories,  in  General  Assem- 
bly met,  provision  being  made  in  the  said  charter  for  that  end  and 
purpose. 

^^And  whereas,  I  was  then  pleased  to  promise,  that  I  would  restore  the 
said  charter  to  them  again,  with  necessary  alterations,  or,  in  lieu  thereof, 
give  them  another,  better  adapted  to  answer  the  present  circumstances 
and  conditions  of  the  said  inhabitants;  which  they  have  now,  by  the  Ee- 


CHARTER   OF   TRIVILEGES.  47 

presentatives,  in  General  Assembly  met,  at  PhUaddplda,  requested  me 
to  grant. 

"  Know  ye  therefore,  That,  for  the  further  ivell-heiwj,  and  fjood  gov- 
ernment of  the  said  province  and  territories;  and  in  pursuance  of  the 
rights  and  powers,  before  mentioned,  I,  the  said  William  Pen?i,  do 
declare,  grant  and  confirm  unto  all  the  freemen,  planters  and  adventurers, 
and  other  inhabitants  of,  and  in,  the  said  Province  and  Territories  there- 
unto annexed,  forever. 

I.  "Because  no  people  can  be  truly  happy,  though  under  the  greatest 
enjoyment  of  civil  liberties,  if  abridged  of  the  freedom  of  their  con- 
sciences, as  to  religious  profession  and  worship ;  and  Almighty  God  being 
the  only  Lord  of  conscience,  Father  of  lights  and  spirits;  and  the  Author, 
as  well  as  Object,  of  all  divine  knowledge,  faith  and  worship,  who  only 
doth  enlighten  the  mind,  and  purswade  and  convince  the  understandings 
of  people,  I  do  hereby  grant  and  declare,  that  no  person,  or  persons, 
inhabiting  this  province  or  territories,  who  shall  confess  and  acknowledge 
one  Almighty  God,  the  Creator,  Upholder,  and  Euler  of  the  world ;  and 
profess  him,  or  themselves  obliged  to  live  quietly  under  the  civil  govern- 
ment, shall  be,  in  any  case,  molested,  or  prejudiced,  in  his  or  their  person, 
or  estate,  because  of  his  or  their  conscientious  perswasion,  or  practice, 
nor  be  compelled,  to  frequent,  or  maintain,  any  religious  worship,  place 
or  ministry,  contrary  to  his,  or  their  mind,  or  to  do  or  suffer,  any  other 
act,  or  thing,  contrary  to  their  religious  perswasion. 

"And  that  all  persons,  who  also  profess  to  believe  in  Jesses  Christ,  the 
Saviour  of  the  world,  shall  be  capable  (notwithstanding  their  other  per- 
swasions,  or  practices,  in  point  of  conscience  and  religion)  to  serve  this 
government  in  any  capacity,  both  legislatively  and  executively,  he,  or 
they  solemnly  promising,  when  lawfully  required,  allegiance  to  the  King, 
as  sovereign,  and  fidelity  to  the  Proprietary  and  Governor,  and  taking 
the  attests,  as  now  established  by  law,  made  at  Newcastle,  in  the  year 
one  thousand  seven  hundred,  entitled,  'An  act  directing  the  attests  of  sev- 
eral officers  and  ministers,  as  now  amended  and  confirmed  this  present 
Assembly.' 

II.  "For  the  well-governing  of  this  province  and  territories,  there 
shall  be  an  Assembly,  yearly  chosen,  by  the  freemen  thereof,  to  consist 
of  four  persons  out  of  each  county,  of  most  note  for  virtue,  wisdom  and 
ability,  (or  of  a  greater  number,  at  any  time,  as  the  Governor  and  As- 
sembly shall  agree)  upon  the  first  day  of  October,  for  ever;  and  shall 
sit  on  the  fourteenth  of  the  same  month  at  Philadelphia,  unless  the  Gov- 
ernor and  Council,  for  the  time  being,  shall  see  cause  to  appoint  another 
place,  within  the  said  province  or  territories:  which  Assembly  shall  have 
power  to  chuse  a  Speaker,  and  other  their  oflScers;  and  shall  be  judges 
of  the  qualifications  and  elections  of  their  own  members;  sit  upon  their 


48  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

own  adjournments,  appoint  committees;  propose  bills,  in  order  to  pass 
into  laws;  impeacli  criminals  and  redress  grievances;  and  shall  have  all 
other  powers  and  privileges  of  an  Assembly,  according  to  the  rights  of 
the  freeborn  subjects  of  Emjland^  and  as  is  usual  in  any  of  the  King's 
plantations  in  America. 

"And  if  any  county,  or  counties,  shall  refuse,  or  neglect  to  chuse  their 
respective  representatives,  as  aforesaid,  or  if  chosen,  do  not  meet  to  serve 
in  Assembly,  those,  who  are  so  chosen  and  met,  shall  have  the  full  power 
of  an  Assembly,  in  as  ample  a  manner  as  if  all  the  Representatives  had 
been  chosen  and  met,  provided  they  are  not  less  than  two-thirds  ©f  the 
whole  number,  that  ought  to  meet. 

"  And,  that  the  qualifications  of  electors  and  elected,  and  all  other  mat- 
ters and  things  relating  to  elections  of  Representatives,  to  serve  in  As- 
semblies, though  not  herein  particularly  expressed,  shall  be  and  remain, 
as  by  a  law  of  this  government,  made  at  Newcastle^  in  the  year  one  thou- 
sand seven  hundred,  entitled,  ^  An  act  to  ascertain  the  number  of  memhers 
of  Assembly^  and  to  regulate  the  elections.^ 

III.  "That  the  freemen  in  each  respective  county,  at  the  time  and 
place  of  meeting,  for  electing  their  representatives,  to  serve  in  Assembly, 
may,  so  often  as  there  shall  be  occasion,  chuse  a  double  number  of  per- 
sons, to  present  to  the  Governor,  for  sheriffs  and  coroners,  to  serve  for 
three  years  if  they  so  long  behave  themselves  well,  out  of  which  elec- 
tions and  presentments  the  Governor  shall  nominate  and  commissionate 
one  for  each  of  the  said  offices,  the  third  after  such  presentment,  or  else 
the  first  named  in  such  presentment,  for  each  office,  as  aforesaid,  shall 
stand  and  serve  in  that  office,  for  the  time  before  respectively  limited : 
In  case  of  death  and  default,  such  vacancies  shall  be  supplied  by  the 
Governor,  to  serve  to  the  end  of  the  said  term. 

"Provided  always,  That,  if  the  said  freemen  shall,  at  any  time  neglect, 
or  decline  to  chuse  a  person,  or  persons,  for  either,  or  both  the  afore- 
said offices,  then,  and  in  such  case,  the  persons,  that  are,  or  shall  be,  in 
the  respective  offices  of  Sheriffs,  or  Coroners,  at  the  time  of  election,  shall 
remain  therein,  until  they  shall  be  removed  by  another  election,  as 
aforesaid. 

"And,  that  the  justices  of  the  respective  counties  shall,  or  may  nomi- 
nate, or  present,  to  the  Governor,  three  persons,  to  serve  for  Clerk  of 
the  Peace  for  the  said  county,  where  there  is  a  vacancy ;  one  of  which 
the  Governor  shall  commissionate  within  ten  days  after  such  presentment, 
or  else  the  first  nominated  shall  serve  in  the  said  office,  during  good 
behaviour. 

IV.  "That  the  laws  of  this  government  shall  be  in  this  stile,  viz:  By 
the  Governor^  ivith  the  consent  and  approbation  of  the  Freemen  in  General 
Assembly  met^  and  shall  be,  after  confirmation  by  the  Governor,  forth- 


CHARTER   OF    PRIVILEGES.  49 

with  recorded  iu  the  Kolls-officc,  and  kci^t  at  P/uladelj'hia ;  uuless  the 
Governor  and  Assembly  shall  agree  to  appoint  another  place. 

V.  "That  all  criminals  shall  have  the  same  privileges  of  witnesses  and 
council,  as  their  prosecutors. 

VI.  "  That  no  person,  or  persons,  shall,  or  may,  at  any  time  hereafter, 
be  obliged  to  answer  any  complaint,  matter  or  thing  whatsoever,  relating 
to  property,  before  the  Governor  and  Council,  or  in  any  other  place  bu't 
in  the  ordinary  courts  of  justice,  unless  appeals  thereunto  shall  be  here- 
after by  law  appointed. 

VII.  "  That  no  person  within  this  government  shall  be  licensed  by  the 
Governor  to  keep  ordinary,  tavern,  or  house  of  public  entertainment,  but 
such  who  are  first  recommended  to  him,  under  the  hands  of  the  justices  of 
the  respective  counties,  signed  in  open  court;  which  justices  are,  and  shall 
be  hereby  empowered  to  suppress  and  forbid  any  person  keeping  such 
public  house  as  aforesaid,  upon  their  misbehaviour,  on  such  penalties  as 
the  law  doth  or  shall  direct ;  and  to  recommend  others,  from  time  to 
time,  as  they  shall  see  occasion. 

VIII.  "  If  any  person,  through  temptation  or  melancholy,  shall  destroy 
himself,  his  estate,  real  and  personal,  shall  notwithstanding  descend  to 
his  wife  and  children,  or  relations,  as  if  he  had  died  a  natural  death; 
and  if  any  person  shall  be  destroyed  or  killed  by  casualty  or  accident, 
there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  to  the  Governor  by  reason  thereof. 

"And  lao  act,  law  or  ordinance  whatsoever  shall,  at  any  time  hereafter, 
be  made  or  done  to  alter,  change  or  diminish  the  form  or  eftect  of  this 
charter,  or  of  any  part,  or  clause  therein,  contrary  to  the  true  intent  and 
meaning  thereof,  without  the  consent  of  the  Governor,  for  the  time  being 
and  six  parts  of  seven  of  the  Assembly  met. 

"And,  because  the  happiness  of  mankind  depends  so  much  upon  the 
enjoying  of  liberty  of  their  consciences,  as  aforesaid,  I  do  hereby  sol- 
emnly declare,  promise  and  grant,  for  me,  my  heirs  and  assigns,  that  the 
first  article  of  this  charter,  relating  to  liberty  of  conscience,  and  every 
part  and  clause  therein,  according  to  the  true  intent  and  meaning  thereof, 
shall  be  kept,  and  remain,  without  any  alteration,  inviolably  for  ever. 

"And  lastly,  I,  the  said  William  Penn,  Proprietary  and  Governor  of 
the  province  of  Pennsylvania  and  territories  thereunto  belonging,  for  my- 
self, my  heirs  and  assigns,  have  solemnly  declared,  granted  and  confirmed, 
and  do  hereby  solemnly  declare,  grant  and  confirm,  that  neither  I,  my 
heirs  or  assigns,  shall  procure  or  do  any  thing  or  things  whereby  the 
liberties,  in  this  charter  contained  and  expressed,  nor  any  part  tliereof, 
shall  be  infringed  or  broken:  And  if  anything  shall  be  procured  or  done 
by  any  person  or  persons,  contrary  to  these  presents,  it  shall  be  held  of 
no  force  or  eftect. 

"/?i  witness  xohereof,  I,  the  said  Williani  Penn,  of  Philadelj^hia,  in 
4k 


50  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

Pennsylvania,  have  unto  this  charter  of  liberties  set  mj  hand  and  broad 
seal,  this  twenty-eighth  day  of  October,  in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one 
thousand  seven  hundred  and  one,  being  the  thirteenth  year  of  the  reign 
of  'King  William  the  third,  over  England,  Scotland,  France  and  Ireland^ 
&c.,  and  the  twenty-first  year  of  my  government.' 

"And  notwithstanding  the  closure  and  test  of  this  present  charter,  as 
aforesaid,  I  think  fit  to  add  this  following  proviso  thereunto,  as  part  of 
the  same,  that  is  to  say,  That,  notwithstanding  any  clause  or  clauses  in 
the  above  mentioned  charter,  obliging  the  province  and  territories  to  join 
together  in  legislation,  I  am  content,  and  do  hereby  declare,  that  if  the 
Eepresentatives  of  the  province  and  territories  shall  not  hereafter  agree 
to  join  together  in  legislation,  and  that  the  same  shall  be  signified  to  me, 
or  my  Deputy,  in  open  Assembly,  or  otherwise  from  under  the  hands 
and  seals  of  the  Representatives,  for  the  time  being,  of  the  province  and 
territories,  or  the  major  part  of  either  of  them,  at  any  time,  within  three 
years  from  the  date  hereof,  that,  in  such  case,  the  inhabitants  of  each  of 
the  three  counties  of  this  province  shall  not  have  less  than  eight  persons 
to  represent  them  in  Assembly  for  the  province;  and  the  inhabitants  of 
the  town  of  Philadelphia  (when  the  said  town  is  incorporated)  two  per- 
sons to  represent  them  in  Assembly;  and  the  inhabitants  of  each  county  in 
the  territories  shall  have  as  many  persons  to  represent  them,  in  a  distinct 
Assembly,  for  the  territories  as  shall  be  by  them  requested,  as  aforesaid. 

"Notwithstanding  which  separation  of  the  province  and  territories,  in 

respect  of  legislation,  I  do  hereby  promise,  grant  and  declare,  that  the 

inhabitants  of  both  province  and  territories  shall  separately  enjoy  all 

other  liberties,  privileges  and  benefits  granted  jointly  to  them,  in  this 

charter,  any  law,  usage,  or  custom  of  this  government  heretofore  made 

and  practiced,  or  any  law  made  and  passed  by  the  General  Assembly,  to 

the  contrary  hereof  notwithstanding. 

"  William  Penn." 

"  This  charter  of  privileges  being  distinctly  read  in  Assembly,  and  the 
whole,  and  every  part  thereof,  being  approved  of,  and  agreed  to,  by  us, 
We  do  thankfully  receive  the  same  from  our  Proprietary  and  Governor 
at  Philadelphia,  this  twenty-eighth  day  of  October,  one  thousand  seven 
hundred  and  one,  (1701.) 

'■^Signed  on  behalf,  and  by  order  of  the  Assembly,  fer 

"Joseph  Crowdon,  Speaker. 
"Edward  Shippen,        ] 
Phineas  Pemberton,      I  Proprietary 
Samuel  Carpenter,       i  and 

Griffeth  Owen,  j    Governor's 

Caleb  Pusey,  Council." 

Thomas  Story,  J 


THE   INDIAN    TREATY    HELD   AT    LANCASTER.  51 


No.  7. 

THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER. 

At  a  Council  held  at  Philadelphia,  the  24:th  day  of  July,  1744. 

present: 

The  Honourable  GEOKGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Lieutenant  Governor. 

Clement  Plumsted,  Abraham  Taylor   ] 

Samuel  Hasell,  Robert  Strettell,      {-  Esqrs. 

William  Till,  J 

The  Minutes  of  the  preceding  Council  were  read  and  approved. 

The  Governor  laid  before  the  Board  the  Minutes  of  the  Treaty  held 
with  the  Indians  at  Lancaster,  and  the  same  was  ordered  to  be  inserted 
in  the  Council  Book,  and  is  as  follows: 

A    TREATY 

Held  at  the  Town  of  Lancaster,  in  Pennsylvania,  by  the  Honourable 
the  Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  Province  and  the  Honourable  the  Com- 
missioners for  the  Provinces  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  with  the  Indians 
of  the  Six  Nations,  in  June,  17-44: : 

In  the  Court  House  in  the  Town  of  Lancaster,  on  Friday,  the  22d 
June,  1744. 

present: 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Lieutenant  Governor  of 

the  Province  of  Pennsylvania  and  Counties  of  New  Castle,  Kent,  and 

Sussex  on  Delaware. 

The  Honourable  Thomas  Lee,  Esqr.,  )  „  .    .  .+•  at-     •   • 

}  Commissioners  oi   V  irginia. 
Colonel  William  Beverly,  ) 

The  Honourable  Edmund  Jenings,  )  ,-,  .    .  r.  ,  p      •,      -, 

^      ■  Commissioners  ot  Maryland. 
Philip  Thomas  Esqr.,  ) 

Colonel  Robert  King. 

Colonel  Thomas  Calvil. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Onondagoes,  Senecas,  Cayogoes,  Oneidas,  and 
Tuscaroraes. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Governor  and  the  Commissioners  took  some  of  the  Indian  Chiefs 
by  the  Hand,  and  after  they  had  seated  themselves  the  Governor  bid  them 
Welcome  into  the  Government,  and  there  being  Wine  and  Punch  pre- 
pared for  them,  the  Governor  and  the  several  Commissioners  drank  health 


52  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

to  the  Six  Nations,  and  Canassatego,  Tachanoontia,  and  some  other  Chiefs, 
returned  the  compliments,  drinking  the  healths  of  ^Onas,  -Assaraquoa, 
and. the  Governor  of  Maryland. 

After  they  were  all  served  with  Wine,  Punch,  Pipes,  and  Tobacco,  the 
Governor  told  the  Indians  that  as  it  was  customary  and  indeed  necessary 
they  should  have  some  time  to  rest  after  so  long  a  Journey,  and  as  he 
thought  three  days  would  be  no  more  than  sujfl&cient  for  that  purpose,  he 
proposed  to  speak  to  them  on  Monday  next,  after  which  the  Honourable 
Commissioners  would  take  their  own  time  to  deliver  what  thev  had 
to  say. 

Canassatego  answered  the  Governor :  "  TVe  thank  you  for  giving  us 
time  to  rest,  we  are  come  to  you,  and  shall  leave  it  intirely  to  you  to 
appoint  the  time  when  we  shall  meet  you  again, 

"  We  likewise  leave  it  to  the  Governor  of  Maryland,  by  whose  invita- 
tion we  came  here,  to  appoint  a  time  when  he  will  please  to  mention  the 
reason  of  his  inviting  us.  As  to  our  Brother  Assaraquoa,  we  have  at 
this  present  time  nothing  to  say  to  him,  not  but  we  have  a  great  deal  to 
say  to  Assaraquoa,  which  must  be  said  at  one  time  or  another,  but  not 
being  satisfied  whether  He  or  We  should  begin  first,  we  shall  leave  it 
wholly  to  Our  Brother  Onas  to  adjust  this  between  Us,  and  to  say  which 
shall  begin  first." 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  the  25th,  174:4,  A.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  George  Thomas,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  W^iser,  Interpreter. 

The  Governor  spoke  as  follows: 
"Honourable  Gentlemen,  Commissioners  of  the  Governments  of  Vir- 
ginia and  Maryland, 
"And  Brethren  Sachims,  or  Chiefs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations — 

"  At  a  Treaty  held  by  me  two  Years  ago,  in  behalf  of  the  Government 
of  Pennsylvania,  with  a  number  of  the  Chiefs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six 
Nations,  I  was  desired  by  them  to  write  to  the  Governor  of  Maryland 
concerning  some  Lands  in  the  Back  Parts  of  the  Province  which  they 
claim  a  Right  to  from  their  Conquests  over  the  Antient  Possessors,  and 
which  have  been  settled  by  some  of  the  Inhabitants  of  that  Government 
without  their  Consent  or  any  Purchase  made  from  them.  It  was  at  that 
time  understood  that  the  Claim  was  upon  Maryland  only,  but  has  since 
appeared  by  some  Letters  formerly  wrote  by  Mr.  President  Logan  to  the 

iQnas,  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania.        2  Assaraquoa,  the  Governor  of  Virginia. 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  58 

late  Governor  of  Maryland  that  it  related  likewise  to  some  Lauds  in  the 
Back  parts  of  Virginia.  The  Governors  of  those  Colonies  soon  mani- 
fested a  truly  equitable  Disposition  to  come  to  any  Reasonable  Terms 
with  the  Six  Nations  on  Account  of  those  Lands,  and  Desired  that  for 
that  End  a  Time  and  Place  might  be  fixed  for  a  Treaty  with  them.  But 
before  this  could  be  effected,  an  unfortunate  Skirmish  happened  in  the 
Back  Parts  of  Virginia,  between  some  of  the  Militia  there  and  a  Party 
of  the  Indian- Warriors  of  the  Six  Nations,  with  some  loss  on  both  sides. 
Who  were  the  Aggressors  is  not  at  this  time  to  be  discussed — both  Parties 
having  agreed  to  bury  that  affair  in  oblivion ;  and  the  Government  of 
Virginia  having,  in  token  of  the  continuance  of  their  Friendship,  pre- 
sented the  Six  Nations,  through  my  hands,  with  Goods  to  the  value  of 
one  hundred  pounds  sterling.  To  prevent  further  Hostilities  and  to  heal 
this  Breach,  I  had,  before  the  Present  was  given,  made  a  tender  of  my 
Good  offices,  which  both  Parties  accepted,  and  consented,  on  my  Instances, 
to  lay  down  their  Arms ;  since  which  the  Faith  pledged  to  me  has  been 
mutually  Preserved,  and  a  Time  and  Place  has  been  agreed  upon  through 
my  Intervention  for  accommodating  all  Differences,  and  for  settling  a 
firm  Peace,  Union,  and  Friendship,  as  well  between  the  Government  of 
Virginia  as  that  of  Maryland  and  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations.^  The 
Honourable  the  Commissioners  for  these  two  Governments  and  the  Depu- 
ties of  the  Six  Nations  are  now  met  at  the  Place  appointed  for  the  Treaty. 
It  only  remains,  therefore,  for  me  to  say,  that  if  my  farther  good  Offices 
shall  be  thought  usefull  for  the  accomplishment  of  this  Work,  you  may- 
Rely  most  assuredly  upon  them. 

"But  I  hope,  Honourable  Gentlemen  Commissioners,  it  will  hot  be 
taken  amiss  if  I  go  a  little  further,  and  Briefly  represent  to  you  how 
especially  necessary  it  is  at  this  Juncture,  for  His  Majesty's  Service  and 
the  Good  of  all  His  Colonies  in  this  Part  of  His  Dominions,  that  Peace 
and  Friendship  be  established  between  Your  Government  and  the  Indians 
of  the  Six  Nations. 

"These  Indians  by  their  Situation  are  a  Frontier  to  some  of  them,  and 
from  thence.  If  Friends,  are  Capable  of  Defending  their  Settlements;  If 
Enemies,  of  making  Cruel  Ravages  upon  them;  If  Neuters,  they  may 
deny  the  French  a  Passage  through  their  Country,  and  give  us  timely- 
Notice  of  their  Designs.  These  are  but  some  of  the  Motives  for  culti- 
vating a  good  Understanding  with  them,  but  from  hence  the  disadvan- 
tages of  a  Rupture  are  abundantly  evident.  Every  advantage  you  gain 
over  them  in  War  will  be  a  Weakning  of  the  Barrier  of  those  Colonies, 
and  Consequently  will  be  in  Effect  Victories  over  yourselves  and  your 
Fellow-Subjects.     Some  allowances  for  their  Prejudices  and  Passions, 

1  This  was  allowed  at  a  Conference  had  by  the  Governor  with  the  Commissionei-s  to 
be  a  jvist  state  of  the  Transactions  preceding  the  Treaty. 


54  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

and  a  Present  now  and  then  for  the  Eelief  of  their  Necessities,  which 
have  in  some  measure  been  brought  upon  them  by  their  Intercourse 
with  us,  and  by  our  yearly  extending  our  Settlements,  will  probably  tye 
them  more  closely  to  the  British  Interest.  This  has  been  the  Method  of 
Newyork  and  Pennsylvania,  and  will  not  put  you  to  so  much  Expense 
in  Twenty  Years  as  the  carrying  on  a  War  against  them  will  do  in  One. 
The  French  very  well  know  the  Importance  of  these  Nations  to  us,  and 
will  not  fail  by  Presents  and  their  other  usual  Arts  to  take  advantage 
of  any  Misunderstandings  we  may  have  with  them.^ 

"  But  I  will  detain  You,  Gentlemen,  no  longer.  Your  own  Superior 
knowledge  will  suggest  to  You  more  than  I  can  say  on  this  Subject. 

"Friends  and  Brethren,  Sachems  or  Chiefs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six 
Nations : 

"These,  Your  Brethren  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  are  come  to  enlarge 
the  Fire,  which  was  almost  gone  out,  and  to  make  it  burn  clearer  to 
brighten  the  Chain  which  had  contracted  some  rust,  and  to  renew  their 
Friendship  with  you  which  it  is  their  desire  may  last  so  long  as  the  Sun, 
the  Moon,  and  the  Starrs  shall  give  light.  Their  Powers  are  derived 
from  the  Great  King  of  England  your  Father,  and  whatever  conclusions 
they  shall  come  to  with  you  will  be  as  firm  and  Binding  as  if  the  Gov- 
ernors of  these  Provinces  were  themselves  here.  I  am  your  Brother, 
and  which  is  more,  I  am  your  true  Friend.  As  you  know  from  Expe- 
peprience  that  I  am  so,  I  will  now  give  you  a  few  words  of  Advice :  Re- 
ceive these  your  Brethren  with  open  Arms;  Unite  yourselves  to  them 
in  the  Covenant  Chain,  and  be  you  with  them  as  one  Body  and  one 
Soul.  I  make  no  doubt  but  the  Governor  of  Canada  has  been  taking 
pains  to  widen  the  Breache  between  these  your  Brethren  of  Virginia 
and  you ;  but  as  you  cannot  have  forgot  the  Hatred  the  French  have 
always  borne  to  your  Nations,  and  how  kindly  on  the  contrary  you  have 
been  treated,  and  how  Faithfully  you  have  been  protected  by  the  Great 
King  of  England  and  his  Subjects,  you  will  not  be  at  a  loss  to  see  into 
the  Designs  of  that  Governor.  He  wants  to  divide  you  from  Us,  in  order 
the  more  easily  to  destroy  you,  which  he  will  most  certainly  do  if  you 
suffer  yourselves  to  be  deluded  by  him. 

"As  to  what  relates  to  the  Friendship  establish'd  between  the  Gov- 
ernment of  Pennsylvania  and  your  Nations,  I  will  take  another  day  to 
speak  to  you  upon  it." 

1  The  two  preceeding  Paragraphs  were  allow'd  by  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia, 
whilst  they  were  at  Philadelphia,  to  be  very  Proper  to  be  spoken  by  the  Governor  of 
Pennsylvania  at  the  opening  of  the  Treaty,  but  taking  up  an  Opinion  from  what  passed 
at  the  first  Friendly  Interview  with  the  Indians,  that  they  would  not  make  any  Claim 
upon  Lands  within  the  Government  of  Virginia,  the  Governor  consented  to  decline 
speaking  to  them  in  the  Presence  of  the  Indians. 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  55 

To  enforce  what  lias  been  said,  tlie  Governor  laid  down  a  Belt  of 
Wampum,  upon  which  the  Indians  gave  the  Jo-hah.^ 

"After  a  Short  Pause,  the  Governor  ordered  the  Interpreter  to  tell  the 
Indians  that  as  they  had  greatly  exceeded  their  appointed  time  for  meet- 
ing the  Commissioners,  he  recommended  to  them  to  use  all  the  Expedi- 
tion possible  in  giving  their  Answer  to  what  had  been  said,  that  they 
might  forthwith  proceed  to  treat  with  the  respective  Commissioners  ou 
the  Business  they  came  about. 

"  Then  Canassatego  repeated  to  the  Interpreter  the  Substance  of  what 
the  Governor  had  Spoke,  in  order  to  if  he  had  understood  him  right  [A 
Method  generally  made  use  of  by  the  Indians,]  and  when  the  Interpreter 
told  him  he  had  taken  the  true  Sense,  Canassatego  proceeded  to  return 
the  Thanks  of  the  Six  Nations  for  the  Governor's  kind  advice,  promising 
to  follow  it  as  far  as  lay  in  their  Power;  but  as  it  was  their  Custom  when 
a  Belt  was  given  to  return  another,  they  would  take  time  'till  the  after- 
noon to  provide  one,  and  would  then  give  their  answer." 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  25th,  174-1,  P.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEOEGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Cannassatego's  Answer  to  the  Governor's  Speech  delivered  in  the 
Morning : 

"Brother  Onas: 

"You  spoke  in  the  Presence  of  Assaraquoa  and  the  Governor 
of  Maryland  to  Us,  advising  Us  to  receive  them  as  our  Brethren, 
and  Unite  with  them  in  the  Covenant  Chain  as  one  Body  and  one 
Soul.  We  have  always  considered  them  as  Our  Brethren,  and  as  such 
shall  be  willing  to  brighten  the  Chain  of  Friendship  with*  them;  But 
since  there  are  some  disputes  between  Us  respecting  the  Lands  Possessed 
by  them  which  formerly  belonged  to  Us,  We,  according  to  Our  Custom, 
Propose  to  have  those  differences  first  adjusted,  and  then  We  shall  Pro- 
ceed to  Confirm  the  Friendship  subsisting  between  Us,  which  will  meet 
with  no  obstruction  after  these  matters  are  settled." 

Here  they  presented  the  Governor  with  a  Belt  of  Wampum,  in  return 
for  the  Belt  given  them  in  the  Morning  by  the  Governor,  and  the  In- 
terpreter was  ordered  to  return  the  Jo-hah. 

I  The  Jo-hall  denotes  Approbation,  being  a  loud  shout  or  Cry,  consisting  of  a  few 
Notes  pronounced  by  all  the  Indians  in  a  very  Musical  manner  in  the  nature  of  Our 
Huzza' s. 


56  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Then  the  Governor  in  Eeply  spoke  as  follows : 

"I  receive  your  Belt  with  Great  kindness  and  affection,  and  as  to  what 
Relates  to  the  Governments  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  the  Honourable 
Commissioners  now  Present  are  ready  to  treat  with  you.  I  shall  only 
add  that  the  Goods  for  the  Hundred  Pounds  Sterling  put  into  my  Hands 
by  the  Governor  of  Virginia  is  a  token  of  his  Good  Dispositions  to  Pre- 
serve friendship  with  you,  are  now  in  Town  and  ready  to  be  delivered, 
in  consequence  of  what  was  told  you  by  Conrad  Weiser  when  he  was 
last  at  Onondago." 

Then  the  Governor  turning  to  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and 
Maryland,  say'd:-  "Gentlemen — I  have  now  finished  what  was  incumbent 
upon  me  to  say  by  way  of  Introduction  to  the  Indians,  and  as  you  have 
full  Authority  from  your  respective  Governments  to  Treat  with  them,  I 
shall  leave  the  rest  entirely  to  you,  and  either  stay  or  withdraw  as  you 
shall  think  it  most  for  your  Service." 

The  Commissioners  say'd  they  were  all  of  Opinion  it  would  be  for 
their  Advantage  that  the  Governor  should  stay  with  them,  and,  there- 
fore, they  unanimously  desired  they  would  favor  them  with  the  Continu- 
ance of  his  presence  whilst  they  should  be  in  a  Treaty  with  the  Indians, 
which  His  Honor  said  He  would  at  their  Instance  very  readily  do,  be- 
lieving it  might  expedite  their  Business  and  prevent  any  Jealousy  the 
Indians  might  conceive  at  his  withdrawing. 

The  Commissioners  of  Maryland  order'd  the  Interpreter  to  acquaint 
the  Indians  that  the  Governor  of  Maryland  was  going  to  Speak  to  them, 
and  then  spoke  as  follows : 

"Friends  and  Brethren  of  the  United  Six  Nations — 

"We  who  are  deputed  from  the  Government  of  Maryland  by  a  Com- 
mission under  the  Great  Seal  of  that  Province,  now  in  Our  Hands  (and 
which  will  be  Interpreted  to  You),  bid  you  welcome,  and  in  token  that 
"We  are  very  glad  to  see  you  here  as  Brethren,  we  give  you  this  String 
of  Wampum." 

Upon  which  the  Indians  gave  the  Jo-hah. 

"When  the  Governor  of  Maryland  received  the  first  notice  about 
Seven  years  ago  of  your  Claim  to  some  Lands  in  that  Province,  He 
thought  our  Good  friends  and  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations  had  little 
reason  to  complain  of  any  Injury  from  Maryland,  and  that  they  would 
be  so  well  convinced  thereof  on  further  Deliberation  as  he  should  hear 
no  more  of  it;  but  you  spoke  of  that  matter  again  to  the  Governor  of 
Pennsylvania  about  Two  years  since  as  if  you  designed  to  Terrify  us." 

"It  was  very  inconsiderately  sayd  by  you,  that  you  would  do  your- 
selves Justice  by  going  to  take  Payment  yourselves;  such  an  attempt 
would  have  entirely  dissolved  the  Chain  of  Friendship  subsisting  not 
only  between  us,  but  perhaps  the  other  English  and  You. 


THE    INDIAN   TREATY    HELD   AT   LANCASTER.  57 

"  We  assure  you  our  People,  who  are  numerous,  courageous,  and  have 
arms  ready  in  their  Hands,  will  not  suffer  themselves  to  be  hurt  in  their 
Lives  and  Estates. 

"But,  however,  the  old  and  Wise  People  of  Maryland  immediately 
met  in  Council,  and  upon  considering  very  coolly  your  rash  Expressions, 
agreed  to  invite  their  Brethren,  the  Six  Nations,  to  this  place,  that  they 
might  learn  of  them  what  Eight  they  have  to  the  land  in  Maryland;  and 
if  they  had  any,  to  make  them  some  reasonable  Compensation  for  it. 
Therefore  the  Governor  of  Maryland  hath  sent  us  to  meet  and  treat  with 
you  about  this  Affair,  and  the  Brightening  and  Strengthning  of  the 
Chain  which  has  long  subsisted  between  us;  and  as  an  Earnest  of  Our 
Sincerity  and  Good  wall  towards  you,  We  present  you  with  this  Belt  of 
AVampum." 

On  which  the  Indians  gave  the  Jo-hah. 

"Our  Great  King  of  England  and  his  Subjects  have  alwise  possessed 
the  Province  of  Maryland  free  and  undisturbed  from  any  Claim  of  the 
Six  Nations  for  above  One  hundred  Years  past,  and  your  not  saying  any 
thing  to  us  before  convinces  us  you  thought  you  had  no  Pretence  to  any 
Lands  in  Maryland,  nor  can  we  yet  find  out  to  what  Lands  or  under  what 
Title  you  make  your  Claim.  For  the  Sasquehannah  Indians,  by  a  Treaty 
above  ninety  years  since  (which  is  on  the  Table  and  will  be  Interpreted 
to  you).  Give  and  Yield  to  the  English  Nation,  their  heirs  and  assigns 
forever,  the  Greatest  part  (if  not  all)  of  the  Lands  we  possess  from 
Patuxent  River  on  the  Western,  as  well  as  from  Choptank  River  on 
the  Eastern  side  of  the  Great  Bay  of  Chesapeak,  and  near  Sixty  Years 
ago  you  acknowledged  to  the  Governor  of  new  York  at  Albany,  '  That 
you  had  given  your  Lands  and  Submitted  yourselves  to  the  King  of 
England.' 

"We  are  that  Great  King's  Subjects,  and  we  Possess  and  enjoy  the 
Province  of  Maryland  by  virtue  of  His  Right  and  Sovereignty  thereto. 
Why  then  wdll  you  stir  up  any  Quarrel  between  you  and  ourselves,  who 
are  as  one  man  under  the  Protection  of  that  Great  King? 

"  We  need  not  put  you  in  mind  of  the  Treaty  (which  Ave  suppose  you 
liave  had  from  Your  Fathers)  made  with  the  Province  of  Maryland  near 
Seventy  Years  ago,  and  renew'd  and  Confirmed  twice  since  that  time. 

"By  these  Treaties  w^e  became  Brethren;  we  have  alwise  lived  as  such, 
and  hope  alwise  to  continue  so. 

"  We  have  this  further  to  say,  that  altho'  We  are  not  satisfied  of  the 
Justice  of  your  Claim  to  any  Lands  in  Maryland,  yet  we  are  desirous  in 
shewinc^  Our  Brotherly  kindness  and  affection,  and  to  prevent  (by  any 
reasonable  way)  every  misunderstanding  between  the  Provmce  ot  Mary- 
land and  you  our  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations. 

"For  this  Purpose  we  have  brought  hither  a  quantity  of  Goods  for  Our 


58  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  which  will  be  delivered  you  as  soon  as 
we  shall  have  received  your  Answer  and  made  so  bright  and  large  a  Fire 
as  may  burn  Pure  and  clear  whilst  the  Sun  and  Moon  shall  Shine.  We 
have  now  freely  and  openly  laid  our  Bosoms  bare  to  you,  and  that  you 
may  be  better  confirmed  of  the  Truth  of  our  Hearts,  We  give  you  this 
Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  Jo-liah. 

After  a  little  time  Canassatego  spoke  as  follows : 

'* Brother,  the  Governor  of  Maryland: 

"  We  have  heard  what  you  have  sayd  to  us,  and  as  you  have  gone  back 
to  Old  Times,  We  cannot  give  you  an  answer  now,  but  shall  take  what 
you  have  sayd  into  consideration,  and  return  you  our  answer  sometime 
to-morrow."     He  then  sat  down,  and  after  sometime  he  spoke  again : 

"Brother,  the  Governor  of  Maryland: 

"  If  you  have  made  any  enquiry  into  Indian  Affairs,  you  will  know  that 
we  have  always  had  our  Guns,  Hatchets,  and  Kettles  mended  when  we 
came  to  see  our  Brethren.  Brother  Onas  and  the  Governor  of  New  York 
always  do  this  for  us,  and  We  give  you  this  early  notice  that  we  may 
not  thereby  be  delayed,  being  desirous  as  well  as  you  to  give  all  Possi- 
ble Dispatch  to  the  Business  to  be  Transacted  between  us." 

The  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  sayd,  since  it  was  cus- 
tomary they  would  give  Orders  to  have  everything  belonging  to  them 
mended  that  it  should  want  it. 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  26th,  1744. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esq.,  Lieutenant  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Canassatego  Spoke  as  follows : 

"Brother,  the  Governor  of  Maryland: 

"When  you  invited  us  to  kindle  a  Council  Fire  with  you,  Conedo- 
gwainet  was  the  place  agreed  upon,  but  afterwards  you  by  Brother  Onas, 
upon  second  thoughts,  considering  that  it  would  be  difficult  t®  get  Pro- 
visions and  other  accommodations  where  there  were  but  few  houses  or 
or  Inhabitants,  desired  we  should  meet  Our  Brother  at  Lancaster,  and  at 
his  instance  we  very  readily  agreed  to  meet  you  here,  and  are  glad  of  the 
Change,  for  we  have  found  plenty  of  everything,  and  as  yesterday  you 
bid  us  Welcome,  and  told  us  you  were  glad  to  see  us,  we  likewise  assure 
you  we  are  as  glad  to  see  you,  and  in  token  of  our  Satisfaction  we  pre- 
sent you  with  this  String  of  Wampum." 


THE  IXDIAX  TREATY  HEM)  AT  LANCASTER.  ,59 

Whicli  was  received  with  tlic  usual  Cercinouy. 

"Brotlier,  the  Governor  ol'  Maryland: 

"You  tell  us  that  when  about  seven  years  ago  you  heard  Ijy  Our 
Brother  Onasof  our  Claim  to  some  Lands  in  your  Province,  vou  took  no 
notice  of  it,  believing,  as  you  say,  that  when  we  should  come  to  reconsider 
that  matter  we  should  find  that  we  had  no  right  to  make  anv  Complaint 
of  the  Governor  of  Maryland,  and  would  drop  our  demand.  And  that 
when  about  two  years  ago  we  mentioned  it  again  to  our  Brother  Onus, 
you  say  We  did  it  in  such  terms  as  looked  like  a  design  to  Terrify  you ; 
and  you  tell  us  further,  that  we  must  be  beside  ourselves  in  using  such  a 
rash  expression  as  to  tell  you  we  know  how  to  do  ourselves  Justice  if  you 
should  still  refuse.  It  is  true  we  did  say  so,  but  without  any  ill  design — 
for  we  must  inform  you  that  when  we  first  desired  Our  Brother  Onas  to  use 
his  influence  with  you  to  procure  us  satisfaction  for  Our  Lands,  We  at  the 
same  time  desired  him,  in  case  you  should  disregard  our  Demand,  to  write 
to  the  Great  King  beyond  the  Seas,  who  would  own  Us  for  his  Children  as 
well  as  you,  to  compel  you  to  do  us  Justice.  And  two  years  ago,  when 
we  found  that  you  paid  no  regard  to  Our  Just  demand,  nor  that  Brother 
Onas  had  convey 'd  our  Complaint  to  the  Great  King  over  the  Seas,  we 
were  resolved  to  use  such  Expressions  as  would  make  the  greatest  Im- 
pressions on  your  minds,  and  we  find  it  had  its  effect,  for  you  tell  us 
'That  your  Wise  men  held  a  Council  together  and  agreed  to  Invite  us, 
and  to  enquire  of  Our  Eight  to  any  of  your  Lauds;  and  if  it  should  be 
found  that  we  had  a  Eight  we  were  to  have  a  Compensation  made  for 
them ;'  and,  likewise,  you  tell  us  that  our  Brother,  the  Governor  of 
Maryland,  by  the  Advice  of  these  wise  men  has  sent  you  to  brighten  the 
Chain,  and  to  assure  us  of  his  willingness  to  remove  whatsoever  impedes 
a  good  understanding  between  us.  This  shows  that  your  wise  men 
understand  our  Expressions  in  their  true  sense.  We  had  no  design  to 
Terrify  you,  but  to  put  you  on  doing  us  the  Justice  you  had  so  long  de- 
layed. Your  wise  men  have  done  well ;  and  as  there  is  no  obstable  to  a 
Good  understanding  between  us,  except  this  aftiiir  of  the  Land,  we  on 
our  Parts  do  give  you  the  Strongest  assuraiices  of  our  Good  Dispositions 
towards  you,  and  that  we  are  as  desirous  as  you  to  Brighten  the  Chain 
and  to  put  away  all  hindrances  to  a  perfect  good  understandmg;  and  in 
token  of  our  sincerity  we  give  you  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received,  &  the  Interp'r  ordered  to  give  the  ,Io-hah. 

"Brother,  the  Governor  of  Maryland: 

"When  you  mentioned  the  affair  of  the  Land  Yesterday,  you  went 
back  to  old  Times,  and  told  us  you  had  been  in  possession  of  the  Prov- 
ince of  :^[aryland  above  One  hundred  Years;  but  what  is  one  hundred 
years  in  comparison  to  the  length  of  Time  since  our  Claim  began.'* 
Since  we  came  out  of  this  Ground?     For  we  must   tell  you   that  long 


60  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY, 

before  One  hundred  years  Our  ancestors  came  out  of  this  very  Grround, 
and  their  Children  have  remained  here  ever  since.  You  came  out  of  the 
Ground  in  a  Country  that  lyes  beyond  Seas,  there  you  may  have  a  just 
Claim,  but  here  you  must  allow  Us  to  be  your  elder  Brethren,  and  the 
Lands  to  belong  to  us  long  before  you  know  anj^thing  of  them.  It  is 
true  that  above  One  hundred  years  ago  the  Dutch  came  here  in  a  Ship 
and  brought  with  them  several  Goods,  such  as  Awls,  Knives,  Hatchets, 
Guns,  and  many  other  particulars,  which  they  gave  us,  and  when  they 
had  taught  us  how  to  use  their  things,  and  we  saw  what  sort  of  People 
they  were,  we  were  so  well  pleased  with  them  that  we  tyed  their  Ship  to 
the  Bushes  on  the  Shoar,  and  afterwards  liking  them  still  better  the 
longer  they  stayed  with  us,  and  thinking  the  Bushes  too  slender,  we  re- 
moved the  Eope  and  tyed  it  to  the  trees,  and  as  the  Trees  were  lyable  to 
be  blown  down  by  high  Winds,  or  to  decay  of  themselves.  We,  from  the 
affection  We  bore  them,  again  removed  the  Rope,  and  tyed  it  to  a  Strong 
and  big  Rock  [Here  the  Interpreter  said  they  mean  the  Oneida  Country,] 
and  not  content  with  this,  for  its  further  security  We  removed  the  Rope 
to  the  Big-Mountain  [Here  the  Interpreter  says  they  mean  the  Onondaga 
Country,]  and  there  we  tyed  it  very  fast  and  rowled  Wampum  about  it, 
and  to  make  it  still  more  Secure  we  stood  upon  the  Wampum,  and  sat 
down  upon  it  to  defend  it,  and  did  our  Best  endeavours  that  it  might 
remain  uninjured,  for  ever  during  all  this  Time;  the  Newcomers,  the 
Dutch,  acknowledged  Our  Rights  to  the  Lands,  and  solicited  us  from 
time  to  time  to  grant  them  Parts  of  Our  Country,  and  to  enter  into 
League  and  Covenant  with  us,  and  to  become  one  People  with  us. 

"After  this  the  English  came  into  the  Country,  and,  as  we  were  told, 
became  one  People  with  the  Dutch  ;  about  two  years  after  the  Arrival  of 
the  English,  an  English  Governor  came  to  Albany,  and  finding  what 
great  friendship  subsisted  between  us  and  the  Dutch,  he  approved  it 
juightily,  and  desired  to  make  as  Strong  a  league  and  to  be  upon  as  good 
Terms  with  us  as  the  Dutch  were,  with  whom  he  was  united,  and  to 
become  one  People  with  Us,  and  by  his  further  care  in  looking  what  had 
passed  between  us  he  found  that  the  Rope  which  tyed  the  Ship  to  the 
Great  mountain  Avas  only  fastened  with  Wampum,  which  was  liable  to 
break  and  rot,  and  to  perish  in  a  course  of  years,  he  therefore  told  us 
that  he  would  give  us  a  silver  Chain,  which  would  be  much  stronger  and 
last  for  Ever.  This  Ave  accepted,  and  fastened  the  Ship  with  it,  and  it 
has  lasted  ever  since.  Indeed,  we  have  had  some  small  Differences  Avith 
the  English,  and  during  these  misunderstandings  some  of  their  young 
men  Avould,  by  way  of  Reproach,  be  every  noAv  and  then  be  telling  us 
that  Ave  should  have  perished  if  they  had  not  come  into  the  Country  and 
furnished  us  Avith  Strowds  and  Hatchets  and  Guns  and  other  things 
necessary  for  the  Support  of  Life.     But  Ave  ahvays  gave  them  to  under- 


THE    INDIAN'   TREATY    HELD    AT    LANCASTER.  61 

stand  that  tliey  were  mistaken,  that  we  lived  before  tliey  eanic  amongst 
us,  and  as  well  or  better,  if  we  may  believe  what  our  Forefathers  have 
told  Us.  We  had  then  room  enough  and  Plenty  of  Deer,  which  was 
easily  caught,  and  though  we  had  not  Knives,  Hatchets,  or  Guns,  such 
as  we  have  now,  yet  we  had  Knives  of  Stone  and  Hatchets  of  Stone,  and 
Bows  and  Arrows,  and  these  Served  Our  Uses  as  well  then  as  the  Eng- 
lish ones  do  now.  AYe  are  now  Straitned  and  sometimes  in  want  of 
Deer,  and  lyable  to  many  other  Inconveniences  since  the  English  came 
among  Us,  and  particularly  from  that  Pen  and  Ink  work  that  is  going  on 
at  the  Table  [pointing  to  the  Secretarys,]  and  we  will  give  you  an  In- 
stance of  this.  Our  Brother  Onas,  a  great  while  ago,  came  to  Albany 
to  Buy  the  Susquehannah  Lands  of  Us,  but  our  Brother,  the  Governor 
of  New  York,  who,  as  we  suppose,  had  not  a  Good  understanding  with 
Our  Brother  Onas,  advised  us  not  to  Sell  him  any  Lauds,  for  he  would 
make  an  ill  use  of  it,  and  Pretending  to  be  Our  Good  friend,  he  advised 
us,  in  order  to  prevent  Onas's  or  any  other  persons  imposing  upon  us, 
and  that  we  might  always  have  Our  Land  when  we  should  want  it,  to 
put  it  into  his  Hands,  and  told  us  he  would  keep  it  for  Our  use,  and 
never  open  his  Hands,  but  keep  them  close  shut,  and  not  part  with  any 
of  it  but  at  Our  request.  Accordingly  we  Trusted  him,  and  put  Our 
Land  into  his  Hands,  and  Charged  him  to  keep  it  safe  for  Our  Use;  but 
sometime  after  he  went  away  to  England  and  carryed  Our  Land  with 
him,  and  there  Sold  it  to  Our  Brother  Onas  for  a  Large  Sum  of  money ; 
and  when,  at  the  Instance  of  Our  Brother  Onas,  we  were  minded  to  sell 
him  some  Lands,  He  told  us  that  we  had  sold  the  Sasquehannah  Lands 
already  to  the  Governor  of  New  York,  and  that  he  had  bought  them  from 
him  in  England,  though  when  he  came  to  Understand  how  the  Governor 
of  New  York  had  deceived  L^s,  he  very  generously  paid  L's  for  our 
Lands  over  again. 

"Though  we  mention  this  Instance  of  an  Imposition  put  upon  us  by 
the  Governor  of  New  York,  yet  we  must  do  the  English  the  Justice  to 
say,  we  have  had  their  hearty  Assistances  in  Our  Wars  with  the  French, 
who  were  no  sooner  arrived  amongst  us  than  they  began  to  render  us 
uneasy  and  to  provoke  us  to  War,  and  we  have  had  several  Wars  with 
them,  during  all  which  we  constantly  received  assistance  from  the  Eng- 
lish, and  by  their  Means  we  have  alwise  been  able  to  keep  up  Our  Heads 
against  their  Attacks. 

"  We  now  come  nearer  home.  We  have  had  your  Deeds  Interpreted 
to  Us,  and  we  acknowledge  them  to  be  good  and  valid,  and  that  the  Cou- 
estogse  or  Sasquehannah  Indians  had  a  Right  to  sell  those  Lands  unto 
you,  for  they  were  then  their's ;  but  since  that  time  We  have  Conquered 
them,  and  their  Country  now  belongs  to  Us,  and  the  Lands  we  demanded 
satisfaction  for  are  no  part  of  the  Lands  comprized  in  those  Deeds— they 


62  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

are  the  ^Coliongorontas  Lands.  Those  we  are  sure  you  have  not  pos- 
sessed One  hundred  years;  no,  nor  above  Ten  years.  And  we  made  our 
Demand  so  soon  as  we  knew  your  People  were  Settled  in  those  Parts. 
These  have  never  been  sold,  but  remain  still  to  be  disposed  of;  and  we 
are  well  pleased  to  hear  you  are  Provided  with  Goods,  and  do  assure 
you  of  Our  Willingness  to  Treat  with  You  for  those  unpurchased 
Lands,  In  confirmation  whereof  We  present  you  with  this  Belt  of 
Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

Canassatego  added : 

"That  as  the  Three  Governors  of  Virginia,  Maryland,  and  Pennsylva- 
nia, had  divided  the  Lands  among,  they  could  not  for  this  Reason  tell 
how  much  each  had  got,  nor  were  they  concerned  about  it,  so  that  they 
were  paid  by  all  the  Governors  for  the  Several  Parts  each  Possessed  ;  and 
this  they  left  to  their  Honour  and  Justice." 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  27th,  17-i-I. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

Tht3  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Commissioners  of  Virginia  order'd  the  Interpreter  to  let  the  In- 
dians know  the  Governor  of  Virginia  was  going  to  Speak  to  them,  and 
then  they  Spoke  as  follows : 

"Sachims  and  Warriors  of  the  Six  United  Nations,  Our  Friends  and 
Brethren : 

"At  our  Desire  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania  invited  you  to  this 
Council  Fire  ;  we  have  waited  a  long  time  for  you,  but  now  you  are  come, 
you  are  heartily  welcome.  We  are  very  glad  to  see  you.  We  give  you 
this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  their  Usual  Approbation. 

"Brethren: 

"  In  the  Year  1736,  Four  of  your  Sachims  wrote  a  Letter  to  James 
Logan,  Esqr.,  then  President  of  Pennsylvania,  to  let  the  Governor 
of  Virginia  know  that  you  Expected  some  Consideration  for  Lands  in 
the  Occupation  of  some  of  the  People  of  Virginia.  Upon  seeing  a  copy 
of  this  Letter,  the  Governor  with  the  Council  of  Virginia  took  some 
time  to  consider  of  it;  they  found,  on  looking  into  the  Old  Treaties,  that 
you  had  given  up  Your  Lands  to  the  Great  King,  who  had  possession  of 
Virginia  above  One  hundred  and  Sixty  Years ;  and  under  that  Great  King 
1  Coliongoroutas,  Potomack. 


THE   INDIAN    TREATY    HELD   AT   LANCASTER.  63 

the  InliabitaDts  of  A^'irginia  hold  tlicir  Land,  so  they  thought  there  might 
be  some  Mistake. 

"  Wherefore  they  Desired  the  Governor  of  New  York  to  cnc^uire  of 
you  about  it.  He  sent  Ilis  Inter])reter  to  You  in  Afay,  1743,  who  laid 
this  before  you  at  a  Council  held  at  Onandago,  to  which  You  answer, 
'  That  if  you  had  any  Demand  or  Pretensions  on  the  Governor  of  Vir- 
ginia any  way,  you  would  have  made  it  known  to  the  Governor  of  New 
York.'  This  corresponds  with  what  you  have  said  to  Governor  Thomas, 
in  the  Treaty  made  with  him  at  Philadelphia  in  July,  1742,  for  then  you 
only  made  your  Claim  to  lands  in  Government  of  Maryland. 

"  We  are  so  well  pleased  with  this  Good  Faith  of  You  our  Brethren 
of  the  Six  Nations,  and  your  Kegard  of  the  Treaties  made  with  Virginia, 
that  we  are  ready  to  hear  you  on  the  Subject  of  your  Message  Eight 
Years  since. 

'*  Tell  us  what  Nations  of  Indians  you  Conquered  any  Lands  from  in 
Virginia,  how  long  it  is  since,  and  what  Possession  you  have  had ;  and  if 
it  does  appear  that  there  is  any  Land  on  the  Borders  of  Virginia  that  the 
Six  Nations  have  a  Eight  to,  we  are  willing  to  make  you  satisfaction." 

Then  laid  down  a  String  of  Wampum,  which  was  accepted  with  the 
usual  Ceremony,  and  then  added  : 

"  We  have  a  Chest  of  New  goods,  and  the  key  is  in  Our  Pockets.  You 
are  our  Brethren;  the  Great  King  is  our  Common  Father,  and  we  will 
live  with  you  as  Children  ought  to  do  in  Peace  and  Love. 

"We  will  brighten  the  Chain  and  Strengthen  the  Union  between  Us, 
so  that  we  shall  never  be  divided,  but  remain  Friends  and  Brethren,  as 
long  as  the  Sun  gives  us  light.  In  Confirmation  whereof  we  give  you 
this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  Usual  Ceremony.     Tachanoontia  replied  : 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"  You  have  made  a  Good  Speech  to  Us,  which  is  very  agreeable,  and 
for  which  we  return  you  our  Thanks.  We  shall  be  able  to  give  you 
an  Answer  to  every  part  of  it  sometime  this  afternoon,  and  we  shall  let 
you  know  when  we  are  ready." 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  27th  June,  1744,  P.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable. the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Tachanoontia  Spoke  as  follows: 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 


6-i  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

"Since  you  have  Joined  with  the  Governor  of  Maryland  and  Brother 
Onas  in  Kindhng  this  Fire,  we  gladly  acknowledge  the  pleasure  we  have 
in  seeing  you  here  and  observing  your  good  DisiDositions,  as  well  to 
confirm  the  Treaties  of  Friendship  as  to  enter  into  further  Contracts 
about  Land  with  Us,  and  in  token  of  Our  Satisfaction  We  Present  you 
with  this  String  of  Wampum. 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremonies. 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"In  your  Speech  this  Morning  you  were  Pleased  to  say  we  had  wrote 
a  Letter  to  James  Logan  about  Seven  years  ago,  to  demand  a  Considera- 
tion for  our  Lands  in  the  Possession  of  some  of  the  Virginians.  That 
you  held  them  under  the  Great  King  for  upwards  of  One  hundred  and 
Sixty  Years,  and  that  we  had  already  given  up  our  Eight,  and  that 
therefore  you  had  desired  the  Governor  of  New  York  to  send  his  In- 
terpreter to  Us  last  Year  to  Onandago,  which  he  did,  and  as  you  say, 
We,  in  Council  at  Onandago,  did  declare  that  we  had  no  Demand  on 
3^ou  for  Lands,  and  that  if  we  had  any  Pretensions  we  should  have 
made  them  known  to  the  Governor  of  New  York;  and  likewise  you 
desire  to  know  if  we  have  any  Eights  to  the  Virginia  Lands,  and  that 
we  will  make  such  Eight  appear  and  tell  you  what  nations  of  Indians 
We  conquered  those  Lands  from. 

"Now  we  Answer,  We  have  the  Eight  of  Conquest — a  Eight  too 
dearly  Purchas'd,  and  which  cost  us  too  much  Blood  to  give  up  without 
an}^  Eeason  at  all,  as  you  say  We  have  done  at  Albany;  but  we  should 
be  obliged  to  you  if  you  would  let  us  see  that  Letter,  and  Inform  Us 
who  was  the  Interpreter  and  whose  names  are  put  to  the  Letter ;  for  as 
the  whole  Transaction  can't  be  above  a  year's  standing,  it  must  be  fresh 
in  every  Body's  Memory,  and  some  of  Our  Council  would  easily  remem- 
ber it ;  but  we  assure  you,  and  we  are  well  able  to  prove  that  neither  we 
nor  any  Part  of  Us  have  ever  relinquished  our  Eight,  or  ever  gave  such' 
an  Answer  as  you  say  is  mentioned  in  your  Letter.  Could  we  so  few 
years  ago  make  a  Formal  Demand  by  James  Logan  and  not  be  sensible 
of  Our  Eight  ?  and  hath  any  thing  happen'd  since  that  time  to  make  us 
less  sensible  ?  No.  And  as  this  matter  can  be  easily  cleared  up  we  are 
anxious  it  should  be  done,  for  we  are  Positive  no  such  thing  was  ever 
mentioned  to  us  at  Onandago  nor  any  where  else.  All  the  World  Knows 
we  conquered  the  Several  Nations  living  on  Sasquehanna,  Cohongoronta, 
and  on  the  Back  of  the  Great  Mountains  in  Virginia.  The  Conoy-uch- 
such-roona,  Coch-nan-was-roonan,  Tokoairough-roonan,  and  Connutskirr- 
ough-roonaw,  feel  the  effects  of  Our  Conquests,  being  now  a  Part  of  Our 
Nations,  and  their  Lands  at  our  Disposal. 

"  We  know  very  well  it  hath  often  been  say'd  by  the  Virginians  that 
the  Great  King  of  England  and  the  People  of  that  Colony  conquered  the 


THE   IXDIAX   TREATY    HELD   AT    LAXCASTER.  65 

Indians  that  lived  there,  but  it  is  not  true.  We  will  allow  thev  have 
conquered  the  Sachdagughroonan  and  Drove  back  the  Tuscarroraws, 
and  that  they  have  on  that  Account  a  Right  to  some  Part  of  Virginia, 
but  as  to  what  lyes  beyond  the  Mountains  we  conquered  the  Nations  re- 
siding there,  and  that  Land,  if  ever  the  Virginians  get  a  good  Right  to 
it,  it  must  be  by  Us.  And  in  Testimony  of  the  Truth  of  Our  Answer 
to  this  Part  of  Your  Speech  We  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"  Brother  Assaraquoa : 

"We  have  given  you  a  full  answer  to  the  first  Part  of  Your 
Speech  which  we  hope  will  be  satisfactory.  We  are  glad  to  hear 
you  have  brought  with  you  a  big  Chest  of  New  Goods,  and  that 
you  have  the  Key  in  your  Pockets.  We  do  not  doubt  but  we  shall 
have  a  good  Understanding  in  all  Points,  and  come  to  an  Agreement 
with  you. 

"  We  shall  open  all  Our  Hearts  to  You  that  you  may  know  everv 
thing  in  them ;  we  will  hide  nothing  from  you,  and  we  hope  if  there  be 
any  thing  still  remaining  in  your  Breast  that  may  occasion  any  Dispute 
between  Us,  you  will  take  this  opportunity  to  unbosom  your  hearts  and 
lay  them  open  to  Us,  that  henceforth  there  may  be  no  Dirt  nor  auv 
other  Obstacle  in  the  Road  between  Us;  and  in  token  of  Our  hearty 
Wishes  to  bring  about  so  good  an  harmony  we  present  You  with  this 
Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"  Brother  Assaraquoa : 

"  We  must  now  tell  you  what  Mountains  we  mean  that  we  say 
are  the  Boundaries  between  you  and  us.  You  may  remember  that 
about  Twenty  years  ago  you  had  a  Treat}^  with  us  at  Albany, 
when  you  took  a  Belt  of  Wampum  and  made  a  Fence  with  it 
on  the  Middle  of  the  Hill,  and  told  us  that  if  any  of  the  Warriors  of  the 
Six  Nations  came  on  your  side  of  the  Middle  of  the  Hill  you  would  hang 
them,  and  you  gave  us  liberty  to  do  the  Same  with  any  of  your  People 
who  should  be  found  on  our  side  the  Middle  of  the  Hill.  This  is 
the  Hill  we  mean,  and  we  desire  that  Treaty  may  now  be  confirmed. 
After  we  left  Albany  we  brought  Our  Road  a  great  deal  more  to  the 
West  that  we  might  comply  wath  Your  Proposal,  but  tho'  it  was  of  your 
own  making  your  People  never  observed  it,  but  came  and  lived  on  Our 
side  of  the  Hill,  which  we  don't  blame  you  for,  as  you  live  at  a  great 
distance  near  the  Seas,  and  can't  be  thought  to  know  what  your  People 
do  in  the  Back  parts;  and  on  their  Settling  contrary  to  your  own  Propo- 
sals on  our  new  Road,  it  fell  out  that  Our  A\"arriors  did  some  hurt  to 
your  People's  Cattle,  of  which  a  complaint  was  made  and  transmitted  to 
us  by  our  Brother  Onas.  And  we  at  his  Request  altered  the  Road  again, 
5k 


<dQ  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

and  brought  it  to  tlie  Foot  of  the  Great  Mountain  where  it  now  is,  and 
it  is  impossible  for  us  to  remove  it  any  further  to  the  West,  those  Parts 
of  the  Country  being  absolutely  impassable  by  either  Man  or  Beast. 

"We  had  not  been  long  in  the  Use  of  this  new  Eoad  before  your 
People  came  like  Flocks  of  Birds  and  sat  down  in  both  sides  of  it,  and 
yet  we  never  made  a  Complaint  to  you,  tho'  you  must  be  Sensible 
those  things  must  have  been  done  by  your  People  in  manifest  Breach  of 
your  own  Proposal  made  at  Albany  ;  and  therefore  as  we  are  now  open- 
ing our  Hearts  to  you,  we  cannot  avoid  Complaining,  and  desire  all  these 
Affairs  may  be  settled ;  and  that  you  may  be  Stronger  induced  to  do  us 
Justice  for  what  is  Past,  and  to  come  to  a  thorough  Settlement  for  the 
future,  we,  in  the  Presence  of  the  Governor  of  Maryland  and  Brother 
Onas,  present  you  with  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

Then  Tachanoontia  added: 

"We  forgot  to  say  that  the  Affair  of  the  Road  must  be  looked  upon 
as  a  Preliminary  to  be  Settled  before  the  Grant  of  Lands,  and  that  either 
the  Virginia  People  must  be  obliged  to  Remove  more  Easterly,  or  if  they 
are  Permitted,  to  say  that  our  Warriors  Marching  that  way  to  the  South- 
ward shall  go  sharers  with  them  in  what  they  Plant." 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  28th  June,  1744,  A.  M. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Governor  Spoke  as  follows : 

"  Friends  and  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations : 

"  I  am  always  sorry  when  any  thing  happens  that  may  Create  the 
least  uneasiness  between  us,  but  as  we  are  mutually  engaged  to  keep  the 
Road  between  Us  clear  and  open,  and  to  remove  every  obstruction  that 
may  lie  in  the  way,  I  must  inform  you  that  three  of  the  Delaware  Indians 
lately  Murdered  John  Armstrong,  an  Indian  Trader,  and  his  two  men,  in 
a  most  barbarous  manner,  as  he  was  traveling  to  Allegheny,  and  stole  his 
Goods  of  a  considerable  value.  Shick  Calamy  and  the  Indians  settled  at 
Shamokin  did  well ;  they  seized  two  of  the  Murderers  and  sent  them  down 
to  Our  Settlements,  but  the  Indians  who  had  the  Charge  of  them  after- 
wards suffered  one  of  them  to  Escape  on  a  Pretence  that  he  was  not  con- 
cerned in  the  Bloody  deed.  The  other  is  now  in  Philadelphia  Goal.  By 
our  Laws  all  the  Accessaries  to  a  Murder  are  to  be  Tryed  and  Put  to 
Death  as  well  as  the  Person  who  gave  the  Deadly  wound.     If  they  con- 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  67 

sented  to  it,  encouraged  it,  or  anywise  assisted  in  it,  they  are  to  be  j)ut  to 
Death,  and  it  is  just  tliey  should  be  so.  If,  u])ou  Tryal,  the  Persons 
Present  at  tlie  Murder  are  found  not  to  liave  done  any  of  these  thing's, 
they  are  set  at  liberty.  Two  of  Our  People  were,  not  many  years  ago, 
publickly  put  to  Death  for  kilHng  two  Indians.  We  therefore  expect  you 
will  take  the  most  effectual  Measures  to  Seize  and  deliver  up  to  Us  the 
other  two  Indians  present  at  these  Murders,  to  be  tryed  with  the  Princi- 
pal now  in  Custody.  If  it  shall  appear  upon  their  Tryal  that  tliey  were 
not  advising  nor  any  way  Assisting  in  this  Horrid  Fact,  they  will  be  acquit- 
ted and  sent  home  to  their  Towns.  And  that  you  may  be  satisfied  no  Injus- 
tice w^ill  be  done  to  them,  I  do  now  Invite  you  to  Depute  three  or  four 
Indians  to  be  present  at  their  Tryals.  I  do  likewise  expect  that  you  will 
order  Strict  search  to  be  made  for  the  Remainder  of  the  Stolen  Goods, 
that  they  may  be  restored  to  the  Wife  and  Children  of  the  Deceased. 
That  what  I  have  said  may  have  its  due  weight  with  you,  I  give  you  this 
String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  accepted  with  the  Jo-hah. 

The  Governor  afterwards  ordered  the  Interpreter  to  tell  them  lie  ex- 
pected a  very  full  answer  from  them,  and  that  they  might  take  their  own 
time  to  give  it,  for  he  did  not  desire  to  interfere  with  the  Business  of 
Virginia  and  Maryland. 

They  sayd  they  would  take  it  into  Consideration  and  give  a  full  answer. 

Then  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  let  them  know  by  tlie  Interpreter 
that  they  would  Speak  to  them  in  the  Afternoon. 

In  the  Court  House  Chamber  at  Lancaster,  Thursday,  28  June,  17-14, 
A.M. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable,  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Commissioners  desired  the  Interpreter  to  tell  the  Indians  they 
were  going  to  Speak  to  them.  'Sir.  Weiser  acquainted  them  therewith. 
After  Avhich  the  said  Commissioners  Spoke  as  follows: 

"Our  good  Friends  and  Brethren  of  the  Six  United  Nations: 

"  We  have  consider'd  what  you  sayd  concerning  your  Title  to  .some 
Lands  now  in  Our  Province,  and  also  of  the  Place  where  they  lye.  Altho' 
we  cannot  admit  your  Right,  yet  we  are  so  resolved  to  live  in  Brotherly 
Love  and  Affection  with  the  Six  Nations,  that  upon  giving  us  a  Release 
in  Writing  of  all  your  Claim  to  any  Lands  in  Maryland,  We  shall  make 
you  a  Compensation  to  the  value  of  Three  hundred  Pounds  Currency ; 
for  the  Payment  of  Part  thereof  we  have  brought  some  Goods,  and  shall 
make  up  the  Rest  in  what  manner  you  think  fit. 


68  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

"As  We  intend  to  say  something  to  you  about  our  Chain  of  Friend- 
ship after  this  affair  of  the  Land  is  Settled,  we  desire  you  will  now  Ex- 
amine the  Goods  and  make  an  End  of  this  matter. 

"  We  will  not  omitt  acquainting  Our  Good  Friends  the  Six  Nations 
that  notwithstanding  We  are  likely  to  come  to  an  Agreement  about  your 
Claim  of  Lands,  yet  your  Brethren  of  Maryland  look  on  you  to  be  as  one 
Soul  and  one  Body  with  themselves,  and  as  a  broad  -Road  will  be  made 
between  Us,  we  shall  always  be  desirous  of  keeping  it  clear,  that  we  may 
from  time  to  time  take  care  that  the  links  of  Our  Friendship  be  not 
rusted.  In  testimony  that  Our  Words  and  Our  hearts  agree,  We  give 
you  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

On  presenting  of  which  the  Indians  gave  the  usual  Cry  of  Approba- 
tion. 

Mr.  Weiser  acquainted  the  Indians  they  might  now  look  over  the 
Several  Goods  placed  on  a  Table  in  the  Chamber  for  that  Purpose; 
and  the  Honourable  Commissioners  bid  him  tell  them  if  they  disliked 
any  of  the  Goods,  or  if  they  were  damaged,  the  Commissioners  would 
put  a  less  Price  on  such  as  were  either  disliked  or  Damnify'd.  The  In- 
dians having  View'd  and  Examined  the  Goods,  and  Seeming  Disatisfy'd 
at  the  Price  and  worth  of  some  of  them,  required  time  to  go  down  into 
the  Court  House  in  order  for  a  Consultation  to  be  had  by  the  Chiefs  of 
them  concerning  the  said  Goods,  and  likewise  that  the  Interpreter  might 
Retire  with  them,  which  he  did.  Accordingly  they  went  down  into  the 
Court  House,  and  soon  after  returned  again  into  the  Chamber.  Mr. 
Weiser  sat  down  among  the  Indians  and  discoursed  them  about  the 
Goods,  and  in  some  short  time  after  they  Chose  the  following  from  among 
the  others,  and  the  Prices  agreed  to  be  given  for  them  by  the  Six  Nations 
was,  viz: 

One  lb.  Vermillion     ------- 

1,000  Flints 

4  Doz.  Jewsharps        - 

1  Box.  Boxes     -------- 

Ic.  2qr.  01b.  Barr  Lead       -         -         -         - 

Oc.  2qr.  01b.  Shot 

2  Half  Barrels  of  Gunpowder     .         -         -         -         - 


Four  Pieces  of  Strowds  a  £7  - 

2  Pieces  Do.       a  £5  - 

200  Shirts  

Carried  forward, £101  12  0 


£0 

18 

0 

0 

18 

0 

0 

14 

0 

0 

1 

0 

3 

0 

0 

1 

0 

0 

13 

0 

0 

£19 

11 

0 

£28 

0 

0 

10 

0 

0 

63 

12 

0 

THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER. 


£101 

12  0 

11 

0  0 

21 

0  0 

6 

10  0 

61 

2  0 

£201 

4  0 

19 

11  0 

£220 

15  0 

Brought  forward, 
3  Pieces  half  Thkiks 
3  Pieces  Duffle  Blankets  a  £7 
1  Piece  Do. 

47  Guns,  26s. 


Pennsylvania  Currency 

When  the  Indians  had  agreed  to  take  these  Goods  at  the  Rates  above 
specify'd,  they  informed  the  Interpreter  that  they  would  give  an  Answer 
to  the  Speech  made  to  them  this  morning  by  the  Honourable  the  Com- 
missioners of  Maryland,  but  did  not  express  the  Time  when  such  answer 
should  be  made. 

At  tAvelve  o'Clock  the  Commissioners  departed  the  Chamber. 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  28th,  1744,  P.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations, 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Commissioners  of  Virginia  desired  the  Interpreter  to  let  the  In- 
dians know  that  their  Brother  Assaraquoa  was  now  going  to  give  his 
Reply  to  their  Answer  to  his  first  Speech,  delivered  them  the  day  before 
in  the  forenoon: 

"  Sachims  and  Warriors  of  the  Six  Nations : 

"  We  are  now  come  to  answer  what  you  said  to  Us  Yesterday,  since 
what  we  sayd  to  you  before  on  the  Part  of  the  Great  King,  our  Father, 
has  not  been  satisfactory.  You  have  gone  into  Old  Times  and  so  must 
we.  It  is  true  that  the  Great  King  holds  Virginia  by  Right  of  Conquest, 
and  the  Bounds  of  that  Conquest  to  the  Westward  is  the  Great  sea. 

"If  the  Six  Nations  have  made  any  Conquest  over  Indians  that  may 
at  any  time  have  lived  on  the  West  side  of  the  Great  Mountains  of  Vir- 
ginia, yet  they  never  possessed  any  Lands  there  that  we  have  ever  heard. 
That  part  was  altogether  deserted,  and  free  for  any  People  to  enter  upon, 
as  the  People  of  Virginia  have  done  by  order  of  the  Great  King,  very 
justly  as  well  by  an  Antient  Right  as  by  its  being  freed  from  the  Pos- 
session of  any  other,  and  from  any  Claim,  even  of  you  the  Six  Nations, 
our  Brethren,  until  within  these  Eight  Years.  The  first  Treaty  between 
the  Great  King,  in  behalf  of  his  Subjects  of  Virginia  and  you,  that  we 


J 
70  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

can  find,  was  made  at  Albany  by  Colonel  Henry  Coursey,  Seventy  years 
Since.  This  was  a  Treaty  of  Friendship,  when  the  first  Covenant  Chain 
was  made,  when  we  and  you  became  Brethren. 

"  The  next  Treaty  was  also  at  Albany  above  fifty-Eight  years  ago,  by 
the  Lord  Howard,  Governor  of  Virginia.  Then  you  declare  yourselves 
Subjects  of  the  Great  King,  our  Father,  and  gave  up  to  him  all  your 
Lands  for  his  Protection.  This  you  Own  in  a  Treaty  made  by  the  Gov- 
ernor of  Newyork  with  you  at  the  same  Place  in  the  Year  1687,  and  you 
Express  yourselves  in  these  AVords :  '  0  Brethren  you  tell  us  the  King 
of  England  is  a  very  Great  King,  and  why  should  you  not  join  with  us 
in  a  very  just  Cause  when  the  French  join  with  Our  Enemies  in  an  un- 
just Cause.  O  Brethren  we  see  the  Eeason  of  this,  for  the  French  would 
fain  kill  us  all,  and  when  that  is  done  they  would  carry  all  the  Beaver 
Trade  to  Canada,  and  the  Great  King  of  England  would  lose  the  Lands 
likewise ;  And  therefore,  O  Great  Sachim  beyond  the  Great  Lakes,  awake 
and  suffer  not  those  poor  Indians  that  have  given  themselves  and  their 
Lands  under  your  Protection  to  be  destroyed  by  the  French  without  a 
Cause.' 

"  The  last  Treaty  we  shall  Speak  to  you  about  is  that  made  at  Albany 
by  Governor  Spotswood,  which  you  have  not  recited  as  it  is ;  for  the 
White  People,  Your  Brethren  of  Virginia,  are  in  no  Article  of  that 
Treaty  Prohibited  to  pass  and  Settle  to  the  Westward  of  the  Great 
Mountains.  It  is  the  Indians'  Tributary  to  Virginia  that  are  restrained, 
as  you  and  your  Tributary  Indians  are  from  Passing  to  the  Eastward  of 
the  same  Mountains  or  to  the  Southward  of  Cohongoroonton,  And  you 
agree  to  this  Article  in  these  words :  '  That  the  Great  Eiver  of  Patow- 
mack  and  the  High  Kidge  of  Mountains  which  extend  all  along  the 
Frontiers  of  Virginia  to  the  westwards  of  the  Present  Settlements  of  that 
Colony,  Shall  be  for  ever  the  established  Boundaries  between  the  In- 
dians subject  to  the  Dominions  of  Virginia  and  the  Indians  belonging 
and  depending  on  the  Five  Nations,  so  that  neither  our  Indians  shall  not, 
on  any  Pretence  whatsoever,  pass  to  the  Northward  or  westward  of  the 
said  Boundaries  without  having  to  produce  a  Passport  under  the  hand 
and  Seal  of  the  Governor  or  Commander-in-Chief  of  Virginia,  nor  your 
Indians  to  pass  to  the  Southward  or  EastAvard  of  the  said  Boundaries 
without  a  Passport  in  like  manner  from  the  Governor  or  Commander- 
in-Chief  of  New  York.' 

"And  what  Eight  can  you  have  to  Lands  that  you  have  no  Eight  to 
walk  upon  but  upon  certain  conditions?  It  is  true  you  have  not  ob- 
served this  part  of  the  Treaty,  and  Your  Brethren  of  Virginia  have  not 
insisted  on  it  with  a  due  Strictness,  which  has  Occasioned  some  mischief. 

"This  Treaty  hath  been  sent  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia  by  Order  of 
the  Great  King,  and  is  what  we  must  Eely  on,   and  being  in  writing  is 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  71 

more  certain  tlian  your  Menior3\  That  i.s  the  way  the  wliite  people  have 
of  preserving  Transactions  of  every  kind,  and  transmitting  them  down 
to  their  Children's  Children  forever;  and  all  Disputes  among  them  are 
settled  by  this  faithful  kind  of  Evidence,  and  must  be  the  Kule  between 
the  Great  King  and  you.  This  Treaty  your  Sacliims  and  warriors  signed 
some  Years  after  the  same  Governor  Spotswood,  in  the  Kight  of  the 
Great  King,  had  been  with  some  People  of  Virginia  in  possession  of 
these  very  Lands,  which  you  have  set  up  3^our  late  claim  to. 

"  The  Commissioners  for  Indian  Affairs  at  Albany  gave  the  Account 
we  mentioned  to  you  yesterday  to  the  Governor  of  New  York,  and  he 
sent  it  to  the  Governor  of  Virginia.  Their  names  will  be  given  you  by 
the  Interpreter. 

"  Brethren,  this  Dispute  is  not  between  Virginia  and  you.  It  is  set- 
ting up  your  Eight  against  the  Great  King,  under  whose  Grants  the 
People  you  complain  of  are  settled.  Nothing  but  a  Command  from  the 
Great  King  can  remove  them ;  They  are  too  powerful  to  be  removed  by 
any  force  of  You  our  Brethren ;  And  the  Great  King,  as  our  Common 
Father,  will  do  equal  Justice  to  all  his  children ;  wherefore,  we  do  be- 
lieve they  will  be  confirmed  in  their  Possessions. 

"As  to  the  Eoad  you  mention,  we  intended  to  prevent  any  Occasion 
for  it  by  making  a  Peace  between  You  and  the  Southern  Indians  a  few 
years  since,  at  a  considerable  Expence  to  Our  Great  King,  which  you 
Confirmed  at  Albany.  It  seems  by  your  being  at  war  with  the  Cataw- 
bas  that  it  has  not  been  long  kept  between  you. 

"  However,  if  you  desire  a  Eoad,  we  will  agree  to  one  on  the  Terms  of 
the  Treaty  you  made  with  Colonel  Spotswood;  and  your  People's  be- 
having themselves  orderly  like  Friends  and  Brethren  shall  be  used  in 
their  Passage  through  Virginia  with  the  same  kindness  as  they  are  when 
they  pass  through  the  Lands  of  your  Brother  Onas.  This  we  hope  will 
be  agreed  to  by  you  Our  Brethren,  and  we  will  abide  by  the  Promise 
made  to  you  Yesterday. 

"  We  may  Proceed  to  Settle  what  we  are  to  give  you  for  any  Eight  you 
may  have  or  have  had  to  all  the  Lands  to  the  Southward  and  Westward 
of  the  Lands  of  your  Brother  the  Governor  of  ^laryland,  and  of  your 
Brother  Onas,  though  we  are  informed  the  Southeren  Indians  claim  these 
very  Lands  that  you  do. 

"We  are  desirous  to  live  with  you  our  Brethren  according  to  the  Old 
Chain  of  Friendship  to  settle  all  these  matters  fairly  and  honestly. 

"  And  as  a  Pledge  of  Our  Sincerity  we  give  you  this  Belt  of  Wam- 
pum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

In  the  Court  House  Chamber  at  Lancaster,  June  the  29th,  17-i4.  A.  M. 


72  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Mr.  Weiser  informed  the  Honourable  Commissioners  the  Indians  were 
ready  to  give  their  answer  to  the  Speech  made  to  them  here  yesterday 
Morning  by  the  Commissioners.     Whereupon 

Canassatego  spoke  as  follows,  looking  on  a  Deal  Board  where  were 
some  black  lines  describing  the  Courses  of  Potowmack  and  Sasquahanna : 

"Brethren — 

"Yesterday  you  Spoke  to  Us  concerning  the  Lands  on  this  side  Potow- 
mack Eiver,  and  as  we  have  deliberately  considered  of  what  you  said  to 
us  on  that  matter,  we  are  now  very  ready  to  settle  the  Bounds  of  such 
Lands,  and  Eelease  our  Eight  and  Claim  thereto. 

"We  are  willing  to  renounce  all  Eight  to  Lord  Baltimore  of  all  those 
Lands  lying  two  Miles  above  the  uppermost  Fork  of  Potowmack  or  Co- 
hongoruton  Eiver,  near  which  Thomas  Cressap  has  a  Hunting  or  Trading 
Cabbin,  by  a  North  Line  to  the  Bounds  of  Pennsylvania.  But  in  case 
such  Limits  shall  not  include  every  Settlement  or  Inhabitant  of  Mary- 
land, then  such  other  Lines  and  Courses  from  the  said  two  Miles  above 
the  Forks  to  the  outermost  Inhabitants  or  Settlements  as  shall  include 
every  Settlement  and  Inhabitant  in  Maryland,  and  from  thence  by  a 
North  Line  to  the  Bounds  of  Pennsylvania,  shall  be  the  Limits.  And 
further,  if  any  People  already  have  or  shall  settle  beyond  the  Lands  now 
described  and  Bounded,  they  shall  enjoy  the  same  free  from  any  Disturb- 
ance of  us  in  any  manner  whatsoever,  and  we  do  and  shall  accept  those 
People  for  our  Brethren,  and  as  such  always  Treat  them. 

"We  earnestly  desire  to  live  with  you  as  Brethren,  and  hope  you  will 
shew  us  all  Brotherly  kindness ;  In  token  whereof  we  present  you  with 
a  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  Avas  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

Soon  after  the  Commissioners  and  Indians  departed  the  Court  House 
Chamber. 

In  the  Court  House  Chamber  at  Lancaster,  June  30th,  IT^-l,  A.  M. 

PRESENT: 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Gachadow,  Speaker  for  the  Indians,  in  answer  to  the  Commissioners' 
Speech  at  the  last  meeting,  Avith  a  Strong  Voice  and  Proper  Actions, 
Spoke  as  follows : 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 


THE   INIJIAN    TKEATY   llEhV   AT   LANCASTER.  73 

"The  World  at  tlio  first  was  made  on  the  other  side  of  the  Great  water 
different  from  what  it  is  on  this  side,  as  may  be  known  from  the  different 
Colour  of  Our  Skin  and  of  Our  Flesh,  and  that  whieh  you  call  Justice 
may  not  be  so  amongst  us.  You  have  your  Laws  and  Customs  and  so 
have  we.  The  Great  King  might  send  you  over  to  Conquer  the  Indians, 
but  looks  to  us  that  God  did  not  approve  of  it,  if  lie  had,  he  would  not 
have  Placed  the  Sea  where  it  is,  as  the  Limits  between  us  and  you."' 

"Brother  Assaraquoa.- 

"  Though  great  things  are  well  remembered  among  Us,  Yet  we  don't 
remember  that  we  were  ever  Conquered  by  the  Great  King,  or  that  we 
have  been  employ'd  by  that  Great  King  to  conquer  others ;  if  it  was  so 
it  is  beyond  our  Memory.  We  do  remember  we  were  employed  by  Ma- 
ryland to  Conquer  the  Conestogo's,  and  that  the  Second  time  we  were  at 
War  with  them  we  carry'd  them  all  off." 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"You  Charge  us  with  not  acting  agreeable  to  our  Peace  with  the  Ca- 
tawbas ;  we  will  repeat  truly  t©  you  what  was  done :  The  Governor  of 
New  York  at  Albany,  in  behalf  of  Assaraquoa,  gave  us  several  Belts 
from  the  Cherikees  and  Catawbas,  and  we  agreed  to  a  Peace  if  those 
Nations  would  send  some  of  their  Great  men  to  Us  to  confirm  it  face  to 
face,  and  that  they  would  Trade  with  us,  and  desired  that  they  would 
appoint  a  time  to  meet  at  Albany  for  this  Purpose,  but  they  never  came." 

"Brother  Assaraquoa; 

"We  then  desired  a  Letter  might  be  sent  to  the  Catawbas  and  Cheri- 
kees to  desire  them  to  come  and  confirm  the  Peace.  It  was  long  before 
an  Answer  came,  but  we  met  the  Cherikees  and  Confirmed  the  Peace, 
and  seat  some  of  Our  People  to  take  care  of  them  untill  they  returned  to 
their  own  Country. 

"  The  Catawbas  refused  to  come,  and  sent  us  word  that  we  were  but 

Women;  that  they  were  men  and  double  men  for  they  had  two  P s; 

that  they  could  make  Women  of  us,  and  would  be  always  at  War  with 
us.  They  are  a  deceitful  People ;  Our  Brother  Assaraquoa  is  deceived 
by  him;  we  don't  blame  him  for  it,  but  are  sorry  he  is  so  deceived." 

"  Brother  Assaraquoa : 

"We  have  confirm'd  the  Peace  with  the  Cherikees,  but  not  Avith  the 
Catawbas.  They  have  been  Treacherous,  and  know  it,  so  that  the  War 
must  continue  till  one  of  Us  is  destroyed.  This  we  think  Proper  to  tell 
you,  that  you  may  not  be  Troubled  at  Avhat  we  do  to  the  Catawbas. 

"  Brother  Assaraquoa : 

"We  will  uow  Speak  to  the  Point  between  us.  You  say  you  will 
agree  with  us  to  the  Koad.  We  desire  that  may  be  the  Road  which  was 
last  made  (the  Waggon  Poad.)  It  is  always  a  custom  among  Brethren 
or  Strangers  to  use  each  other  kindly.     You  have  some  very  ill-natured 


74  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

People  living  up  there,  so  that  we  desire  the  Persons  in  Power  may  know 
that  we  are  to  have  reasonable  Victuals  when  we  are  in  want. 

"You  know  very  well  when  the  White  People  came  first  here  they 
were  poor ;  but  now  they  have  got  our  Lands  and  are  by  them  become 
Eich,  and  we  are  Now  poor.  What  little  we  had  for  the  Land  goes  soon 
away,  but  the  Land  lasts  forever.  You  told  us  you  had  brought  with 
you  a  Chest  of  Goods,  and  that  you  have  the  Key  in  your  Pockets ;  But 
we  have  never  seen  the  Chest  nor  the  Goods  that  are  said  to  be  in  it. 
It  may  be  small  and  the  Goods  few.  We  want  to  see  them,  and  are  de- 
sirous to  come  to  some  Conclusion.  We  have  been  sleeping  here  these 
Ten  Days  past,  and  have  not  done  any  thing  to  the  Purpose." 

The  Commissioners  told  them  they  should  see  the  Goods  on  Monday. 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  June  the  30th,  1744. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEOEGJ^^  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  three  Governments  Entertained  the  Indians  and  all  the  Gentlemen 
in  town  with  a  handsome  Dinner;  the  Six  Nations  in  their  order  having 
returned  thanks  with  the  usual  Solemnity  of  Jo-ha-han,  the  Interpreter 
informed  the  Governor  and  the  Commissioners  that  as  the  Lord  Propri- 
etor and  Governor  of  Maryland  was  not  known  to  the  Indians  by  any 
particular  Name,  they  had  agreed  in  Council  to  take  the  first  oppor- 
tunity of  a  large  company  to  present  him  with  one,  and  as  this  with  them 
is  deemed  a  matter  of  great  Consequence,  and  attended  with  abundance 
of  Forme,  the  several  Nations  had  drawn  Lots  for  the  performance  of  the 
Ceremony,  and  the  Lot  falling  on  the  Cayogo  Nation,  they  had  chosen 
Gachradodow,  one  of  their  Chiefs,  to  be  their  Speaker,  and  he  desired 
leave  to  begin,  which  being  given,  he  on  an  elevated  part  of  the  Court 
House,  with  all  the  dignity  of  a  Warrior,  the  Gesture  of  an  Orator,  and 
in  a  very  gracefull  Posture,  spoke  as  follows: 

"  As  the  Governor  of  Maryland  had  Invited  them  here  to  Treat  about 
their  Lands  and  brighten  the  Chain  of  Friendship,  the  United  Nations 
thought  themselves  so  much  obliged  to  him  that  they  had  come  to  a 
Eesolution  in  Council  to  give  to  the  Great  man  who  is  Proprietor  of 
Maryland  a  particular  Name,  by  which  they  might  hereafter  correspond 
with  him,  and  as  it  had  fallen  to  the  Cayogo's  Lot  in  Council  to  consider 
of  a  proper  name  for  that  Chief  Man,  they  had  agreed  to  give  him  the 
Name  of  Toearry-ho-gan,  denoting  Precedency,  Excellency,  or  living  in 
middle  or  Honourable  Place  betwixt  Assaraquoa  and  their  Brother 


THE    INDIAN    TREATY    IIKLD    AT    LANCASTKH.  75 

Onas,  by  whom  their  Treaties  might  be  better  carrvd  on;'  And  then 
addressing  himself  to  his  Honour,  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  The 
Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  and  to  the 
Gentlemen  then  present,  he  Proceeded : 

"As  there  is  a  Company  of  Great  Men  now  Assembled,  We  take  this 
Time  and  opportunity  to  Publish  this  Matter,  That  it  may  be  known 
Tocarry-ho-gan  is  Our  Friend,  and  that  we  are  ready  to  Honour  him, 
and  that  by  such  Name  he  may  be  always  called  and  known  among  Us. 
And  We  hope  he  will  ever  Act  towards  us  according  to  the  PJxcellenev 
of  the  Name  we  have  now  Given  him,  and  enjoy  a  long  and  hapi)y  life." 

The  Honourable  the  Governor  and  Commissioners,  and  all  the  Com- 
pany present,  returned  the  Compliment  with  three  Huzza's,  and  after 
drinking  Healths  to  Our  gracious  King  and  Six  Nations,  the  Commis- 
sioners of  Maryland  proceeded  to  Business  in  the  Court  House  Chamber 
with  the  Indians,  where  Conrad  Weiser  the  Interpreter  was  present. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  order'd  Mr.  Weiser  to  tell  the 
Indians  that  a  Deed,  releasing  all  their  Claim  and  Title  to  certain  Lands 
lying  in  the  Province  of  Maryland,  which  by  them  was  agreed  to  be  given 
and  executed,  for  the  use  of  the  Lord  Baron  of  Baltimore,  Lord  Proprie- 
tary of  that  Province,  was  now  on  the  Table  and  Seals  ready  fixed  thereto. 
The  Interpreter  acquainted  them  therewith  as  desired,  and  then  gave  the 
Deed  to  Canassatego  the  Speaker,  who  made  his  Mark  and  put  his  Seal 
and  Delivered  it,  after  which  thirteen  other  Chiefs  or  Sachims  of  the  Six 
Nations  Executed  it  in  the  same  manner  in  the  Presence  of  the  Honour- 
able the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  divers  other  Gentlemen  of  that 
Colony,  and  of  the  Provinces  of  Pennsylvania  and  Maryland. 

At  the  House  of  Mr.  George  Sanderson  in  Lancaster,  2d  July,  1744,  A.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

Several  of  the  Chiefs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  several  Chiefs  of  the  Indians  of  the  Six  Nations  who  had  not 
Signed  the  Deed  of  Release  of  their  Claim  to  some  Land  in  Maryland, 
tender'd  to  them  on  Saturday  last  in  the  Chamber  of  the  Court  Hou.se  in 
this  Town,  did  now  readily  Execute  the  same,  and  caused  Mr.  Weiser 
likewise  to  sign  it,  as  well  with  his  Indian  as  with  his  own  proper  Name 
of  Weiser,  as  a  Witness  and  Interpreter. 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  July  2d,  1744. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Lieutenant  Governor. 
The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 


76  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Canassatego  Spoke  as  follows:  ,    . 

"Brother  Onas : 

"  The  other  day  you  was  pleased  to  tell  us  you  were  always  concern'd 
whenever  anything  happen'd  that  might  give  you  or  us  Uneasiness,  and 
that  we  were  mutually  engaged  to  preserve  the  Eoad  open  and  Clear 
between  Us.  And  you  informed  Us  of  the  Murder  of  John  Armstrong 
and  his  two  Men  by  some  of  the  Delaware  Indians,  and  of  their  Stealing 
his  Goods  to  a  Considerable  value.  The  Delaware  Indians  as  you  Sup- 
pose are  under  our  Power.  We  join  with  you  in  your  Concern  for  such 
a  vile  Proceeding ;  and  to  testify  that  we  have  the  same  Inclinations  with 
you  to  keep  the  Road  clear,  free,  and  open,  we  give  you  this  string  of 
Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"Brother  Onas: 

"These  things  happen  frequently,  and  we  desire  you  will  consider 
them  well,  and  not  be  too  much  concerned.  Three  Indians  have  been 
killed  at  different  times  at  Ohio,  and  we  never  mentioned  any  of  them  to 
you,  imagining  it  might  have  been  occasioned  by  some  unfortunate 
Quarrels,  and  being  unwilling  to  create  a  Disturbance;  We  therefore 
Desire  you  will  consider  these  things  well,  and  to  take  the  Grief  from 
your  Heart  We  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"  Brother  Onas : 

"We  had  heard  of  the  Murder  of  John  Armstrong,  and  in  our  Journey 
here  We  had  Conference  with  our  Cousins,  the  Delawares,  about  it,  and 
Reproved  them  severely  for  it ;  and  charged  them  to  go  down  to  Our 
Brother  Onas  and  make  him  satisfaction,  both  for  the  Men  that  were 
killed  and  for  the  Goods.  We  understood  by  them  that  the  principal 
Actor  in  these  Murders  is  in  your  Prison,  and  that  he  had  done  all  the 
Mischief  himself ;  but  that  besides  him  you  had  required  and  Demanded 
two  others  who  were  in  his  Company  when  the  Murders  were  Committed. 
We  promise  faithfully  in  our  return  to  renew  our  Reproofs,  and  to  Charge 
the  Delawares  to  send  down  some  of  their  Chiefs  with  these  two  young 
men,  but  not  as  Prisoners,  to  be  examined  by  you ;  and  as  we  think  upon 
Examination  you  will  not  find  them  Guilty,  we  rely  on  your  Justice  not 
to  do  them  any  Harm,  but  to  permit  them  to  return  in  safety. 

"We  likewise  understand  that  search  has  been  made  for  the  Goods 
belonging  to  the  deceased,  and  that  some  have  been  alread}^  returned  to 
your  People ;  but  that  some  are  still  missing.  You  may  depend  upon 
our  Giving  the  Strictest  Charge  to  the  Delawares  to  Search  again  with 


THE   INDIAN   TREATY   HELD   AT   LANCASTER.  77 

more  Diligence  for  the  Goods,  and  to  return  tliem  or  the  value  of  them 
in  Skins.  And  to  Confirm  what  we  have  said,  we  give  you  this  String 
of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony, 

"Brother  Onas: 

"The  Conoy  Indians  have  informed  us  that  they  sent  you  a  Message 
some  time  ago  to  advise  you  that  they  were  ill  used  by  the  white  People 
in  the  place  where  they  had  lived,  and  that  they  had  come  to  a  Resolu- 
tion of  removing  to  Shamokin,  and  requested  some  small  Satisfaction  for 
their  Land;  And  as  they  never  have  received  any  answer  from  you,  they 
have  desired  Us  to  Speak  for  them.  We  heartily  recommend  their  Case 
to  your  Generosity,  and  to  add  weight  to  our  Recommendation  we  present 
you  with  this  String  of  AVampum." 

Which  was  receiv'd  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

The  Governor  having  conferred  a  little  time  with  the  Honourable 
Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  made  the  following  Reply : 

"Brethren — 

"I  am  glad  to  find  that  you  agree  with  me  in  the  necessity  of  keeping 
the  Road  between  us  clear  and  open;  and  the  Concern  you  have  ex- 
pressed on  Account  of  the  Barbarous  Murders  mentioned  to  You,  is  a 
proof  of  Your  Brotherly  affection  for  Us.  If  crimes  of  this  Nature  be 
not  Strictly  enquired  into,  and  the  Criminals  Severely  Punish'd,  there 
will  be  ail  end  of  all  commerce  between  us  and  the  Indians,  and  then  you 
will  be  altogether  in  the  Power  of  the  French ;  They  will  set  what  Price 
they  please  on  their  own  Goods,  and  Give  you  what  they  think  fit  for 
your  Skins,  so  it  is  for  your  own  interest  that  our  Traders  should  be 
safe  in  their  Persons  and  Goods  when  they  Travel  to  your  Towns. 

"Brethren: 

"  I  consider 'd  this  matter  well  before  I  came  from  Philadelphia,  and  I 
advised  with  the  Council  there  upon  it,  as  I  have  done  here  with  the 
Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  Maryland.  I  never 
heard  before  of  the  Murder  ©f  Three  Indians  at  Ohio;  had  complaint 
been  made  to  me  of  it,  and  it  had  appeared  to  have  been  committed  by 
any  of  the  People  under  my  Government,  they  should  have  been  put  to 
Death,  as  two  of  them  were  two  years  ago  for  killing  two  Indians.  You 
are  not  to  take  your  own  satisfaction,  but  to  apply  to  me  and  I  will  see 
that  Justice  be  done  you;  and  should  any  of  the  Indians  rob  or  murder 
any  of  our  People,  I  do  expect  that  you  will  deliver  them  up  to  betryed 
and  Punished  in  the  same  manner  as  White  people  are.  This  is  the  way 
to  preserve  Friendship  between  us,  and  will  be  for  your  benefit  as  well 
as  our's.  I  am  well  pleased  Avith  the  Steps  you  have  already  taken,  and 
the  Reproofs  you  have  given  to  your  Cousins  the  Dela wares,  and  do  ex- 
pect you  will  lay  your  Commands  upon  some  of  their  Chiefs  to  bring 


78  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

down  the  two  Young  men  that  were  present  at  the  Murders.  If  they 
are  not  brought  down,  I  shall  look  upon  it  as  a  Proof  of  their  Guilt.  If 
upon  Examination  they  shall  be  found  not  to  have  been  concerned  in 
the  Bloody  Action,  they  shall  be  well  used  and  sent  home  in  Safety.  I 
will  take  it  upon  myself  to  see  that  they  have  no  Injustice  done  them. 
An  Inventory  is  taken  of  the  Goods  already  restored,  and  I  expect  satis- 
faction will  be  made  for  such  as  cannot  be  found  in  Skins,  according  to 
their  Promise. 

"I  well  remember  the  coming  down  of  one  of  the  Conoy  Indians  with 
a  Paper  setting  forth  That  the  Conoys  had  come  to  a  Eesolution  to  leave 
the  Land  reserved  for  them  by  the  Proprietors,  but  he  made  no  com- 
plaint to  me  of  ill  usage  from  the  White  People.  The  reason  he  gave 
for  their  removal  was,  that  the  Setling  of  the  White  people  all  around 
them  had  made  Deer  Scarce,  and  that  therefore  they  chose  to  remove  to 
Juniata  for  the  Benefit  of  Hunting.  I  ordered  what  they  said  to  be  en- 
tered in  the  Council  Book.  The  old  Man's  Expences  were  borne,  and  a 
Blankit  given  him  at  his  Return  home.  I  have  not  yet  heard  from 
the  Proprietors  on  this  head,  but  you  may  be  assured,  from  the  favour 
and  Justice  they  have  always  shewn  to  the  Indians,  that  they  will  do 
everything  that  can  be  reasonably  expected  of  them  in  this  case. 

In  the  Court  House  Chamber  at  Lancaster,  July  2d,  1744,  P.  M. 

present: 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Indians  being  told  by  the  Interpreter  that  their  Brother  Assara- 
quoa  was  going  to  speak  to  them,  he  spoke  as  follows : 

"  Sachims  and  Warriors,  our  Friends  and  Brethren : 

"As  we  have  already  sayd  enough  to  you  on  the  Subject  of  the  Title 
to  the  Lands  you  Claim  from  Virginia,  we  have  no  occasion  to  say  any- 
thing more  to  you  on  that  head,  but  come  directly  to  the  Point.  We 
have  open'd  the  Chests,  and  the  Goods  are  now  here  before  you;  They 
cost  Two  hundred  Pounds,  Pennsylvania  money,  and  were  bought  by  a 
Person  recommended  to  Us  by  the  Governor  of  Pennsylvania,  with 
ready  Cash.  AVe  order'd  them  to  be  good  in  their  kinds,  and  we  believe 
they  are  so.  These  Goods,  and  Two  hundred  Pounds  in  Gold  which  now 
lye  now  on  the  Table,  we  will  give  you,  Our  Brethren  of  the  Six  Na- 
tions, upon  Condition  That  you  immediately  make  a  Deed,  recognizing 
the  King's  Right  to  all  the  Lands  that  are  or  shall  be  by  his  Majesty's 
Appointment  in  the  Colony  of  Virginia. 

"As  to  the  Road,  we  agree  you  shall  have  one,  and  the  Regulation  is 
in  a  paper  which  the  Interpreter  now  has  in  his  custody  to  Shew  you. 


THE   INDIAN   TREATY   HELD   AT    LANCASTER.  79 

The  People  of  Virginia  shall  perform  their  Part  if  you  and  your  Indians 
performs  their's.  We  are  your  Brethren,  and  will  do  no  hardships  to 
you,  but,  on  the  Contrary,  all  the  kindness  we  can." 

The  Indians  agreed  to  what  was  said,  and  Canassatcgo  desired  they 
would  Represent  their  "Case  to  the  King,  in  order  to  have  a  farther  Con- 
sideration when  the  Settlement  increased  much  farther  back.  To  which 
the  Commissioners  agreed,  and  Promised  they  would  make  sUch  a  Rep- 
resentation faithfully  and  honestly,  and  for  their  further  Security  that 
they  would  do  so,  they  would  give  them  a  Writing  under  their  Hands 
and  Seals  to  that  purpose. 

They  desired  that  some  Rum  might  be  given  them  to  drink  on  their 
way  home,  which  the  Commissioners  agreed  to,  and  payd  them  in  Gold 
for  that  Purpose,  and  the  Carriage  of  their  Goods  from  Philadelphia, 
Nine  pounds  thirteen  shillings  and  three  pence,  Pennsylvania  monev. 

Canassatego  further  sayd,  That  as  their  Brother  Tocarry-ho-gan  sent 
them  Provision  on  the  Road  here,  which  kept  them  from  Starving,  he 
hoped  their  Brother  Assaraquoa  would  do  the  same  for  them  back,  and 
have  the  Goods  he  gave  them  carry'd  to  the  usual  Place,  which  were 
agreed  to. 

After  this  Conference  the  Deed  was  Produced,  and  the  Interpreter 
Explained  it  to  them,  and  they  according  to  their  Rank  and  Quality  put 
their  Marks  and  Seals  to  it  in  the  presence  of  several  Gentlemen  of  Mary- 
land, Pennsylvania,  and  Virginia ;  and  when  they  delivered  the  Deed, 
Canassatego  delivered  it  for  the  use  of  their  Father  the  Great  King,  and 
hoped  he  would  consider  them,  upon  which  the  Gentleman  and  Indians 
present  gave  three  shouts. 

In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  Tuesday,  July  2d,  1744,  A.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

The  Governor  Spoke  as  follows: 

"  Friends  and  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations — 

"At  a  Treaty  held  with  many  of  the  Chiefs  of  your  Nations  two  years 
ago,  the  Road  between  us  was  made  Clearer  and  Wider;  Our  Fire 
was  enlarged  and  our  Friendship  confirmed  by  an  Exchange  of  Presents 
and  many  other  Mutual  Good  Offices. 

"We  think  ourselves  happy  in  having  been  Instrumental  to  your 
meeting  with  our  Brethren  of  Virginia  and  Maryland,  And  we  persuade 
ourselves  that  you  on  your  Parts  will  always  remember  it  as  an  Instance 


80  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

of  our  good  will  and  affection  for  jou.  This  has  given  us  an  opportu- 
nity of  seeing  you  sooner  than  perhaps  we  should  otherwise  have  done ; 
and  as  we  are  under  mutual  Obligations  by  treaties,  we  to  hear  Avith 
Our  Ears  for  you,  and  yon  to  hear  with  your  Ears  for  us,  We  take  this 
opportunity  to  inform  you  of  what  very  nearly  concerns  us  both.' 

"The  Great  King  of  England  and  the  French  King  have  Declared  War 
against  each  other.  Two  Battles  have  been  fought,  one  by  Land  and  the 
other  by  Sea.  The  Great  King  of  England  Commanded  the  Land  Army 
in  Person,  and  gained  a  Cora  pleat  Victory.  Numbers  of  the  French 
were  killed  and  taken  Prisoners,  and  the  rest  were  forced  to  pass  a  Eiver 
with  Precipitation  to  save  their  Lives.  The  Great  God  covered  the 
King's  head  in  that  Battle,  so  that  he  did  not  receive  the  least  hurt,  for 
which  you  as  well  as  we  have  reason  to  be  very  thankfnll. 

"  The  Engagement  at  Sea  was  likewise  to  the  Advantage  of  the  English. 
The  French  and  Spaniards  joined  their  Ships  together  and  came  out  to 
Fight  us.  The  brave  English  Admiral  burnt  one  of  their  largest  Ships, 
and  many  others  were  so  shatter'd  that  they  were  glad  to  take  the  oppor- 
tunity of  a  very  high  wind  and  a  dark  Night  to  run  away  and  to  hide 
themselves  again  in  their  Harbours.  Had  the  Weather  proved  fair  he 
would  in  all  probability  have  taken  or  destroyed  them  all. 

"I  need  not  put  you  Id  mind  how  much  William  Penn  and  his  sons 
have  been  your  Friends  and  the  Friends  of  all  the  Indians;  you  have 
long  and  often  experienced  their  Friendship  for  you,  nor  need  I  repeat 
to  you  how  kindly  you  were  treated,  and  what  valuable  Presents  were  made 
to  you  two  years  ago  by  the  Governor,  the  Council,  and  the  Assembly 
of  Pennsylvania.  The  Sons  of  William  Perm  are  all  now  in  England, 
and  have  left  me  in  their  place,  well  knowing  how  much  I  regard  you 
and  all  the  Indians.  As  a  fresh  proof  of  this,  I  have  left  my  House  and 
am  come  thus  far  to  see  you,  to  renew  our  Treaties,  to  brighten  the 
Covenant  Chain,  and  to  confirm  our  Friendship  with  you.  In  testimony 
whereof  I  present  you  with  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

AVhich  was  received  with  the  Jo-hah. 

"As  your  Nations  have  engaged  themselves  by  Treaty  to  Assist  Us, 
your  Brethren  of  Pennsylvania,  in  case  of  a  War  with  the  French,  we  do 
not  Doubt  but  you  will  punctually  perform  an  Engagement  so  solemnly 
entered  into.  A  War  is  now  declared,  and  We  expect  that  you  will  not 
suffer  the  French  or  any  of  the  Indians  in  Alliance  with  them  to  March 
through  your  Country  to  disturb  any  of  our  Settlements,  And  that  you 
will  give  us  the  Earliest  and  best  Intelligence  of  any  Designs  that  may 
be  formed  by  them  to  our  Disadvantage,  as  we  promise  to  do  of  any  that 
may  be  to  your's.  To  enforce  what  I  have  now  say'd  to  you  in  the 
strongest  manner,  I  present  you  with  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  Jo-hah. 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  81 

After  a  little  Pause  liis  Honour  tlie  Governor  Spoke  again: 

"Friends  and  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations — 

"What  I  have  now  sayd  to  you  is  in  conformity  to  the  Treaties  sub- 
sisting between  the  Province  of  which  I  am  Governor  and  your  Nations. 
I  now  proceed  with  the  Consent  of  the  Honourable  the  Commissioners 
of  Virginia  and  Maryland  to  tell  you  That  all  Differences  having  been 
adjusted,  and  the  Eoads  between  us  and  you  made  quite  clear  and  oi)en, 
We  are  ready  to  confirm  our  Treaties  with  your  Nations,  and  establish 
a  Friendship  which  is  not  to  end  but  with  the  World  itself.  And  in 
behalf  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  I  do  by  this  fine  Belt  of  Wam- 
pum and  a  Present  of  Goods  to  the  Value  of  Three  hundred  pounds, 
confirm  and  establish  the  said  Treaties  of  Peace,  Union,  and  Friendship, 
you  on  your  Parts  doing  the  same." 

Which  was  received  with  a  loud  Jo-hah. 

The  Governor  further  added,  "The  Goods  bought  with  the  one  Hun- 
dred Pounds  Sterling  Put  into  my  Hands  by  the  Governor  of  Virginia 
are  ready  to  be  delivered  when  you  Please.  The  Goods  bought  and 
sent  up  by  the  People  of  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  according  to  the 
List  which  the  Interpreter  will  explain,  are  laid  by  themselves,  and  are 
likewise  ready  to  be  deliver'd  to  you  at  your  own  time." 

After  a  little  Pause  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  Spoke  as  follows: 

"  Sachims  and  Warriors  of  the  Six  Nations — 

"  The  Way  between  us  being  made  Smooth  by  what  Passed  Yester- 
day, we  desire  now  to  confirm  all  former  Treaties  made  between  Virginia 
and  you  our  Brethren  of  the  Six  Nations,  and  to  make  Our  Chain  of 
Union  and  Friendship  as  bright  as  the  Sun,  that  it  may  not  contract  any 
more  Eust  for  ever;  that  our  Children's  Children  may  rejoice  at  and 
confirm  what  we  have  done;  and  that  you  and  your  Children  may  not 
forget  it.  We  give  you  One  hundred  pounds  in  Gold  and  this  Belt  of 
Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremonye. 

"Friends  and  Brethren: 

"Altho'  we  have  been  Disappointed  in  Our  Endeavors  to  bring  about 
a  Peace  between  you  and  the  Catawbas,  yet  we  desire  to  speak  to  you 
something  more  about  them.  AVe  believe  they  have  been  unfaithfull  to 
you  and  Spoke  of  you  with  a  foolish  contempt,  but  this  may  be  only 
the  Eashness  of  some  of  their  Young  Men.  In  this  Time  of  War  with 
Our  common  Enemies,  the  French  and  Spaniards,  it  will  be  the  wisest 
way  to  be  at  Peace  among  Our  selves.  They,  the  Catawbas,  are  also 
Children  of  the  Great  King,  and  therefore  we  desire  you  will  agree  that 
we  may  endeavour  to  make  a  Peace  between  you  and  them,  that  we  may 
be  all  United  by  one  common  Chain  of  Frien.lship.     We  give  you  this 

String  of  Wampum." 
6k 


82  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

Whicli  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"Brethren : 

"Our  Friend  Conrad  Weiser,  when  he  is  old,  will  go  into  the  other 
World,  as  Our  Fathers  have  done;  our  Children  will  then  want  such  a 
Friend  to  go  between  them  and  your  Children  to  reconcile  any  difter- 
ences  that  may  happen  to  Arise  between  them,  that,  like  him,  may  have 
the  Ears  and  Tongues  of  our  Children  and  yours. 

"  The  way  to  have  such  a  Friend  is  for  you  to  send  three  or  four  of 
your  Boys  to  Virginia,  where  we  have  a  fine  House  for  them  to  Live  in, 
and  a  Man  on  purpose  to  teach  the  Children  of  you,  our  Friends,  the 
Religion,  Language,  and  Customs  of  the  White  People.  To  this  Place 
we  kindly  invite  you  to  send  some  of  your  Children,  and  we  promise 
you  they  shall  have  the  same  care  taken  of  them,  and  be  Instructed  in 
the  same  manner  as  our  own  Children,  and  be  returned  to  you  again 
when  you  please ;  and  to  confirm  this  we  give  you  this  String  of  Wam- 
pum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

Then  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland  Spoke  as  follows: 

"Friends   and  Brethren,   the    Chiefs  or  Sachims  of  the  Six  United 

Nations : 

"The  Governor  of  Maryland  invited  you  hither,  we  have  treated  you 
as  Friends  and  agreed  with  you  as  Brethren. 

"As  the  Treaty  now  made  concerning  the  Lands  in  Maryland  Will, 
we  hope,  Prevent  effectually  every  future  Misunderstanding  between  us 
on  that  Account,  we  will  now  bind  faster  the  Links  of  Our  Chain  of 
Friendship  by  a  Renew^al  of  all  our  former  Treaties;  and  that  they  may 
still  be  the  better  Secured  we  shall  present  you  with  One  hundred 
Pounds  in  Gold. 

"  What  we  have  further  to  say  to  you  is,  Let  not  our  Chain  contract 
any  Rust ;  whenever  you  perceive  the  least  Speck  tell  us  of  it  and  we 
will  make  it  clean.  This  we  also  expect  of  you,  that  it  may  always  con- 
tinue so  bright  as  our  Generations  may  see  their  Faces  in  it;  and  in 
pledge  of  the  Truth  of  what  we  have  now  Spoken  and  our  affection  to 
you,  we  give  you  this  Belt  of  Wampum," 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

Canassatego  in  return  spoke  as  follows : 

"Brother  Onas,  Assaraquoa,  and  Tocarry-ho-gan — 

"  We  return  you  thanks  for  your  several  Speeches,  which  are  very 
agreeable  to  us.  They  contain  matters  of  great  moment;  that  we  pro- 
pose to  give  them-  a  very  Serious  consideration,  and  to  answer  them 
Suitably  to  their  Worth  and  Excellence,  and  this  will  take  till  To-morrow 
Morning,  and  when  we  are  ready  we  will  give  you  due  Notice. 

"You  tell  us  you  beat  the  French;  if  so  you  must  have  taken  a  great 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LANCASTER.  83 

deal  of  Bum  from  them,  and  can  the  better  spare  ns  some  of  that  Liquor 
to  make  us  rejoice  with  you  in  the  Victory." 

The  Governor  and  Commissioners  order'd  a  Dram  of  Rum  to  be  given 
to  each  in  a  small  Glass,  calling  it  A  French  Glass. 


In  the  Court  House  at  Lancaster,  July  the  -ith,  1744,  A.  M. 

PRESENT : 

The  Honourable  GEORGE  THOMAS,  Esqr.,  Governor,  &c. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia. 

The  Honourable  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland. 

The  Deputies  of  the  Six  Nations. 

Conrad  Weiser,  Interpreter. 

Canassatego,  Speaker. 

"Brother  On  as: 

"Yesterday  you  expressed  your  satisfaction  in  having  been  Instru- 
mental to  our  meeting  with  Our  Brethren  of  Virginia  and  Maryland. 
We  in  return  assure  you  that  Ave  have  great  Pleasure  in  this  Meeting, 
and  thank  you  for  the  Part  you  had  in  bringing  us  together  in  order  to 
create  a  good  Understanding  and  to  clear  the  Road ;  and  in  token  of  Our 
Gratitude  We  present  you  with  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"Brother  Onas: 

"You  was  pleased  Yesterday  to  inform  us  'That  War  had  been  De- 
clared between  the  Great  King  of  England  and  the  French  King;  that 
two  Great  Battles  had  been  fought,  one  by  Land  and  the  other  at  Sea, 
with  many  other  particulars.'  AVe  are  glad  to  hear  the  Arms  of  the  King 
of  England  were  Successfull,  and  take  part  with  you  in  your  Joy  on  this 
Occasion.  You  then  came  nearer  home  and  told  us  'You  had  left  your 
House  and  were  come  thus  far  on  behalf  of  the  whole  People  of  Penn- 
sylvania to  see  us,  to  renew  our  Treaties,  to  brighten  the  Covenant  Chain, 
and  to  confirm  your  Friendship  with  us.  AVe  approve  this  Proposition; 
we  thank  you  for  it.  AVe  own  with  Pleasure  that  the  Covenant  Chain 
between  Us  and  Pennsylvania  is  of  Old  Standing,  and  has  never  Con- 
tracted any  Rust ;  we  wish  it  may  always  continue  as  bright  as  it  has 
done  hitherto ;  and  in  token  of  the  Sincerity  of  our  AVishes  we  present 
you  with  this  Belt  of  Wanipum." 

Which  was  received  with  tlio  Jo-liuh. 

"Brother  Onas: 

"You  was  pleased  Yesterday  to  remind  us  of  Our  Mutual  Obligation 
to  assist  each  other  in  case  of  a  War  with  the  French,  and  to  repeat  the 
Substance  of  what  we  ought  to  do  by  Our  Treaties  with  you ;  and  that 
as  a  AVar  had  been  already  entered  into  with  the  French,  you  called  upon 


84  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

US  to  assist  you,  and  not  to  suffer  the  French  to  March  through  our 
Country  to  disturb  any  of  your  Settlements. 

"  In  answer,  "We  assure  you  We  have  all  these  particulars  in  our  Hearts  ; 
they  are  fresh  in  our  Memory.  We  shall  never  forget  that  You  and  we 
have  but  one  Heart,  one  Head,  one  Eye,  one  Ear,  and  one  Hand;  We 
shall  have  all  your  Country  under  our  Eye,  and  take  all  the  care  we  can 
to  prevent  any  Enemy  from  coming  into  it ;  and  in  proof  of  our  Care, 
we  must  inform  you  that  before  we  came  here  we  told  ^Onantio,  our 
Father,  as  he  is  called,  that  neither  he  nor  any  of  His  people  should  come 
through  our  Country  to  hurt  our  Brethren  the  English,  or  any  of  the 
Settlements  belonging  to  them ;  there  was  room  enough  at  Sea  to  fight ; 
there  he  might  do  what  he  pleased,  but  he  should  not  come  upon  our  Land 
to  do  any  Damage  to  our  Brethren,  And  you  may  depend  upon  our  using 
our  utmost  care  to  see  this  effectually  done;  and  in  token  of  our  Sincerity 
we  present  you  with  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

After  some  little  time  the  Interpreter  said,  Canassatego  had  forgot 
something  Material,  and  desired  to  mend  his  Speech,  and  to  do  so  as  often 
as  he  should  omitt  any  thing  of  Moment,  and  thereupon  he  added: 

"The  Six  Nations  have  a  great  Authority  and  Influence  over  sundry 
Tribes  of  Indians  in  Alliance  with  the  French,  and  particularly  over  the 
Praying  Indians,  formerly  a  part  with  ourselves,  who  stand  in  the  very 
gates  of  the  French,  and  to  shew  our  Further  care,  we  have  engaged  these 
very  Indians,  and  other  Indian  Allies  of  the  French,  for  you.  They  will 
not  join  the  French  against  you.  They  have  agreed  with  us  before  we 
set  out.  We  have  put  the  Spirit  of  Antipathy  against  the  French  in 
those  People.  Our  Interest  is  very  Considerable  with  them  and  many 
other  Nations,  and  as  far  as  ever  it  extends  we  shall  use  it  for  your 
Service." 

The  Governor  said,  Canassatego  did  well  to  mend  his  Speech ;  he  might 
always  do  it  when  ever  his  Memory  should  fail  him  in  any  Point  of  Con- 
sequence, and  he  thanked  him  for  the  very  agreeable  Addition. 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"You  told  us  Yesterday  that  all  Disputes  with  you  being  now  at  an 
End,  you  desired  to  confirm  all  former  Treaties  between  Virginia  and  Us, 
and  to  make  our  Chain  of  Union  as  bright  as  the  Sun. 

"  We  agree  very  Heartily  with  you  in  these  Propositions ;  we  thank 
your  good  Inclinations ;  we  desire  you  will  pay  no  regard  to  any  Idle 
Stories  that  may  be  told  to  our  Prejudice,  and  as  the  Dispute  about  the 
Lands  is  now  entirely  over,  and  we  perfectly  reconciled,  we  hope  for  the 
future  we  shall  not  Act  towwards  each  other  but  as  becomes  Brethren 
and  Hearty  Friends. 

1  Onantio.  the  Governor  of  Canada. 


THE   INDIAN   TKEATY   HELD   AT   LANCASTER.  85 

"We  are  willing  to  renew  the  Friendship  with  you,  and  to  make  it  as 
firm  as  possible  for  us  and  our  Children,  with  you  and  your  Children  to 
the  latest  Generation,  and  we  desire  you  will  imprint  these  Engagements 
on  your  Hearts  in  the  Strongest  manner;  and  in  confirmation  that  we 
shall  do  the  same  we  give  you  this  Belt  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  Jo-hah  from  the  Interpreter  and  all  the 
Nations. 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"You  did  let  us  know  yesterday  that  tho'  you  had  been  disapointed  in 
your  Endeavors  to  bring  about  a  Peace  between  us  and  the  Catawbas, 
yet  you  would  still  do  the  best  to  bring  such  a  thing  about.  We  are 
well  pleased  with  your  Design,  and  the  more  so  as  we  hear  you  know 
what  sort  of  People  the  Catawbas  are — that  they  are  spitefull  and  Of- 
fensive, and  have  Treated  us  Contemptuously.  We  are  glad  you  know 
these  things  of  the  Catawbas.  We  believe  what  you  say  to  be  true,  that 
there  are,  notwithstanding,  some  amongst  them  who  are  "W^iser  and  bet- 
ter ;  and,  as  you  say,  they  are  your  Brethren  and  belong  to  the  Great 
King  over  the  AVater,  we  shall  not  be  against  a  Peace  on  reasonable 
Terms  provided  they  will  come  to  the  Northward  to  Treat  about  it.  In 
Confirmation  of  what  we  say,  and  to  encourage  you  in  your  Undertaking, 
we  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremonys. 

"  Brother  Assaraquoa : 

You  told  us  likewise  you  had  a  Great  House  Provided  for  the  Educa- 
tion of  Youth,  and  that  there  were  several  white  People  and  Indian 
Children  there  to  learn  languages  and  to  write  and  read,  and  invited  us 
to  send  some  of  our  Children  among  you,  &c. 

"  We  must  let  you  know  we  love  our  Children  too  Avell  to  send  them 
so  great  a  way,  and  the  Indians  are  not  inclined  to  give  their  Children 
learning.  We  allow  it  to  be  good,  and  we  thank  you  for  your  Invita- 
tion ;  but  our  Customs  differing  from  your's  you  will  be  so  good  as  to 
excuse  us. 

"We  hope  Tarachawagon^  Avill  be  preserved  by  the  Good  Spirit  to  a 
good  old  age.  When  he  is  gone  under  Ground  it  will  then  be  time 
to  look  out  for  another ;  and  no  Doubt  amongst  so  many  Thousands  as 
there  are  in  the  World  one  such  Man  may  be  found  'who  will  serve 
both  Parties  with  the  same  Fidelity  as  Tarachawagon  does;  while  he 
lives  there  is  no  room  to  complain.  In  token  of  our  Thankfulness  for 
your  Invitation  we  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony. 

"Brother  Tocarry-hogan : 

"You  told  us  yesterday  that  since  there  was  now  nothing  in  Contro- 
1  Tarachawafiron,  Conrad  Weiser. 


86  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

versie  between  us,  and  the  Aflair  of  the  Land  was  Settled  to  your  satis- 
faction, you  would  now  brighten  the  Chain  of  Friendship  which  hath 
Subsisted  between  you  and  us  ever  since  we  became  Brethren.  We  are 
well  pleased  with  the  Proposition,  and  we  thank  you  for  it.  We  also 
are  inclined  to  renew  all  Treaties  and  keep  a  good  Correspondence  with 
you.  You  told  us  further,  if  ever  we  should  perceive  the  Chain  had 
Contracted  any  Eust  to  let  you  know  and  you  would  take  care  to  take 
the  Eust  out,  and  preserve  it  bright.  We  agree  with  you  in  this,  and 
shall,  on  our  Parts,  do  everything  to  preserve  a  good  Understanding, 
and  to  live  in  the  same  Friendship  with  you  as  with  our  Brothers  Onas 
and  Assaraquoa;  in  Confirmation  whereof  we  give  you  this  Belt  of 
Wampum." 

On  which  the  usual  Cry  of  Yo-hah  was  given. 

"Brethren: 

"We  have  now  finished  our  Answer  to  what  you  said  to  us  Yesterday, 
and  shall  now  proceed  to  Indian  Affairs  that  are  not  of  so  General  a 
Concern. 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"  There  lives  a  Nation  of  Indians  on  the  other  side  of  your  Country, 
the  Tuscaroraes,  who  are  our  Friends,  and  with  whom  we  hold  Corres- 
pondence ;  but  the  Eoad  between  us  and  them  has  been  stopped  for  some 
time  on  Account  of  the  Misbehaviour  of  some  of  Our  Warriors.  We 
have  open'd  a  New  Eoad  for  our  Warriors  and  they  shall  keep  to  that ; 
but  as  that  would  be  inconvenient  for  Messengers  going  to  the  Tusca- 
roraes we  desire  they  may  go  the  old  Eoad.  We  frequently  send  Mes- 
sengers to  one  another,  and  shall  have  more  Occasion  to  do  so  now  that 
■we  have  concluded  a  Peace  with  the  Cherikees.  To  enforce  our  Eequest 
we  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  Avas  received  with  the  usual  Crj^  of  Approbation. 

"Brother  Assaraquoa: 

"  Among  these  Tuscaroraes  there  live  a  few  families  of  the  Conoy 
Indians  who  are  desirous  to  leave  them  and  to  remove  to  the  rest  of  their 
Nation  among  us,  and  the  Straight  Eoad  from  them  to  Us  lyes  through 
the  Middle  of  your  Country.  We  desire  you  will  give  them  free  passage 
through  Virginia,  and  furnish  them  with  Passes;  and  to  enforce  our 
Eequest  we  give  you  this  String  of  Wampum." 

Which  was  received  with  the  usual  Cry  of  Approbation. 

"Brother  Onas,  Assaraquoa,  and  Tocarry-hogan: 

"At  the  close  of  your  respective  Speeches  Yesterday  you  made  us  very 
handsome  Presents,  and  we  should  return  you  something  suitable  to  your 
Generosity ;  but,  alas,  we  are  poor,  and  shall  ever  remain  so  long  as  there 
are  so  many  Indian  Traders  among  us.  Their's  and  the  white  People's 
Cattle  have  eat  up  all  the  Grass,  and  made  Deer  Scarce.     However,  we 


THE    INDIAN   TREATY    HELD    AT    LANCASTER.  87 

have  Provided  a  Small  Present  for  you,  and  tlio'  some  of  you  gave 
us  more  than  others,  yet  as  you  are  all  equally  Our  Bretliren,  we  shall 
leave  it  to  you  to  divide  it  as  you  Please."  And  then  presented  Three 
Bundles  of  Skins  which  were  received  with  the  usual  Ceremony  from  tlie 
three  Governments. 

"We  have  one  thing  further  to  say,  and  tliat  is  We  heartily  recommend 
Union  and  a  Good  Agreement  between  you  our  Brethren.  Never  disa- 
gree, but  preserve  a  s:rict  Friendship  for  one  another,  and  thereby  you  as 
well  as  we  will  become  the  Stronger. 

"Our  wise  Forefathers  established  Union  and  Amity  between  the  Five 
Nations;  this  has  made  us  formidable,  this  has  given  us  great  weight  and 
Authority  with  our  Neighboring  Nations. 

"  We  are  a  PowerfuU  confederacy,  and  by  your  observing  the  same 
Methods  our  wise  Forefathers  have  taken,  you  will  acquire  fresh  Strength 
and  Power;  therefore,  whatever  befalls  you,  never  fall  out  with  one 
another." 

The  Governor  replied: 

"The  Honourable  Commissioners  of  Virginia  and  Maryland  have  de- 
sired me  to  Speak  for  them,  therefore  I,  in  behalf  of  those  Governments 
as  well  as  the  Province  of  Pennsylvania,  return  you  thanks  for  the  many 
Proofs  you  have  given  in  your  Speeches  of  your  Zeal  for  the  Service  of 
your  Brethren  the  English,  and  in  particular  for  your  having  so  Early 
engaged  in  a  Neutrality  the  Several  Tribes  of  Indians  in  the  French  Alli- 
ance. We  do  not  Doubt  but  you  will  faithfully  Discharge  your  Promises. 
As  to  your  Presents,  we  never  estimate  these  things  by  their  Real  Worth, 
but  by  the  Disposition  of  the  Giver.  In  this  Light  we  accept  them  with 
Great  Pleasure,  and  put  a  high  value  upon  them.  We  are  obliged  to  you 
for  Recommending  Peace  and  Good  Agreement  amongst  ourselves.  We 
are  all  Subjects  as  well  as  you  of  the  Geat  King  beyond  the  Water,  and 
in  Duty  to  his  Majesty  and  from  the  good  Affection  we  bear  to  each 
other,  as  well  as  from  a  regard  to  our  Interests,  we  shall  always  be 
inclined  to  live  in  Friendship." 

Then  the  Commissioners  of  Virginia  presented  the  llundred  Pounds 
in  Gold,  together  with  a  Paper  containing  a  Promise  to  recommend  the 
Six  Nations  for  further  favor  to  the  King,  which  they  received  with  Yo- 
hah,  and  the  Paper  was  given  by  them  to  Conrad  Weiser  to  keep  for  them. 
The  Commissioners  likewise  Promised  that  their  publick  Messengers 
should  not  be  Molested  in  their  Passage  through  Virginia,  and  that  they 
would  prepare  Passes  for  such  of  the  Conoy  Indians  as  were  willing  to 
remove  to  the  Northward. 

Then  the  Commissioners  of  Maryland  presented  their  Hundred  pounds 
in  Gold,  Which  was  likewise  received  with  the  Yo-hah. 

Canassatego  said:  "We  mentioned  to  You  Yesterday  the  Booty  you 


88  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

had  taken  from  the  French,  and  asked  yon  for  some  of  the  Eum,  which 
we  supposed  to  be  part  of  it,  and  you  gave  us  some,  but  it  turned  out 
unfortunately  that  you  gave  us  it  in  French  Glasses,  we  desire  now  You 
will  give  us  some  in  English  Glasses." 

The  Governor  made  answer :  "  We  are  glad  to  hear  you  have  such  a 
Dislike  for  what  is  French.  They  cheat  you  in  your  Glasses  as  well  as 
in  every  thing  else.  You  must  Consider  we  are  at  a  Distance  from 
Williamsburg,  Annapolis,  and  Philadelphia,  where  our  Eum  Stores  are, 
and  that  altho'  we  brought  up  a  good  quantity  with  us,  you  have 
almost  drank  it  out;  but  notwithstanding  this,  we  have  enough  left 
to  fill  our  English  Glasses,  and  will  Shew  the  Difference  between  the 
Narrowness  of  the  French  and  the  Generosity  of  the  English  towards 
you." 

The  Indians  gave  in  their  Order  five  Yo-hahs,  and  the  Honourable 
Governor  and  Commissioners  calling  for  some  Rum  and  some  middle- 
sized  Wine  Glasses  drank  Health  to  the  Great  King  of  England  and  the 
Six  Nations,  and  put  an  End  to  the  Treaty  by  three  loud  Huzza's,  in 
which  all  the  Company  Joined. 

In  the  Evening  the  Governor  went  to  take  his  leave  of  the  Indians, 
and  presenting  them  with  a  String  of  Wampum  he  told  them  that  was  in 
return  for  one  he  had  received  of  them,  with  a  Message  to  desire  the 
Governor  of  Virginia  to  suffer  their  Warriors  to  go  through  Virginia  un- 
molested, which  was  rendered  unnecessary  by  the  Present  Treaty. 

Then  presenting  them  with  another  String  of  Wampum,  he  told 
them  that  was  in  return  for  their's,  praying  him  that  as  they  had  taken 
away  one  Part  of  Conrad  Weiser's  Beard,  which  frightned  their  Chil- 
dren, he  would  please  to  take  away  the  other,  which  he  had  ordered  to 
be  done. 

The  Indians  received  these  two  Strings  of  Wampum  with  the  usual 
Yo-hah. 

The  Governor  then  asked  them  what  was  the  reason  that  more  of  the 
Shawanaes  from  their  Town  on  Hohio,  were  not  at  the  Treaty  ?  But  seeing 
that  it  would  require  a  Council  in  Form,  and  perhaps  another  day  to  give 
an  answer,  he  desired  they  would  give  answer  to  Conrad  Weiser  upon 
the  Road  on  their  Return  Home,  for  he  was  to  Set  out  to  Philadelphia 
the  next  Morning. 

Canassatego  in  Conclusion  spoke  as  follows : 

"  We  have  been  hindred  by  a  great  deal  of  Bussiness  from  waiting  on 
you  to  have  some  private  Conversation  with  you,  chiefly  to  enquire  after 
the  Health  of  Onas  beyond  the  Water ;  we  desire  you  will  tell  them  we 
have  a  grateful  Sense  of  all  their  Kindness  for  the  Indians.  Brother 
Onas  told  us  when  he  went  away  he  would  not  stay  long  from  us;  we 
think  it  is  a  great  while,  and  want  to  know  when  we  may  expect  him, 


THE  INDIAN  TREATY  HELD  AT  LAXCASTKR.  89 

and  desire  when  You  write  You  Avill  recommend  \i.s  lieartilv  to  him  ;" 
wliicli  the  Governor  promised  to  do,  and  tlien  took  liis  leave  of  them. 

The  Commissioners  of  Virginia  gave  Canassatego  a  Scarlet  Camblet 
Coat,  and  took  their  leave  of  them  in  form,  and  at  the  same  time  deliv- 
ered their  Passes  to  them,  according  to  tlieir  Request, 

The  Commissioners  of  Maryland  presented  Gachradodow  with  a  Broad 
Gold-laced  Ilat,  and  took  their  leave  of  them  in  the  same  manner. 


90  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 


No.  8. 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  PENNSYLVANIA— 1776. 

A¥HEREAS  all  Government  ought  to  be  instituted  and  supported  for 
the  Security  and  Protection  of  the  Community  as  such,  and  to  enable 
the  Individuals,  who  compose  it,  to  enjoy  their  natural  Eights  and  the 
other  Blessings  which  the  Author  of  Existence  has  bestowed  upon  Man; 
and,  whenever  these  great  Ends  of  Government  are  not  obtained,  the 
people  have  a  Eight,  by  common  Consent,  to  change  it  and  take  such 
Measures  as  to  them  may  appear  necessary  to  promote  their  Safety  and 
Happiness.  And  WHEEEAS  the  Inhabitants  of  this  Commonwealth 
have,  in  Consideration  of  Protection  only,  heretofore  acknowledged  Al- 
legiance to  the  King  of  Great  Britain ;  and  the  said  King  has  not  only 
withdrawn  that  Protection,  but  commenced  and  still  continues  to  carry 
on,  with  unabated  Vengeance,  a  most  cruel  and  unjust  War  against 
them,  employing  therein  not  only  the  Troops  of  Great  Britain,  but  for- 
eign Mercenaries,  Savages  and  Slaves,  for  the  avowed  Purpose  of  re- 
ducing them  to  a  total  and  abject  submission  to  the  despotic  Domination 
of  the  British  Parliament,  with  many  other  Acts  of  Tyranny  (more  fully 
set  forth  in  the  Declaration  of  Congress)  whereby  all  Allegiance  and 
Fealty  to  the  said  King,  and  his  Successors,  are  dissolved  and  at  an  End, 
and  all  Power  and  Authority  derived  from  him  ceased  in  these  Colonies. 
And  whereas  it  is  absolutely  necessary  for  the  Welfare  and  Safety  of  the 
Inhabitants  of  said  Colonies,  that  they  be  henceforth  free  and  indepen- 
dent States,  and  that  just,  permanent  and  proper  Forms  of  Government 
exist  in  every  part  of  them  derived  from,  and  founded  on  the  Authority 
of  the  People  only,  agreeable  to  the  Direction  of  the  honorable  American 
Co7igress. 

We,  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF    THE    FREEMEN    OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  IN 

GENERAL  CONVENTION  MET,  for  the  express  Purpose  of  framing  such  a 
Government,  confessing  the  Goodness  of  the  great  Governor  of  the  Uni- 
verse, (who  alone  knows  to  what  Degree  of  earthly  Happiness  Mankind 
may  attain,  by  perfecting  the  Arts  of  Government)  in  permitting  the 
People  of  this  State,  by  common  Consent,  and  without  Violence,  delib- 
erately to  form  for  themselves  such  just  Eules  as  they  shall  think  best 
for  governing  their  future  Society ;  and  being  fully  convinced  that  it  is 
our  indispensable  Duty  to  establish  such  original  Principles  of  Govern- 
ment as  will  best  promote  the  general  Happiness  of  the  People  of  this 
State  and  their  Posterity,  and  provide  for  future  Improvements,  without 


CONSTITUTION   OF    1776.  91 

Partiality  for  or  Prejudice  against  any  particular  Class,  Sect  or  Denomi- 
nation of  Men  whatsoever,  do,  by  Virtue  of  the  Authority  vested  in  us 
by  our  Constituents,  ordaix,  declare  and  establish  the  following 
Declaration  of  Rights  and  Frame  of  Government,  to  be  the  Constitution 
of  this  Commonwealth,  and  to  remain  in  Force  therein  forever,  unaltered, 
except  in  such  Articles  as  shall  hereafter,  on  Experience,  be  found  to 
require  Improvement,  and  which  shall,  by  the  same  Authority  of  the 
People  fairly  delegated,  as  this  Frame  of  Government  directs,  be  amended 
or  improved  for  the  more  effectual  obtaining  and  securing  the  great 
End  and  Design  of  all  Government  herein  before  mentioned. 

CHAPTER  I. 

A  Declaration  of  the  Eights  of  the  Inhabitants  of  the  Common- 
wealth OR  State  of  Pennsylvania. 

SECTION  the  first. 

That  all  Men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and  have  certain 
natural,  inherent  and  unalineable  Rights,  amongst  which  are  the  enjoy- 
ing and  defending  Life  and  Liberty,  acquiring,  possessing  and  protect- 
ing Property,  and  pursuing  and  obtaining  Happiness  and  Safety. 

SECTION  THE  SECOND. 

That  all  Men  have  a  natural  and  unalienable  Right  to  worship  Al- 
mighty God  according  to  the  Dictates  of  their  own  Consciences  and  Un- 
derstandings :  And  that  no  Man  ought  or  of  Right  can  be  compelled  to 
attend  any  religious  Worship,  or  erect  or  support  any  Place  of  Worship, 
or  maintain  any  Ministry,  contrary  to,  or  against  his  own  free  Will  and 
Consent :  Nor  can  any  Man,  who  acknowledges  the  Being  of  a  God,  be 
justly  deprived  or  abridged  of  any  civil  Right  as  a  Citizen,  on  Account 
of  his  religious  Sentiments,  or  peculiar  Mode  of  religious  Worship:  And 
that  no  Authority  can  or  ought  to  be  vested  in,  or  assumed  by,  any 
Power  whatever,  that  shall  in  any  Case  interfere  with,  or  in  any  Manner 
controul  the  Right  of  Conscience,  in  the  free  Exercise  of  religious  Wor- 
ship. 

SECTION  THE  THIRD. 

That  the  People  of  this  State  have  the  sole  exclusive  and  inherent 
Right  of  governing  and  regulating  the  internal  Police  of  the  same. 

SECTION  THE   FOURTH. 

That  all  Power  being  originally  inherent  in,  and  consequently  derived 
from  the  People;  therefore  all  Officers  of  Government,  whether  legisla- 
tive or  executive,  are  their  Trustees  and  Servants,  and  at  all  times  ac- 
countable to  them. 


92  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY, 

SECTION  THE  FIFTH. 

That  Government  is,  or  ought  to  be,  instituted  for  the  common  Ben- 
efit, Protection  and  Security  of  the  People,  Nation  or  Community;  and 
not  for  the  particular  Emolument  or  Advantage  of  any  single  Man, 
Family  or  Set  of  Men  who  are  a  Part  only  of  that  Community,  And 
that  the  Community  hath  an  indubitable,  unalienable  and  indefeasible 
Eight  to  reform,  alter  or  abolish  Government  in  such  Manner  as  shall  be 
by  that  Community  judged  most  conducive  to  the  public  Weal. 

SECTION  THE  SIXTH. 

That  those  who  are  employed  in  ike  legislative  and  executive  Business 
of  the  State,  may  be  restrained  from  oppression,  the  People  have  a  Right 
at  such  Periods  as  they  may  think  proper,  to  reduce  their  public  Officers 
to  a  private  Station,  and  supply  the  A-^acancies  by  certain  and  regular 
Elections. 

SECTION   THE   SEVENTH. 

That  all  Elections  ought  to  be  free;  and  that  all  free  Men  having  a 
sufficient  evident  common  Interest  with,  and  Attachment  to  the  Com- 
munity, have  a  Right  to  elect  Officers,  or  be  elected  into  Office. 

SECTION   THE   EIGHTH. 

That  every  Member  of  Society  hath  a  right  to  be  protected  in  the  En- 
joyment of  Life,  Liberty  and  Property,  and  therefore  is  bound  to  con- 
tribute his  Proportion  towards  the  Expense  of  that  Protection,  and  yield 
his  personal  Service,  when  necessary,  or  an  Equivalent  thereto. 

But  no  Part  of  a  man's  Property  can  be  justly  taken  from  him,  or 
applied  to  public  Uses,  without  his  own  Consent,  or  that  of  his  legal 
Representatives:  Nor  can  any  Man  who  is  conscientiously  scrupulous  of 
bearing  Arms,  be  justly  compelled  thereto,  if  he  will  pay  such  Equiva- 
lent: Nor  are  the  People  bound  by  any  Laws,  but  such  as  they  have  in 
like  Manner  assented  to,  for  their  common  Good. 

SECTION  THE  NINTH. 

That  in  all  Prosecutions  for  criminal  Offences,  a  Man  hath  a  right  to 
be  heard  by  himself,  and  his  Counsel,  to  demand  the  Cause  and  Nature 
of  his  Accusation,  to  be  confronted  with  the  Witnesses,  to  call  for  Evi- 
dence in  his  Favour,  and  a  speedy  public  Trial,  by  an  impartial  Jury  of 
the  Country,  without  the  unanimous  Consent  of  which  Jury  he  cannot 
be  found  guilty:  nor  can  he  be  compelled  to  give  Evidence  against  hin:i- 
self :  nor  can  any  Man  be  justly  deprived  of  his  Liberty,  except  by  the 
Laws  of  the  Land,  or  the  Judgment  of  his  Peers. 

SECTION  THE  TENTH. 

That  the  People  have  a  Right  to  hold  themselves,  their  Houses.  Papers 


CONSTITUTION'   OF   1776.  93 

and  Possessions  free  from  Search  or  Seizure;  and  therefore,  Warrants 
without  Oatlis  or  Affirmations  first  made  alYording  a  sufficient  Founda- 
tion for  them,  and  Whereby  any  Officer  or  Messenger  may  be  commanded 
or  required  to  search  suspected  Places,  or  to  seize  any  Person  or  Persons, 
his  or  their  Property,  not  particularly  described,  are  contrary  to  that 
Eight,  and  ought  not  to  be  granted. 

SECTION  THE  ELEVENTH. 

That  in  Controversies  respecting  Propertv,  and  in  Suits  between  Mau 
and  Man,  the  parties  have  a  Right  to  Trial  by  '^ury,  which  ought  to  be 
held  sacred. 

SECTION   THE  TWELFTH. 

That  the  People  have  a  Right  to  Freedom  of  Speech,  and  of  writing, 
and  publishing  their  Sentiments;  therefore  the  Freedom  of  the  Press 
ought  not  to  be  restrained. 

SECTION  THE  THIFvTEENTH. 

That  the  People  have  a  Right  to  bear  Arms  for  the  Defence  of  them- 
selves and  the  State;  and  as  Standing  Armies,  in  the  Time  of  Peace,  are 
dangerous  to  Liberty,  they  ought  not  to  be  kept  up:  And  that  the 
Military  should  be  kept  under  strict  Subordination  to,  and  Governed  by 
the  Civil  Power. 

SECTION  THE  FOURTEENTH. 

That 'a  frequent  Recurrence  to  fundamental  Principles,  and  a  firm 
Adherence  to  Justice,  Moderation,  Temperance,  Industry  and  Frugality, 
are  absolutely  necessary  to  preserve  the  Blessings  of  Liberty,  and  keep 
a  Government  free:  The  People  ought  therefore  to  pay  Particular  Atten- 
tion to  these  Points  in  the  Choice  of  Officers  and  Representatives,  and 
have  a  Right  to  exact  a  due  and  constant  Regard  to  them,  from  their 
Legislators  and  Magistrates  in  the  making  and  executing  such  Laws  as 
are  necessary  for  the  good  Government  of  the  State. 

SECTION  THE  FIFTEENTH. 

That  all  men  have  a  natural  inherent  Right  to  emigrate  from  one 
State  to  another  that  will  receive  them,  or  to  form  a  new  State  in  vacant 
Countries,  or  in  such  Countries  as  they  can  purchase,  whenever  they 
think  that  thereby  they  may  promote  their  own  Happiness. 

SECTION  THE  SIXTEENTH. 

That  the  People  have  a  Right  to  assemble  together,  to  consult  for  their 
common  Good,  to  instruct  their  Representatives,  and  to  apply  to  the 
Legislature  for  Redress  of  Grievances,  by  Address,  Petition  or  Remon- 
strance. 


94  AUTHENTIC   HISTOKY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


CHAPTER  II. 

Plan  or  Frame  of  Government  for  the  Commonwealth  or  State 

OF  Pennsylvania. 

section  the   FIRST. 

The  Commonwealth  or  State  of  Pennsylvania  shall  be  governed  here- 
after by  an  Assembly  of  the  Representatives  of  the  Freemen  of  the 
same,  and  a  President  and  Council,  in  Manner  and  Form  following. 

SECTION   THE  SECOND. 

The  Supreme  Legislative  Power  shall  be  vested  in  a  House  of  Repre- 
sentatives of  the  Freemen  of  the  Commonwealth  or  State  of  Pennsyl- 
vania. 

SECTION  THE  THIRD. 

The  Supreme  Executive  Power  shall  be  vested  in  a  President  and 
Council. 

SECTION  THE  FOURTH. 

Courts  of  Justice  shall  be  established  in  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  and 
in  every  County  of  this  State. 

SECTION  THE  FIFTH. 

The  Freemen  of  this  Commonwealth  and  their  Sons  shall  be  trained 
and  armed  for  its  Defence,  under  such  Regulations,  Restrictions  and  Ex- 
ceptions, as  the  General  Assembly  shall  by  Law  direct;  preserving 
always  to  the  People  the  Right  of  choosing  their  Colonels,  and  all  com- 
missioned Officers  under  that  Rank,  in  such  Manner  and  as  often  as  by 
the  said  Laws  shall  be  directed. 

SECTION  THE  SIXTH. 

Every  Freeman  of  the  full  age  of  twenty-one  Years,  having  resided  in 
this  State  for  the  Space  of  one  whole  Year  next  before  the  Day  of  Elec- 
tion for  Representatives,  and  paid  public  Taxes  during  that  Time,  shall 
enjoy  the  Right  of  an  Elector :  Provided  always,  that  Sons  of  Freeholders 
of  the  Age  of  twenty-one  Years  shall  be  entitled  to  Yote,  although  they 
have  not  paid  taxes. 

SECTION  THE  SEVENTH. 

The  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Freemen  of  this  Commonwealth 
shall  consist  of  Persons  most  noted  for  Wisdom  and  Virtue ;  to  be  chosen 
by  the  Freemen  of  every  City  and  County  of  this  Commonwealth  re- 
spectively: And  no  Person  shall  be  elected,  unless  he  has  resided  in  the 
City  or  County  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  two  Years  immediately 


CONSTITUTION    OF   1776.  95 

before  the  said  Election;  nor  shall  any  Member,  wliile  he  continues 
such,  hold  any  other  Office,  except  in  the  ^Militia. 

'  SECTION    THE    EIGHTH. 

No  Person  shall  be  capable  of  being  elected  a  Member  to  serve  in  the 
House  of  Eepresentatives  of  the  Freemen  of  tliis  Commonwealth  more 
than  four  Years  in  seven. 

SECTION   THE   NINTH. 

The  Members  of  the  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  be  chosen  annu- 
ally by  Ballot,  by  the  Freemen  of  the  Commonwealth,  on  the  second 
Tuesday  in  October  for  ever,  (except  this  present  Year)  and  shall  meet 
on  [the  fourth  Monday  of  the  same  Month;  and  shall  be  styled  THE 
GENERAL  ASSEMBLY  OF  THE  REPRESENTATIVES  OF  THE 
FREEMEN  OF  PENNSYLVANIA,  and  shall  have  power  to  choose 
their  Speaker,  the  Treasurer  of  the  State,  and  their  other  Officers ;  sit  on 
their  own  Adjournments;  prepare  Bills  and  enact  them  into  Laws;  judge 
of  the  Elections  and  Qualifications  of  their  own  Members';  they  may 
expel  a  Member,  but  not  a  second  Time  for  the  same  Cause ;  they  may 
administer  Oaths  or  Affirmations  on  Examinations  of  Witnesses ;  redress 
Grievances ;  impeach  State  Criminals ;  grant  Charters  of  Incorporation ; 
constitute  Towns,  Boroughs,  Cities  and  Counties;  and  shall  havo  all 
other  Powers  necessary  for  the  Legislature  of  a  Free  State  or  Common- 
wealth; but  they  shall  have  no  p®wer  to  add  to,  alter,  abolish  or  infringe 
any  part  of  this  constitution. 

SECTION   THE   TENTH. 

A  Quorum  of  the  House  of  Representatives  shall  consist  of  two-thirds 
of  the  whole  Number  of  Members  elected;  and  having  met,  and  chosen 
their  Speaker,  shall  each  of  them,  before  they  proceed  to  Business,  take 
and  subscribe,  as  well  the  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  Fidelity  and  Allegiance 
herein  after  directed,  as  the  following  oath  or  affirmation,  viz : 

I ,  do  swear  (or  affirm)  that,  as  a  Member  of  this  Assembly, 

I  will  not  propose  or  assent  to  any  Bill,  Vote  or  Resolution,  which  shall 
appear  to  me  injurious  to  the  People,  nor  do  or  consent  to  any  Act  or 
Thing  whatever,  that  shall  have  a  Tendency  to  lessen  or  abridge  their 
Rights  and  Privileges  as  declared  in  the  Constitution  of  this  State;  but 
will,  in  all  things,  conduct  myself  as  a  faithful  honest  Reitreseutative 
and  Guardian  of  the  People,  according  to  the  best  of  my  Judgment  and 
Abilities. 

And  each  Member,  before  he  takes  his  Seat,  shall  make  and  subscribe 
the  following  Declaration,  viz: 

I  do  believe  in  one  God,  the  Creator  and  Governor  of  the  Universe, 
the  Rewarder  of  the  good  and  punisher  of  the  wicked :  And  I  do  acknowl- 


96  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

edge  the  Scriptures  of  the  old  and  new  Testament  to  be  given  by  divine 
Inspiration. 

And  no  further  or  other  religious  Test  shall  ever  hereafter  be  required 
of  any  civil  Officer  or  Magistrate  in  this  State. 

SECTION   THE    ELEVENTH. 

Delegates  to  represent  this  State  in  Congress,  shall  be  chosen  by  Ballot, 
by  the  future  General  Assembly,  at  their  first  Meeting,  and  annually  for 
ever  afterwards,  as  long  as  such  Eepresentation  shall  be  necessary;  any 
Delegate  may  be  superseded  at  any  time,  by  the  General  Assembly,  ap- 
pointing another  in  his  stead;  no  Man  shall  sit  in  Congress  longer  than 
two  Years  successively,  nor  be  capable  of  Re-election  for  three  years 
afterwards :  And  no  Person,  who  holds  any  Office  in  the  Gift  of  Congress, 
shall  hereafter  be  elected  to  represent  this  Commonwealth  in  Congress. 

SECTION   THE   TWELFTH. 

If  any  City  or  Cities,  County  or  Counties,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to 
elect  and  send  Representatives  to  the  General  Assembly,  two-thirds  of 
the  Members  from  the  Cities  or  Counties  that  do  elect  and  send  Repre- 
sentatives, provided  they  be  a  Majority  of  the  Cities  and  Counties  of  the 
whole  State  when  met,  shall  have  all  the  powers  of  the  General  Assem- 
bly as  fully  and  amply  as  if  the  whole  were  present. 

SECTION   THE   THIRTEENTH. 

The  Doors  of  the  House,  in  which  the  Representatives  of  the  Freeman 
of  this  State  shall  sit  in  General  Assembly,  shall  be  and  remain  open  for 
the  Admission  of  all  Persons  who  behave  decently,  except  only  when 
the  Welfare  of  this  State  may  require  the  Doors  to  be  shut. 

SECTION   THE    FOURTEENTH. 

The  Votes  and  Proceedings  of  the  General  Assembly  shall  be  printed 
weekly,  during  their  Sitting,  with  the  Yeas  and  Nays  on  any  Question, 
Yote  or  Resolution,  where  any  two  Members  require  it  except  when  the 
Yote  is  taken  by  Ballot ;  and  when  the  Yeas  and  Nays  are  so  taken, 
every  Member  shall  have  a  Right  to  insert  the  Reasons  of  his  Yote, 
upon  the  Minutes,  if  he  desires  it. 

SECTION    THE    FIFTEENTH. 

To  the  End  that  Laws,  before  they  are  enacted,  may  be  more  maturely 
considered,  and  the  Inconvenience  of  hasty  Determinations  as  much  as 
possible  prevented,  all  Bills  of  a  public  Nature  shall  be  printed  for  the 
Consideration  of  the  People,  before  they  are  read  in  General  Assembly 
the  last  Time  for  Debate  and  Amendment ;  and,  except  on  Occasions  of 
sudden  Necessity,  shall  not  be  passed  into  Laws  until  the  next  Session 


CONSTITUTION'   OF   1776.  97 

of  Assembly;  and  for  the  more  perfect  Satisfaction  of  the  Public,  the 
reasons  and  Motives  for  making  such  laws  shall  he  fully  and  clearly  ex- 
pressed in  the  Preambles. 

SECTION  THE  SIXTEENTH. 

The  Style  of  the  Laws  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  be  "  Be  it  enacted, 
and  it  is  hereby  enacted  by  the  Representatives  of  the  Freemen  of  the 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  in  General  Assembly  met,  and  bv  the 
Authority  of  the  same.  And  the  General  Assembly  shall  affix  their  Seal 
to  every  Bill,  as  soon  as  it  is  enacted  into  a  Law,  which  Seal  shall  be  kept 
by  the  Assembly,  and  shall  be  called  "The  seal  of  the  l.\ws  of  Penn- 
sylvania," and  shall  not  be  used  for  any  other  Purpose, 

SECTION  THE  SEVENTEENTH. 

The  City  of  Philadelphia  and  each  County  in  this  Commonwealth  re- 
spectively, shall,  on  the  first  Tuesday  of  November  in  this  present  Year, 
and  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  October  annually  for  the  two  next  Years, 
to  wit,  the  Year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-seven,  and  the 
Year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  seventy-eight,  choose  six  Persons 
to  represent  them  in  General  Assembly :  But  as  Representation,  in  Pro- 
portion to  the  Number  of  Taxable  Inhabitants,  is  the  only  Principle  which 
can,  at  all  times,  secure  Liberty,  and  made  the  Voice  of  a  Majority  of  the 
People  the  Law  of  the  Land,  therefore  the  General  Assembly  shall  cause 
complete  Lists  of  the  taxable  inhabitants,  in  the  City  and  each  County  in 
the  Commonwealth  respectively,  to  be  taken  and  returned  to  them  on  or 
before  the  last  Meeting  of  the  Assembly  elected  in  the  Year  one  thousand 
seven  hundred  and  seventy-eight — who  shall  appoint  a  representation  to 
each  in  Proportion  to  the  Number  of  Taxables  in  such  Returns ;  which 
Representation  shall  continue  for  the  next  seven  years  afterwards;  at  the 
End  of  which  a  new  Return  of  the  taxable  Inhabitants  shall  be  made, 
and  a  Representation  agreeable  thereto  appointed  by  the  said  Assembly, 
and  so  on  septennially  for  ever.  The  Wages  of  the  Representatives  in 
General  Assembly,  and  all  other  State-charges,  shall  be  paid  out  of  the 
State  Treasury. 

SECTION  THE  EIGHTEENTH. 

In  order  that  the  Freemen  of  this  Commonwealth  may  enjoy  the  Bene- 
fit of  Election  as  equally  as  may  be  until  the  Representation  shall  com- 
mence as  directed  in  the  foregoing  Section,  each  County  at  its  own  Choice 
may  be  didided  into  Districts,  hold  Elections  therein,  and  elect  their  Re- 
presentatives in  the  County  and  their  other  elective  Officers,  as  shall  be 
hereafter  regulated  by  the  General  Assembly  of  this  State  and  no  Inhabi- 
tant of  this  State  shall  have  more  than  one  annual  Vote  at  the  general 
Election  for  Representatives  in  Assembly. 
7k 


98  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

SECTION  THE  NINETEENTH. 

For  the  present  tlie  Supreme  Executive  Council  of  this  State  shall 
consist  of  twelve  Persons,  chosen  in  the  following  Manner :  The  Freemen 
of  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and  of  the  Countys  of  Philadelphia,  Chester 
and  Bucks  respectively,  shall  choose  by  Ballot  one  Person  for  the  City 
and  one  for  each  County  aforesaid,  to  serve  for  three  Years  and  no  longer, 
at  the  Time  and  Place  for  electing  Eepresentatives  in  General  Assembly. 
The  Freemen  of  the  Countys  of  Lancaster,  York,  Cumberland  and  Berks 
shall  in  like  Manner  elect  one  Person  for  each  County  respectively,  to 
serve  as  Counsellors  for  two  Years  and  no  longer.  And  the  Countys  of 
Northampton,  Bedford,  Northumberland,  and  Westmoreland  respect- 
ively, shall  in  like  Manner  elect  one  Person  for  each  County,  to  serve  as 
Counsellors  for  one  Year  and  no  longer.  And  at  the  expiration  of  the 
Time  for  which  each  Counsellor  was  chosen  to  serve,  the  Freemen 
of  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and  of  the  several  Countys  in  this  State 
respectively,  shall  elect  one  Person  to  serve  as  Counsellor  for  three 
Years  and  no  longer;  and  so  on  every  third  year  forever.  By  this 
Mode  of  Election  and  continual  Potation,  more  Men  will  be  trained  to 
public  Business,  there  will  in  every  subsequent  Year  be  found  in  the 
Council  a  Number  of  Persons  acquainted  with  the  proceedings  of  the 
foregoing  Years,  whereby  the  Business  will  be  more  consistently  con- 
ducted, and  moreover  the  Danger  of  establishing  an  inconvenient 
Aristocracy  will  be  effectually  prevented.  All  Vacancies  in  the  Council 
that  may  happen  by  Death,  Eesignation,  or  otherwise,  shall  be  filled  at 
the  next  general  Election  for  Eepresentatives  in  General  Assembly, 
unless  a  particular  Election  for  that  Purpose  shall  be  sooner  appointed 
by  the  President  and  Council.  No  Member  of  the  General  Assembly  or 
Delegate  in  Congress,  shall  be  chosen  a  Member  of  the  Council.  The 
President  and  Vice-president  shall  be  chosen  annually  by  the  joint  Ballot 
of  the  General  Assembly  and  Council,  of  the  Members  of  the  Council. 
Any  Person  having  served  as  a  Counsellor  for  three  successive  Years, 
shall  be  incapable  of  holding  that  Ofiice  for  four  Years  afterwards. 
Every  Member  of  the  Council  shall  be  a  Justice  of  the  Peace  for  the 
whole  Commonwealth  by  Virtue  of  his  Office. 

In  Case  new  additional  Counties  shall  hereafter  be  erected  in  this  State, 
such  County  or  counties  shall  elect  a  Counsellor,  and  such  County  or 
Counties  shall  be  annexed  to  the  next  neighboring  Counties,  and  shall 
take  Eotation  with  such  Counties. 

The  Council  shall  meet  annually,  at  the  same  Time  and  Place  with 
the  General  Assembly. 

The  Treasurer  of  the  State,  Trustees  of  the  Loan-office,  Naval- 
ofl&cers  Collectors  of  Customs  or  Excise,  Judge  of  the  Admiralty, 
Attornies-General,  Sherifls,  and   Prothouotaries,  shall   not  be  capable 


COXSTITUTIOX   OF   1776.  99 

of  a  Seat  in  the  General  Assembly,  Executive  Council,  or  Continental 
Congress. 

SECTION  THE  TWENTIETH. 

The  President,  and  in  his  Absence  the  Vice-president,  with  the  coun- 
cil, five  of  whom  shall  be  a  Quorum,  shall  have  Power  to  appoint  and 
commissionate  Judges,  Naval-officers,  Judge  of  the  Admiralty,  Attorney- 
general  and  all  other  Officers,  civil  and  military,  except  such  as  are  chosen 
by  the  General  Assembly,  or  the  People,  agreeable  to  this  Frame  of 
Government  and  the  Laws  that  may  be  made  hereafter ;  and  shall  supply 
every  Vacancy  in  any  Office  occasioned  by  Death,  Resignation,  Removal 
or  Disqualification,  until  the  Office  can  be  filled  in  the  Time  and  Manner 
directed  by  Law  or  this  Constitution.  They  are  to  correspond  with 
other  States,  and  transact  Business  with  the  Officers  of  Government 
civil  and  military,  and  to  prepare  such  Business  as  may  appear  to  them 
necessary  to  lay  before  the  General  Assembly.  They  shall  sit  as  Judges 
to  hear  and  determine  on  impeachments,  taking  to  their  Assistance,  for 
Advice  only,  the  Justices  of  the  Supreme  Court;  and  shall  have  Power 
to  grant  Pardons  and  remit  Eines  in  all  Cases  whatsoever,  except  in 
Cases  of  Impeachment;  and  in  Cases  of  Treason  and  Murder,  shall  have 
Power  to  grant  Reprieves,  but  not  to  pardon,  until  the  End  of  the  next 
Sessions  of  Assembly.  But  there  shall  be  no  Remission  or  Mitigation 
of  Punishment  on  Impeachments,  except  by  Act  of  the  Legislature. 
They  are  also  to  take  Care  that  the  Laws  be  faithfully  executed;  they 
are  to  expedite  the  Execution  of  such  Measures  as  may  be  resolved  upon 
by  the  General  Assembly ;  and  they  may  draw  upon  the  Treasury  for 
such  Sums  as  shall  be  appropriated  by  the  House.  They  may  also  Tay 
Embargoes,  or  prohibit  the  Exportation  of  any  Commodity,  for  any 
Time  not  exceeding  thirty  Days  in  the  Recess  of  the  House  only.  They 
may  grant  such  Licenses  as  shall  be  directed  by  Law:  and  shall  have 
Power  to  call  together  the  General  Assembly  when  necessary,  before 
the  Day  to  which  they  shall  stand  adjourned.  The  President  shall 
be  Commander-in-chief  of  the  Forces  of  the  State,  but  shall  not  com- 
mand in  Person,  except  advised  thereto  by  the  Council,  and  then  only 
so  long  as  they  shall  approve  thereof.  The  President  and  Council  shall 
have  a  Secretary,  and  keep  fair  Books  of  their  Proceedings  wherein 
any  Counsellor  may  enter  his  Dissent,  with  his  Reasons  in  support 
of  it. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-FIRST. 

All  Commissions  shall  be  in  the  Name  and  by  the  Authority  of  the 
Freemen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  sealed  with  the  State 
Seal,  signed  by  the  President  or  Vice-President,  and  attested  by  the 
Secretary;  which  seal  shall  be  kept  by  the  Council. 


100  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-SECOND. 

Every  Officer  of  State,  whether  judicial  or  executive,  shall  be  liable  to 
be  impeached  by  the  General  Assembly,  either  when  in  Office,  or  after 
his  Eesignation  or  Eemoval  for  Mal-administration.  All  impeachments 
shall  be  before  the  President  or  A^ice-President  and  Council,  who  shall 
hear  and  determine  the  same. 

SECTION   THE    TWENTY-THIRD. 

The  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  of  Judicature  shall  have  fixed  Sala- 
ries, be  commissioned  for  seven  Years  only,  though  capable  of  Re-ap- 
pointment at  the  End  of  that  Term,  but  removeable  for  Misbehaviour  at 
any  Time  by  the  General  Assembly; — they  shall  not  be  allowed  to  sit 
as  Members  in  the  Continental  Congress,  Executive  Council,  or  General 
Assembly,  nor  to  hold  any  other  Office,  civil  or  military,  nor  to  take  or 
receive  Fees  or  Perquisites  of  any  Kind. 

SECTION    THE   TWENTY-FOURTH. 

The  Supreme  Court  and  the  several  Courts  of  Common  Pleas  of  this 
Commonwealth  shall,  besides  the  Powers  usually  exercised  by  such 
Courts,  have  the  Powers  of  a  Court  of  Chancery,  so  far  as  relates  to  the 
perpetuating  Testimony,  obtaining  Evidence  from  Places  not  within  this 
State,  and  the  Care  of  the  Persons  and  Estates  of  those  who  are  non 
compotes  mentis,  and  such  other  Powers  as  may  be  found  necessary  by 
future  General  Assemblies,  not  inconsistent  with  this  Constitution. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-FIFTH. 

Trials  shall  be  by  Jury  as  heretofore.  And  it  is  recommended  to  the 
Legislature  of  this  State  to  provide  by  Law  against  every  Corruption  or 
Partiality  in  the  Choice,  Return,  or  Appointment  of  Juries. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-SIXTH. 

Courts  of  Sessions,  Common  Pleas,  and  Orphans  Courts  shall  be  held 
quarterly  in  each  City  and  County;  and  the  Legislature  shall  have 
Power  to  establish  all  such  other  Courts  as  they  may  judge  for  the  Good 
of  the  Inhabitants  of  the  State.  All  Courts  shall  be  open,  and  Justice 
shall  be  impartially  administered  without  Corruption  or  unnecessary 
Delay,  All  their  officers  shall  be  paid  an  adequate  but  moderate  Com- 
pensation for  their  Services — and  if  any  officer  shall  take  greater  or  other 
Fees  than  the  laws  allow  him,  either  directly  or  indirectly,  it  shall  ever 
after  disqualify  him  from  holding  any  Office  in  this  State. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-SEVENTH. 

All  prosecutions  shall  commence  in  the  name  and  by  the  Authority  of 
the  Freemen  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania ;  and  all  Inditements 


CONSTITUTION   OF   1776,  101 

shall  conclude  with  these  Words,  "Against  the  Peace  and  Dignity  of  the 
same."  The  stile  of  all  Process  hereafter  in  this  State  shall  be,  The 
Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania. 

SECTION   THE   TWENTY-EIGHTH. 

The  Person  of  a  Debtor,  where  there  is  not  a  strong  Presumption  of 
Fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  Prison,  after  delivering  up,  bona  fide, 
all  his  Estate  Keal  and  Personal  for  the  Use  of  his  Creditors,  in  such 
Manner  as  shall  be  hereafter  regulated  by  Law.  All  Prisoners  shall  be 
bailable  by  sufficient  Sureties,  unless  for  capital  Offences,  when  the  proof 
is  evident  or  presumption  great. 

SECTION   THE   TW^ENTY-NINTH. 

Excessive  Bail  shall  not  be  exacted  for  bailable  Offences;  and  all  fines 
shall  be  moderate. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTIETH. 

Justices  of  the  Peace  shall  be  elected  by  the  Freeholders  of  each  City 
and  County  respectively,  that  is  to  say,  two  or  more  Persons  may  be 
chosen  for  each  Ward,  Township  or  District,  as  the  Law  shall  hereafter 
direct.  And  their  Names  shall  be  returned  to  the  President  in  Council, 
who  shall  commissionate  one  or  more  of  them  for  each  Ward,  Township 
or  District  so  returning,  for  seven  Years,  removable  for  Misconduct  by 
the  General  Assembly :  But  if  any  City  or  County,  Ward,  Township  or 
District  in  this  Commonwealth,  shall  hereafter  incline  to  change  the 
Manner  of  appointing  their  Justices  of  the  Peace  as  settled  in  this  Ar- 
ticle, the  General  Assembly  may  make  Laws  to  regulate  the  same,  agree- 
able to  the  Desire  of  a  Majority  of  the  Freeholders  of  the  City  or  County, 
Ward,  Township  or  District  so  applying.  No  Justice  of  the  Peace  shall 
sit  in  the  General  Assembly  unless  he  first  resign  his  Commission,  nor 
shall  he  be  allowed  to  take  any  Fees ;  nor  any  Salary  or  Allowance 
except  such  as  the  future  Legislature  may  grant. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTY-FIRST. 

Sheriffs  and  Coroners  shall  be  elected  annually  in  each  City  and 
County,  by  the  Freemen ;  that  is  to  say,  two  Persons  for  each  Office,  one 
of  whom  for  each,  is  to  be  commissioned  by  the  President  in  council. 
No  person  shall  continue  in  the  Office  of  Sheriff"  more  than  three  suc- 
cessive Years,  or  be  capable  of  being  again  elected  during  four  years 
afterwards.  The  election  shall  be  held  at  the  Time  and  Place  appointed 
for  the  Election  of  Representatives;  and  the  Commissioners  and  Asses- 
sors, and  other  Officers  chosen  by  the  People,  shall  also  be  then  and  there 
elected,  as  has  been  usual  heretofore,  until  altered  or  otherwise  regulated 
by  the  future  Legislature  of  this  State. 


102  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

SECTION   THE   THIRTY-SECOND. 

All  Elections,  whether  by  the  People  or  iu  General  Assembly,  shall 
be  by  Ballot,  free  and  voluntary.  And  any  Elector,  who  shall  receive 
any  Gift  or  Eeward  for  his  vote,  in  Meat,  Drink,  Monies  or  otherwise, 
shall  forfeit  his  Eight  to  elect  for  that  Time,  and  suffer  such  other 
Penalty  as  future  Laws  shall  direct.  And  any  Person  who  shall  directly 
or  indirectly  give,  promise  or  bestow  any  such  Eewards,  to  be  elected, 
shall  be  thereby  rendered  incapable  to  serve  for  the  ensuing  year. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTY-THIRD. 

All  Fees,  License  Money,  Fines  and  Forfeitures  heretofore  granted,  or 
paid  to  the  Governor,  or  his  Deputies  for  the  Support  of  Government, 
shall  hereafter  be  paid  into  the  public  Treasury,  unless  altered  or  abol- 
ished by  the  future  Legislature. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTY-FOURTH. 

A  Eegister's  Office  for  the  Probate  of  Wills  and  granting  Letters  of 
Administration,  and  an  Office  for  the  Eecording  of  Deeds,  shall  be  kept 
in  each  City  and  County.  The  Officers  to  be  appointed  by  the  General 
Assembly,  removable  at  their  Pleasure,  and  to  be  commissioned  by  the 
President  in  Council. 

SECTION   THE   THIRTY-FIFTH. 

The  Printing  Presses  shall  be  free  to  every  Person  who  undertakes  to 
examine  the  Proceedings  of  the  Legislature,  or  any  Part  of  Government. 

SECTION   THE   THIRTY-SIXTH. 

As  every  Freeman,  to  preserve  his  Independence,  (if  without  a  sufficient 
Estate)  ought  to  have  some  Profession,  Calling,  Trade  or  Farm,  whereby 
he  may  honestly  subsist,  there  can  be  no  Necessity  for,  nor  Use  in  es- 
tablishing Offices  of  Profit,  the  usual  Effects  of  which  are  Dependance 
and  Servility,  unbecoming  Freemen,  in  the  Possessors  and  Expectants ; 
Faction,  Contention,  Corruption  and  Disorder  among  the  People.  But 
if  any  Man  is  called  into  public  Service,  to  the  Prejudice  of  his  private 
Affairs,  he  has  a  Eight  to  a  reasonable  Compensation.  And  whenever 
an  Office,  through  Increase  of  Fees,  or  otherwise,  becomes  so  profitable 
as  to  occasion  many  to  apply  for  it,  the  Profits  ought  to  be  lessened  by 
the  Legislature. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTY-SEVENTH. 

The  future  Legislature  of  this  State  shall  regulate  Entails  in  such  a 
manner  as  to  prevent  perpetuities. 

SECTION   THE    THIRTY-EIGHTH. 

The  penal  Laws  as  heretofore  used,  shall  be  reformed  by  the  future 


CONSTITUTIOX   OF   177G.  103 

Legislature  of  this  State,  as  soon  as  may  he,  and  Punishments  made  in 
some  Cases  less  sanguinary,  and  in  general  more  proportionate  to  the 

Crimes. 

SECTION    THE    THIRTV-XINTII. 

To  deter  more  effectually  from  the  Commission  of  Crimes,  hy  contin- 
ued visible  Punishment  of  long  Duration,  and  to  make  sanguinary  Pun- 
ishments less  necessary ;  Houses  ought  to  be  provided  fur  punishing  by 
hard  Labor,  those  who  shall  be  convicted  of  Crimes  not  capital;  wherein 
the  Criminals  shall  be  employed  for  the  Benelit  of  the  Public,  or  for 
Eeparation  of  Injuries  done  to  private  Persons.  And  all  Persons  at 
proper  Times  shall  be  admitted  to  see  the  Prisoners  at  their  Labor. 

SECTION   THE   FORTIETH. 

Every  Officer,  whether  judicial,  executive  or  military,  in  Authority 
under  this  Commonwealth,  shall  take  the  following  Oath  or  Affirmation 
of  Allegiance,  and  general  Oath  of  Office  before  he  enter  on  the  Execu- 
tion of  his  Office:  The  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  Allegiance.     "I 

do  swear  (or  affirm)  That  I  will  be  true  and  faithful  to  the  Commonwealth 
of  Pennsylvania ;  and  that  I  will  not  directly  or  indirectly  do  any  Act 
or  Thing  prejudicial  or  injurious  to  the  Constitution  or  Government 
thereof  as  established  by  the  Convention."     The  Oath  or  Affirmation  of 

office:  "I do  swear  (or  affirm)  That  I  will  faithfully  execute  the 

Office  of for  the of and  I  will  do  equal  Right  »S:  Justice 

to  all  Men  to  the  best  of  my  Judgment  and  Abilities,  according  to  Law." 

SECTION   THE    FORTY-FIRST. 

No  public  Tax,  Custom  or  Contribution  shall  be  imposed  upon,  or  paid 
by  the  People  of  this  State,  except  by  a  Law  for  that  purpose ;  and  before 
any  Law  be  made  for  raising  it,  the  Purpose  for  which  any  Tax  is  to  be 
raised  ought  to  appear  clearly  to  the  Legislature  to  be  of  more  Service 
to  the  Community  than  the  Money  would  be,  if  not  collected,  which 
being  well  observed.  Taxes  can  never  be  Burthens. 

SECTION   THE    FORTY-SECOND. 

Every  Foreigner  of  good  Character,  who  conies  to  settle  in  this  State, 
having  first  taken  an  Oath  or  Affirmation  of  Allegiance  to  the  same,  may 
purchase,  or  by  other  just  means  acquire,  hold  and  transfer  Land  or  othei 
Eeal  Estate;  and  after  one  Year's  Residence,  shall  be  deemed  a  free 
Denizen  thereof,  and,  entitled  to  all  the  Rights  of  a  natural  born  Subject 
of  this  State  except  that  he  shall  not  be  capable  of  being  elected  a 
Representative  until  after  two  Years  Residence. 

SECTION   THE    FORTY-THIRD. 

The  Inhabitants  of  this  State  shall  have  Liberty  to  fowl  and  hunt  in 


104  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

seasonable  Times  on  the  Lands  tliey  hold,  and  on  all  other  Lands  therein 
not  inclosed ;  and  in  like  manner  to  fish  in  all  boatable  Waters  and  others 
not  private  Property. 

SECTION   THE    FORTY-FOURTH. 

A  School  or  Schools  shall  be  established  in  each  County  by  the  Legis- 
lature, for  the  convenient  Instruction  of  Youth,  with  such  Salaries  to  the 
Masters  paid  by  the  Public  as  may  enable  them  to  instruct  Youth  at  low 
Prices :  And  all  useful  Learning  shall  be  duly  encouraged  and  promoted 
in  one  or  more  Universities. 

SECTION   THE    FORTY-FIFTH. 

Laws  for  the  Encouragement  of  Virtue,  and  Prevention  of  Vice  and 
Immorality,  shall  be  made  and  constantly  kept  in  Force,  and  Provision 
shall  be  made  for  their  due  Execution :  And  all  religious  Societies  or 
Bodies  of  Men  heretofore  united  or  incorporated  for  the  Advancement  of 
Religion  and  Learning,  or  for  other  pious  and  charitable  Purposes,  shall 
be  encouraged  and  protected  in  the  Enjoyment  of  the  Privileges,  Immuni- 
ties and  Estates  which  they  were  acccustomed  to  enjoy,  or  could  of  right 
have  enjoyed  under  the  Laws  and  former  Constitution  of  this  State. 

SECTION    THE   FORTY-SIXTH. 

The  Declaration  of  Rights  is  hereby  declared  to  be  a  Part  of  the  Con- 
stitution of  this  Commonwealth,  and  ought  never  to  be  violated  on  any 
Pretence  whatever. 

SECTION  THE   FORTY-SEVENTH. 

In  order  that  the  Freedom  of  this  Commonwealth  may  be  preserved 
inviolate  for  ever,  there  shall  be  chosen  by  Ballot  by  the  Freemen  in 
each  City  and  County  respectively,  on  the  second  Tuesday  in  October, 
in  the  Year  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  eighty-three  and  on  the 
second  Tuesday  in  October  in  every  seventh  Year  thereafter,  two  Persons 
in  each  City  and  County  of  this  State,  to  be  called  the  COUNCIL  OF 
CENSORS ;  who  shall  meet  together  on  the  second  Monday  of  Novem- 
ber, next  ensuing  their  Election ;  the  Majority  of  whom  shall  be  a  Quo- 
rum in  every  Case,  except  as  to  calling  a  Convention,  in  which  two- 
thirds  of  the  whole  Number  elected  shall  agree ;  and  whose  Duty  it  shall 
be  to  enquire  whether  the  Constitution  has  been  preserved  inviolate  in 
every  Part ;  and  whether  the  legislative  and  executive  Branches  of  Gov- 
ernment have  performed  their  Duty  as  Guardians  of  the  People,  or  as- 
sumed to  themselves,  or  exercised  other  or  greater  Powers  than  they  are 
entitled  to  by  the  Constitution :  They  are  also  to  enquire  whether  the 
public  Taxes  have  been  justly  laid  and  collected  in  all  Parts  of  this 
Commonwealth,  in  what  Manner  the  public  Monies  have  been  disposed 


CONSTITUTION    OF   177e.  105 

of,  and  whether  the  Laws  have  been  duly  executed:  For  these  purposes 
they  shall  have  Power  to  send  for  Persons,  Papers  and  llceords ;  they 
shall  have  Authority  to  pass  public  Censures,  to  order  Impeachments 
and  to  recommend  to  the  Legislature  the  repealing  such  Laws  as  appear 
to  them  to  have  been  enacted  contrary  to  the  Principles  of  the  Consti- 
tution: These  Powers  they  shall  continue  to  have,  for  and  during  the 
space  of  one  Year  from  the  Day  of  their  p]lection,  and  no  longer:  The 
said  Council  of  Censors  shall  always  have  Power  to  call  a  Convention, 
to  meet  within  two  Years  after  their  sitting,  if  there  appear  to  them  an 
absolute  Necessity  of  amending  any  Article  of  the  Constitution  which 
may  be  defective,  explaining  such  as  may  be  thought  not  clearly  ex- 
pressed, and  of  adding  such  as  are  necessary  for  the  Preservation  of  the 
Eights  and  Happiness  of  the  People:  But  the  Articles  to  be  amended, 
and  the  Amendments  proposed,  and  such  Articles  as  are  proposed  to  be 
added  or  abolished,  shall  be  promulgated  at  least  six  Months  before  the 
Day  appointed  for  the  Election  of  such  Convention,  for  the  previous 
Consideration  of  the  People,  that  they  may  have  an  Opportunity  of  in- 
structing their  Delegates  on  the  Subject. 

"Passed  in  Convention  the  28th  Day  of  September,  1776,  and  signed 

by  their  order. 

B.  FRANKLIN,  President. 

Attest  John  Morris,  Junr.,  Secretary. 

Chester  County.  Philadelphia  City. 

Benj.  Bartholomew,  Ty.  Matlack, 

Thos.  Strawbridge,  Frederick  Kuhl, 

Robert  Smith,  James  Cannon, 

Samuel  Cunningham,  George  Schlosser, 

Jno.  Macky,  Dav'd  Rittenhouse. 
John  Fleming.  Philadelphia  Covnty. 

Lancaster  City.  Robert  Loller, 

■      Philip  Marsteller,  Joseph  Blewer, 

Thomas  Porter,  Jno.  Bull, 

Bartrem  Galbraith,  Wm.  Coats. 
John  Hubley,  County  of  Backs. 

Alex'dr  Lowrey.  Jno.  Wilkinson, 

York  County.  Sam'l  Smith, 

Jas.  Edger,  ^  John  Keller, 

Jas.  Smith.  William  Van  Ilorne, 

Cumberland  County.  John  Grier, 

John  Harris,  Abram.  V.  Middleswart, 

Jonathan  Iloge,  Jos.  Kirkbride, 
Wm.  Clark,  i?ec//brci  County. 

Robt.  Whitehill,  Benj'n  Elliot, 


106 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


Thomas  Coulter, 
Joseph  Powel, 
John  Burd, 
John  Cesna, 
John  AVilkins, 
Thomas  Smith. 

Northumherland  County. 
Wm.  Cook, 
Jas.  Potter, 
Robt.  Martin, 
Matthew  Brown, 
Walter  Clark, 
John  Kelly, 
James  Crawford, 
John  \Yeitzel. 

Westmore land   Co un iy . 
James  Barr, 
Edward  Cook, 
James  Smith, 
John  Moore, 
John  Carmichael, 
John  McClelland, 
Christopher  Savingair. 

Inrolled  in  the  Rolls  office  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  Law  Book 
No.  1,  page  18,  &c.     Philada.,  20th  April,  1785. 

MATH'W  IRWIN,  M.  R.i 


William  Duffield, 
James  Brown, 
Hugh  Alexander, 
Jas.  McLene. 

Berks   County. 
Jacob  Morgan, 
Gabriel  Hiester, 
Benjamin  Spycker, 
Valentine  Eckert, 
Charles  Shoemaker, 
Thos.  Jones,  Junr. 

Northam2:)ton    County. 
Simon  Drisbach, 
Jacob  Orndt, 
Peter  Burkhalter, 
Jacob  Stroud, 
Neigal  Gray, 
Abraham  Miller, 
John  Ralston. 


1  Every  page  of  the  Original  at  Harrisburg  (with  which  the  foregoing  has  been  com- 
pared,) is  signed,  "B.  FrankUn." 


CONSTITUTIOX   OF   1700.  101 


No.  9. 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  COMMONWEALTH  OF  PENNSYLVANIA. 

We,  the  People  of  the   Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania^  ordain  ami  estah- 
lish  this  Constitution  f 07'  its  government. 

ARTICLE  I. 

Section  I.  The  legislative  power  of  this  commonwealth  shall  be  vested 
ill  a  general  Assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of 
Eepresentatives. 

Section  II.  The  Eepresentatives  shall  be  chosen,  annually,  by  the 
citizens  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia,  and  of  each  county,  respectively,  on 
the  second  Tuesday  of  October. 

Section  III.  No  person  shall  be  a  Representative,  who  shall  not  have 
attained  the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhab- 
itant of  the  State  three  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  the  last 
year  thereof  an  inhabitant  of  the  city  or  County,  in  which  he  shall  be 
chosen;  unless,  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the 
United  States,  or  of  this  State.  No  person,  residing  within  any  City, 
Town  or  Borough,  which  shall  be  entitled  to  a  separate  representation, 
shall  be  elected  a  Member  for  any  County,  nor  shall  any  person  residing 
without  the  limits  of  any  such  City,  Town  or  Borough,  be  elected  a 
Member  therefor. 

Section  IV.  Within  three  years  after  the  first  meeting  of  the  General 
Assembly,  and  within  every  subsequent  term  of  seven  years,  an  enume- 
ration of  the  taxable  inhabitants  shall  be  made,  in  such  manner  as  shall 
be  directed  by  law.  The  number  of  Representatives  shall,  at  the  several 
periods  of  making  such  enumeration,  be  fixed  by  the  legislature,  and 
apportioned  among  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and  the  several  counties, 
according  to  the  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each;  and  shall  never 
be  less  than  sixty,  nor  greater  than  one  hundred.  Each  county  shall 
have,  at  least,  one  Representative;  but  no  County,  hereafter  erected  shall 
be  entitled  to  a  separate  representation,  until  a  suflftcient  number  of  tax- 
able inhabitants  shall  be  contained  within  it  to  entitle  them  to  one  Repre- 
sentative, agreeably  to  the  ratio  which  shall  then  be  established. 

Section  V.  The  Senators  shall  be  chosen,  for  four  years,  by  the  citi- 
zens of  Philadelphia,  and  of  the  several  counties,  at  the  same  time,  in  the 
same  manner,  and  at  the  same  places  where  they  shall  vote  for  represen- 
tatives. 


108  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

Section  VI.  The  number  of  Senators  shall,  at  the  several  periods  of 
making  the  enumeration  before  mentioned,  be  fixed  by  the  Legislature, 
and  apportioned  among  the  districts,  formed  as  hereinafter  directed,  ac- 
cording to  the  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each ;  and  shall  never 
be  less  than  one  fourth,  nor  greater  than  one  third  of  the  number  of 
representatives. 

Section  VII.  The  Senators  shall  be  chosen  in  districts,  to  be  formed 
by  the  Legislature,  each  district  containing  such  a  number  of  taxable 
inhabitants  as  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  not  more  than  four  Senators: 
When  a  district  shall  be  composed  of  two  or  more  Counties,  they  shall 
be  adjoining.  Neither  the  city  of  Philadelphia  nor  any  County  shall  be 
divided  in  forming  a  district. 

Section  VIII.  No  person  shall  be  a  Senator,  who  shall  not  have 
attained  the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhab- 
itant of  the  State  four  years  next  before  his  election,  and  the  last  year 
thereof  an  inhabitant  of  the  district  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen ;  unless 
he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the  United  States  or 
of  this  State. 

Section  IX.  Immediately  after  tbe  Senators  shall  be  assembled  in 
consequence  of  the  first  election  subsequent  to  the  first  enumeration,  they 
shall  be  divided,  by  lot,  as  equally  as  may  be  into  four  classes.  The 
Seats  of  the  Senators  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration 
of  the  first  year,  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year, 
of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  third  year,  and  of  the  fourth 
class  at  the  expiration  of  the  fourth  year;  so  that  one  fourth  may  be 
chosen  every  year. 

Section  X.  The  General  Assembly  shall  meet  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
December  in  every  year,  unless  sooner  convened  by  the  Governor. 

Section  XL  Each  House  shall  choose  its  Speaker  and  other  ofiicers ; 
and  the  Senate  shall  also  choose  a  Speaker  pro  tempore,  when  the 
Speaker  shall  exercise  the  ofiice  of  Governor. 

Section  XII.  Each  House  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its 
members.  Contested  elections  shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to  be 
selected,  formed  and  regulated  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by 
law.  A  majority  of  each  House  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  busi- 
ness ;  but  a  smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be 
authorised,  by  law,  to  compell  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such 
manner,  and  under  such  penalties  as  may  be  provided. 

Section  XIII.  Each  House  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceed- 
ings, punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behaviour,  and  with  the  concur- 
rence of  two  thirds  expel  a  member ;  but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same 
cause;  and  shall  have  all  other  powers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the 
legislature  of  a  free  State. 


CONSTITUTION    OF    1790.  l()i> 

Section  XIV.  Each  House  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings, 
and  publish  them  weekly;  except  such  parts  as  may  require  secrecy : 
And  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members,  on  any  question  shall,  at  the 
desire  of  any  two  of  them,  be  entered  on  the  Journals. 

Section  XY.  The  doors  of  each  House  and  of  committees  of  the  whole, 
shall  be  open,  unless  when  the  business  shall  be  such  as  ought  to  be  kept 
secret. 

Section  XVI.  Neither  House  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other, 
adjourn  for  more  than  three  Days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that,  in 
which  the  two  Houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Section  XVII.  The  Senators  and  Representatives  shall  receive  a  com- 
pensation for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
treasury  of  the  commonwealth.  They  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason, 
Felony,  and  breach  or  surety  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest 
during  their  attendance  at  the  session  of  the  respective  Houses,  and  in 
going  to  and  returning  from  the  same.  And  for  any  speech  or  debate  in 
either  House  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

Section  XVIII,  No  Senator  or  Representative  shall,  during  the  time 
for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  office, 
under  this  commonwealth,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emolu- 
ments of  which  shall  have  been  increased,  during  such  time;  and  no 
member  of  Congress  or  other  person  holding  any  office  (except  of  attor- 
ney at  law  and  in  the  Militia)  under  the  United  States,  or  this  common- 
wealth, shall  be  a  member  of  either  House  during  his  continuance  in 
Congress,  or  in  office. 

Section  XIX.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  House,  the  Speaker 
shall  issue  Writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

Section  XX.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  house 
of  Representatives;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  amendments  as  in  other 
bills. 

Section  XXI.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury,  but  in 
consequence  of  appropriations  made  by  law. 

Section  XXII.  Every  bill,  which  shall  have  passed  botli  Houses, 
shall  be  presented  to  the  Governor:  If  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but 
if  he  shall  not  approve,  he  shall  return  it,  with  his  objections,  to  the 
House,  in  which  it  shall  have  originated,  wlio  shall  enter  the  objections 
at  large  upon  their  journals,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it :  If  after  sucb 
reconsideration,  tw^o-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it 
shall  be  sent  with  the  objections,  to  the  other  House,  by  which  likewise 
it  shall  be  reconsidered,  and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  House  it 
shall  be  a  law.  But  in  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Houses  shall  be  de- 
termined by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  or 
against  the  Bill  shall  be  entered  on  the  Journals  of  each  House  respec- 


110  AUTHENTIC   HISTOEY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

tively.  If  any  Bill  shall  not  be  returned  by  the  Governor  within  ten 
days  (Sundays  excepted)  after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him  it  shall 
be  a  law,  in  like  manner  as  if  he  had  signed  it,  unless  the  General  Assem- 
bly, by  their  adjournment,  prevents  its  return;  in  which  case  it  shall  be 
a  law  unless  sent  back  within  three  days  after  their  next  meeting. 

Section  XXIII.  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote,  to  which  the  con- 
currence of  both  Houses  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  ad- 
journment) shall  be  presented  to  the  Governor,  and,  before  it  shall  take 
effect,  be  approved  by  him,  or,  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed  by 
two-thirds  of  both  Houses,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  pre- 
scribed in  case  of  a  Bill. 

ARTICLE  II. 

Section  I.  THE  Supreme  Executive  power  of  this  Commonwealth 
shall  be  vested  in  a  Governor. 

Section  II.  The  Governor  shall  be  chosen  on  the  second  Tuesday  of 
October,  by  the  citizens  of  the  commonwealth,  at  the  places  where  they 
shall  respectively  vote  for  Eepresentatives.  The  returns  of  every  elec- 
tion for  Governor  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  gov- 
ernment, directed  to  the  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  who  shall  open  and 
publish  them  in  the  presence  of  the  members  of  both  Houses  of  the 
Legislature.  The  person  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  shall  be 
Governor.  But  if  two  or  more  shall  be  equal  and  highest  in  votes,  one 
of  them  shall  be  choocn  Governor  by  the  joint  vote  of  the  members  of 
both  Houses.  Contested  elections  shall  be  determined  by  a  Committee, 
to  be  selected  from  both  Houses  of  the  Legislature,  and  formed  and  regu- 
lated in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

Section  III.  The  Governor  shall  hold  his  office  during  three  years 
from  the  third  Tuesday  of  December  next  ensuing  his  election,  and  shall 
not  be  capable  of  holding  it  longer  than  nine  in  any  term  of  twelve  years. 

Section  IV.  He  shall  be,  at  least,  thirty  years  of  age,  and  have  been 
a  Citizen  and  inhabitant  of  this  State  seven  years  next  before  his  elec- 
tion; unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the 
United  States  or  of  this  State. 

Section.  V.  No  member  of  Congress,  or  person  holding  any  office 
under  the  United  States  or  this  State,  shall  exercise  the  office  of  Gov- 
ernor. 

Section  YI.  The  Governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive,  for  his  ser- 
vices, a  compensation,  which  shall  be  neither  increased  nor  diminished 
during  the  period,  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

Section  VII.  He  shall  be  commander  in  chief  of  the  Army  and  Navy 
of  this  commonwealth,  and  of  the  Militia;  except  when  they  shall  be 
called  into  the  actual  service  of  the  United  States. 


CONSTITUTION    OF   1790.  HI 

Section  YIII.  He  shall  appoint  all  ofliccrs,  whose  offices  are  established 
by  this  Constitution,  or  shall  be  established  by  law,  and  whose  appoint- 
ments are  not  herein  otherwise  provided  for;  but  no  person  shall  be 
appointed  to  an  office  within  any  County,  who  shall  not  have  been  a 
citizen  and  inhabitant  therein  one  year  next  before  his  appointment,  if 
the  county  shall  have  been  so  long  erected ;  but  if  it  shall  not  have  been 
so  long  erected,  then  within  the  limits  of  the  County  or  Counties  out  of 
which  it  shall  have  been  taken.  No  member  of  Congress  from  this  State 
nor  any  person  holding  or  exercising  any  office  of  trust  or  profit  under 
the  United  States,  shall,  at  the  same  time,  hold  or  exercise  the  office  of 
Judge,  Secretary,  Treasurer,  Prothonotary,  Eegistcr  of  wills,  Recorder  of 
deeds.  Sheriff,  or  any  office  in  this  State,  to  which  a  Salary  is  by  law  an- 
nexed, or  any  other  office,  which  future  Legislatures  shall  declare  incom- 
patible with  offices  or  appointments  under  the  United  States. 

Section  IX.  He  shall  have  power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures,  and 
grant  reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  case  of  impeachment. 

Section  X.  He  may  require  information,  in  writing,  from  the  officers 
in  the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of 
their  respective  offices. 

Section  XI.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  General  Assem- 
bly information  of  the  state  of  the  commonwealth,  and  recommend  to 
their  consideration  sucb  measures  as  he  shall  judge  expedient. 

Section  XII.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the  Gen- 
eral Assembly;  and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  Houses, 
with  respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 
shall  think  proper,  not  exceeding  four  months. 

Section  XIII.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed. 

Section  XIV.  In  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  Governor,  or 
of  his  removal  from  office,  the  Speaker  of  the  Senate  shall  exercise  the 
office  of  Governor,  until  another  Governor  shall  be  duly  qualified.  And 
if  the  trial  of  a  contested  election  shall  continue  longer  than  until  the 
third  Tuesday  in  December  next  ensuing  the  election  of  a  Governor,  the 
Governor  of  the  last  year,  or  the  Speaker  of  the  Senate,  who  may  be  m 
the  exercise  of  the  executive  authority,  shall  continue  therein  until  the 
determination  of  such  contested  election,  and  a  Governor  shall  be  quah- 

fied  as  aforesaid.  .    .       ■,  ■,     ■ 

Section  XV.  A  Secretary  shall  be  appointed  and  commissioned  during 

the  Governor's  continuance  in  office,  if  he  shall  so  long  behave  himself 
well-  He  shall  keep  a  fair  register  of  all  the  official  acts  and  proceedings 
of  the  Governor,  and  shall,  when  required,  lay  the  same  and  a  1  papers, 
minutes  and  vouchers  relative  thereto  before  either  branch  ot  the  Le^s- 
lature,  and  shall  perform  such  other  duties  as  shall  be  enjoined  him 
by  law. 


112  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY   OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

ARTICLE  III. 

Section  I.  IN  elections  by  the  Citizens,  every  freeman  of  the  age  of 
twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  the  State  two  years  next  before  the 
election,  and  within  that  time  paid  a  State  or  County  tax,  which  shall 
have  been  assessed  at  least  six  months  before  the  election,  shall  enjoy 
the  rights  of  an  elector :  Provided,  that  the  sons  of  persons  qualified  as 
aforesaid,  between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  twenty-two  years,  shall 
be  entitled  to  vote,  although  they  shall  not  have  paid  taxes. 

Section  II.  All  elections  shall  be  by  Ballot,  except  those  by  persons 
in  their  representative  capacities,  who  shall  vote  VIVA  voce. 

Section  III.  Electors  shall  in  all  cases,  except  Treason,  Felony  and 
breach  or  surety  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their 
attendance  on  elections  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  them. 

ARTICLE  IV. 

Section  I.  THE  House  of  Eepresentatives  shall  have  the  sole  power 
of  impeaching. 

Section  II.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  Senate.  When 
sitting  for  that  purpose,  the  Senators  shall  be  upon  oath  or  af&rmation. 
No  person  shall  be  convicted,  without  the  concurrence  of  two-thirds  of 
the  members  present. 

Section  III.  The  Governor,  and  all  other  civil  officers,  under  this 
commonwealth,  shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in 
office:  But  judgment,  in  such  cases,  shall  not  extend  further  than  to  re- 
moval from  office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of  honour, 
trust,  or  profit,  under  this  commonwealth :  The  party,  whether  convicted 
or  acquitted,  shall  nevertheless  be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment, 
and  punishment,  according  to  law. 

ARTICLE  V. 

Section  I,  THE  Judicial  power  of  this  commonwealth  shall  be  vested 
in  a  Supreme  Court,  in  Courts  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  General  Gaol 
Delivery,  in  a  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  Orphans'  Court,  Register's  Court, 
and  a  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  for  each  county,  in  Justices 
of  the  Peace,  and  in  such  other  Courts  as  the  Legislature  may,  from 
time  to  time,  establish. 

Section  II.  The  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  and  of  the  several 
Courts  of  Common  Pleas  shall  hold  their  offices  during  good  behaviour : 
But  for  any  reasonable  cause,  which  shall  not  be  sufficient  ground  of 
impeachment,  the  Governor  may  remove  any  of  them,  on  the  address  of 
two-thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  Legislature.     The  Judges  of  the  Su- 


CONSTITUTION'   OF   ITOO.  113 

preme  Court  and  the  Presidents  of  the  several  Courts  of  common  Pleas 
shall,  at  stated  times,  receive,  for  their  services,  an  adequate  compensation 
to  be  fixed  by  law,  which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance 
in  office;  but  they  shall  receive  no  fees  or  perquisites  of  office,  nor  hold 
any  other  office  of  profit  under  this  commonwealth. 

Section  III.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  extend  over 
the  State,  and  the  Judges  thereof  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be 
Justices  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and  general  Gaol  delivery  in  the  several 
counties. 

Section  IV.  Until  it  shall  be  otherwise  directed  by  law,  the  several 
courts  of  Common  Pleas  shall  be  established  in  the  following  manner : 
The  Governor  shall  appoint,  in  each  county,  not  fewer  than  three  nor 
more  than  four  Judges,  who,  during  their  continuance  in  office,  shall 
reside  in  such  county:  The  State  shall  be  divided  by  law  into  circuits, 
none  of  which  shall  include  more  than  six,  nor  fewer  than  three,  coun- 
ties :  A  President  shall  be  appointed  of  the  courts  in  each  circuit,  who. 
during  his  continuance  in  office,  shall  reside  therein :  The  President  and 
Judges,  any  two  of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum,  shall  compose  the  respective 
Courts  of  Common  Pleas. 

Section  V.  The  Judges  of  the  court  of  common  Pleas,  in  each  county, 
shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  Justices  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  and 
General  Goal  Delivery,  for  the  trial  of  capital  and  other  offenders  there- 
in: Any  two  of  the  said  Judges,  the  President  being  one,  shall  be  a 
quorum ;  but  they  shall  not  hold  a  court  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  or  Gaol 
Delivery  in  any  County,  when  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court,  or  any 
of  them  shall  be  sitting  in  the  same  county.  The  party  accused,  as  well 
as  the  Commonwealth,  may,  under  such  regulations  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law,  remove  the  indictment  and  proceedings,  or  a  transcript 
thereof  into  the  Supreme  Court. 

Section  VI.  The  Supreme  Court  and  the  several  courts  of  common 
Pleas  shall,  beside  the  powers  heretofore  usually  exercised  by  them, 
have  the  power  of  a  court  of  Chancery  so  far  as  relates  to  the  perpetu- 
ating of  testimony,  the  obtaining  of  evidence  from  places  not  within  the 
State,  and  the  care  of  the  persons  and  estates  of  those  who  are  non  com- 
potes mentis;  And  the  Legislature  shall  vest  in  the  said  courts  such  other 
powers  to  grant  relief  in  equity  as  shall  be  found  necessary;  and  may 
from  time  to  time,  enlarge  or  diminish  those  powers,  or  vest  them  in  such 
other  courts  as  they  shall  judge  proper  for  the  due  administration  of  justice. 

Section  VII.  The  Judges  of  the  court  of  common  Pleas  of  each 
county  any  two  of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum,  shall  compose  the  Court 
of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  Peace  and  Orphans'  Court  thereof;  and  the 
Register  of  Wills,  together  with  the  said  Judges,  or  any  two  of  them 
shall  compose  the  Register's  Court  of  each  county. 
8k 


114  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Section  VIII.  The  Judges  of  the  courts  of  common  Pleas  shall, 
within  their  respective  counties,  have  the  like  powers  with  the  Judges 
of  the  Supreme  Court,  to  issue  writs  of  Certiorari  to  the  Justices  of  the 
Peace,  and  to  cause  their  proceedings  to  be  brought  before  them,  and  the 
like  right  and  justice  to  be  done. 

Section  IX.  The  President  of  the  courts  in  each  circuit,  within  such 
circuit,  and  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  within  their  re- 
spective counties,  shall  be  Justices  of  the  Peace,  so  far  as  relates  to 
criminal  matters. 

Section  X.  The  Governor  shall  appoint  a  competent  number  of  Jus- 
tices of  the  Peace,  in  such  convenient  districts,  in  each  county,  as  are  or 
shall  he  directed  by  law :  They  shall  be  commissioned  during  good  be- 
haviour; but  may  be  removed  on  conviction  of  misbehaviour  in  office, 
or  of  any  infamous  crime,  or  on  the  address  of  both  Houses  of  the  Legis- 
lature. 

Section  XL  A  Eegister's  office  for  the  probate  of  wills  and  granting 
letters  of  administration,  and  an  office  for  the  recording  of  Deeds  shall 
be  kept  in  each  county. 

Section  XII.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be,  The  Commonwealth 
OF  'Pennsylvania  ;  all  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  and 
by  the  authority  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  and  conclude, 
AGAINST  the  PEACE  AND  DIGNITY  OF  THE  SAME. 

ARTICLE  VI. 

Section  I.  Sheriffs  and  Coroners  shall,  at  the  times  and  places  of  elec- 
tion of  Representatives,  be  chosen  by  the  citizens  of  each  county:  Two 
persons  shall  be  chosen  for  each  office,  one  of  whom  for  each  respectively 
shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor.  They  shall  hold  their  offices  for 
three  years,  if  they  shall  so  long  behave  themselves  well,  and  until  a 
successor  be  duly  qualified;  but  no  person  shall  be  twice  chosen  or  ap- 
pointed Sheriff  in  any  term  of  six  years.  Vacancies,  in  either  of  the 
said  offices,  shall  be  filled  by  a  new  appointment,  to  be  made  by  the 
Governor,  to  continue  until  the  next  general  election,  and  until  a  suc- 
cessor shall  be  chosen  and  qualified  as  aforesaid. 

Section  II.  The  freemen  of  this  commonwealth  shall  be  armed  and 
disciplined  for  its  defence.  Those  who  conscientiously  scruple  to  bear 
arms,  shall  not  be  compelled  to  do  so ;  but  shall  pay  an  equivalent  for 
personal  service.  The  military  officers  shall  be  appointed  in  such  man- 
ner, and  for  such  time,  as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

Section  III.  Prothonotaries,  clerks  of  the  Peace  and  Orphans'  Courts, 
Recorders  of  Deeds,  Registers  of  Wills  and  Sheriffs,  shall  keep  their  offices 
in  the  county  Town  of  the  county  in  which  they  respectively  shall  be 
officers,  unless  when  the  Governor   shall,  for  special   reasons,  dispense 


CONSTITUTION   OF  1790.  115 

therewith  for  any  term,  not  exceeding  five  years  after  the  county  shall 
have  been  erected. 

Section  IV.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the  author- 
ity of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  and  be  sealed  wich  the  State 
seal,  and  signed  by  the  Governor. 

Section  V.  The  State  Treasurer  shall  be  appointed,  annually,  by  tho 
joint  vote  of  the  members  of  both  Houses.  All  other  officers  in  the 
Treasury  department,  attornies  at  law,  election  officers,  officers  relating 
to  taxes,  to  the  poor  and  highways,  constables,  and  other  Township 
officers,  shall  be  appointed  in  such  manner  as  is  or  shall  be  directed 
by  law. 

ARTICLE  VII. 

Section  1.  The  legislature  shall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be, 
provide,  by  law,  for  the  establishment  of  Schools  throughout  the  State, 
in  such  manner  that  the  poor  may  be  taught  gratis. 

Section  II.  The  arts  and  sciences  shall  be  promoted  in  one  or  more 
seminaries  of  learning. 

Section  III.  The  rights,  privileges,  immunities  and  estates  of  religious 
societies  and  corporate  bodies  shall  remain,  as  if  the  constitution  of  this 
State  had  not  been  altered  or  amended. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 

Members  of  the  General  Assembly  and  all  officers  Executive  and  Judi- 
cial, shall  be  bound,  by  oath  or  affirmation,  to  support  the  constitution 
of  this  Commonwealth,  and  to  perform  the  duties  of  their  respective 
offices  with  fidelity. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

That  the  general,  great  and  essential  Principles  of  Liberty  and  free 
Government  may  be  recognized  and  unalterably  established, 

WE   DECLARE. 

Section  I.  That  all  men  are  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and 
have  certain  inherent  and  indefeasible  rights,  among  which  are  those  of 
enjoying  and  defending  life  and  liberty,  of  acquiring,  possessing,  and  pro- 
tecting property  and  reputation,  and  of  pursuing  their  own  happiness. 

Section  II.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people,  and  all  free  gov- 
ernments are  founded  on  their  authority,  and  instituted  for  their  peace, 
safety  and  happiness :  For  the  advancement  of  those  ends  they  have,  at 
all  times,  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter,  reform  or  abolish 
their  government,  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper. 

Section  III.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right  to 


116  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

worship  Almigbt  J  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences ; 
that  no  man  can,  of  right,  be  compelled  to  attend,  erect,  or  support  any 
place  of  worship,  or  to  maintain  any  ministry  against  his  consent ;  that  no 
human  authority  can,  in  any  case  whatever,  control  or  interfere  with  the 
rights  of  conscience  ;  and  that  no  preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law, 
to  any  religious  establishments  or  modes  of  worship. 

Section  IY.  That  no  person  who  acknowledges  the  being  of  a  God 
and  a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  shall,  on  account  of  his 
religious  sentiments,  be  disqualified  to  hold  any  ofiice  or  place  of  trust  or 
profit  under  this  commonwealth. 

Section  V.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal. 

Section  YI.  That  trial  by  jury  shall  be  as  heretofore,  and  the  right 
thereof  remain  inviolate. 

Section  YII.  That  the  printing  Presses  shall  be  free  to  every  person 
who  undertakes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature,  or  any 
branch  of  government :  And  no  law  shall  ever  be  made  to  restrain  the 
right  thereof.  The  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one 
of  the  invaluable  rights  of  man ;  and  every  citizen  may  freely  speak, 
write  and  print  on  any  subject,  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that 
liberty.  In  prosecutions  for  the  publication  of  papers,  investigating  the 
official  conduct  of  officers  or  men  in  a  public  capacity,  or  where  the  mat- 
ter published  is  proper  for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be 
given  in  evidence:  And  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  jury  shall  have 
a  right  to  determine  the  law  and  the  facts,  under  the  direction  of  the  court 
as  in  other  cases. 

Section  YIII.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers  and  possessions  from  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures:  And 
that  no  warrant  to  search  any  place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  things,  shall 
issue  without  describing  them  as  nearly  as  may  be,  nor  without  probable 
cause  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation. 

Section  IX.  That,  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  hath  a 
right  to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  council,  to  demand  the  nature  and 
cause  of  the  accusation  against  him,  to  meet  the  witnesses  face  to  face, 
to  have  compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favour,  and,  in 
prosecutions  by  indictment  or  information,  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an 
impartial  Jury  of  the  vicinage:  That  he  cannot  be  compelled  to  give 
evidence  against  himself,  nor  can  he  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty  or 
property,  unless  by  the  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the  law  of  the  land. 

Section  X.  That  no  person  shall,  for  any  indictable  offense,  be  pro- 
ceeded against  criminally  by  information,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the 
land  or  naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of 
war  or  public  danger,  or,  by  leave  of  the  court,  for  oppression  and  mis- 
demeanor in  office.     No  person  shall,  for  the  same  offense,  be  twice  put 


CONSTITUTION   OF   1790.  117 

in  jeopardy  of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  any  man's  property  be  taken  or 
applied  to  public  use  without  the  consent  of  his  representatives,  and 
without  just  compensation  being  made. 

Section  XI.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  man,  for  an 
injury  done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person  or  reputation,  shall  have 
remedy  by  the  due  course  of  law,  and  right  and  Justice  admiuistred, 
without  sale,  denial  or  delay.  Suits  may  be  brought  against  the  com- 
monwealth in  such  manner,  in  such  courts  and  in  such  cases  as  the  leg- 
islature may  by  law  direct. 

Section  XII.  That  no  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  exercised, 
unless  by  the  legislature,  or  its  authority. 

Section  XIII.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required  nor  excessive 
fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  punishments  inflicted. 

Sect  on  XIY.  That  all  prisoners  shall  be  bailable  by  sufHcient  sureties, 
unless  for  capital  offences  when  the  proof  is  evident  or  presumption 
great,  and  the  privilege  of  the  Writ  of  Habeas  Corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

Section  XV.  That  no  commissioner  of  Oyer  and  Terminer  or  Goal 
delivery  shall  be  issued. 

Section  XVI.  That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  strong 
presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  Prison,  after  delivering 
up  his  estate  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be 
prescribed  by  law. 

Section  XVII.  That  no  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing 
contracts,  shall  be  made. 

Section  XVIII.  That  no  person  shall  be  attainted  of  treason  or  felony 
by  the  legislature. 

Section  XIX.  That  no  attainder  shall  work  corruption  of  blood,  nor, 
except  during  the  life  of  the  offender,  forfeiture  of  estate  to  the  common- 
wealth ;  that  the  estates  of  such  persons  as  shall  destroy  their  own  lives 
shall  descend  or  vest  as  in  case  of  natural  death ;  and  if  any  person  shall 
be  killed  by  casuality,  there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  by  reason  thereof 

Section  XX.  That  the  citizens  have  right,  in  a  peaceable  manner,  to 
assemble  together  for  their  common  good,  and  to  apply  to  those  invested 
Avith  the  powers  of  government  for  redress  of  grievances,  or  other  proper 
purposes,  by  petition,  address  or  remonstrance. 

Section  XXI.  That  the  right  of  citizens  to  bear  arms,  in  defence  of 
themselves  and  the  State,  shall  not  be  questioned. 

Section  XXII.  That  no  standing  army  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be 
kept  up  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature;  and  the  military  shall,  in 
all  cases,  and  at  all  times,  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  power. 

Section  XXIII.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered 


118  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY, 

in  any  House  without  the  consent  of  the  owner,  nor  in  time  of  war,  but 
in  a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Section  XXIY.  That  the  legislature  shall  not  grant  any  title  of 
nobility  or  hereditary  distinction,  nor  create  any  office,  the  appointment 
of  which  shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  for  good  behavior. 

Section  XXV.  That  emigration  from  the  state  shall  not  be  prohibited. 

Section  XXVI.  To  guard  against  transgressions  of  the  high  powers 
which  we  have  delegated,  WE  DECLARE  That  everything  in  this  arti- 
cle is  excepted  out  of  the  general  powers  of  government,  and  shall  for 
ever  remain  inviolate. 

SCHEDULE. 

That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  alterations  and  amendments 
in  the  Constitution  of  this  Commonwealth,  and  in  order  to  carry  the 
same  into  complete  operation,  it  is  hereby  declared  and  ordained, 

First.  THAT  all  laws  of  this  commonwealth,  in  force  at  the  time  of 
making  the  said  alterations  and  amendments  in  the  said  Constitution,  and 
not  inconsistent  therewith,  and  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims 
and  contracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate,  shall  continue 
as  if  the  said  alterations  and  amendments  had  not  been  made. 

Second.  THAT  the  President  and  Supreme  Executive  Council  shall  con- 
tinue to  exercise  the  executive  authority  of  this  Commonwealth,  as 
heretofore,  until  the  third  Tuesday  of  December  next;  but  no  inter- 
mediate vacancies  in  the  Council  shall  be  supplied  by  new  elections. 

Third.  THAT  all  officers  in  the  appointment  of  the  Executive  Depart- 
ment shall  continue  in  the  exercise  of  the  duties  of  their  respective  offices 
until  the  first  day  of  September  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety- 
one  ;  unless  their  commissions  shall  sooner  expire  by  their  own  limita- 
tions, or  the  said  offices  become  vacant  by  death^  or  resignation ;  and  no 
longer,  unless  re-appointed  and  commissioned  by  the  Governor ;  except 
that  the  Judges  of  the  Supreme  Court  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the 
terms  in  their  commissions  respectively  expressed. 

Fourth.  THAT  Justice  shall  be  administered  in  the  several  counties  of 
the  State,  until  the  period  aforesaid,  by  the  same  justices,  in  the  same 
courts,  and  in  the  same  manner,  as  heretofore. 

Fifth.  THAT  no  person  now  in  commission  as  Sheriff  shall  be  eligible 
at  the  next  election  for  a  longer  term  than  will,  with  the  time,  which  he 
shall  have  served  in  the  said  office,  complete  the  terra  of  three  years. 

Sixth,  THAT,  until  the  first  enumeration  shall  be  made  as  directed  in 
the  fourth  section  of  the  first  article  of  the  Constitution  established  by 
this  Convention,  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and  the  several  counties  shall 

1  Interlined. 


CONSTITUTION    OF    1790.  119 

be  respectively  entitled  to  elect  the  same  number  of  Representatives  as 
is  now  prescribed  by  law. 

Seventh.  THAT  the  first  Senate  shall  consist  of  Eighteen  members  to 
be  chosen  in  districts  formed  as  follows,  to  wit :  The  City  of  Philadelphia 
and  the  Counties  of  Philadelphia  and  Delaware  shall  i)e  a  district  and 
elect  three  Senators :  The  County  of  Chester  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall 
elect  one  Senator:  The  County  of  Bucks  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall 
elect  one  Senator:  The  County  of  Montgomery  shall  be  a  district,  and 
shall  elect  one  Senator:  The  County  of  Northampton  shall  be  a  district, 
and  shall  elect  one  Senator :  The  Counties  of  Lancaster  and  York  shall 
be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  three  Senators :  The  Counties  of  Berks  and 
Dauphin  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  two  Senators:  The  Counties 
of  Cumberland  and  Mifflin  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  one  Senator : 
The  Counties  of  Northumberland,  Luzerne  and  Huntington,  shall  be  a 
district,  and  shall  elect  one  Senator :  The  Counties  of  Bedford  and  Frank- 
lin shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  one  Senator:  The  Counties  of  West- 
moreland and  Allegany  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall  elect  one  Senator : 
And  the  Counties  of  Washington  and  Fayette  shall  be  a  district,  and  shall 
elect  two  Senators:  Which  Senators  shall  serve  until  the  first  enumera- 
tion before  mentioned  shall  be  made,  and  the  representation  in  both 
Houses  of  the  Legislature  shall  be  established  by  law,  and  chosen  as  in 
the  Constitution  is  directed.  Any  vacancies  which  shall  happen  in  the 
Senate,  within  the  said  time,  shall  be  supplied  as  prescribed  in  the  nine- 
teenth section  of  the  first  article. 

Eighth.  THAT  the  elections  of  Senators  shall  be  conducted,  and  the 
returns  thereof  made  to  the  Senate,  in  the  same  manner  as  is  prescribed 
by  the  election  laws  of  the  State,  for  conducting  and  making  return  of 
the  election  of  Representatives.  In  those  districts,  which  consist  of  more 
than  one  county,  the  Judges  of  the  district  elections  within  each  county, 
after  having  formed  a  return  of  the  whole  election  within  that  county,  in 
such  manner  as  is  directed  by  law,  shall  send  the  same,  by  one  or  more 
of  their  number,  to  the  place  herein  after  mentioned  within  the  district, 
of  which  such  county  is  a  part,  where  the  Judges  so  met  shall  compare 
and  cast  up  the  several  county  returns,  and  execute,  under  their  hands 
and  seals,  one  general  and  true  return  for  the  whole  district,  tliat  is  to 
say:  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia  and 
the  Counties  of  Philadelphia  and  Delaware  shall  meet  in  the  State  House 
in  the  City  of  Philadelphia ;  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the 
counties  of  Lancaster  and  York  shall  meet  at  the  Court-House  in  the 
county  of  Lancaster ;  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties 
of  Berks  and  Dauphin  shall  meet  at  Middletown,  in  the  county  of  Berks ; 
the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Cumberland  and 
Mifflin  shall  meet  in  Greenwood  township,  county  of  Cumberland,  at  the 


120 


AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


house  now  occupied  by  David  Miller ;  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed 
of  the  Counties  of  Northumberland,  Luzerne  and  Huntingdon  shall  meet 
in  the  town  of  Sunbury;  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the 
Counties  of  Bedford  and  Franklin  shall  meet  at  the  house  now  occupied 
by  John  Dickey,  in  Air  township,  Bedford  county ;  the  Judges  of  the 
district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Westmoreland  and  Allegheny  shall 
meet  in  Westmoreland  county,  at  the  Court-House  in  the  town  of  Greens- 
borough  ;  and  the  Judges  of  the  district  composed  of  the  counties  of  Wash- 
ington and  Fayette  shall  meet  at  the  Court-House  in  the  town  of  Wash- 
ington, in  Washington  county,  on  the  third  Tuesday  in  October,  respect- 
ively, for  the  purposes  aforesaid. 

Ninth.  THAT  the  election  of  the  Governor  shall  be  conducted,  in  the 
several  counties,  in  the  manner  prescribed  by  the  laws  of  the  State  for 
the  election  of  Representatives ;  and  the  returns  in  each  county  shall  be 
sealed  by  the  Judges  of  the  elections,  and  transmitted  to  the  President  of 
the  Supreme  Executive  Council,  directed  to  the  Speaker  of  the  Senate, 
as  soon  after  the  election  as  may  be. 

The  words  '  vacancies,'^  as  aforesaid  being  agreed  to,  and  added  to  the 
first  section  of  the  Sixth  article  before  subscribing.  The  word  "The," 
in  the  first  section  of  the  seventh  article  being  interlined  before  sub- 
scribing. 

Done  in  Convention,  the  second  day  of  September,  in  the  year  of  our 
Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  ninety,  and  of  the  Independence  of 
the  United  States  of  America  the  fifteenth.  In  testimony  whereof  we 
have  hereunto  subscribed  our  names. 

THOMAS  MIFFLIN, 


William  Findley, 
Wm.  Todd, 
Alex'r  Addison, 
John  Hoge, 
David  Redick, 
James  Ross, 
John  Smilie, 
Albert  Gallatin, 
Jas.  McLene, 
Geo.  Matthews, 
James  Morris, 
Lindsay  Coats, 
Jonathan  Shoemaker, 
John  Gloninger, 
William  Brown, 


John  Hubley, 
John  Brack  Bill, 
Hy.  Miller, 
Hy.  Slagle, 
William  Reed, 
Benj'n  Tyson, 
Benj'n  Pedan, 
Matthew  Dill, 
Wm.  Irvine, 
James  Power, 
Joseph  Hiester, 
Christian  Lower, 
Abraham  Lincoln, 
Paul  Grosscup, 
Balser  Geehr, 
iSee  page  114. 


James  Wilson, 
Hilary  Baker, 
Wm.  Lewis, 
Thos.  McKean, 
George  Gray, 
W.  Robinson,  Jun'r. 
Rt.  Hare, 
Enoch  Edwards, 
Sam'l.  Ogden, 
Thos.  Jenks,  Jun'r. 
Jno.  Barclay, 
Abraham  Stout, 
William  Gibbons, 
Thomas  Bull, 
James  Boyd, 


CONSTITUTION    OF   1790. 


121 


Alex'r  Graydon, 
Timothy  Pickering, 
And'w  Henderson, 
Jno.  Gibson, 
Thos.  Beale, 
John  Sellers, 
Nath'l  Newlin, 


Edw'd  Hand, 
Robt.  Coleman, 
Sebastian  Graft". 


S.  Sitgreaves, 
John  Arndt, 
Peter  Rhoads, 
Joseph  Powel, 
John  Piper, 
Charles  Smith, 
Simon  Snyder, 
Attest. 

JOS.  REDMAN,  Secretary. 
J.  SHALLUS,  Asst.  Secretary. 

Inrolled  in  the  Rolls'  office  for  the  State  of  Pennsylvania  in  Commi.^ 
"^"   &c. 

d  Seal  of  office,  this  11th  September,  1790. 

[L.S.]  MATirW  IRWIN,  M.  R. 


J.L11UI1CU    XU.    L 

sion  Book,  No  1,  p.  239 
Witness  my  Hand  c 


anc 


122  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 


No.  10. 

THE  CONSTITUTION  OF  THE  COMMONWEALTH  OP  PENNSYLVANIA  OF 
1790,  AS  AMENDED   IN  1838;    WITH  THE  SUBSEQUENT  AMEND- 
MENTS ADOPTED  IN  1850,  1857  AND  1864. 

We,  the  people  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  ordain  and  es- 
tablish this  Constitution  for  its  government. 

ARTICLE  I. 

OF  THE  LEGISLATURE. 

Sect.  I.  The  legislative  power  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  be  vested 
in  a  general  assembly,  which  shall  consist  of  a  Senate  and  House  of  Ee- 
presentatives. 

Sect.  II.  The  representatives  shall  be  chosen  annually  by  the  citizens 

*  *     *     on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October. 

Sect.  III.  No  person  shall  be  a  representative  who  shall  not  have  attained 
the  age  of  twenty-one  years,  and  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of 
the  State  three  years  next  preceding  his  election,  and  the  last  year  there- 
of an  inhabitant  of  the  district  in  and  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen  a 
representative,  unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business 
of  the  United  States  or  of  this  State. 

Sect.  IV.  In  the  year  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-four,  and 
in  every  seventh  year  thereafter,  representatives  to  the  number  of  one 
hundred,  shall  be  apportioned  and  distributed  equally,  throughout  the 
State,  by  districts,  in  proportion  to  the  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  in 
the  several  parts  thereof;  except  that  any  county  containing  at  least  three 
thousand  five  hundred  taxables,  may  be  allowed  a  separate  representa- 
tion; but  no  more  than  three  counties  shall  be  joined,  and  no  county 
shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  of  a  district.  Any  city  containing  a 
sufficient  number  of  taxables  to  entitle  it  to  at  least  two  representatives, 
shall  have  a  separate  representation  assigned  it,  and  shall  be  divided  into 
convenient  districts  of  contiguous  territory,  of  equal  taxable  population 
as  near  as  may  be,  each  of  which  districts  shall  elect  one  representative. 

Sect.  V.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  for  three  years,  by  the  citizens 

*  *     *     at  the  same  time,  in  the  same  manner,  and  at  the  same  places 
where  they  shall  vote  for  representatives. 

Sect.  VI.  The  number  of  senators  shall,  at  the  several  periods  of 
making  the  enumeration  before  mentioned,  be  fixed  by  the  legislature, 
and  apportioned  among  the  districts  formed,  as  hereinafter  directed,  ac- 


THE    PRESENT   CONSTITL'TIOX.  12;-{ 

cording  to  the  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  in  each;  and  sliall  never  be 
less  than  one-fourth,  nor  greater  than  one-third,  of  the  number  of  repre- 
sentatives. 

Sect.  YII.  The  senators  shall  be  chosen  in  districts  to  be  formed  by 
the  legislature ;  but  no  district  shall  be  so  formed  as  to  entitle  it  to  elect 
more  than  two  senators,  unless  the  number  of  taxable  inhabitants  in  any 
city  or  county  shall,  at  any  time  be  such  as  to  entitle  it  to  elect  more 
than  two,  but  no  city  or  county  shall  be  entitled  to  elect  more  than  four 
senators;  when  a  district  shall  be  composed  of  two  or  more  counties,  they 
shall  be  adjoining  *  *  *  and  no  county  shall  be  divided  in  forming 
a  district:  The  city  of  Philadelphia  shall  be  divided  into  single  senatorial 
districts  of  contiguous  territory  as  nearly  equal  in  taxable  population  as 
possible ;  but  no  ward  shall  be  divided  in  the  formation  thereof. 

Sect.  VIII.  No  person  shall  be  a  senator  who  shall  not  have  attained 
the  age  of  twenty-five  years,  and  have  been  a  citizen  and  inhabitant  of 
the  State  four  years  next  before  his  election,  and  the  last  year  thereof  an 
inhabitant  of  the  district  for  which  he  shall  be  chosen,  unless  he  shall 
have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the  United  States  or  of  this 
State;  and  no  person  elected  as  aforesaid  shall  hold  said  office  after  he 
shall  have  removed  from  such  district. 

Sect.  IX.  The  senators  who  may  be  elected  at  the  first  general  elec- 
tion after  the  adoption  of  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution,  shall  be 
divided  by  lot  into  three  classes.  The  seats  of  the  senators  of  the  first 
class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expiration  of  the  first  year ;  of  the  second 
class  at  the  expiration  of  the  second  year ;  and  of  the  third  class  at  the 
expiration  of  the  third  year;  so  that,  thereafter,  one-third  of  the  whole 
number  of  senators  may  be  chosen  every  year.  The  senators  elected 
"before  the  amendments  to  the  Constitution  shall  be  adopted,  shall  hold 
their  offices  during  the  terms  for  which  they  shall  respectively  have  been 
elected. 

Sect.  X.  The  General  Assembly  shall  meet  on  the  first  Tuesday  of 
January,  in  every  year,  unless  sooner  convened  by  the  Governor. 

Sect.  XI.  Each  house  shall  choose  its  speaker  and  other  officers ;  and 
the  Senate  shall  also  choose  a  speaker  pro  tempore,  when  the  speaker 
shall  exercise  the  office  of  Governor. 

Sect.  XII.  Each  house  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its  members. 
Contested  elections  shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to  be  selected, 
formed  and  regulated  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by  law.  A 
majority  of  each  house  shall  constitute  a  quorum  to  do  business;  but  a 
smaller  number  may  adjourn  from  day  to  day,  and  may  be  authorized  by 
law  to  compel  the  attendance  of  absent  members,  in  such  manner  and 
under  such  penalties  as  may  be  provided. 

Sect.  XIII.  Each  house  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  proceedings, 


124  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

punish  its  members  for  disorderly  behavior,  and  with  the  concurrence  of 
two-thirds,  expel  a  member,  but  not  a  second  time  for  the  same  cause ; 
and  shall  have  all  other  powers  necessary  for  a  branch  of  the  legislature 
of  a  free  State. 

Sect.  XIV.  The  legislature  shall  not  have  power  to  enact  laws  an- 
nulling the  contract  of  marriage,  in  any  case  where  by  law,  the  courts  of 
this  Commonwealth  are  or  may  hereafter  be  empowered  to  decree  a 
divorce. 

Sect,  XV.  Each  house  shall  keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  and 
publish  them  weekly,  except  such  parts  as  may  require  secrecy ;  and  the 
yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  on  any  question  shall,  at  the  desire  of  any 
two  of  them,  be  entered  on  the  journals. 

Sect.  XVI.  The  doors  of  each  house,  and  of  committees  of  the  whole, 
shall  be  open,  unless  when  the  business  shall  be  such  as  ought  to  be 
kept  secret. 

Sect.  XVII.  Neither  house  shall,  without  the  consent  of  the  other, 
adjourn  for  more  than  three  days,  nor  to  any  other  place  than  that  in 
which  the  two  houses  shall  be  sitting. 

Sect.  XVIII.  The  senators  and  representatives  shall  receive  a  com- 
pensation for  their  services,  to  be  ascertained  by  law,  and  paid  out  of  the 
treasury  of  the  Commonwealth.  They  shall  in  all  cases,  except  treason, 
felony  and  breach  or  surety  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest, 
during  their  attendance  at  the  sessions  of  their  repective  houses,  and  in 
going  to  and  returning  from  the  same;  and  for  any  speech  or  debate  in 
either  house  they  shall  not  be  questioned  in  any  other  place. 

Sect.  XIX.  No  senator  or  representative  shall,  during  the  time  for 
which  he  shall  have  been  elected,  be  appointed  to  any  civil  of&ce  under 
this  Commonwealth,  which  shall  have  been  created,  or  the  emoluments 
of  which  shall  have  been  increased  during  such  time;  and  no  member  of 
Congress  or  other  person,  holding  any  office  (except  of  attorney-at-law, 
and  in  the  militia)  under  the  United  States  or  this  Commonwealth,  shall 
be  a  member  of  either  house  during  his  continuance  in  Congress,  or  in 
office. 

Sect.  XX.  When  vacancies  happen  in  either  house,  the  speaker  shall 
issue  writs  of  election  to  fill  such  vacancies. 

Sect.  XXI.  All  bills  for  raising  revenue  shall  originate  in  the  House 
of  Kepresentatives ;  but  the  Senate  may  propose  amendments  as  in  other 
bills. 

Sect.  XXII.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  but  in  con- 
sequence of  appropriations  made  by  law. 

Sect.  XXIII.  Every  bill  which  shall  have  passed  both  houses,  shall  be 
presented  to  the  Governor,  if  he  approve,  he  shall  sign  it ;  but  if  he  shall 
not  approve,  he  shall  return  it  with  his  objections  to  the  house  in  which 


THE    PRESENT   CONSTITUTION'.  125 

it  shall  have  origiuated,  who  shall  enter  the  objections  at  large  upon 
their  journals,  and  proceed  to  reconsider  it.  If,  after  such  reconsidera- 
tion, two-thirds  of  that  house  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill,  it  shall  be  sent, 
with  the  objections,  to  the  other  house,  by  which  likewise  it  shall  be  re- 
considered, and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  house,  it  shall  be  a  law; 
but  in  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  houses  shall  be  determined  by  yeas 
and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  persons  voting  for  or  against  the  bill  shall 
be  entered  on  the  journals  of  each  house  respectively.  If  any  bill  shall 
not  be  returned  by  the  Governor  within  ten  days  (Sundays  excepted) 
after  it  shall  have  been  presented  to  him,  the  same  shall  be  a  law,  in  like 
manner  as  if  he  liad  signed  it,  unless  the  General  Assembly,  by  their 
adjournment  prevent  its  return;  in  which  case  it  shall  be  a  law  unless 
sent  back  within  three  days  after  their  next  meeting. 

Sect.  XXIY.  Every  order,  resolution  or  vote  to  which  the  concur- 
rence of  both  houses  may  be  necessary  (except  on  a  question  of  adjourn- 
ment), shall  be  presented  to  the  Governor,  and  before  it  shall  take  eftect, 
be  approved  by  him,  or  being  disapproved,  shall  be  repassed  by  twu- 
thirds  of  both  houses,  according  to  the  rules  and  limitations  prescribe'! 
in  case  of  a  bill. 

Sect.  XXV.  No  corporate  body  shall  be  hereafter  created,  renewed  or 
extended,  with  banking  or  discounting  privileges,  without  six  mouths' 
previous  public  notice  of  the  intended  application  for  the  same,  in  such 
manner  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law;  nor  shall  any  charter  for  the  pur- 
poses aforesaid,  be  granted  for  a  longer  period  than  twenty  years ;  and 
every  such  charter  shall  contain  a  clause  reserving  to  the  Legislature  the 
power  to  alter,  revoke  or  annul  the  same,  whenever,  in  their  opinion,  it 
may  be  injurious  to  the  citizens  of  the  Commonwealth;  in  such  manner, 
however,  that  no  injustice  shall  be  done  to  the  corporators.  No  law 
hereafter  enacted  shall  create,  renew  or  extend  the  charter  of  more  than 
one  corporation. 

Sect.  XXVI.  The  Legislature  shall  have  the  power  to  alter,  revoke  or 
annul,  any  charter  of  incorporation  hereafter  conferred  by  or  under  any 
special  or  general  law,  whenever,  in  their  opinion,  it  may  be  injurious  to 
the  citizens  of  the  Commonwealth;  in  such  manner,  however,  that  no 
injustice  shall  be  done  to  the  corporators. 

ARTICLE  II. 
OF  THE  GOVERNOR. 
Sect.  1.  The  supreme  executive  power  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  be 
vested  in  a  Governor. 

Sect.  II.  The  Governor  shall  be  chosen  on  the  second  Tuesday  ot  Oc- 
tober, by  the  citizens  of  the  Commonwealth,  at  the  places  where  they 
shall  respectively  vote  for  representatives;  the  returns  of  every  election 


126  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

for  Governor  shall  be  sealed  up  and  transmitted  to  the  seat  of  govern- 
ment, directed  to  the  speaker  of  the  senate,  who  shall  open  and  publish 
them  in  the  presence  of  the  members  of  both  houses  of  the  legislature ; 
the  person  having  the  highest  number  of  votes  shall  be  Governor;  but 
if  two  or  more  shall  be  equal  and  highest  in  votes,  one  of  them  shall  be 
chosen  Governor  by  the  joint  vote  of  the  members  of  both  houses.  Con- 
tested elections  shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to  be  selected  from 
both  houses  of  the  legislature,  and  formed  and  regulated  in  such  manner 
as  shall  be  directed  by  law. 

Sect.  III.  The  Governor  shall  hold  his  office  during  three  years  from 
the  third  Tuesday  of  January  next  ensuing  his  election,  and  shall  not  be 
capable  of  holding  it  longer  than  six,  in  any  term  of  nine  years. 

Sect.  IV.  He  shall  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  and  have  been  a 
citizen  and  an  inhabitant  of  this  State  seven  years  next  before  his  elec- 
tion, unless  he  shall  have  been  absent  on  the  public  business  of  the 
United  States  or  of  this  State. 

Sect.  V.  No  member  of  congress,  or  person  holding  any  office  under 
the  United  States  or  of  this  State,  shall  exercise  the  office  of  Governor. 

Sect.  VI.  The  Governor  shall,  at  stated  times,  receive  for  his  services 
a  compensation  which  shall  be  neither  increased  nor  diminished  during 
the  period  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

Sect.  VII.  He  shall  be  commander-in-chief  of  the  army  and  navy  of 
this  commonwealth,  and  of  the  militia,  except  when  they  shall  be  called 
into  actual  service  of  the  United  States. 

Sect.  VIII.  He  shall  appoint  a  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  during 
pleasure ;  and  he  shall  nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent 
of  the  senate,  appoint  all  judicial  officers  of  the  courts  of  record,  unless 
otherwise  provided  for  in  this  constitution.  He  shall  have  power  to  fill 
all  vacancies  that  may  happen  in  such  judicial  offices  during  the  recess 
of  the  senate,  by  granting  commissions,  which  shall  expire  at  the  end  of 
their  next  sessions:  Provided^  That  in  acting  on  executive  nominations 
the  senate  shall  sit  with  open  doors ;  and  in  confirming  or  rejecting  the 
nominations  of  the  Governor,  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays. 

Sect.  IX.  He  shall  have  power  to  remit  fines  and  forfeitures,  and  grant 
reprieves  and  pardons,  except  in  cases  of  impeachment. 

Sect.  X.  He  may  require  information  in  writing,  from  the  officers  of 
the  executive  department,  upon  any  subject  relating  to  the  duties  of  their 
respective  offices. 

Sect.  XI.  He  shall,  from  time  to  time,  give  to  the  General  Assembly 
information  of  the  state  of  the  Commonwealth,  and  recommend  to  their 
consideration  such  measures  as  he  shall  judge  expedient. 

Sect.  XII.  He  may,  on  extraordinary  occasions,  convene  the  General 
Assembly;    and  in  case  of  disagreement  between  the  two  houses  with 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITUTION.  127 

respect  to  the  time  of  adjournment,  adjourn  them  to  such  time  as  he 
shall  think  proper,  not  exceeding  four  months. 

Sect.  XIII.  He  shall  take  care  that  the  laws  be  faithfully  executed. 

Sect.  XIV.  In  case  of  the  death  or  resignation  of  the  Governor,  or  his 
removal  from  office,  the  speaker  of  the  Senate  shall  exercise  the  office  of 
Governor,  until  another  Governor  shall  be  duly  qualified;  but  in  such 
case  another  Governor  shall  be  chosen  at  the  next  annual  election  of 
representatives,  unless  such  death,  resignation  or  removal,  shall  occur 
within  three  calendar  months  immediately  preceding  such  next  annual 
election,  in  which  case  a  Governor  shall  be  chosen  at  the  second  succeed- 
ing annual  election  of  representatives.  And  if  the  trial  of  a  contested 
election  shall  continue  longer  than  until  the  third  Monday  of  January 
next  ensuing  the  election  of  Governor,  the  Governor  of  last  year,  or  the 
speaker  of  the  Senate,  who  may  be  in  the  exercise  of  the  executive 
authority,  shall  continue  therein  until  the  determination  of  such  con- 
tested election,  and  until  a  Governor  shall  be  duly  qualified  as  aforesaid. 

OF  the  secretary  of  the  commonwealth. 
Sect.  XV.  The  secretary  of  the  Commonwealth  shall  keep  a  fair  regis- 
ter of  all  the  official  acts  and  proceedings  of  the  Governor,  and  shall, 
when  required,  lay  the  same  and  all  papers,  minutes  and  vouchers  rela- 
tive thereto,  before  either  branch  of  the  Legislature,  and  shall  perform 
such  other  duties  as  shall  be  enjoined  him  by  law. 

ARTICLE  III. 

OF  elections. 

Sect.  I.  In  elections  by  the  citizens,  every  white  freeman  of  the  age 
of  twenty-one  years,  having  resided  in  this  State  one  year,  and  in  the 
election  district  where  he  offers  to  vote  ten  days  immediately  preceding 
such  election,  and  within  two  years  paid  a  state  or  county  tax,  which  shall 
have  been  assessed  at  least  ten  days  before  the  election,  shall  enjoy  the 
rights  of  an  elector ;  but  a  citizen  of  the  United  States  who  had  previ- 
ously been  a  qualified  voter  of  this  State,  and  removed  therefrom,  and 
returned,  and  who  shall  have  resided  in  the  election  district,  and  paid 
taxes  as  aforesaid,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote,  after  residing  in  the  State  six 
months:  Provided,  That  white  freemen,  citizens  of  the  United  States, 
between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and  twenty-two  years,  and  having  resided 
in  the  State  one  year,  and  in  the  election  district  ten  days,  as  aforesaid, 
shall  be  entitled  to  vote,  although  they  shall  no':  have  paid  taxes. 

Sect.  II.  All  elections  shall  be  by  ballot,  except  those  by  persons  in 
:^heir  representative  capacities,  who  shall  vote  viva  voce. 

Sect.  III.  Electors  shall,  in  all  cases,  except  treason,  felony  and  breach 
or  surety  of  the  peace,  be  privileged  from  arrest  during  their  attendance 
on  elections,  and  in  going  to  and  returning  from  them. 


128  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Sect.  IV.  Whenever  any  of  the  qualified  electors  of  this  Common- 
wealth shall  be  in  any  actual  military  service,  under  a  requisition  from 
the  President  of  the  United  States,  or  by  the  authority  of  this  Common- 
wealth, such  electors  may  exercise  the  right  of  suffrage  in  all  elections 
by  the  citizens,  under  such  regulations  as  are  or  shall  be  prescribed  by 
law,  as  fully  as  if  they  were  present  at  their  usual  place  of  election. 

ARTICLE  IV. 
OF  IMPEACHMENT. 

Sect.  I.  The  House  of  Representatives  shall  have  the  sole  power  of 
impeaching. 

Sect.  II.  All  impeachments  shall  be  tried  by  the  Senate.  When  sitting 
for  that  purpose,  the  Senators  shall  be  upon  oath  or  affirmation.  No 
person  shall  be  convicted  without  the  concurrence  of  two -thirds  of  the 
members  present. 

•  Sect.  III.  The  Governor  and  all  other  civil  officers  under  this  Com- 
monwealth, shall  be  liable  to  impeachment  for  any  misdemeanor  in  office ; 
but  judgment  in  such  cases  shall  not  extend  further  than  to  removal  from 
office,  and  disqualification  to  hold  any  office  of  honor,  trust  or  profit, 
under  this  Commonwealth;  the  party,  whether  convicted  or  acquitted, 
shall  nevertheless  be  liable  to  indictment,  trial,  judgment  and  punish- 
ment, according  to  law. 

ARTICLE  V. 

OF  THE  JUDICIARY. 

Sect.  I.  The  judicial  power  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  be  vested  in  a 
supreme  court,  in  courts  of  oyer  and  terminer  and  general  jail  delivery, 
in  a  court  of  common  pleas,  orphans'  court,  register's  court  and  a  court 
of  quarter  sessions  of  the  peace  for  each  county;  in  justices  of  the  peace, 
and  in  such  other  courts  as  the  legislature  may  from  time  to  time  es- 
tablish. 

Sect  II.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court,  of  the  several  courts  of 
common  pleas,  and  of  such  other  courts  of  record  as  are  or  shall  be 
established  by  law,  shall  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  Com- 
monwealth in  the  manner  following,  to  wit:  The  judges  of  the  supreme 
court,  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the  Commonwealth  at  large ;  the  presi- 
dent judges  of  the  several  courts  of  common  pleas,  and  of  such  other 
courts  of  record  as  are  or  shall  be  established  by  law,  and  all  other 
judges  required  to  be  learned  in  the  law,  by  the  qualified  electors  of  the 
respective  districts  over  which  they  are  to  preside  or  act  as  judges:  and 
the  associate  judges  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas  by  the  qualified  elec- 
tors of  the  counties  respectively.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall 
hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  fifteen  years,  if  they  shall  so  long  behave 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITUTION.  125» 

themselves  well  (subject  to  tlie  allotiaeut  hereinai'tcr  provided  for,  sub- 
sequent to  tlie  first  election.)  The  president  judges  of  the  several  courts 
of  common  pleas,  and  of  such  other  courts  of  record  as  are  or  shall  be 
established  by  law,  and  all  other  judges  required  to  be  learned  in  the 
law,  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  ten  years,  if  they  shall  so  long 
behave  themselves  well.  The  associate  judges  of  the  courts  of  common 
pleas  shall  hold  their  offices  for  the  term  of  five  years,  if  they  shall  so 
long  behave  themselves  well:  all  of  whom  shall  be  commissioned  by  the 
Governor,  but  for  any  reasonable  cause  which  shall  not  be  sufficient 
grounds  of  impeachment,  the  Governor  shall  remove  any  of  them  on  the 
address  of  two-thirds  of  each  branch  of  the  legislature.  The  first  election 
shall  take  place  at  the  general  election  of  this  commonwealth  next  after 
the  adoption  of  this  amendment,  and  the  commissions  of  all  the  judges 
who  may  be  then  in  office  shall  expire  on  the  first  Monday  of  December 
following,  when  the  terms  of  the  new  judges  shall  commence.  The  per- 
sons who  shall  then  be  elected  judges  of  the  supreme  court  shall  hold 
their  offices  as  follows:  one  of  them  for  three  years,  one  for  six  years, 
one  for  nine  years,  one  for  twelve  years,  and  one  for  fifteen  years ;  the 
term  of  each  to  be  decided  by  lot  by  said  judges  as  soon  after  the  elec- 
tion as  convenient,  and  the  result  certified  by  them  to  the  Governor, 
that  the  commissions  may  be  issued  in  accordance  thereto.  The  judge 
whose  commission  will  first  expire  shall  be  chief  justice  during  his  term, 
and  thereafter  each  judge  whose  commission  shall  first  expire  shall  in 
turn  be  the  chief  justice,  and  if  two  or  more  commissions  shall  expire  on 
the  same  day,  the  judges  holding  them  shall  decide  by  lot  which  shall  be 
the  chief  justice.  Any  vacancies  happening  by  death,  resignation  or 
otherwise,  in  any  of  the  said  courts,  shall  be  filled  by  appointment  by 
the  Governor,  to  continue  till  the  first  Monday  of  December  succeeding 
the  next  general  election.  The  judges  of  the  supreme  court  and  the 
presidents  of  the  several  courts  of  common  pleas  shall,  at  stated  timed, 
receive  for  their  services  an  adequate  compensation,  to  be  fixed  by  law, 
which  shall  not  be  diminished  during  their  continuance  in  office,  but  they 
shall  receive  no  fees  or  perquisites  of  office,  nor  hold  any  other  office 
of  profit  under  this  Commonwealth,  or  under  the  government  of  the 
United  States,  or  any  other  State  of  this  Union.  The  judges  of  the 
supreme  court  during  their  continuance  in  office  shall  reside  withm  this 
Commonwealth,  and  the  other  judges  during  their  continuance  in  office 
shall  reside  within  the  district  or  county  for  which  they  were  respectively 

elected. 

Sect  III.  Until  otherwise  directed  by  law,  the  courts  of  common  pleas 
shall  continue  as  at  present  established.  Not  more  than  five  counties 
shall  at  any  time  be  included  in  one  judicial  district  organized  for  said 

courts. 

9k 


130  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

Sect,  IV.  The  jurisdiction  of  the  supreme  court  shall  extend  over 
the  State;  and  the  judges  thereof  shall,  by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be 
justices  of  oyer  and  terminer  and  general  jail  delivery,  in  the  several 
counties. 

Sect.  V.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  in  each  county  shall, 
by  virtue  of  their  offices,  be  justices  of  oyer  and  terminer  and  general 
jail  delivery,  for  the  trial  of  capital  and  other  ofienders  therein ;  any  two 
of  the  said  judges,  the  president  being  one,  shall  be  a  quorum;  but  they 
shall  not  hold  a  court  of  oyer  and  terminer  or  jail  delivery  in  any  county, 
when  the  judges  of  the  supreme  court  or  any  of  them,  shall  be  sitting 
in  the  same  county.  The  party  accused  as  well  as  the  Commonwealth 
may,  itnder  such  regulations  as  shall  be  prescribed  by  law,  remove  the 
indictment  and  proceedings,  or  a  transcript  thereof,  into  the  supreme 
court. 

Sect.  VI.  The  supreme  court  and  the  several  courts  of  common  pleas 
shall,  beside  the  powers  heretofore  usually  exercised  by  them,  have  the 
power  of  a  court  of  chancery,  so  far  as  relates  to  the  perpetuating  of  tes- 
timony, the  obtaining  of  evidence  from  places  not  within  the  State,  and 
the  care  of  the  persons  and  estates  of  those  who  are  non  compos  mentis  ; 
and  the  Legislature  shall  vest  in  the  said  courts  such  other  powers  to 
grant  relief  in  equity,  as  shall  be  found  necessary,  and  may,  from  time  to 
time,  enlarge  or  diminish  those  powers,  or  vest  them  in  such  other  courts 
as  they  shall  judge  proper,  for  the  due  administration  of  justice. 

Sect.  VII.  The  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  of  each  county, 
any  two  of  whom  shall  be  a  quorum,  shall  compose  the  court  of  quarter 
sessions  of  the  peace,  and  orphans'  court  thereof;  and  the  register  of 
wills,  together  with  the  said  judges,  or  any  two  of  them,  shall  compose 
the  register's  court  for  each  county. 

Sect.  VIII.  The  judges  of  the  courts  of  common  pleas  shall,  within 
their  respective  counties,  have  the  like  powers  with  the  judges  of  the 
Supreme  court  to  issue  writs  of  certiorari  to  the  justices  of  the  peace,  and 
to  cause  their  proceedings  to  be  brought  before  them,  and  the  like  right 
and  justice  to  be  done. 

Sect.  IX.  The  president  of  the  court  in  each  circuit  within  such  circuit, 
and  the  judges  of  the  court  of  common  pleas  within  their  respective 
counties,  shall  be  justices  of  the  peace,  so  far  as  relates  to  criminal  matters. 

Sect.  X.  A  register's  office,  for  the  probate  of  wills  and  granting  letters 
of  administration,  and  an  office  for  the  recording  of  deeds,  shall  be  kept 
in  each  county. 

Sect,  XI.  The  style  of  all  process  shall  be  "  The  Commonwealth  of 
Pennsylvania,"  All  prosecutions  shall  be  carried  on  in  the  name  and  by 
the  authority  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  and  conclude 
"  against  the  peace  and  dignity  of  the  same." 


THE    PRESENT   CONSTITUTIOX.  131 

ARTICLE  VI. 
OF  SHERIFFS  AND  CORONERS. 

Sect.  I.  Sheriffs  and  coroners  shall,  at  the  times  and  places  of  election 
of  representatives,  be  chosen  by  the  citizens  of  each  county.  One  person 
shall  be  chosen  for  each  office,  who  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  Gov- 
ernor. They  shall  hold  their  offices  for  three  years,  if  they  shall  so  long 
behave  themselves  well,  and  until  a  successor  be  duly  qualified;  but  no 
person  shall  be  twice  chosen  or  appointed  sheriff"  in  any  term  of  six  years. 
Vacancies  in  either  of  the  said  offices  shall  be  filled  by  an  appointment, 
to  be  made  by  the  Governor,  to  continue  until  the  next  general  election, 
and  until  a  successor  shall  be  chosen  and  qualified  as  aforesaid. 

OF    THE  MILITIA. 

Sect.  II.  The  freemen  of  this  Commonwealth  shall  be  armed,  organ- 
ized and  disciplined  for  its  defence,  when,  and  in  such  manner  as  may  be 
directed  by  law.  Those  who  conscientiously  scruple  to  bear  arms,  shall 
not  be  compelled  to  do  so,  but  shall  pay  an  equivalent  for  personal 
service. 

OF  PUBLIC  OFFICERS. 

Sect.  III.  Prothonotaries  of  the  supreme  court  shall  be  appointed  by 
the  said  court  for  the  term  of  three  years,  if  they  so  long  behave  them- 
selves well.  Prothonotaries  and  clerks  of  the  several  other  courts,  record- 
ers of  deeds  and  registers  of  wills,  shall  at  the  times  and  places  of  election 
of  representatives,  be  elected  by  the  qualified  electors  of  each  county,  or 
the  districts  over  which  the  jurisdiction  of  said  courts  extends,  and  shall  be 
commissioned  by  the  Governor.  They  shall  hold  their  offices  for  three 
years  if  they  shall  so  long  behave  themselves  well,  and  until  their  suc- 
cessors shall  be  duly  qualified.  The  legislature  shall  provide  by  law  the 
number  of  persons  in  each  county  who  shall  hold  said  offices,  and  how 
many  and  which  of  said  offices  shall  be  held  by  one  person.  Vacancies 
in  any  of  the  said  offices  shall  be  filled  by  appointments  to  be  made  by 
the  Governor,  to  continue  until  the  next  general  election,  and  until  suc- 
cessors shall  be  elected  and  qualified  as  aforesaid. 

Sect.  IV.  Prothonotaries,  clerks  of  the  peace  and  orphans'  court.s, 
recorders  of  deeds,  registers  of  wills  and  sherifis,  shall  keep  their  offices 
in  the  county  town  of  the  county  in  which  they  respectively  shall  be 
officers,  unless  when  the  Governor  shall,  for  special  reasons,  dispense 
therewith,  for  any  term  not  exceeding  five  years  after  the  county  shall 
have  been  erected. 

OF  COMMISSIONS. 

Sect.  V.  All  commissions  shall  be  in  the  name  and  by  the  authority 


182  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

of  the  Commonwealtli  of  Pennsylvania,  and  be  sealed  with  the  State  seal, 
and  signed  by  the  Governor. 

OF  STATE  TREASURER. 

Sect.  VI.  A  State  treasurer  shall  be  elected  annually,  by  joint  vote  of 
both  branches  of  the  legislature. 

OF  JUSTICES  OF  THE  PEACE  AND  ALDERMEN  AND  OTHER  OFFICERS. 

Sect.  VII.  Justices  of  the  peace,  or  aldermen,  shall  be  elected  in  the 
several  wards,  boroughs  and  townships,  at  the  time  of  the  election  of 
constables,  by  the  qualified  voters  thereof,  in  such  number  as  shall  be 
directed  by  law,  and  shall  be  commissioned  by  the  Governor  for  a  term 
of  five  years.  But  no  township,  ward  or  borough,  shall  elect  more  than 
two  justices  of  the  peace  or  aldermen,  without  the  consent  of  a  majority 
of  the  qualified  electors  within  such  township,  ward  or  borough. 

Sect.  VIII.  All  officers  whose  election  or  appointment  is  not  provided 
for  in  this  constitution,  shall  be  elected  or  appointed  as  shall  be  directed 
by  law.  No  person  shall  be  appointed  to  any  office  within  any  county  who 
shall  not  have  been  a  citizen  and  an  inhabitant  therein  one  year  next  be- 
fore his  appointment,  if  the  county  shall  have  been  so  long  erected;  but  if 
it  shall  not  have  been  so  long  erected,  then  within  the  limits  of  the  county 
or  counties  out  of  which  it  shall  have  been  taken.  No  member  of  con- 
gress from  this  state,  or  any  person  holding  or  exercising  any  office  or 
appointment  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  United  States,  shall  at  the  same 
time  hold  or  exercise  any  office  in  this  State,  to  which  a  salary  is,  or  fees 
or  perquisites  are  by  law  annexed,  and  the  legislature  may  by  law  de- 
clare what  state  offices  are  incompatible.  No  member  of  the  senate,  or 
of  the  house  of  representatives,  shall  be  appointed  by  the  Governor  to 
any  office  during  the  term  for  which  he  shall  have  been  elected. 

OF  MISBEHAVIOUR  IN  OFFICE. 

Sect.  IX.  All  officers,  for  a  term  of  years,  shall  hold  their  offices  for 
the  terms  respectively  specified,  only  on  the  condition  that  they  so  long 
behave  themselves  well ;  and  shall  be  removed  on  conviction  of  misbe- 
havior in  office,  or  of  any  infamous  crime. 

DUELLING. 

Sect.  X.  Any  person  who  shall,  after  the  adoption  of  the  amendments 
proposed  by  this  convention  to  the  constitution,  fight  a  duel,  or  send  a 
challenge  for  that  purpose,  or  be  aider  or  abettor  in  fighting  a  duel,  shall 
be  deprived  of  the  right  of  holding  any  office  of  honor  or  profit  in  this 
state,  and  shall  be  punished  otherwise  in  such  manner  as  is,  or  may  be 
prescribed  by  law;  but  the  executive  may  remit  the  said  offence  and  all 
its  disqualifications. 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITUTION.  133 

ARTICLE  VII. 
EDUCATION. 

Sect.  I.  The  legislature  shall,  as  soon  as  conveniently  may  be,  provide 
by  law  for  the  establishment  of  schools  throughout  the  State,  in  such 
manner  that  the  poor  may  be  taught  gratis. 

Sect.  II.  The  arts  and  sciences  shall  be  promoted  in  one  or  more  sem- 
inaries of  learning. 

RELIGIOUS   societies   AND   CORPORATIONS. 

Sect.  III.  The  rights,  privileges,  immunities  and  estates  of  religious 
societies  and  corporate  bodies,  shall  remain  as  if  the  constitution  of  this 
State  had  not  been  altered  or  amended. 

Sect.  TV.  The  legislature  shall  not  invest  any  corporate  body  or  in- 
dividual with  the  privilege  of  taking  private  property  for  public  use, 
without  requiring  such  corporation  or  individual  to  make  compensation 
to  the  owners  of  said  property,  or  give  adequate  security  therefor  before 
such  property  shall  be  taken. 

ARTICLE  VIII. 
OF   THE   OATH   OF   OFFICE. 

Members  of  the  general  assembly,  and  all  officers,  executive  and  ju- 
dicial, shall  be  bound  by  oath  or  affirmation,  to  support  the  constitution 
of  this  commonwealth,  and  to  perform  the  duties  of  their  respective 
offices  with  fidelity. 

ARTICLE  IX. 

DECLARATION   OF    RIGHTS. 

That  the  general,  great  and  essential  principles  of  liberty  and  Iree 
government  may  be  recognised  and  unalterably  established,  We  declare 
THAT 

Sect.  I.  All  men  arc  born  equally  free  and  independent,  and  have 
certain  inherent  and  indefeasible  rights,  among  which  are  those  of  en- 
joying and  defending  life  and  liberty,  of  acquiring,  possessing  and  pro- 
tecting property  and  reputation,  and  of  pursuing  their  own  happiness. 

Sect.  II.  That  all  power  is  inherent  in  the  people,  and  all  free  govern- 
ments are  founded  on  their  authority,  and  instituted  for  their  peace, 
safety  and  happiness:  For  the  advancement  of  these  ends,  they  have  at 
all  times  an  unalienable  and  indefeasible  right  to  alter,  reform  or  abolish 
their  government,  in  such  manner  as  they  may  think  proper. 

Sect.  III.  That  all  men  have  a  natural  and  indefeasible  right  to  wor- 
ship Almighty  God  according  to  the  dictates  of  their  own  consciences; 
that  no  man  can  of  right  be  compelled  to  attend,  erect  or  support  any  place 
of  worship,  or  to  maintain  any  ministry  against  his  consent;  no  human 


134  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

authority  can,  in  any  case  whatever,  control,  or  interfere  with  the  rights 
ef  conscience ;  and  no  preference  shall  ever  be  given  by  law  to  any  re- 
ligious establishments,  or  modes  of  worship. 

Sect.  IV.  That  no  person  who  acknowledges  the  being  of  a  God,  and 
a  future  state  of  rewards  and  punishments,  shall,  on  account  of  his  re- 
ligious sentiments,  be  disqualified  to  hold  any  office,  or  place  of  trust  or 
profit,  under  this  commonwealth. 

Sect.  V.  That  elections  shall  be  free  and  equal. 

Sect.  VI.  That  trial  by  jury  shall  be  as  heretofore,  and  the  right 
thereof  remain  inviolate. 

Sect.  VII.  That  the  printing  presses  shall  be  free  to  every  person  who 
undertakes  to  examine  the  proceedings  of  the  legislature,  or  any  branch 
of  government ;  and  no  law  shall  ever  be  made  to  restrain  the  right 
thereof.  The  free  communication  of  thoughts  and  opinions  is  one  of 
the  invaluable  rights  of  man ;  and  every  citizen  may  freely  speak,  write 
and  print  on  any  subject;  being  responsible  for  the  abuse  of  that  liberty. 
In  prosecutions  for  the  publication  of  papers  investigating  the  official 
conduct  of  officers,  or  men  in  public  capacity,  or  where  the  matter  pub- 
lished is  proper  for  public  information,  the  truth  thereof  may  be  given 
in  evidence ;  and  in  all  indictments  for  libels,  the  jury  shall  have  a  right 
to  determine  the  law  and  the  facts,  under  the  direction  of  the  court,  as 
in  other  cases. 

Sect.  VIII.  That  the  people  shall  be  secure  in  their  persons,  houses, 
papers  and  possessions,  from  unreasonable  searches  and  seizures;  and 
that  no  warrant  to  search  any  place,  or  to  seize  any  person  or  things 
shall  issue,  without  describing  them  as  nearly  as  may  be,  nor  without 
probable  cause  supported  by  oath  or  affirmation. 

Sect.  IX.  That  in  all  criminal  prosecutions,  the  accused  hath  a  right 
to  be  heard  by  himself  and  his  counsel,  to  demand  the  nature  and  cause 
of  the  accusation  against  him,  to  meet  the  witnesses  face  to  face,  to  have 
compulsory  process  for  obtaining  witnesses  in  his  favor ;  and  in  prosecu- 
tions by  indictment,  or  information,  a  speedy  public  trial  by  an  impartial 
jury  of  the  vicinage:  He  cannot  be  compelled  to  give  evidence  against 
himself,  nor  can  he  be  deprived  of  his  life,  liberty  or  property,  unless  by 
the  judgment  of  his  peers,  or  the  law  of  the  land. 

Sect.  X.  That  no  person  shall,  for  any  indictable  offence,  be  proceeded 
against  criminally  by  information,  except  in  cases  arising  in  the  land  or 
naval  forces,  or  in  the  militia,  when  in  actual  service  in  time  of  war  or 
public  danger;  or  by  leave  of  the  court  for  oppression  or  midemeanor 
in  office.  No  person  shall  for  the  same  offence  be  twice  put  in  jeopardy 
of  life  or  limb ;  nor  shall  any  man's  property  be  taken  or  applied  to 
public  use,  without  the  consent  of  his  representatives,  and  without  just 
compensation  being  made. 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITUTION,  135 

Sect.  XI.  That  all  courts  shall  be  open,  and  every  man  for  an  injury 
done  him  in  his  lands,  goods,  person  or  reputation,  shall  have  remedy  by 
the  due  course  of  law,  and  right  and  justice  administered  without  sale, 
denial  or  delay.  Suits  may  be  brought  against  the  commonwealth  in 
such  manner,  in  such  courts  and  in  such  cases,  as  the  legislature  may  by 
law  direct. 

Sect.  XII.  That  no  power  of  suspending  laws  shall  be  exercised  un- 
less by  the  legislature  or  its  authority. 

Sect.  XIII.  That  excessive  bail  shall  not  be  required,  nor  excessive 
fines  imposed,  nor  cruel  punishments  inflicted. 

Sect,  XIV.  That  all  prisoners  shall  be  bailable  by  sufficient  sureties 
unless  for  capital  oflences,  when  the  proof  is  evident  or  presumption 
great ;  and  the  privilege  of  the  writ  of  habeas  corpus  shall  not  be  sus- 
pended, unless  when,  in  cases  of  rebellion  or  invasion,  the  public  safety 
may  require  it. 

Sect.  XY,  That  no  commission  of  oyer  and  terminer  or  jail  delivery 
shall  be  issued. 

Sect,  XYI,  That  the  person  of  a  debtor,  where  there  is  not  strong 
presumption  of  fraud,  shall  not  be  continued  in  prison  after  delivering  up 
his  estate  for  the  benefit  of  his  creditors,  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  pre- 
scribed by  law. 

Sect,  XYII.  That  no  ex  post  facto  law,  nor  any  law  impairing  con- 
tracts, shall  be  made. 

Sect,  XYIII,  That  no  person  shall  be  attainted  of  treason  or  felony  by 
the  legislature. 

Sect,  XIX,  That  no  attainder  shall  work  corrugation  of  blood,  nor, 
except  during  the  life  of  the  offender,  forfeiture  of  estate  to  the  common- 
wealth ;  that  the  estates  of  such  persons  as  shall  destroy  their  own  lives, 
shall  descend  or  vest  as  in  case  of  natural  death;  and  if  any  person  shall 
be  killed  by  casuality,  there  shall  be  no  forfeiture  by  reason  thereof. 

Sect,  XX,  That  the  citizens  have  a  right,  in  a  peaceable  manner,  to 
assemble  together  for  their  common  good,  and  to  apply  to  those  invested 
with  the  powers  of  government,  for  redress  of  grievances,  or  other  proper 
purposes,  by  petition,  address  or  remonstrance. 

Sect,  XXI,  That  the  right  of  the  citizens  to  bear  arms,  in  defence  of 
themselves  and  the  State,  shall  not  be  questioned. 

Sect.  XXII,  That  no  standing  army  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  kept 
up  without  the  consent  of  the  legislature;  and  the  military  shall,  in  all 
cases  and  at  all  times,  be  in  strict  subordination  to  the  civil  power. 

Sect.  XXIII.  That  no  soldier  shall,  in  time  of  peace,  be  quartered  in 
any  house,  without  the  consent  of  the  owner;  nor  in  time  of  war,  l)ut  in 
a  manner  to  be  prescribed  by  law. 

Sect.  XXIY.  That  the  legislature  shall  not  grant  any  title  of  nobility 


136  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

or  hereditary  distinction,  nor  create  any  office,  the  appointment  to  which 
shall  be  for  a  longer  term  than  during  good  behavior. 

Sect.  XXV.  The  emigration  from  the  State  shall  not  be  prohibited. 

Sect.  XXVI.  To  guard  against  transgressions  of  the  high  powers 
which  we  have  delegated,  we  declare,  that  every  thing  in  this  article  is 
excepted  out  of  the  general  powers  of  government,  and  shall  for  ever 
remain  inviolate. 

ARTICLE  X. 

OF  AMENDMENTS. 

Any  amendment  or  amendments  to  this  constitution  may  be  proposed 
in  the  Senate  or  House  of  Eepresentatives,  and  if  the  same  shall  be  agreed 
to  by  a  majority  of  the  members  elected  to  each  House,  such  proposed 
amendment  or  amendments  shall  be  entered  on  their  journals,  with  the 
yeas  and  nays  taken  thereon,  and  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth 
shall  cause  the  same  to  be  published  three  months  before  the  next  elec- 
tion, in  at  least  one  newspaper  in  every  county  in  which  a  newspaper 
shall  be  published ;  and  if  in  the  legislature  next  afterwards  chosen,  such 
proposed  amendment  or  amendments  shall  be  agreed  to  by  a  majority  of 
the  members  elected  to  each  House,  the  Secretary  of  the  Commonwealth 
shall  cause  the  same  again  to  be  published  in  the  manner  aforesaid,  and 
such  proposed  amendment  or  amendments  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people 
in  such  manner  and  at  such  time,  at  least  three  months  after  being  so 
agreed  to  by  the  two  Houses,  as  the  legislature  shall  prescribe;  and  if  the 
people  shall  approve  and  ratify  such  amendment  or  amendments,  by  a 
majority  of  the  qualified  voters  of  this  State  voting  thereon,  such  amend- 
ment or  amendments  shall  become  a  part  of  the  constitution ;  but  no 
amendment  or  amendments  shall  be  submitted  to  the  people  oftener  than 
once  in  five  years :  Provided^  That  if  more  than  one  amendment  be  sub- 
mitted, they  shall  be  submitted  in  such  manner  and  form  that  the  people 
may  vote  for  or  against  each  amendment  separately  and  distinctly. 

ARTICLE  XI. 

OF  PUBLIC  DEBTS. 

Sect.  I.  The  State  may  contract  debts,  to  supply  casual  deficits  or 
failures  in  revenues,  or  to  meet  expenses  not  otherwise  provided  for ;  but 
the  aggregate  amount  of  such  debts  direct  and  contingent,  whether  con- 
tracted by  virtue  of  one  or  more  acts  of  the  General  Assembly,  or  at  dif- 
ferent periods  of  time,  shall  never  exceed  seven  hundred  and  fifty  thousand 
dollars,  and  the  money  arising  from  the  creation  of  such  debts,  shall  be 
applied  to  the  purpose  for  which  it  was  obtained,  or  to  repay  the  debts 
so  contracted,  and  to  no  other  purpose  whatever. 

Sect.  II.  In  addition  to  the  above  limited  power,  the  State  may  contract 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITUTION.  187 

debts  to  repel  invasion,  suppress  insurrection,  defend  the  State  in  war,  or 
to  redeem  the  present  outstanding  indebtedness  of  the  State;  but  the 
money  arising  from  the  contracting  of  such  debt  sliall  be  appHed  to  the 
purpose  for  which  it  was  raised,  or  to  repay  such  debts,  and  to  no  other 
purpose  whatever. 

Sect.  III.  Except  the  debts  above  speciticd,  in  sections  one  and  two  of 
this  article,  no  debt  whatever  shall  be  created  bv  or  on  behalf  of  the  State. 

Sect.  IV.  To  provide  for  the  payment  of  tlie  present  debt,  and  any 
additional  debt  contracted  as  aforesaid,  the  legislature  shall,  at  its  first 
session  after  the  adoption  of  this  amendment,  create  a  sinking  fund,  which 
shall  be  sufficient  to  pay  the  accruing  interest  on  such  debt,  and  annually 
to  reduce  the  principal  thereof  by  a  sum  not  less  than  two  hundred  and 
fifty  thousand  dollars;  which  sinking  fund  shall  consist  of  the  net  annual 
income  of  the  public  works,  from  time  to  time  owned  by  the  State,  or 
the  proceeds  of  the  sale  of  the  same,  or  any  part  thereof,  and  of  the  in- 
come or  proceeds  of  sale  of  stocks  owned  by  the  State,  together  with 
other  funds  or  resources  that  may  be  designated  by  law.  The  said  sink- 
ing fund  may  be  increased,  from  time  to  time,  by  assigning  to  it  any 
part  of  the  taxes,  or  other  revenues  of  the  State,  not  required  for  the 
ordinary  and  current  expenses  of  government,  and  unless  in  case  of  war, 
invasion  or  insurrection,  no  part  of  the  said  sinking  fund  shall  be  used 
or  applied  otherwise  than  in  extinguishment  of  the  public  debt,  until  the 
amount  of  such  debt  is  reduced  below  the  sum  of  five  millions  of  dollars. 

Sect.  V.  The  credit  of  the  commonwealth  shall  not  in  any  manner  or 
event  be  pledged  or  loaned  to  any  individual,  company,  corporation  or 
association ;  nor  shall  the  commonwealth  hereafter  become  a  joint  owner 
or  stockholder  in  any  company,  association  or  corporation. 

Sect.  VI.  The  commonwealth  shall  not  assume  the  debt,  or  any  part 
thereof,  of  any  county,  city,  borough  or  township;  or  of  any  corporation 
or  association;  unless  such  debt  shall  have  been  contracted  to  enable  the 
State  to  repel  invasion,  suppress  domestic  insurrection,  defend  itself  in 
time  of  war,  or  to  assist  the  State  in  the  discharge  of  any  portion  of  its 
present  indebtedness. 

Sect.  VII.  The  legislature  shall  not  authorize  any  county,  city,  bor- 
ough, township  or  incorporated  district,  by  virtue  of  a  vote  of  its  citizens, 
or  otherwise,  to  become  a  stockholder  in  any  company,  as.sociation  or 
corporation;  or  to  obtain  money  for,  or  loan  its  credit  to  any  corpo- 
ration, association,  institution  or  party. 

Sect.  VIII.  No  bill  shall  be  passed  by  the  legislature,  containing  more 
than  one  subject,  which  shall  be  clearly  expressed  in  the  title,  except 
appropriation  bills. 

Sect.  IX.  No  bill  shall  be  passed  by  the  legislature  grantmg  any 
powers  or  privileges,  in  any  case,  where  the  authority  to  grant  such 


138  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

powers  or  privileges  lias  been,  or  may  hereafter  be,  conferred  u})on  the 
courts  of  this  Commonwealth. 

ARTICLE  XII. 

OF   NEW    COUNTIES. 

No  county  shall  be  divided  by  a  line  cutting  off  over  one-tenth  of  its 
population  (either  to  form  a  new  county  or  otherwise,)  without  the  ex- 
press assent  of  such  county,  by  a  vote  of  the  electors  thereof;  nor  shall 
any  new  county  be  established,  containing  less  than  four  hundred  square 
miles. 

SCHEDULE  TO  THE  AMENDMENTS  OF  1838. 

That  no  inconvenience  may  arise  from  the  alterations  and  amendments 
in  the  constitution  of  this  Commonwealth,  and  in  order  to  carry  the  same 
into  complete  operation,  it  is  hereby  declared  and  ordained  that 

I.  All  laws  of  this  Commonwealth,  in  force  at  the  time  when  the  said 
alterations  and  amendments  in  the  said  constitution  shall  take  effect,  and 
not  inconsistent  therewith,  and  all  rights,  actions,  prosecutions,  claims 
and  contracts,  as  well  of  individuals  as  of  bodies  corporate,  shall  continue 
as  if  the  said  alterations  and  amendments  had  not  been  made. 

II.  The  alterations  and  amendments  in  the  said  constitution  shall  take 
effect  from  the  first  day  of  January  1839. 

III.  The  clauses,  sections  and  articles  of  the  said  constitution,  which 
remain  unaltered,  shall  continue  to  be  construed  and  have  effect  as  if  the 
said  constitution  had  not  been  amended. 

IV.  The  General  Assembly  which  shall  convene  in  December  1838, 
shall  continue  its  session  as  heretofore,  notwithstanding  the  provisions  in 
the  eleventh  section  of  the  first  article,  and  shall,  at  all  times,  be  regarded 
as  the  first  General  Assembly  under  the  amended  constitution. 

Y.  The  Governor  who  shall  be  elected  in  October  1838,  shall  be  inaugu- 
rated on  the  third  Tuesday  in  January  1839 ;  to  which  time  the  present 
executive  term  is  hereby  extended. 

VI.  The  commissions  of  the  judges  of  the  Supreme  court,  who  may 
be  in  ofEice  on  the  first  day  of  January  next,  shall  expire  in  the  follow- 
ing manner :  The  commission  which  bears  the  earliest  date  shall  expire 
on  the  first  day  of  January,  Anno  Domini  1842 ;  the  commission  next 
dated  shall  expire  on  the  first  day  of  January,  Anno  Domini  1815 ;  the 
commission  next  dated  shall  expire  on  the  first  day  of  Januarj^,  Anno 
Domini  1848 ;  the  commission  next  dated  shall  expire  on  the  first  day  of 
January,  Anno  Domini  1851;  and  the  commission  last  dated  shall  expire 
on  the  first  day  of  January,  Anno  Domini  1854. 

VII.  The  commissions  of  the  president  judges  of  the  several  judicial 
districts,  and  of  the  associate  law  judges  of  the  first  judicial  district,  shall 


THE   PRESENT   CONSTITLTTIOX.  13!> 

expire  as  follows:  The  commissions  of  one-half  of  tliosf  who  shall  ha%v 
held  their  offices  ten  years  or  more  at  the  adoption  of  the  amendments  to 
the  constitution,  shall  expire  on  the  twentv-scventh  dav  of  l<\.],ruary 
1839;  the  commissions  of  the  other  half  of  thos."  who  shall  have  held 
their  offices  ten  years  or  more,  at  the  adoption  of  the  amendments  to  the 
constitution,  shall  expire  on  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  February  1842 ; 
the  first  half  to  embrace  those  whose  commissions  shall  bear  the  oldest 
date.  The  commissions  of  all  the  remaining  judges,  who  shall  not  have 
held  their  offices  for  ten  years  at  the  adoption  of  the  amendments  to  the 
constitution,  shall  expire  on  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  February  next, 
after  the  end  of  ten  years  from  the  date  of  their  commissions. 

VIII.  The  recorders  of  the  several  mayors'  courts,  and  other  criminal 
courts  in  this  commonwealth,  shall  be  appointed  for  the  same  time  and 
in  the  same  manner  as  the  president  judges  of  the  several  judicial  dis- 
tricts ;  of  those  now  in  office,  the  commission  oldest  in  date  shall  expire 
on  the  twenty-seventh  day  of  February  1841,  and  the  others  every  two 
years  thereafter,  according  to  their  respective  dates ;  those  oldest  in  date 
expiring  first. 

IX.  The  legislature,  at  its  first  session  under  the  amended  constitution, 
shall  divide  the  other  associate  judges  of  the  State  into  four  classes.  The 
commissions  of  those  of  the  first  class  shall  expire  on  the  twenty-seventh 
day  of  February  1840 ;  of  those  of  the  second  class  on  the  twenty-seventh 
day  of  February  1841 ;  and  of  those  of  third  class  on  the  twenty-seventh 
day  of  February  1842 ;  and  of  those  of  the  fourth  class  on  the  twenty- 
seventh  day  of  February  1843.  The  said  classes,  from  the  first  to  the 
fourth,  shall  be  arranged  according  to  the  seniority  of  the  commissions 
of  the  several  judges. 

X.  Prothonotaries,  clerks  of  the  several  courts  (except  the  supreme 
court,)  recorders  of  deeds,  and  registers  of  wills,  shall  be  first  elected, 
under  the  amended  constitution,  at  the  election  of  representatives,  in  the 
year  1839,  in  such  manner  as  may  be  prescribed  by  law. 

XI.  The  appointing  power  shall  remain  as  heretofore,  and  all  officers 
in  the  appointment  of  the  executive  department,  shall  continue  in  the 
exercise  of  the  duties  of  their  respectiue  offices,  until  the  legislature  shall 
pass  such,  laws  as  may  be  required  by  the  eighth  section  of  the  sixth 
article  of  the  amended  constitution,  and  until  appointments  sljall  be  made 
under  such  laws,  unless  their  commissions  shall  be  superseded  b}'  new 
appointments,  or  shall  sooner  expire  by  their  own  limitations,  or  the 
said  offices  shall  become  vacant  by  death  or  resignation;  and  such  laws 
shall  be  enacted  by  the  first  legislature  under  the  amended  constitution. 

XII.  The  first  election  for  aldermen  and  justices  of  the  peace  shall  be 
held  in  the  year  1840,  at  the  time  fixed  for  the  election  of  constables. 
The  legislature,  at  its  first  session  under  the  amended  constitution,  shall 


140  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

provide  for  the  said  election,  and  for  subsequent  similar  elections.  The 
aldermen  and  justices  of  the  peace  now  in  commission,  or  who  may  in 
the  interim  be  appointed,  shall  continue  to  discharge  the  duties  of  their 
respective  offices  until  fifteen  days  after  the  day  which  shall  be  fixed  by 
law  for  the  issuing  of  new  commissions,  at  the  expiration  of  which  time 
their  commissions  shall  expire. 


THE    CHARTER   OF   THE    BOROUGH    OF    LANCASTER.  141 


No.  11. 
THE  CHARTER  OF  THE  BOROUGH  OF    LANCASTER. 

GEORGE  the  Second,  by  the  Grace  of  God,  of  Great  Britain,  Fraticr 
and  Ireland,  King,  Defender  of  the  Faith,  &c.  To  all  to  whom  these  Pre- 
sents shall  come,  Greeting.  WHEKEAS  our  loving  Subject,  JAMES 
HAMILTON  of  the  City  of  Philadelphia,  in  the  Province  of  Pennsyl- 
vania, Esq.,  owner  of  a  Tract  of  Land  whereon  the  Town  of  Lancaster, 
in  the  same  Province,  is  erected,  HATH,  on  the  behalf  of  the  Inhabi- 
tants of  the  said  Town,  represented  unto  our  trusty  and  well-beloved 
THOMAS  PENN,  Esq ;  one  of  the  Proprietors  of  the  said  Province, 
and  George  Thomas,  Esq ;  with  our  Royal  Approbation  Lieut.  Gov. 
thereof,  under  JOHN  PENN,  the  said  THOMAS  PENN,  and  RICH- 
ARD PENN,  Esquires,  true  and  absolute  Proprietors  of  the  said  Pro- 
vince, and  the  Counties  of  Neiv- Castle,  Kent  and  Sussex,  upon  Delaicare, 
the  great  Improvements  and  Buildings  made,  and  continuing  to  be  made 
in  the  said  Town  by  the  great  Increase  of  the  Inhabitants  thereof,  and 
hath  humbly  besought  them  for  our  Letters  Patent,  under  the  Great 
Seal  of  the  said  Province,  to  erect  the  said  Town  of  Lancaster  into  a 
Borough,  according  to  certain  Limits  and  Bounds  hereinafter  described, 
and  to  incorporate  the  Freeholders  and  Inhabitants  of  the  same  with  ])or- 
petual  Succession,  and  to  grant  them  such  Immunities  and  Privileges  a.s 
might  be  thought  necessary  for  the  well-ordering  and  governing  thereof. 

THEREFORE  KNOW  YE,  That  we  favouring  the  Application  of 
the  said  JAMES  HAMILTON,  on  behalf  of  the  said  Freeholders  and 
Inhabitants,  and  willing  to  promote  Trade,  Industry,  Rule  and  good 
Order  amongst  all  our  Subjects,  of  our  special  Grace,  certain  Knowledge 
and  mere  Motion,  have  erected,  and  by  these  Presents  do  erect  the  said 
Town  of  Lancaster  into  a  Borough  for  ever  hereafter,  to  be  called  by 
the  name  LANCASTER,  which  said  Borough  shall  extend,  be  limited 
and  bounded  in  the  Manner  it  is  now  laid  out,  pursuant  to  the  Plan 
thereof  hereunto  annexed. 

AND  we  further  grant  and  ordain,  That  the  Streets  of  the  said  Borough 
shall  forever  continue  as  they  are  now  laid  out  and  regulated.  ^ 

AND  we  do  nominate  and  appoint  Thomas  Cookson  and  Sebastian 
Grooflfe  to  be  the  present  Burgesses;  and  the  said  Thomas  Cookson  shall 
be  called  the  Chief  Burgess  within  the  said  Borougii,  and  Michael 
Byerly,  Mathias  Young,  John  Dehofte,  John  Folkes,  Abraham  Johnson 
and  Peter  Worrall,  assistants  for  advising,  aiding  and  assisting  the  said 


142  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

Burgesses  in  the  execution  of  the  power  and  authorities  herein  given 
them :  and  Alexander  Giblony  to  be  High-constable ;  and  George  San- 
derson to  be  Town-clerk :  To  continue  Burgesses,  Assistants,  High-con- 
stable and  Town-clerk  until  the  fifteenth  Day  of  September  which  will 
be  in  the  Year  of  our  Lord  One  Thousand  Seven  Hundred  and  Forty- 
four,  and  from  thence  until  others  shall  be  duly  elected  or  appointed  in 
their  Places  as  is  herein  after  directed. 

AND  we  do  by  these  Presents,  for  us,  our  Heirs  and  Successors, 
further  give,  grant  and  declare,  That,  the  said  Burgesses,  Freeholders 
and  Inhabitants  within  the  Borough  aforesaid,  and  their  Successors  for 
ever  hereafter,  shall  be  one  Body  corporate  and  politick  in  Deed  and  in 
Name ;  and  them  by  the  Name  of  the  Burgesses  and  Inhabitants  of  the 
Borough  of  Lancaster,  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  one  Body  politick 
and  corporate  in  Deed  and  Name,  We  do  for  us,  our  Heirs  and  Succes- 
sors, fully  create,  constitute  and  confirm  by  these  Presents ;  and  by  the 
same  Name  of  the  Burgesses  and  Inhabitants  of  the  Borough  of  Lan- 
caster, that  they  may  have  Perpetual  Succession ;  and  that  they  and  their 
Successors,  by  the  Name  of  the  Burgesses  and  Inhabitants  of  the  borough 
of  Lancaster  be,  and  at  all  times  for  ever  hereafter  shall  be,  persons  able 
and  capable  in  law,  to  have,  get,  receive  and  possess  lands,  tenements, 
rents,  liberties,  jurisdictions,  franchizes  and  hereditaments,  to  them  and 
their  successors  in  fee-simple,  or  for  term  of  life,  lives,  years  or  other- 
wise ;  and  also  goods,  chatties,  and  other  things  of  what  nature  or  kind 
soever ;  and  also  give,  grant,  lett,  sell  and  assign  the  same  lands,  tene- 
ments, hereditaments,  goods  and  chatties,  and  to  do  and  execute  all  other 
things  about  the  same  by  the  name  aforesaid;  and  also,  that  they  be,  and 
shall  be  for  ever  hereafter,  persons  able  and  capable  in  law,  to  sue  and 
be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  answered  unto,  defend 
and  be  defended,  in  all  or  any  of  our  courts  or  other  places,  and  before 
any  Judges,  Justices,  and  other  persons  whatsoever  within  the  province 
aforesaid,  in  all  manner  of  actions,  suits,  complaints,  pleas,  causes  and 
matters  whatsoever.  And  that  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  to  and  for  the 
Burgesses  and  inhabitants  of  Lancaster  aforesaid,  and  their  successors  for 
ever  hereafter,  to  have  and  use  one  common  seal  for  the  sealing  of  all 
business  whatsoever  touching  the  said  corporation,  and  the  same  from 
time  to  time  at  their  will  to  change  and  alter. 

And  we  do  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  further  by  these  presents, 
grant  full  power  and  authority  for  the  Burgesses,  Constables,  assistants  and 
freeholders,  together  with  such  inhabitants,  house-keepers  within  the  said 
borough,  as  shall  have  resided  therein  at  least  for  the  space  of  one  whole 
year  next  preceding  any  such  election  as  is  herein  after  directed,  and 
hired  a  house  and  ground  within  the  said  borough  of  the  yearly  value  of 
five  pounds  or  upwards,  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  September  which  will  be  in 


THE   CHARTER   OF   THE   BOROUGH    OF    LANCASTER.  143 

the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred  and  Ibrty-four,  and 
on  that  day  yearly  forever  thereafter,  unless  it  happen  to  fall  on  Sunday, 
and  then  on  the  next  day  following,  publickly  to  meet  in  some  convenient 
place  within  the  said  borough,  to  be  appointed  by  the  chief  Constable, 
and  then  and  there  to  nominate,  elect  and  choose  by  the  ballot,  two  able 
men  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  borough  to  be  Burgesses,  one  to  be 
high  Constable,  one  to  be  town  clerk,  and  six  to  be  assistants  within  the 
same,  for  assisting  the  Burgesses  in  the  managing  the  affairs  of  the  said 
borough,  and  of  keeping  of  peace  and  good  order  therein :  which  election 
shall  be  taken  from  time  to  time  by  the  high  Constable  of  the  year  pre- 
ceding ;  and  the  names  of  the  persons  so  elected  shall  be  certified  under 
his  seal  to  the  Governor  for  the  time  being  within  ten  days  next  after  such 
election ;  and  the  Burgess  who  shall  have  the  majority  of  votes  shall  be 
called  the  chief  Burgess  of  the  said  borough.  But  iu  case  it  .shall 
so  happen  that  the  said  freeholders  and  inhabitants,  house-keepers 
aforesaid,  shall  neglect  or  refuse  to  elect  or  chuse  Burgesses  and  other 
the  officers  in  manner  aforesaid,  that  then  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful 
for  the  Governor  for  the  time  being  to  nominate,  appoint  and  commis- 
sionatQ  Burgesses,  Constable,  town  clerk  and  assistants  for  that  year; 
to  hold  and  continue  in  their  respective  offices  until  the  next  time  of 
annual  election  appointed  as  aforesaid,  and  so  as  often  as  occasion  shall 
require. 

And  we  further  will  and  ordain,  that  the  said  Burgesses  for  the  time 
being  shall  be,  and  are  hereby  impowered  and  authorized  to  be  conser- 
vators of  the  peace  within  the  said  borough;  and  shall  have  power  by 
themselves  and  upon  their  own  view,  or  in  other  lawful  manner,  to  re- 
move all  nuisances  and  incroachments  on  the  said  streets  and  highways 
within  the  borough  aforesaid  as  they  shall  see  occasion :  with  power  also 
to  arrest,  imprison  and  punish  rioters  and  other  breakers  of  the  peace 
or  good  behaviour,  award  process,  bind  to  the  peace  or  behaviour,  com- 
mit to  prison,  and  to  make  Kalendars  of  the  prisoners  by  them  commit- 
ted; and  the  same  to  return,  together  with  such  recognizances  and 
examinations  as  shall  be  by  them  taken,  to  the  next  court  of  Quarter- 
sessions  of  the  County  of  Lancaster,  there  to  be  proceeded  on  as  occasion 
may  or  shall  require ;  and  to  do  all  and  singular  other  matters  and 
things  within  the  said  borough  as  fully  and  effectually,  to  all  intents  and 
purposes,  as  Justices  of  the  peace  in  their  respective  counties  can  or  may 
lawfully  do. 

But  before  any  of  the  said  Burgesses,  Constable,  Town  clerk  (jr  other 
officers,  shall  take  upon  them  the  execution  of  their  respective  offices, 
they  shall  take  and  subscribe  the  oaths  or  affirmations  of  allegiance,  and 
such  other  oaths  and  affirmations  as  are  by  the  laws  of  our  government 
in  such  cases  provided,  together  with  the  oaths  or  affirmations  for  the 


144  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

due  execution  of  their  respective  offices.  And  every  cliief  Burgess  so 
elected  or  appointed  from  year  to  year  as  aforesaid,  shall  within  ten  days 
immediately  after  his  election,  present  himself  to  be  qualified,  by  taking 
the  oaths  or  affirmations  aforesaid,  before  the  Governor  for  the  time 
being,  or  before  such  other  persons  as  the  Governor  shall  think  fit  to 
appoint  for  that  purpose :  and  on  failure  of  his  so  presenting  himself, 
unless  disabled  by  sickness  or  other  reasonable  cause,  such  as  shall  be 
allowed  of  by  the  Governor  for  the  time  being,  another  chief  Burgess 
shall  from  time  to  time,  and  as  often  as  occasion  shall  require,  be  ap- 
pointed in  the  stead  of  such  person  so  failing  to  appear  and  qualify  him- 
self as  before  directed :  which  Burgess  so  to  be  appointed  by  the  Governor 
for  the  time  being,  shall  and  may  enjoy  his  office  until  the  day  of  elec- 
tion next  ensuing  such  his  appointment.  And  the  chief  Burgess  having 
qualified  himself  in  a  manner  aforesaid,  shall  and  may  enter  upon  his 
office;  and  the  other  Burgesses,  Constable,  town  clerk,  or  other  officers 
shall  and  may  qualify  themselves  for  their  respective  offices  by  taking 
and  subscribing  the  oaths  or  affirmations  aforesaid  before  the  said  chief 
Burgess,  or  before  any  of  the  Justices  of  the  peace  of  the  said  County  of 
Lancaster  for  the  time  being,  who  are  hereby  authorized  and  impowered 
to  administer  the  same. 

And  we  do  further  grant  for  us,  our  heirs  and  successors,  to  the  Bur- 
gesses, freeholders  and  inhabitants,  house-keepers  aforesaid,  and  their 
successors,  to  have,  hold  and  keep  within  the  said  borough  two  markets 
in  each  week,  that  is  to  say,  one  market  on  Wednesday,  and  one  market 
on  Saturday  in  every  week  of  the  year  for  ever  in  the  lot  of  ground 
already  agreed  upon  for  that  purpose  and  granted  for  that  use  by  Andrew 
Hamilton,  Esq.,  late  of  Philadelphia,  deceased,  as  by  the  deeds  thereof 
to  John  Wright,  and  other  Trustees  for  the  said  County  of  Lancaster, 
may  appear.  And  also  two  fairs  therein  every  year,  the  first  to  begin  on 
the  first  day  of  June  next  ensuing,  and  to  continue  that  day  and  the 
next  day  following;  and  the  other  of  the  said  fairs  to  begin  on  the 
twenty-fifth  day  of  October  following,  and  to  continue  that  day  and  the 
next  day  after.  And  when  either  of  those  days  shall  happen  to  fall  on 
Sunday,  then  the  said  fairs  to  be  kept  the  next  day  or  two  days  follow- 
ing together,  with  the  free  liberties,  customs,  profits  and  emolument,  to 
the  said  markets  and  fairs  belonging,  and  in  any-wise  appertaining,  for- 
ever. 

And  we  do  hereby  further  grant  and  ordain,  that  there  shall  be  a  clerk 
of  the  market  for  the  said  borough,  who  shall  have  the  assize  of  bread, 
wine,  beer,  wood  and  all  other  provisions  brought  for  the  use  of  the  said 
inhabitants,  who  shall  and  may  perform  all  things  belonging  to  the  office 
of  a  clerk  of  the  market  within  the  said  borough ;  and  that  John  Morris 
shall  be  the  present  clerk  of  the  market,  who  shall  be  removable  for  any 


THE  CHARTER  OF  THE  BOROUGH  OF  LANCASTER.        145 

Malfeasance  in  his  office  by  the  Burgesses  and  assistants  ai'(;res:ii(l,  and 
another  from  time  to  time  appointed  and  removed  as  they  shall  lind  it 
necessary. 

And  we  do  further  grant  unto  the  said  Burgess,  high  Constable  and 
assistants,  and  their  successors,  as  much  as  in  us  is,  That  if  any  of  the 
inhabitants  of  the  said  borough  shall  be  hereafter  elected  to  the  office  of 
Burgesses,  high  Constable  or  assistants,  and  having  notice  of  his  or  their 
election,  shall  refuse  to  undertake  and  execute  that  office  to  whicli  ho  Ls 
chosen,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  Burgesses,  high  Constable  and 
assistants  then  acting  to  impose  such  moderate  fines  on  the  person  or 
persons  so  refusing  as  to  them  shall  seem  meet ;  so  always  that  sucli  fine 
imposed  on  a  Burgess  elect  do  not  exceed  ten  pounds,  and  the  Fine  on 
the  high  Constable  or  an  assistant  elect  do  not  exceed  five  pounds,  each 
to  be  levied  by  distress  and  sale  of  the  goods  of  the  party  refusing,  by 
warrant  under  the  hand  and  seal  of  one  of  the  said  Burgesses,  or  any 
other  lawful  way  or  means  whatsoever,  for  the  use  of  the  said  Corpora- 
tion. And  in  any  such  case,  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  in- 
habitants to  proceed  to  the  choice  of  some  other  fit  person  or  persons  in 
the  stead  of  such  who  shall  so  refuse. 

And  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  burgesses,  high  constable 
and  assistants  for  the  time  being  to  assemble  town  meetings  as  often  as 
they  shall  find  occasion:  At  which  meetings  they  may  make  such  ordi- 
nances and  rules,  not  repugnant  to,  or  inconsistent  witli  the  laws  of  the 
said  province,  as  to  the  greatest  part  of  the  inhabitants  shall  seem  neces- 
sary and  convenient  for  the  good  government  of  the  said  Borough.  And 
the  same  rules  and  orders  to  put  in  execution;  and  the  same  to  revoke, and 
alter  and  make  anew  as  occasion  shall  require.  And  also  to  impose  such 
mulcts  and  amerciaments  upon  breakers  of  the  said  ordinances  as  to  the 
makers  thereof  shall  be  thought  reasonable;  to  be  levied  as  above 
is  directed  in  case  of  fines,  for  the  use  of  the  said  borough,  without  ren- 
dering any  account  thereof  to  us,  our  successors,  or  to  the  proprietors 
aforesaid,  their  heirs  or  successors.  Also  at  the  said  meetings  to  miti- 
gate or  release  the  said  fines  and  mulcts,  upon  the  submission  of  tlie 
parties. 

And  we  do  further  will  and  grant,  that  where  any  doubts  shall  ha})peii 
to  arise  touching  this  present  charter,  that  the  same  shall  in  all  courUs 
of  law  and  equity  be  construed  and  taken  most  favourably  and  benefi- 
cially for  the  said  corporation. 

In  testimony  whereof,  we  have  caused  these  our  letters  to  be  made 
patent.  Witness  George  Tliomas,  Esq.;  with  our  royal  approbation 
Lieutenant  Governor  of  the  province  aforesaid  under  John  Penn, 
Thomas  Penn  and  Richard  Penn,  Esquires,  true  and  absolute  proprieta- 
ries of  the  province  aforesaid,  and  of  the  counties  Newcastle,  Kent  and 
10k 


146  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY, 

Sussex,  on  Delaware,  the  first  day  of  May,  in  the  fifteenth  year  of  our 

reign,  Anno  Domini,  1742. 

GEORGE  THOMAS. 

Lancaster  Borough,  ss. 

This  is  to  certify,  that  the  above  is  a  true  copy  of  the  Charter 
granted  to  the  inhabitants  of  the  town  of  Lancaster,  in  the  county 
of  Lancaster  and  province  of  Pennsylvania.     IN  TESTIMONY 

{L.  S.)  Whereof,  I  have  hereto  set  my  hand,  and  caused  the  seal  of  the 
Borough  aforesaid  to  be  hereunto  affixed  the  first  Day  of  De- 
cember, in  the  year  of  our  Lord  one  thousand  seven  hundred 
and  sixty. 

JOHN  HOPSON,  Chief  Burgess. 


CHARTER   OF   THE    CITY    OF   LANCASTER.  147 


No.   12. 
CHARTER  OF  THE  CITY  OF  LANCASTER. 

Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the  Common- 
wealth of  Pennsylvania^  in  General  Assembly  met^  and  it  is  hereby  enacted 
by  the  authority  of  the  same,  That  the  inhabitants  of  tlie  borough  of  Lan- 
caster, in  tlie  county  of  Lancaster,  as  the  same  extends  and  is  now  incor- 
porated, are  hereby  constituted  a  corporation  and  body  politic,  by  the 
name  and  style  of  "The  Mayor,  Aldermen  and  Citizens  of  Lancas- 
ter," and  by  the  same  name  shall  have  perpetual  succession ;  and  they 
and  their  successors,  by  such  name,  shall  at  all  times  forever  be  able  and 
capable  in  law  to  have,  purchase,  receive,  possess,  and  enjoy  lands,  tene- 
ments and  hereditaments,  liberties,  franchises,  and  jurisdictions,  goods, 
chattels  and  effects,  to  them  and  their  successors  forever,  or  for  any  other 
or  less  estate ;  and  the  same  lands,  tenements,  hereditaments,  goods,  chat- 
tels, and  effects,  by  such  name  to  grant,  bargain,  sell,  alien,  convey, 
mortgage,  pledge,  charge,  and  encumber,  or  demise  and  dispo.se  of  at 
their  will  and  pleasure;  and  by  the  said  name  shall  be  able  and  capable 
in  law  to  sue  or  be  sued,  plead  and  be  impleaded,  answer  and  be  answered 
unto,  defend  and  be  defended,  in  all  courts  of  record  and  elsewhere,  in 
all  manner  of  suits,  actions,  complaints,  pleas,  causes,  matters,  and  things 
that  to  the  said  city,  as  a  body  politic  and  corporate,  in  law  and  in  fact, 
shall  and  may  appertain;  and  for  that  purpose  shall  have  and  use  one 
common  seal,  and  the  same  from  time  to  time  may  change,  alter,  deface, 
and  make  anew. 

Sec.  2.  That  the  power  of  the  corporation  of  the  said  city  shall  be 
vested  in  the  Select  and  Common  Councils,  who  shall  in  Coiiunon  Coun- 
cils assembled,  have  full  power  and  authority  to  make,  ordain,  consti- 
tute, and  establish  such  and  so  many  laws,  ordinances,  regulations,  and 
constitutions,  (provided  the  same  shall  not  be  repugnant  to  the  laws  and 
Constitution  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  Commonwealth)  as  shall  be 
necessary  or  convenient  for  the  government  and  welfare  of  the  said  city, 
and  the  same  to  enforce,  put  in  use  and  execution,  by  constables  and 
other  proper  officers  (whom  they  shall  have  power  to  appoint  and  at 
their  pleasure  to  revoke,  alter  and  make  anew,  as  occasion  may  require; 
and  shall  have,  hold,  and  enjoy,  in  addition  to  the  powers  now  vested  in 
the  borough  of  Lancaster,  which  are  hereby  transferred  to  and  vested  in 
1.  Act  of  March  20,  1868,  Sec.  1.  2.  Ibid.,  Sec.  5. 


148  AUTHENTIC   HISTOKY   OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

tlie  said  councils,  the  like  powers  and  authorities  as  are  now  vested  by 
law  in  the  select  and  common  councils  of  the  city  of  Philadelphia. 

Sec  3.  That  each  and  every  Mayor,  Eecorder,  and  Alderman  of  the 
said  city,  who  shall  misdemean  himself  in  office,  shall  be  liable  to  be 
removed  from  office  in  the  same  manner  that  Justices  of  the  Peace  are 
by  the  Constitution  and  Laws  of  this  Commonwealth  removable,  for 
misconduct  in  office. 

Sec  4.  And  to  the  further  end  and  intent  that  there  may  not  be  a 
failure  of  justice  within  the  said  city,  by  reason  of  any  person  or  persons, 
who  may  be  charged  with  having  committed  any  offence  or  offences 
therein,  lurking  or  being  in  secret  in  other  places  in  the  neighborhood 
thereof:  Be  it  further  enacted^  That  it  shall  be  lawful  for  any  Constable 
or  Constables  of  the  said  city  to  whom  any  warrant,  under  the  hand  and 
seal  of  the  said  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  Aldermen,  or  Justices,  or  any  of 
them,  shall  be  delivered,  commanding  him  or  them  to  take  any  person 
or, persons  who  shall  have  been  charged  with  having  committed  any 
offence  within  the  said  city,  and  to  bring  him,  her,  or  them  before  the 
said  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  Aldermen,  or  Justices,  or  any  of  them ;  and 
he  and  they  are  hereby  enjoined  and  required  to  execute  the  same  by 
making  of  the  arrest,  if  the  same  can  be  done  at  any  place  within  the 
county  of  Lancaster ;  and  also  by  bringing  such  offender  or  offenders 
before  the  said  Mayor,  Recorder,  and  Aldermen,  or  Justices,  or  any  of 
them. 

Sec  5.  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  said  Mayor,  Recorder, 
and  Aldermen,  or  Justices,  before  whom  any  complaint,  indictment,  plea, 
matter,  or  thing,  of  a  criminal  or  civil  nature,  within  his  or  their  juris- 
diction, shall  be  made  or  depending,  to  issue  their  subpoena  in  common 
form  to  any  person  or  persons  within  this  Commonwealth,  commanding 
him  or  them  to  appear  and  give  evidence  therein.  And  every  person  to 
whom  the  same  shall  be  directed,  and  on  whom  service  thereof  shall  be 
duly  made,  shall  attend  accordingly  and  give  evidence,  under  such  pains 
and  penalties  as  are  by  law  incurred  by  any  person  or  persons  refusing 
to  attend  and  give  evidence,  when  duly  subpoenaed  for  that  purpose. 

Sec  6.  That  the  Mayor  and  Aldermen  of  the  said  city,  for  the  time 
being,  shall  have  the  same  jurisdiction  in  all  civil  cases  as  Justices  of  the 
Peace  of  the  county  have,  and  shall  proceed  therein  in  like  manner,  for 
the  like  fees  and  costs,  and  with  the  like  powers  and  authorities,  and  under 
and  subject  to  the  like  rules,  regulations,  and  restrictions,  and  under  the 
like  relief  for  insolvent  debtors,  and  to  the  like  means,  process,  and  exe- 
cution as  in  cases  of  debt  or  other  demand,  or  in  case  of  damage,  trespass, 
and  trover,  before  any  Justice  of  the  Peace  within  this  Commonwealth; 

3.  Ibid.,  Sec.  10.  5.  Ibid.,  Sec.  15. 

4.  Ibid.,  Sec.  14.  6.  Ibid.,  Sec.  18. 


CHARTER   OF   THE   CITY   OF    LANCASTER.  149 

with  the  like  appeal,  by  the  party  aggrieved,  to  the  Court  of  Common 
Pleas  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

Sec.  7.  That  the  Mayor,  Recorder  and  Aldermen,  or  any  of  them,  shall 
and  may  take  and  receive  the  acknowledgment  and  probate  of  all  deeds 
and  written  instruments,  and  receive  the  legal  fees  therefor:  which  ac- 
knowledgments and  probates  shall  be  as  valid,  and,  have  the  like  force 
and  effect,  as  if  tlie  same  were  acknowledged  before  a  Judge  of  the  Su- 
preme Court  or  any  Judge  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas,  within  this 
Commonwealth. 

Sec  8.  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  Select  and  Common 
Councils,  in  common  council  assembled,  from  time  to  time,  to  permit  and 
license  such  and  so  many  brokers  within  the  said  city,  and  under  such 
rules  and  regulations,  as  they  may  think  proper  ;  and  to  prohibit  all  other 
persons  from  using  and  exercising  the  business  of  a  broker  therein,  under 
such  pains  and  penalties  as  shall  from  time  to  time  be  ordained  and  estab- 
lished. 

Sec.  9.  That  it  shall  and  may  be  lawful  for  the  Select  and  Common 
Councils,  when  duly  assembled,  from  time  to  time  by  any  ordinance  duly 
enacted,  to  vest  in  the  Mayor  of  the  said  city  for  the  time  being,  the 
appointment  of  such  officers  within  the  said  city,  as  they  may  think  expe- 
dient for  the  well-ordering  .and  governing  the  same,  and  to  remove  the 
same  from  such  offices  or  appointments,  for  mis-behavior  or  otherwise,  as 
may  be  necessary ;  which  officers  shall  take  an  oath  or  affirmation,  before 
the  said  Mayor,  Recorder,  or  Alderman,  well  and  faithfully  to  perform 
the  duties  of  the  offices  or  appointments  to  them  respectively  committed. 
And  the  said  Councils  may  require  security  to  be  given  by  such  officers, 
or  any  of  them,  and  prescribe  the  sum  and  the  form  in  which  such  secu- 
rity shall  be  given.  And  the  said  officers  and  their  sureties  may  be  sued 
and  recovery  had  against  them  in  the  city  court,  for  breach  of  official 
duty,  or  delinquency  in  paying  over  any  monies  collected  by  them,  under 
criminal  or  civil  process  issued  by  the  Mayor,  Recorder,  or  any  Alderman 
of  the  said  city.  And  for  the  recovery  of  lines,  forfeitures,  and  penal- 
ties, debts,  and  other  demands,  cognizable  in  the  city  court,  the  ordinary 
forms  of  law  shall  be  pursued  in  the  process,  judgment,  and  several  kinds 
of  execution,  as  if  the  same  were  made  cognizable  and  recoverable  in  the 
courts  of  the  county.  And  all  officers  and  jurors  of  the  said  city  shall 
be  competent  to  hear,  try,  and  determine  all  matters  and  things  within 
their  jurisdiction ;  and  all  citizens  to  give  testimony,  notwithstanding  any 
fine  or  penalty  be  made  payable  for  the  use  of  the  said  city. 

Sec.  10.  That  no  Alderman  of  the  said  city,  nor  any  person  holding  an 
office  of  trust  or  profit  under  the  laws  of  this  Commonwealth,  or  the  ordi- 

7.  Ibid.,  Sec.  22.  9-  Ibid.,  Sec.  24. 

8.  Ibid.,  Sec.  23.  10.  Ibid.,  Bee.  25. 


150  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

nances  of  the  Select  and  Common  Councils,  the  emolument  whereof  is 
paid  out  of  the  Treasury  of  the  said  city,  shall  be  competent  to  serve  as 
a  member  of  the  Select  or  Common  Councils. 

Sec  11.  That  all  the  property  and  estate  whatsoever,  real  and  personal, 
of  the  borough  of  Lancaster,  are  hereby  severally  and  respectively  vested 
in  the  corporation  or  body  politic  of  the  city  of  Lancaster  and  their  suc- 
cessors, in  and  by  this  act  established  by  the  name,  style  and  title  afore- 
said, to  and  for  the  use  and  benefit  of  the  said  citizens  and  their  succes- 
sors forever.  And,  until  the  corporation  of  the  said  city  shall  be  duly 
organized  under  this  act,  the  present  charter  of  the  borough  of  Lancas- 
ter shall  continue  in  full  force  and  operation,  and  all  officers  under  the 
same  shall  be  appointed  and  hold  their  offices  as  they  now  may  or  can 
do  by  law ;  and  as  soon  as  this  act  shall  go  into  operation,  all  suits,  prose- 
cutions, debts,  and  claims  whatever  shall,  by  force  thereof,  become  trans- 
ferred to  the  said  city,  and  be  under  the  management  and  control  thereof, 
as  fully  and  completely  as  if  no  alteration  had  been  made  in  the  said 
charter. 

Sec  12.  That  the  said  Select  and  Common  Councils  shall,  once  in  every 
year,  cause  to  be  published  a  just  and  true  account  of  all  monies  which 
shall  have  accrued  to  them,  in  their  corporate  capacity,  during  the  year 
preceding  such  publication ;  and  also,  of  the  disposition  thereof 

Sec  13.  That  as  often  as  any  doubts  shall  arise,  touching  this  act,  the 
same  shall,  in  all  Courts  of  law  and  equity  and  elsewhere,  be  construed 
and  taken  most  favorably  for  the  said  corporation.  Provided^  That  this 
act,  and  the  powers  and  authorities  herein  vested  in  the  said  city,  shall 
not  be  impaired,  affected,  defeated,  or  destroyed,  by  any  neglect  or 
omission  to  appoint  all  or  any  of  its  officers  at  the  times  allotted  for  the 
same.  And,  in  case  of  any  such  defect  or  omission,  the  Recorder  and 
Aldermen  of  the  said  city,  or  a  majority  of  them,  shall  forthwith  take  all 
necessary  measures  to  cure  and  supply  such  defects  and  omissions ;  giving 
due  notice  thereof  in  the  public  newspapers  of  the  said  city. 

Sec  11:.  Be  it  enacted  by  the  Senate  and  House  of  Representatives  of  the 
Commo7nveaUh  of  Pennsylvania^  in  General  Assembly  met^  and  it  is  Jierehy 
enacted  hy  the  authority  of  the  same;  That  the  inhabitants  of  the  municipal 
corporation  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  in  the  county  of  Lancaster,  for  all 
the  purposes  for  which  cities  are  by  law  incorporated  in  this  Common- 
wealth, with  the  boundaries  as  at  present  established,  excepting  as  here- 
inafter provided,  shall  continue  to  be  one  body  politic,  in  fact  and  in 
name  under  the  style  and  denomination  of  the  city  of  Lancaster;  and  as 
such,  shall  have,  and  exercise,  and  enjoy  all  the  rights,  immunities, 
powers  and  privileges,  and  shall  be  subject  to  all  the  duties  and  obliga- 

11.  Ibid.,  Sec.  26.  13.  Ibid.,  Sec.  38. 

13.  Ibid.,  Sec.  37.  14.  Act  of  April  5,  1867,  See.  1. 


CHARTER    OF    THE    CITY    OF    LAN'CASTKR.  151 

tions  now  incumbent  upon  and  appertaining  to  said  city  as  a  municipal 
corporation. 

Sec.  15.  The  city  of  Lancaster  shall  be  divided  into  nine  wards,  in  th.- 
manner  following,  to  wit:  So  much  of  the  said  city  as  shall  l)c  include<l 
within  the  line  beginning  in  the  middle  of  Penn  or  Centre  Square;  thence, 
running  north  through  the  middle  of  North  Queen  street  to  Walnut 
street;  thence,  on  a  line  west  through  the  middle  of  Walnut  street  to 
Mulberry  street;  thence,  south  through  the  middle  of  Mulberry  street  to 
West  King  street;  thence,  on  a  line  east  through  the  middle  of  West 
King  street  to  the  middle  of  Penn  or  Centre  Square  the  place  of  begin- 
ning, shall  be  one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  First  Ward.  And  so 
much  of  the  said  city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  in 
the  middle  of  Penn  or  Centre  Square;  thence,  running  north  through  the 
middle  of  North  Queen  street,  to  the  intersection  of  said  Queen  and 
Chestnut  streets ;  thence,  on  a  line  through  the  middle  of  Chestnut  street 
east  to  the  city  boundary;  thence,  along  said  boundary  south  to  East 
King  street;  thence,  through  the  middle  of  said  street  west  to  the  place 
of  beginning,  shall  be  one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Second  Ward. 
And  so  much  of  said  city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning 
in  the  middle  of  Penn  or  Centre  Square;  thence,  running  east  through 
the  middle  of  East  King  street  to  the  intersection  of  King  and  Middle 
streets ;  thence,  through  the  middle  of  said  last  mentioned  street  south- 
west to  the  intersection  of  Middle  and  South  Queen  streets:  thence, 
through  the  middle  of  Queen  street  north  to  the  place  of  beginning,  shall 
be  one  ward  and  called  the  Third  Ward.  And  so  much  of  said  city  as 
shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  in  the  middle  of  Penn  or 
Centre  Square;  thence,  through  the  middle  of  West  King  street  west  to 
the  intersection  of  King  and  Mulberry  streets;  thence,  through  the  middle 
of  Mulberry  street  south  to  Strawberry  street;  thence,  through  the 
middle  of  Strawberry  street  south-east  to  intersection  of  Strawberry  and 
Water  streets ;  thence,  on  a  line  south-westerly  to  a  point  at  the  inter- 
section of  roads  at  City  Gas  Works;  thence,  along  Hoffman's  Eun  south 
to  the  city  boundary;  thence,  east  to  South  Queen  street;  thence,  through 
the  middle  of  Queen  street  north  to  the  place  of  beginning  shall  be  one 
ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Fourth  ^Vsin\.  And  so  much  of  the  said 
city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  at  the  intersection  of 
West  King  and  Mulberry  streets;  thence,  running  through  the  middle 
of  Mulberry  street,  to  the'centre  of  Walnut  street;  thence,  on  a  line  west 
through  the  middle  of  Walnut  street  to  the  boundary  line  of  the  city 
limits;  thence,  south  by  the  boundary  line  of  the  city  hmits  to  the 
Columbia  Turnpike  Eoad;  thence,  east  through  the  middle  of  the  Col- 
umbia  Turnpike  Eoad  and  West  King  street  to  Mulberry  street,  the 

15.  Ibid.,  Sec.  2. 


162  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

place  of  beginning,  shall  be  one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Fifth  Ward. 
And  so  much  of  said  city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning 
at  the  intersection  of  North  Queen  and  Chestnut  streets ;  thence,  running 
north  through  the  middle  of  Queen  street  to  the  city  boundary;  thence, 
along  said  boundary  east  to  the  north-east  corner;  thence,  along  said 
boundary  south  to  the  boundary  line  of  Second  Ward;  thence,  along 
said  last  mentioned  line,  west  to  the  place  of  beginning,  shall  be  one 
ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Sixth  Ward.  And  so  much  of  said  city  as 
shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  at  the  intersection  of  East 
King  and  Middle  streets;  thence,  running  east  through  the  middle  of 
East  King  street  to  the  city  boundary;  thence,  along  said  boundary 
south  to  south-east  corner  of  the  same;  thence,  along  said  boundary  west 
to  South  Queen  street ;  thence,  along  the  middle  of  Queen  north  to  the 
intersection  of  Queen  and  Middle  streets;  thence,  through  the  middle  of 
the  last  mentioned  street  north-east  to  the  place  of  beginning,  shall  be 
one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Seventh  Ward.  And  so  much  of  said 
city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  at  the  intersection  of 
West  King  and  Mulberry  streets;  thence,  running  west  through  the 
middle  of  West  King  street  and  Columbia  Turnpike  to  the  city  boun- 
dary; thence,  along  said  boundary  line  south  to  the  south-west  corner 
of  the  same;  thence,  along  said  line  east  to  boundary  of  Fourth  Ward; 
thence,  along  boundary  line  of  Fourth  Ward  northward  to  place  of  be- 
ginning, shall  be  one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Eighth  Ward.  And 
so  much  of  said  city  as  shall  be  included  within  the  line  beginning  at  the 
intersection  of  North  Queen  and  Walnut  streets;  thence,  running  west 
through  the  middle  of  Walnut  street  to  the  western  boundary  of  the  city 
limits;  thence,  north  along  said  line  to  the  north-west  corner  of  the 
same;  thence,  east  along  said  line  to  North  Queen  street;  thence,  south 
through  the  middle  of  North  Queen  street  to  the  place  of  beginning, 
shall  be  one  ward  and  shall  be  called  the  Ninth  Ward. 

Sec.  16.  The  places  at  which  all  general  and  municipal  elections  shall 
be  held,  in  the  several  wards  hereinbefore  created,  shall  be  as  follows, 
viz :  In  the  First  Ward,  at  the  public  house  now  kept  by  Adam  Trout 
in  said  ward;  in  the  Second  Ward,  at  the  public  house  now  kept  by 
Anthony  Lechler  in  said  ward;  in  the  Third  Ward,  at  the  public  house 
now  kept  by  John  G.  Hood  in  said  ward ;  in  the  Fourth  AVard,  at  the 
public  house  now  kept  by  Martin  Kreider  &  Co.  in  said  ward;  in  the 
Fifth  Ward,  at  the  public  house,  known  as  the  Plough  Tavern,  corner 
of  West  King  and  Charlotte  street,  in  said  ward ;  in  the  Sixth  Ward,  at 
the  house  of  Isaac  Powell,  corner  of  North  Queen  and  Walnut  streets, 
in  said  Avard;  in  the  Seventh  Ward,  at  the  "Washington  Garden,"  kept 
by  John  Wittlinger  in   said  ward ;  in  the  Eighth  Ward,  at  the  public 

16.  Ibid.,  Sec.  3. 


CHARTER    OF    THE    OITV    OF    LANCASTER.  158 

house  kept  by  Samuel  Erismau  in  said  ward;  in  the  Ninth  Ward,  ut  the 
public  house  of  Isaac  Powell,  corner  of  North  queen  and  Walnut  streets, 
in  said  ward;  the  officers  elected  at  the  last  municipal  election  shall  hold 
the  election  in  the  First,  Second,  Third  and  Fourth  Wards,  on  the  first 
Friday  of  May,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty- 
seven ;  and  the  Judges  of  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  Lancaster 
county  shall  appoint  a  Judge  and  two  Inspectors  and  one  Assessor  for 
the  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth  and  Ninth  AV'ards  respectively,  who 
shall  perform  all  the  duties  and  be  subject  to  all  liabilities  of  Judges  and 
Inspectors  of  elections  and  of  Assessors  under  the  laws  of  this  Common- 
wealth ;  and  at  the  election  to  be  held  in  said  city,  on  the  first  Friday  of 
May,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  as 
hereinafter  provided  for,  the  qualified  electors  of  the  several  wards  of 
said  city  shall  elect  one  Judge  and  two  Inspectors,  one  Constable  and  an 
Assessor  for  each  of  the  said  wards,  to  serve  for  one  year. 

Sec.  17.  That  the  administration  of  all  the  fiscal,  prudential  and  muni- 
cipal concerns  of  said  city,  with  the  conduct  and  government  thereof, 
shall  be  vested  in  one  principal  ofl&cer,  to  be  styled  the  Mayor,  one 
Council,  to  be  called  the  Select  Council,  and  one  Council  to  be  called  the 
Common  Council,  and  also  such  other  officers  and  boards  of  officers  as 
are  hereinafter  specified ;  and  the  fiscal  year  of  the  city  of  Lancaster 
shall  commence  on  the  first  day  of  June  in  each  and  every  year. 

Sec.  18.  That  the  annual  meeting  of  the  citizens,  for  the  election  ot 
municipal  officers  hereinafter  mentioned,  shall  be  held  on  the  first  Friday 
in  May;  and  the  Mayor  shall  issue  his  proclamation  to  the  qualified 
voters  of  each  ward  at  least  twenty  days  before  said  first  Friday  in  May, 
and  therein  state  the  officers  to  be  voted  for  at  such  election ;  and  the 
person  receiving  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  any  office  shall  be 
deemed  and  declared  to  be  elected  to  the  same :  and  whenever  two  or  more 
persons  are  to  be  elected  to  the  same  office,  the  several  persons,  to  the 
number  required  to  be  chosen,  having  the  highest  number  of  votes, 
shall  be  declared  elected;  and  in  case  of  a  tie  vote  between  candidates 
having  the  highest  number  of  votes  for  the  same  office,  such  candidates 
having  a  tie  vote  shall,  on  the  day  fixed  for  entering  upon  the  duties  of 
the  office,  determine  by  lot  which  of  them  shall  be  entitled  to  hold  the 

same.  .  . 

Sec.  19.  That  tlie  freemen  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  bemg  citizens  ol 
the  United  States,  who  have  resided  within  the  bounds  of  said  city  for 
one  year,  and  have  paid  a  city  tax  for  the  year  jireceding  the  election,  at 
least  five  days  before  said  election,  which  shall  have  been  as.sessed  at  le^st 
ten  days  before,  shall  be  entitled  to  vote  at  the  elections  for  officers  ot 
the  said  city;  and  any  person  not  so  qualified  who  shall  fraudulently 
17.  Ibid.,  Sec.  4.  18.  Ibid.,  Sec.  r..  19.   Ibid.,  Sec.  6. 


154  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY. 

vote  at  any  city  election,  or  being  otherwise  qualified  shall  vote  out  of 
his  proper  ward,  or  if  any  person  knowing  the  want  of  such  qualifica- 
tion, shall  aid  or  procure  such  person  to  vote,  the  person  or  persons  so 
offending  shall,  on  conviction  thereof,  be  fined  in  any  sum  not  exceeding 
two  hundred  dollars,  and  be  imprisoned  for  any  term  not  exceeding  six 
months:  Provided^  That  the  payment  of  a  city  tax  shall  not  be  required 
of  any  citizen  voting  who  shall  be  between  the  ages  of  twenty-one  and 
twenty-two  years :  And  provided  furllier^  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of 
the  receiver  of  city  taxes,  at  least  three  days  before  said  election,  to 
furnish  a  complete  list  of  the  taxable  inhabitants  to  the  election  officers 
of  the  several  wards,  showing  the  names  of  all  persons  who  have  paid 
their  tax  and  those  who  are  delinquent ;  and  said  list  shall  be  kept  open 
to  the  inspection  of  the  citizens  by  the  Ward  Officers  at  the  place  of 
voting;  and  in  case  said  receiver  of  taxes  shall  place  on  said  list  the 
name  of  any  person  or  persons  who  shall  not  have  paid  taxes,  he  shall 
be  held  responsible  for  the  amount  of  said  tax,  and  liable  to  a  fine  of 
five  dollars  in  each  and  every  case,  to  be  recovered  as  debts  of  a  like 
amount  are  recoverable  by  law ;  and  for  neglect  to  place  on  said  list  the 
name  of  any  person  who  has  paid  his  tax,  he  shall  be  liable  to  a  fine  of 
ten  dollars,  to  be  recovered  as  debts  of  a  like  amount  are  recoverable  by 
law. 

Sec.  20,  That  all  city  elections  shall  be  held  by  the  Judges  and  In- 
spectors elected  to  hold  the  general  elections  in  the  several  wards,  or  by 
those  duly  appointed  in  their  stead,  who  shall  be  duly  sworn  or  affirmed 
for  said  purpose ;  and  if  the  said  officers,  or  any  of  them,  shall  not  open 
the  election  for  the  space  of  one  hour  after  the  time  fixed  for  opening, 
the  qualified  voters  of  the  ward  then  present,  shall  elect  from  among 
their  number  to  fill  his  or  their  places ;  and  the  said  Judges,  Inspectors, 
and  the  Clerks  by  them  appointed,  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  penalties 
for  a  violation  of  the  law,  or  fraud  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  as  are 
provided  in  the  general  election  laws  of  this  Commonwealth;  and  it  shall 
be  the  duty  of  the  Commissioners  of  the  county  of  Lancaster  to  provide 
at  or  before  seven  o'clock  in  the  morning  of  any  city  election  the  said 
officers  with  election  boxes,  blank  forms,  tally  papers,  and  a  list  of  the 
qualified  voters  of  the  respective  wards ;  and  in  order  to  enable  them  to 
make  said  lists,  the  Assessors  of  the  several  wards  shall  furnish  them 
with  the  names  of  the  persons  assessed. 

Sec.  21.  That  the  qualified  voters  of  the  city  of  Lancaster  at  their 
annual  election  for  city  officers,  may  vote  for  said  officers  upon  two  written 
or  printed  tickets  or  slips  of  paper,  one  of  which  shall  be  headed  "  City 
Officers  "  and  contain  the  names  of  the  candidates  for  Mayor,  City  Audit- 
ors, and  Select  and  Common  Councils,  for  whom  the  voter  desires  to  vote ; 
30.  Ibid.,  Sec.  7.  21.  Tbid.,  Sec.  8. 


CHARTKI'.    OF    THE    CITY    OK    I-ANCASTKK.  155 

and  tlie  Other  shall  be  headed  "Ward  Oflieers"'  and  contain  the  names 
of  the  candidates  for  Alderman,  Constable,  Judge  and  Inspectors  of  elec- 
tions, and  Assessor,  for  whom  they  may  desire  to  vote. 

Sec.  22.  That  the  officers  herein  provided  to  hold  th(^  city  elections, 
after  closing  the  polls  and  counting  and  ascertaining  the  number  of  vote.s 
for  each  candidate  or  person  voted  for,  shall  within  twenty-four  hours 
make  return  thereof  as  follows,  namely :  for  the  office  of  Mayor,  the 
return  shall  be  delivered  to  the  President  of  Select  Council  and  bv  him 
laid  before  the  said  Council  on  the  day  of  organization,  and  by  the  Presi- 
dent elect  of  said  Council  before  the  joint  convention  of  the  two  branches 
of  the  City  Councils  on  the  Wednesday  succeeding  the  city  election  for 
Mayor ;  for  the  offices  of  City  Auditors  and  members  of  Councils  to  the 
Mayor,  who  shall  present  the  returns  for  members  of  the  Councils  at  the 
time  fixed,  ou  the  Wednesday  succeeding  the  city  election,  for  their  organ- 
ization, to  the  respective  bodies;  and  the  returns  for  the  other  officers  to 
the  joint  convention  of  the  Councils  on  the  Wednesday  succeeding  the 
city  election  of  said  officers;  for  the  office  of  Alderman  the  return  shall 
be  made  in  the  manner  now  provided  by  law  in  the  case  of  elections  of 
Justices  of  the  Peace ;  and  for  all  the  other  officers  in  the  manner  now 
provided  by  law  in  such  cases;  and  the  said  officers  shall  give  notice  to 
the  persons  elected  in  their  respective  wards. 

Sec.  23.  That  the  Select  Council  shall  consist  of  one  member  from 
each  ward,  who  shall  have  the  same  qualifications  as  are  required  by  the 
Constitution  of  this  Commonwealth  for  members  of  the  Senate ;  and  at 
the  annual  election  to  be  held  on  the  first  Friday  of  May  next,  each  of 
said  wards  shall  elect  one  member  qualified  as  aforesaid ;  immediately 
after  the  members  of  the  Select  Council  shall  have  assembled,  after  the 
first  election  under  this  act,  they  shall  be  divided  into  three  classes  by  lot; 
the  seats  of  the  members  of  the  first  class  shall  be  vacated  at  the  expira- 
tion of  the  first  year ;  of  the  second  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  second 
year ;  of  the  third  class  at  the  expiration  of  the  third  year,  so  that  one- 
third  may  be  thereafter  elected  every  year;  and  if  any  vacancies  shall 
happen  by  resignation  or  otherwise  during  the  term  for  which  any  mem- 
ber shall  be  elected,  the  same  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  terra  at 
the  next  city  election,  and  the  functions  of  the  present  Select  Council 
shall  cease  and  terminate  after  the  municipal  election  under  this  act. 

Sec.  24.  That  the  Common  Council  shall  consist  of  twenty -seven 
members,  and  shall  be  elected  at  the  annual  city  election,  held  on  the 
first  Friday  in  May,  Anno  Domini,  One  Thousand  Eight  Hundred  and 
Sixty-seven,  by  the  qualified  voters  of  each  ward,  who  shall  have  the 
same  qualifications  as  are  required  by  the  Constitution  of  this  Common- 
wealth for  members  of  the  House  of  Representatives,  for  the  term  ot  one 
00.  Ibid.,  Sec.  0.  23.  Ibid.,  Sec.  10.  -'^-   I''"""  ^^'-  »'■ 


156  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY    OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

year  from  the  first  Friday  of  the  respective  city  elections;  that  the 
apportionment  for  each  ward  at  the  first  election  under  this  act  shall  be: 
for  the  First  Ward,  four  Common  Councilmen;  for  the  Second  Ward, 
three  Common  Councilmen ;  for  the  Third  Ward,  three  Common  Coun- 
cilmen ;  for  the  Fourth  Ward,  three  Common  Councilmen ;  for  the  Fifth 
Ward,  two  Common  Councilmen;  for  the  Sixth  Ward,  three  Common 
Councilmen;  for  the  Seventh  Ward,  three  Common  Councilmen  ;  for  the 
Eighth  Ward,  three  Common  Councilmen,  and  for  the  Ninth  Ward,  three 
Common  Councilmen;  and  if  any  vacancies  shall  happen  by  resignation 
or  otherwise  during  the  time  for  which  any  member  shall  be  elected,  the 
same  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term  by  their  body:  Provided^  That 
no  member  of  the  State  Legislature,  nor  any  one  holding  office  or  em- 
ployment from  or  under  the  State  at  the  time  of  said  election,  shall  be 
eligible  as  a  member  of  said  Councils;  nor  shall  any  member  of  said 
Councils  during  the  term  for  which  he  shall  be  elected,  hold  any  office  or 
employment  herein  created  or  provided  for  of  a  municipal  character. 

Sec.  25.  That  the  members  of  the  Select  and  Common  Councils  elected 
on  the  first  Friday  of  May,  Anno  Domini,  One  Thousand  Eight  Hundred 
and  Sixty-seven,  shall  meet  at  the  place  provided  for  their  accommoda- 
tion in  said  city,  between  the  hours  of  one  and  four  o'clock  in  the  after- 
noon of  the  Wednesday  succeeding  their  election,  and  shall  then  and 
there  organize  in  separate  chambers;  each  Council  by  a  majority  of 
votes  shall  elect  a  President,  and  such  other  officers  as  may  be  deemed 
necessary  for  the  transaction  of  business;  and  the  members  of  the 
Council  elect  shall  meet  as  aforesaid  oh  the  Wednesday  succeeding  the 
first  Friday  in  May,  in  each  year  thereafter,  with  those  whose  terms  have 
not  expired,  and  shall  take  the  oath  of  office  and  enter  upon  the  duties 
thereof. 

Sec  26.  That  the  members  of  the  Select  and  Common  Councils  shall 
be  sworn  or  affirmed,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States 
and  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania,  and  to  discharge  the  duties 
of  their  office  with  fidelity.  And  the  President  elect  of  each  branch  shall 
also  be  sworn  or  affirmed  to  perform  his  duties  as  President  with  fidelity, 
which  oath  or  affirmation  shall  be  administered  to  him  by  a  member  of 
the  branch  to  which  he  belongs,  appointed  for  that  purpose;  and  the 
President  so  sworn  or  affirmed  shall  administer  the  oaths  or  affirma- 
tion to  the  members  elect  and  officers  of  their  respective  branches. 

Sec  27.  That  each  Council  shall  judge  of  the  qualifications  of  its 
members,  and  contested  elections  shall  be  determined  by  a  committee  to 
be  selected,  formed  and  regulated  in  such  manner  as  shall  be  directed  by 
law  or  ordinance  of  said  city.  A  majority  of  each  Council  shall  consti- 
tute a  quorum  to  do  business,  but  a  less  number  may  adjourn  from  time 
25.  Ibid.,  Sec.  12.  26.  Ibid.,  Sec.  13.  27.  Ibid.,  Sec.  14. 


CHARTER    OF    THE    CITV    OF    LANCASTER.  157 

to  time,  and  have  power  to  compel  the  attendance  ol'  abscjit  nicmberH 
under  such  rules  and  penalties  as  may  be  provided. 

Sec.  28.  That  each  Council  may  determine  the  rules  of  its  procoedingn, 
which  shall,  however,  not  be  inconsistent  with  any  joint  rule  that  may 
be  adopted  by  the  two  branches  of  said  Councils;  and  each  branch  sliall 
have  power  and  authority  to  vacate  the  seat  of  any  of  its  members  for 
misbehavior,  neglect  of  duty  or  other  misdemeanor;  each  branch  shall 
keep  a  journal  of  its  proceedings,  which  shall  be  at  all  times  open  to 
public  inspection,  and  the  yeas  and  nays  of  the  members  on  any  question, 
shall,  at  the  request  of  any  two  of  them,  be  entered  on  the  journal ;  all 
the  voting  in  the  said  Select  and  Common  Councils,  or  in  any  convention 
of  the  same,  shall  be  viva  voce,  and  on  the  final  passage  of  a  bill  or 
resolution,  the  vote  shall  be  taken  by  yeas  and  nays. 

Sec.  29.  That  the  Select  and  Common  Councils  shall  assemble  for  the 
transaction  of  business,  on  the  first  Wednesday  of  every  month  in  each 
year,  and  at  such  other  times  as  they  may  deem  necessary,  which  meet- 
ings shall  at  all  times  be  open  and  accessible  to  all  citizens  dejiorting 
themselves  with  order  and  decorum. 

Sec.  30.  That  the  legislative  powers  of  the  said  city  shall  be  vested  in 
the  said  Select  and  Common  Councils,  who  shall  have  full  power  and 
authority  to  make,  ordain,  constitute  and  establisli  such  and  so  many 
laws,  ordinances  and  regulations,  as  they  shall  deem  necessary  to  pre- 
serve and  promote  the  peace,  good  order,  health,  benefit  and  convenient 
government  of  the  said  city,  subject  to  the  approval  of  the  Mayor  as 
hereinafter  provided ;  and  to  annex  penalties  not  exceeding  one  hundred 
dollars  for  the  breach  thereof,  and  the  same  to  enforce,  put  in  use  and 
execution  by  the  proper  officers,  and  at  their  pleasure  said  laws,  ordi- 
nances and  regulations  to  repeal,  alter  and  make  anew,  as  occasion  may 
require:  Provided,  That  the  same  shall  not  be  inconsistent  with  the  Con- 
stitution and  laws  of  the  United  States,  or  of  this  Commonwealth:  AivJ 
provided  also,  That  it  shall  not  be  la\N^ul  for  Councils  at  any  time  to  pass 
an  ordinance,  or  by  other  means  provide  for  the  payment  of  any  money 
in  the  shape  of  per  diem  pay,  or  compensation  of  any  kind,  for  services 
rendered  by  them  in  their  capacity  as  Councilmen,  or  members  of  com- 
mittees emanating  from  Councils. 

Sec.  31.  That  everv  bill  for  a  law  or  ordinance,  which  shall  iiave 
passed  both  branches  of  the  Councils,  shall  be  presented  to  the  Mayor: 
if  he  approve  he  shall  sign  it:  but  if  he  shall  not  approve  he  shall  return 
it  with  his  objections  to  the  Council  in  which  it  originated,  which  shall 
proceed  to  re-consider  it;  if,  after  such  re-consideration,  two.third.s  of 
that  Council  shall  agree  to  pass  the  bill  it  shall  be  sent,  with  the  objec- 

28.  Ibid.,  Sec.  15.  :iO-  "^i<!-  ^^^^-^  \l 

29.  Ibid.,  Sec.  IG.  »!•   ^^'''^■'  ^«*'-  ^^- 


158  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

tions,  to  the  other  Council  by  which  likewise  it  shall  be  re-considered; 
and  if  approved  by  two-thirds  of  that  Council  also,  it  shall  be  a  binding 
law  or  ordinance  upon  the  conditions  hereinafter  mentioned  being  com- 
plied with;  in  such  cases  the  votes  of  both  Councils  shall  be  determined 
by  yeas  and  nays,  and  the  names  of  the  members  voting  shall  be  entered 
on  the  journal  of  each  branch  respectively;  every  bill  which  shall  be 
presented  to  the  Mayor,  and  not  so  returned  by  him  at  the  next  stated 
meeting  of  the  Councils,  shall  take  effect  as  if  it  had  been  approved  by 
him,  unless  such  bill  shall  have  been  presented  to  the  Mayor  within  five 
days  of  such  next  stated  meeting,  in  which  case  he  shall  have  the  right 
to  return  the  same  at  the  next  stated  meeting  succeeding  the  one  last 
mentioned. 

Sec.  32.  That  all  laws  or  ordinances  which  shall  be  approved  by  the 
Mayor,  passed  by  two-thirds  of  Councils  without  his  approval,  or  be- 
come a  law  by  neglect  in  returning  the  same,  shall  be  published  three 
times  in  one  or  more  of  the  public  newspapers  published  in  said  city, 
within  twenty  days  after  being  severally  approved,  passed  by  two-thirds, 
or  after  having  become  a  law ;  and  the  publication  of  the  same  with  the 
dates  and  times  of  publication,  shall  be  approved  by  the  oath  or  affirmation 
of  the  clerk  of  the  Select  Council,  which  shall  at  all  times  be  deemed  and 
taken  as  sufficient  evidence  of  such  publication  and  the  dates  and  times 
thereof;  and  the  said  laws  or  ordinances,  together  with  the  affidavit  of 
the  publication  thereof,  shall  be  recorded  by  the  clerk  of  the  Select 
Council  in  books  provided  for  that  purpose,  and  in  the  Eecorder's  office 
of  Lancaster  county,  within  forty  days  from  and  after  being  so  as  afore- 
said approved,  passed  by  two-thirds,  or  after  having  become  a  law ;  and 
any  such  law  or  ordinance  which  shall  not  be  published  and  recorded  as 
aforesaid,  shall  be  null  and  void. 

Sec.  83.  That  it  shall  not  be  necessary  for  any  order  or  resolution  of 
either  branch,  or  to  which  the  concurrence  of  both  branches  of  the 
Council  may  be  required,  to  be  presented  to  the  Mayor  for  his  approval, 
but  the  same  shall  be  binding  for  all  purposes ;  the  Councils  may  transact 
business  by  an  order  or  resolution,  and  every  such  order  or  resolution 
shall  be  filed  in  the  archives  of  said  city,  and  shall  be  evidence  for  the 
purposes  therein  contained. 

Sec.  34:.  That  the  qualified  voters  of  the  city  of  Lancaster  shall  on 
the  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven, 
and  on  the  first  Friday  in  May  in  every  second  year  thereafter,  elect  one 
discreet  person  to  serve  as  Mayor  of  the  said  city,  for  the  term  of  two 
years,  and  until  his  successor  shall  be  elected  and  duly  qualified;  he 
shall  be  at  least  thirty  years  of  age,  a  citizen  of  the  United  States,  and 
shall  have  resided  four  years  next  preceding  his  election  within  the  said 
32.  Ibid.,  Sec.  19.  33.  Ibid.,  Sec.  20.  34.  Ibid.,  Sec.  21. 


CHARTER   OF   THE   CITY    OF   LANCASTER.  159 

city;  he  shall  take  the  usual  oath  of  oilice  in  the  presence  of  the  Councils, 
to  be  administered  by  the  President  of  the  Select  or  Common  Council 
between  the  hours  of  one  and  four  o'clock,  post  meridian,  on  the  Wednes- 
day next  succeeding  his  election,  if  the  same  shall  within  that  lime  be 
approved,  and  shall  give  security  to  the  city  of  Lancaster,  in  such  sum 
as  may  be  fixed  and  determined  upon  by  the  City  Councils,  for  the 
payment  of  all  moneys  coming  into  his  hands  for  fines  and  pejialties,  in 
accordance  with  the  laws  or  ordinances  under  wliich  the  same  be  re- 
covered. 

Sec.  35,  That  any  citizen  of  said  city  qualified  to  serve  as  Mayor, 
desiring  to  contest  the  election  of  the  person  returned  elected  as  Mayor, 
shall  present  his  petition  setting  forth  the  rea.sons  for  contesting  the  same, 
to  the  President  of  the  convention  of  the  City  Councils,  on  the  Wednes- 
day succeeding  the  election  of  Mayor;  the  said  petition  shall  be  signed 
by  at  least  ten  qualified  electors  of  said  city,  accompanied  by  an  affidavit 
taken  and  subscribed  before  some  person  having  authority  to  administer 
oaths,  that  the  facts  stated  in  such  petition  are  true  to  the  best  of  their 
knowledge  and  belief;  whereupon  said  convention  shall  proceed  to  ex- 
amine into  the  facts  alleged  in  said  petition,  for  which  purpose  thev  may 
adjourn  from  day  to  day,  subpoena  and  compel  the  attendance  of  witnesses, 
hear  testimony,  and  decide  within  ten  days  which  of  the  persons  is  duly 
elected;  and  the  person  in  whose  favor  it  shall  be  decided,  shall  be  duly 
qualified  to  serve  as  Mayor;  or,  if  the  said  convention  should  deem  it 
proper  to  set  aside  the  election,  they  shall  order  a  special  election  for 
said  ofiice  to  be  held  within  twenty  days  from  and  after  the  determina- 
tion of  such  contested  election,  which  shall  be  conducted  in  the  manner 
prescribed  and  return  thereof  made  as  directed  in  this  act,  on  the  third 
day  next  following  the  same;  and  the  person  ascertained  to  have  re- 
ceived the  highest  number  of  votes  at  such  special  election,  shall  be 
duly  qualified  to  act  as  Mayor  for  the  remainder  of  the  term  for  which 
he  shall  have  been  elected.  Whenever  a  vacancy  shall  occur  in  the 
office  of  Mayor,  by  the  refusal  or  omission  of  any  person  elected  a.s 
aforesaid  to  serve,  or  by  death,  resignation,  or  removal  from  the  city,  or 
otherwise,  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  Councils  in  joint  convention,  forth- 
with to  elect  a  person  qualified  as  aforesaid  to  serve  as  Mayor,  who  shall 
continue  in  office  until  the  Wednesday  succeeding  the  next  city  election, 
or  until  his  successor  shall  have  been  duly  declared  elected  and  qualified. 
In  case  of  the  temporary  absence,  or  inability  of  the  Mayor  to  act,  the 
Councils  shall  appoint  a  Mayor  to  serve  until  he  shall  resume  the  duties 
of  the  office. 

Sec.  36.  That  the  Mayor  of  said  city  shall  have  all  the  ])owcrs  in 
criminal  cases  now  conferred  on  him  by  existing  laws,  and  he  shall  be 
35.  Ibid.,  Sec.  22.  30.  Ibid.,  Sec.  23. 


160  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

the  chief  executive  magistrate  thereof.  It  shall  be  his  duty  to  be  vigi- 
lant and  active  in  causing  the  laws  of  this  Commonwealth,  and  the  laws 
and  ordinances  of  the  said  city,  to  be  executed  and  enforced  therein ;  and 
in  order  to  enable  him  more  effectually  to  preserve  the  peace  and  good 
order  of  the  city,  all  the  powers  given  to  Sheriffs  of  this  Commonwealth 
to  prevent  routs,  riots,  and  tumultuous  assemblies  are  hereby  conferred 
upon  him.  He  shall  communicate  to  Councils  at  the  first  stated  meeting 
in  the  month  of  June  of  each  year,  and  oftener  if  he  shall  deem  it  expe- 
dient, the  condition  of  the  city  in  relation  to  its  government,  finances  and 
improvements,  and  shall  recommend  the  adoption  of  all  such  measures 
as  the  business  and  interests  of  the  city  may,  in  his  opinion,  require. 
The  Councils  shall  fix  the  number  of  Constables  and  Watchmen  to  whom 
salaries  are  to  be  paid  out  of  the  city  treasury,  and  the  Mayor  shall 
nominate,  and  by  and  with  the  advice  and  consent  of  the  Select  Council 
appoint  the  said  Constables  and  Watchmen,  and  dismiss  all  or  any  of  them 
with  the  concurrence  of  Select  Council,  and  in  like  manner  all  vacancies 
shall  be  filled.  The  Constables  and  Watchmen  shall  obey  the  orders  of  the 
Mayor  and  make  report  to  him,  which  report  shall  be  laid  before  Coun- 
cils by  him  whenever  required,  and  he  shall  exercise  a  constant  super- 
vision and  control  over  the  conduct  of  the  Constables  and  Watchmen 
appointed  by  him  as  aforesaid,  receive  and  examine  all  complaints  pre- 
ferred against  them  in  the  discharge  of  their  duties  and  report  the  same 
to  Councils;  and  the  Mayor  shall  be  required  to  remove  from  office  any 
Constables  or  Watchmen  by  him  appointed,  upon  a  resolution  to  that 
effect  being  passed  by  two-thirds  of  both  branches  of  Councils,  Provided^ 
That  the  office  of  High  Constable  is  hereby  abolished.  Provided  further, 
That  the  Mayor  shall  select  the  said  Constables  from  the  nine  ward 
Constables  elected  in  their  respective  wards,  and  immediately  upon 
removal  by  the  said  Mayor,  with  the  concurrence  of  Select  Council,  their 
salaries  shall  expire. 

Sec.  37.  That  the  city  of  Lancaster  is  hereby  divided  into  nine  districts 
for  the  election  of  Aldermen  as  follows,  to  wit :  the  First,  Second,  Third, 
Fourth,  Fifth,  Sixth,  Seventh,  Eighth  and  Ninth  wards,  and  each  of  said 
districts  shall  be  entitled  to  one  Alderman,  who  shall  reside  in  the  district; 
the  First  ward  shall  elect  one  Alderman  at  the  election  to  be  held  on  the 
first  Friday  in  May,  Anno  Domini,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
seventy ;  the  Second  ward,  one  Alderman  on  the  first  Friday  in  May,  one 
thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight ;  the  Third  ward,  one  Alderman 
on  the  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-nine; 
the  Fourth  ward,  one  Alderman  on  the  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand 
eight  hundred  and  sixty-eight ;  the  Fifth  ward,  one  Alderman  on  the 
first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy;  the  Sixth 

37.  Ibid.,  Sec.  24. 


CHARTER   OF   THE    CITY    OF    LANCASTER.  161 

ward,  one  Alderman  on  tlic  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight 
hundred  and  seventy;  the  Seventh  ward,  one  Alderman  on  the  first 
Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy-one ;  the  Eighth 
ward,  one  Alderman  on  the  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hun- 
dred and  sixty-seven ;  and  the  Ninth  ward,  one  Alderman  on  the  first 
Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  seventy,  or  whenever  a 
vacancy  shall  exist  by  death  or  resignation,  or  otherwise,  and  commissioned 
for  the  same  term  of  years  as  is  provided  by  the  act  of  Assembly,  passed  the 
twenty-first  day  of  June,  Anno  Domini  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
thirty-nine,  entitled  "  An  Act  providing  for  the  election  of  Aldermen  and 
Justices  of  the  Peace,"  and  the  acts  supplementary  thereto,  and  the  Alder- 
man who  shall  be  elected  in  pursuance  of  this  act  and  the  acts  herein 
referred  to,  shall  give  security  as  provided  in  the  said  acts,  shall  be  subject 
to  the  same  liabilities  and  penalties,  be  removed  from  office  in  the  same 
manner,  and  respectively  shall  have  all  the  civil  and  criminal  authority 
and  jurisdiction,  and  all  the  rights,  powers  and  privileges  which  are  now 
or  hereafter  may  be  vested  in  the  several  Justices  of  the  Peace  of  this 
Commonwealth  by  the  laws  thereof,  and  be  entitled  to  the  same  fees  and 
perquisites,  with  the  like  right  of  appeal  by  the  party  or  parties  aggrieved 
from  any  judgment,  order,  or  decree  of  any  such  Alderman  or  Aldermen 
to  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  the  county  of  Lancaster. 

Sec.  38.  That  the  Select  and  Common  Council  and  convention  assem- 
bled shall,  on  the  Wednesday  after  their  election,  in  each  and  every 
year,  by  a  majority  of  votes  elect  one  person  to  serve  as  City  Treasurer 
for  one  year  from  the  first  day  of  June  in  each  and  every  year,  and  until 
his  successor  shall  be  duly  elected  and  qualified ;  the  said  Treasurer 
shall  give  bond  to  the  city,  conditioned  for  the  faithful  performance  of 
his  duties  in  such  amount  as  the  City  Councils  shall  direct,  and  with 
such  sureties  as  shall  be  by  them  approved;  and  shall,  before  he  enters 
upon  his  office  take  and  subscribe  an  oath  or  affirmation  before  the 
Mayor,  to  support  the  Constitution  of  the  United  States  and  of  this 
Commonwealth,  and  honestly  to  keep  an  account  of  all  public  mone3's 
and  property  entrusted  to  his  care,  and  to  discharge  the  duties  of  his 
office  with  fidelity.  No  money  shall  be  drawn  from  the  treasury  of  the 
city  except  the  same  shall  have  been  previously  appropriated  by  Coun- 
cils to  the  purpose  for  which  it  is  drawn ;  the  accounts  to  be  kept  by  the 
said  Treasurer  shall  exhibit  all  the  receipts  and  all  the  expenditures  of 
the  city  in  an  intelligible  manner,  in  which  the  particulars  of  each  item 
of  charge  and  discharge  shall  fully  and  precisely  appear.  The  said 
Treasurer  shall  verify  his  cash  account  at  least  once  in  every  month  to 
the  satisfaction  of  a  standing  committee  of  Councils;  and,  upon  the  affi- 
davit of  a  majority  of  such  committee  to  any  default  therein,  the  said 

38.  Ibid.,  Sec.  25. 
llK 


162  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTV. 

Treasurer  may  be  suspended  from  office  and  another  appointed  until  the 
further  action  of  Council ;  and  the  said  Treasurer,  at  the  expiration  of 
his  term  office,  shall  deliver  all  moneys,  books  and  papers  in  his  hands 
belonging  to  the  said  office  to  his  successor  in  office. 

Sec.  39.  That  it  shall  be  the  duty  of  the  City  Treasurer  to  act  as  re- 
ceiver of  taxes  and  collector  of  water  rents,  as  hereinafter  provided; 
and,  upon  the  duplicate  or  duplicates  of  city  taxes  and  water  rents 
having  been  made  out  as  may  be  directed  by  the  City  Councils,  the  same 
shall  be  placed  in  the  possession  of  the  said  Treasurer  who  shall  receive 
and  collect  said  taxes  and  water  rents,  and  for  that  purpose  he  shall  have 
and  exercise  all  the  powers  conferred  by  law  in  that  behalf,  for  collection 
of  State  and  county  taxes,  and  the  Councils  shall  have  power  to  fix  the 
time  at  which  the  duplicates  of  unpaid  taxes  shall  be  placed  in  the  hands 
of  the  Ward  Constables  for  collection. 

Sec.  40.  That  the  qualified  voters  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  on  the  first 
Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and  sixty-seven,  shall  elect 
three  reputable  persons  to  serve  as  City  Auditors :  one  for  the  term  of 
one  year,  one  for  the  term  of  two  years  and  one  for  the  term  of  three 
years,  and  annually  thereafter  shall  elect  one  person  to  serve  as  City 
Auditor  for  the  term  of  three  years,  from  the  first  Wednesday  succeed- 
ing such  election  ;  and  he,  with  the  two  auditors  previously  elected,  shall 
constitute  a  board  to  audit  the  treasurer's  accounts  at  the  end  of  the  fiscal 
year,  and  at  the  close  of  his  term,  and  perform  such  other  duties  as  may 
be  prescribed  by  law  or  ordinance ;  and  the  election  of  Auditors  shall  be 
determined  upon  and  vacancies  in  said  board  shall  be  filled  in  the  same 
manner  as  is  provided  in  the  case  of  City  Treasurer. 

Sec.  41.  That  the  qualified  voters  of  each  Ward  of  the  city  of  Lan- 
caster shall,  on  the  first  Friday  in  May,  one  thousand  eight  hundred  and 
sixty-seven,  and  annually  thereafter,  elect  one  Constable,  who  shall  be 
qualified  as  the  laws  of  this  Commonwealth  require  such  officers  to  be, 
and  shall,  upon  entering  the  requisite  security,  be  commissioned  by  the 
Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  county  of  Lancaster ;  they  shall  be  under 
and  subject  to  the  same  legal  penalties  and  provisions,  and  exercise  all 
the  powers  and  do  and  perform  all  duties  that  by  the  usages  and  laws  of 
this  Commonwealth  are  enjoined  upon  such  officers.  All  vacancies  that 
may  from  any  cause  occur  in  the  said  office  of  Constable,  shall  be  filled 
by  the  Court  of  Quarter  Sessions  of  the  said  county  of  Lancaster. 

Sec.  42.  That  hereafter  the  qualified  voters  of  each  Ward  shall  elect 
one  person  as  Assessor  for  State,  County  and  City  purposes,  and  there 
shall  be  no  Assistant  Assessors  elected  in  the  said  city.  So  much  of  any 
act  as  authorizes  the  election  of  Assistant  Assessors  is  hereby  repealed, 

39.  Ibid.,  Sec.  26.  41.  Ibid.,  Sec.  28. 

40.  Ibid.,  Sec.  27.  42.  Ibid.,  Sec.  29. 


CHARTER   OF   THE   CITY   OF   LANCASTER.  1(53 

SO  far  as  the  same  may  apply  to  the  city  of  Lancaster.  The  several  Asses- 
sors, after  being  duly  qualified,  shall  do  and  perform  within  their  respect- 
ive wards  all  the  duties  that  by  the  usages  and  laws  of  this  Common- 
wealth are  now  enjoined  upon  the  Assessors  and  Assistant  Assessors ;  and 
after  they  shall  have  taken  the  names  of  the  taxable  person.s,  and  an  esti- 
mate of  the  real  and  personal  estates  of  the  inhabitants  of  the  said  city, 
and  the  real  estate  of  persons  non-residents,  they  shall  meet  together  as  a 
board  to  equalize  and  fix  a  uniform  standard  and  just  valuation  on  the 
same;  and  for  neglect  of  duty  they  shall  be  subject  to  the  same  penalties 
as  are  now  provided  by  law.  And  they  shall  make  out  a  duplicate  of 
their  assessments  and  present  the  same  to  City  Councils  on  or  before  the 
second  Wednesday  in  May  in  each  year,  for  which  they  shall  receive  a 
compensation  from  the  city ;  and  the  said  Councils  shall  appoint  a  Board 
of  Appeal  to  hear  all  persons  who  may  consider  themselves  improperly 
assessed.  And  the  said  Board  of  Appeal  shall  have  power  to  exonerate 
or  alter  the  assessments  of  such  persons  as  they  may  deem  proper,  and 
the  office  of  City  Assessor  is  hereby  dispensed  with. 

Sec  43.  That  the  Councils  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  shall  have  power 
to  provide  for  the  assessment  and  collection  of  taxes,  not  exceeding  one 
and  a  half  per  centum  upon  the  city  valuation  in  any  one  year,  on  all 
persons,  real  and  personal  property,  and  all  other  matters  and  things 
within  said  city  taxable  for  State  and  County  purposes,  for  the  payment 
of  loans  to  support  the  government  and  make  the  necessary  improve- 
ments of  said  city ;  and  the  Assessors  in  the  several  Wards  shall  perform 
the  duty  of  City  Assessors,  in  conformity  with  the  provisions  of  this  act 
and  the  ordinances  of  said  city.  All  taxes  assessed  and  levied  upon  real 
estate  in  pursuance  of  this  act,  and  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  said  city, 
shall  be  a  lien  on  such  real  estate  from  the  time  of  such  levy,  and  the 
lien  hereby  created  shall  have  priority  to,  and  shall  be  fully  paid  and 
satisfied  before  any  recognizance,  mortgage,  judgment,  debt,  obligation 
or  responsibility,  which  the  said  real  estate  may  become  charged  with  or 
liable  to  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act;  nor  shall  the  defendant 
or  defendants,  or  other  persons,  in  any  writ  of  fieri  facias,  venditioni 
exponas,  or  levari  facias,  be  entitled  to  claim  any  exception  under  a  levy 
and  sale  of  any  real  estate  charged  with  such  tax,  against  the  allowance 
or  payment  of  the  same. 

Sec  44.  That  the  Councils  of  the  city  of  Lancaster  shall  provide  and 
maintain  a  suitable  Lock-up  or  Station  House  in  some  convenient  part  of 
said  city,  and  at  the  expense  thereof,  to  be  used  as  a  place  of  security  for 
confining  and  detaining  vagrants  and  persons  arrested  by  constables,  and 
the  police  officers,  and  for  the  temporary  detention  of  persons  committed 
by  the  Mayor  or  any  of  the  Aldermen  on  criminal  charges,  and  for 
43.  Ibid.,  Sec.  30.  44.  Ibid.,  St-c.  31. 


184  AUTHENTC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTV. 

breaclies  of  the  peace  and  violation  of  the  ordinances  of  said  citj,  for 
"wliicli  such  person  or  persons  can  be  lawfully  committed  to  the  prison  of 
Lancaster  county,  until  they  shall  be  so  committed  or  discharged  accord- 
ing to  law ;  but  no  person  shall  be  detained  in  the  said  Lock-up  or  Station 
House  for  a  longer  time  than  twenty-four  hours,  except  upon  the  order 
of  the  Mayor,  or  an  Alderman  who  may  commit  such  persons  in  pursu- 
ance of  law:  Provided^  That  the  expenses  of  committing  and  keeping 
any  person  or  persons  in  said  Lock-up  or  Station  House,  shall  be  paid 
by  the  county  of  Lancaster  on  the  presentation  of  the  accounts  of  the 
same  to  the  Commissioners  of  the  said  county. 

Sec.  45.  That  the  several  departments  of  the  said  city  shall  annually, 
on  or  before  the  stated  meeting  in  the  month  of  June,  present  estimates 
to  Councils  of  the  probable  amount  of  receipts,  and  of  the  amounts,  that 
in  their  judgment  will  be  required  during  the  current  fiscal  year,  for  the 
public  service  in  the  several  departments  respectively ;  and  the  said  Coun- 
cils shall  immediately  thereafter  proceed  to  appropriate  the  public  moneys, 
by  ordinance,  to  the  several  departments  for  the  current  fiscal  year  for 
the  payment  of  loans  to  meet  the  expenses  of  the  city,  and  the  making 
of  such  improvements  as  they  may  deem  necessary,  and  the  amount  so 
appropriated  shall  be  disbursed  in  such  manner  as  Councils  may  direct, 
from  time  to  time,  by  joint  resolution  during  the  year. 

Sec.  46.  The  election  ofiicers  of  what  was  heretofore  known  as  the 
North-east  ward  and  South-east  ward,  shall  meet  in  each  of  said  wards 
within  ten  days  after  their  election  annually,  and  assess  and  levy  a  tax 
for  bounty  purposes,  to  pay  the  indebtedness  for  the  expenses  incurred 
in  filling  quotas  of  the  several  said  late  wards.  They  shall  elect  a  Treas- 
urer and  Collector  for  each  of  said  wards,  who  shall  give  bonds  with 
good  and  sufficient  securities  for  double  the  amount  of  any  moneys  that 
may  come  into  their  hands,  which  bond  shall  be  approved  by  the  officers 
and  filed  in  the  Prothonotary's  ofiice  of  Lancaster  county.  That  the  said 
election  ofiicers  shall,  at  least  once  in  each  year,  present  a  full  and  clear 
statement  of  the  receipts  and  expenditures  of  the  fund  to  the  Court  of 
Common  Pleas  of  Lancaster  county,  at  the  April  Term  of  said  Court, 
which  shall  appoint  an  Auditor  to  examine  the  same,  and  make  report 
thereon  to  said  Court  for  its  approval:  Provided^  That  if  any  of  the 
present  authorities  or  boards  of  election  ofi&cers  of  any  of  said  wards  have 
already  levied  and  assessed  a  bounty  tax  as  provided  for  in  this  section, 
for  the  present  year,  such  authorities  or  boards  of  election  officers,  and 
the  of&cers  and  agents  by  them  appointed,  shall  be  and  continue  the  au- 
thorities of  such  ward,  for  the  collection  of  such  tax,  and  the  settlement 
of  the  bounty  indebtedness  of  such  ward,  and  the  provisions  of  this 
section  shall  not  apply  to  such  ward,  except  as  far  as  they  relate  to  the 
45.  Ibid.,  Sec.  33.  46.  Ibid.,  Sec.  33. 


CHARTER   OF   THE   CITY   OF   LANCASTER.  165 

presentation  and  auditing  of  an  account  wlien  said  tax  shall  have  been 
collected. 

Sec  47.  That  no  salary  of  any  officer  to  be  elected  according  to  tho 
provisions  of  this  act,  shall  be  increased  by  any  act  or  ordinance  to  take 
effect  during  the  term  for  which  such  officer  shall  have  been  elected,  un- 
less such  act  or  ordinance  shall  have  been  proposed  at  a  stated  meeting 
of  Councils,  and  passed  at  the  next  or  a  subsequent  stated  meeting;  and 
in  all  cases  where  the  salary  of  any  officer  shall  not  be  fixed  by  law,  it 
shall  be  fixed  by  ordinance  of  the  City  Councils. 

Sec.  48.  That  if  any  person  elected  to  any  office  herein  provided,  shall 
refuse  to  take  upon  himself  the  duties  of  such  office,  he  shall  forfeit  and 
pay  the  sum  of  twenty-five  dollars,  to  be  recoverable  before  any  Alder- 
man and  paid  into  the  treasury  of  said  city,  unless  the  same  be  remitted 
by  the  city  Councils,  who  are  authorized  upon  sufficient  cause  shown,  by 
joint  resolution,  to  remit  fines  and  penalties  imposed  on  persons  by 
virtue  of  the  laws  and  ordinances  of  said  city;  and  no  person  shall  be 
incapacitated  from  being  a  judge,  juror  or  witness,  in  any  suit  for  or 
against  the  said  city,  in  consequence  of  such  person  being  a  citizen  or 
officer  of  the  said  city. 

Sec.  49.  That  all  persons  now  holding  offices  under  the  present  charter 
shall  hold  their  offices  as  they  now  may,  or  can  do  by  law,  until  the  offi- 
cers provided  for  in  this  act  are  duly  elected  and  qualified  under  the 
provisions  of  the  same. 

Sec.  50.  That  this  act  and  the  powers  and  authorities  herein  vested  in 
the  said  city,  shall  not  be  impaired,  affected,  defeated  or  destroyed  by 
any  neglect  or  omission  to  appoint  all  or  any  of  its  officers  at  the  time 
or  times  allotted  for  the  same,  and  in  case  of  any  such  neglect  or  omis- 
sion, the  Mayor  of  the  said  city  shall  forthwith  take  all  necessary  meas- 
ures to  cure  and  supply  such  defects  and  omissions,  giving  due  notice 
thereof. 

Sec.  51.  That  all  acts  and  parts  of  acts  inconsistent  with  this  act,  are 
hereby  repealed :  Provided^  That  the  repeal  of  said  acts  shall  not  affect 
any  act  done,  or  any  right  accruing  or  accrued,  or  established,  or  any 
suit  or  proceeding  had,  or  commenced,  in  any  civil  case  before  the  time 
of  the  repeal;  and  no  offence  committed,  and  no  penalty  or  forfeiture  in- 
curred under  the  acts  hereby  repealed,  shall  be  affected  by  the  repeal; 
and  no  suit  or  prosecution  pending  at  the  time  of  repeal  for  any  offence 
committed,  or  for  the  recovery  of  any  penalty  or  forfeiture  incurred 
under  the  acts  hereby  repealed,  shall  be  affected  by  such  repeal:  And 
provided  further,  That  the  ordinances  now  in  force  in  said  city  shall  con- 
tinue in  force,  so  far  as  the  same  are  not  inconsistent  with  this  act,  until 

47.  Ibid.,  Sec.  34.  49.  Ibid.,  Sec.  3G.  51.  Ibid.,  Soc.  38. 

48.  Ibid.,  Sec.  35.  50.  Ibid.,  Sec.  37. 


166  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

ttie^^same  shall  be  repealed,  altered  or  supplied  under  the  authority  given 
to  the  Councils  of  the  said  city. 

Sec  52.  That  the  Court  of  Common  Pleas  of  said  county  be  and  they 
are  hereby  authorized  to  appoint  yearly  a  Board  of  Health,  consisting  of 
five  resident  real  estate  owners  of  said  city,  who  shall  serve  without  re- 
ceiving any  compensation  therefor. 

Sec  53.  That  the  commissions  of  all  Aldermen,  expiring  before  the  time 
herein  provided  for  the  election  of  Aldermen  in  the  several  Wards,  shall 
continue  for  a  period  of  thirty  days  after  the  time  of  said  election ;  and 
all  acts  and  proceedings  had  by  them  by  virtue  of  their  office  up  until 
said  period,  shall  be  valid  and  effectual. 

52.  Ibid.,  Sec.  39.  53.  Ibid.,  Sec.  40. 


No.  13. 

SUPPLEMENT 

To  the  Charier  of  the  Municipial  Corporation  of  the  City  of  Lancaster,  changing  the 
time  of  holding  certain  elections  in  said  Corporation  and  for  other  purposes.  Signed 
hy  the  Governor,  March  32,  1869. 

Sec  1.  Be  it  enacted  d-c,  That  so  much  of  an  act  amending  the  charter  of 
the  municipal  corporation  of  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  dividing  the  same 
into  nine  wards,  which  was  approved  April  5th,  1867,  as  provides  for  the 
election  of  certain  officers  therein  named  on  the  first  Friday  of  May,  and 
so  much  of  an  act  to  change  the  time  and  manner  of  electing  School 
Directors  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  to  define  the  qualification  of 
voters  for  the  same,  approved  March  16,  1868,  as  provides  for  the  elec- 
tion of  twelve  School  Directors  annually,  on  the  fourth  Friday  of  March, 
between  the  hours  of  one  and  seven  o'clock  in  the  afternoon,  be  and  the 
same  are  hereby  repealed;  and  all  officers  provided  in  and  by  said  two 
acts,  to  be  elected  on  the  said  days,  shall  hereafter  be  elected  annually 
on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October,  and  the  Mayor  shall  issue  his  proc- 
lamation to  the  qualified  voters  of  each  ward,  at  least  twenty  days  before 
said  second  Tuesday  of  October,  for  the  purposes  provided  in  the  fifth 
section  of  the  above  first  named  act. 

Sec  2.  That  the  terms  of  all  the  officers  elected  solely  by  the  elec- 
tors within  the  corporation,  including  Constables  and  School  Directors, 
whose  terms  expire  by  the  present  laws  at  any  time  in  the  year  Anno 
Domini  1869,  and  the  terms  of  all  the  officers  whose  terms  expire  in  the 
year  Anno  Domini  1870,  shall  end  and  expire  on  the  second  Wednesday, 
after  the  second  Tuesday  of  October,  Anno  Domini  1869 ;  and  the  terms 
of  the  present  members  of  Select  Council  for  the  Fifth,  Seventh  and 
Ninth  Wards,  shall  expire  on  the  second  Wednesday  after  the  second 


CHARTER   OF   THE    CITY    OF    LANCASTER.  I«i7 

Tuesday  of  October,  Anno  Domini  1870;  Provided,  Th:it  the  coinnii.s- 
sions  of  all  Aldermen  expiring  l)efore  the  time  herein  provided  for  the 
election  shall  continue  for  a  period  oi'  thirty  days  after  the  time  of  said 
election,  and  all  acts  and  proceedings  had  by  them  by  virtue  of  their 
office,  up  until  said  period,  shall  be  valid  and  eftectual. 

Sec.  3.  That  the  qualified  electors  of  said  corponitioii  shall,  on  the 
second  Tuesday  of  October,  Anno  Domini  ISti!),  elect  a  citizen  duly 
qualified  to  the  office  of  Mayor  of  said  corporation ;  tiie  electors  of  the 
Second,  Sixth  and  Eighth  ^Vards  shall  each  elect  one  person  duly  qual- 
ified to  the  ofiice  of  Select  Councilman,  and  the  persons  so  elected  shall 
each  hold  said  office  for  the  term  of  three  years ;  the  electors  of  the  First 
Third  and  Fourth  wards  shall  each,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October, 
Anno  Domini  1869,  elect  one  person  duly  qualified  to  the  office  of  Select 
Councilman,  and  the  persons  so  elected  shall  each  hold  said  office  for  the 
term  of  two  years;  the  qualified  electors  of  the  Fifth,  Seventh  and  Ninth 
wards  shall  each,  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October,  Anno  Domini  1870. 
elect  one  person  duly  qualified  to  the  office  of  Select  Councilman,  and 
the  persons  so  elected  shall  each  hold  said  office  for  the  term  of  three 
years,  from  the  second  Wednesday  after  the  second  Tuesday  of  October, 
Anno  Domini  1870. 

Sec.  4.  That  so  much  of  section  twenty-five,  of  the  act  of  incorpora- 
tion of  March  20,  1818,  and  so  much  of  section  eleventh  of  the  supple- 
mentary act  of  incorporation  of  April  5,  1867,  as  would  appear  to  render 
persons  holding  certain  offices  ineligible  as  officers  of  the  corporation,  be 
and  the  same  are  hereby  repealed,  except  as  refers  to  aldermen  and 
members  of  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Pennsylvania;  and 
hereafter,  no  District  Attorney,  Sheriff;  or  other  oificer,  except  member  of 
Congress  and  member  of  the  Legislature  of  the  Commonwealth  of  Penn- 
sylvania, shall  on  that  account  be  ineligible  to  hold  any  office  of  the  cor- 
poration, or  any  office  filled  solely  by  electors  of  the  corporation. 

Sec  5.  That  at  the  election  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October,  Anno 
Domini  1869,  the  qualified  electors  of  the  corporation  shall,  m  the  man- 
ner indicated  in  the  act  entitled  "An  Act  to  change  the  time  and  inanner 
of  electing  School  Directors  in  the  city  of  Lancaster,  and  to  define  the 
qualifications  of  voters  for  the  same,"  approved  March  6  Anno  Domini 
1868,  elect  twelve  persons  duly  qualified  to  serve  as  School  Directors 
for  two  years,  and  twelve  to  serve  for  three  years,  from  the  fi;«t  Ihurs- 
dayof  November  following,  and  on  the  second  Tuesday  of  October, 
Anno  Domini  1870,  and  annually  thereafter,  the  qualified  electors  as 
aforesaid  shall,  in  the  same  manner,  elect  twelve  persons  duly  qua l.hcd 
to  serve  as  School  Directors,  for  the  term  of  three  years,  from  the  fol- 
lowing first  Thursday  of  November. 

SEa  6.   That  the  name  of  the  Mayor,  together  with  all  the  ofliccrs 


168  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

provided  by  this  act,  to  be  elected  annually  on  the  second  Tuesday  of 
October,  shall  be  written  or  printed  on  one  ticket,  separate  from  the  State 
and  County  officers ;  said  ticket  shall  be  headed  "  City  Officers,"  and  shall 
be  deposited  in  a  box  provided  specially  for  that  purpose. 

Sec. '7.  That  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  the  Mayor  or 
any  other  officer  receiving  a  salary  from  the  city,  shall  not  receive  more 
than  one-half  of  any  fees  from  the  county  of  Lancaster,  for  the  arresting 
and  committing  for  vagrancy,  drunkenness  and  disorderly  conduct,  and 
no  fees  for  such  cases  dismissed  on  account  of  no  cause  of  action. 

Sec.  7.  That  if  any  member  of  Select  or  Common  Council  shall 
absent  himself  from  three  successive  meetings,  thirty  minutes  after  the 
hour  appointed,  without  reasonable  excuse,  his  seat  shall  be  declared 
vacant ;  and  from  and  after  the  passage  of  this  act,  if  a  vacancy  occur 
in  the  Select  branch  for  the  cause  herein  named,  or  by  death,  removal 
from  the  ward,  resignation,  or  any  cause  during  the  term  for  which  any 
member  shall  be  elected,  the  same  shall  be  filled  for  the  unexpired  term 
by  their  body. 

Sec.  9.  That  hereafter  the  City  Treasurer,  instead  of  being  elected 
on  the  Wednesday  after  the  city  election,  as  is  provided  in  the  twenty- 
fifth  section  of  the  act  of  April  5th,  1867,  shall  be  elected  in  the  manner 
in  said  act  named,  on  the  second  Wednesday  after  the  second  Tuesday 
of  October ;  and  he  shall  hold  said  office  for  one  year  from  the  first  day 
of  November,  in  each  and  every  year,  and  until  his  successor  shall  be 
duly  elected  and  qualified. 

Sec.  10.  That  the  Mayor  is  authorized  and  required  to  apply  so  much 
of  the  fund  arising  out  of  the  sale  of  market  places  and  privileges  on  the 
streets,  as  may  be  necessary  to  clean  and  remove  away  all  offal  and  dirt 
on  the  streets  and  square,  where  such  market  stands  are  sold  by  the  city. 

Sec.  11.  That  the  Street  Commissioner,  under  direction  of  the  Mayor, 
is  required  to  remove,  clean  and  haul  away  all  dirt  and  offal  on  said 
streets  and  square  on  each  and  every  market  day,  who  shall  have  author- 
ity to  employ  as  much  force  as  the  Mayor  may  dQem  necessary. 

Sec.  12,  That  section  twenty-seventh  of  the  act  of  April  5,  1867,  be 
and  the  same  is  hereby  repealed ;  and  that  the  terms  of  office  of  the  three 
Auditors  of  Lancaster  city  shall  end  and  expire  upon  the  passage  of 
this  act. 

Sec.  13  All  laws  or  parts  of  laws,  so  far  as  the  same  may  conflict 
with  or  are  repugnant  to  the  provisions  of  this  act,  are  hereby  repealed. 


FIRE   AND   LIFE   INSURANCE.  169 


No.  14. 

FIRE  AND  LIFE  INSURANCE.i 
FIRE   INSURANCE. 

The  caution  and  care  of  the  citizens  of  our  city  and  county  are  fairly 
exemplified  in  the  many  Companies  for  protection  from  fire,  both  in  the 
city  and  the  county.  In  the  county  we  have  the  ^'■Lancaster  Coimhj 
Mutual^^^  the  ^'Farmers'  Mutual,^''  ^'■Northern  Mulual,'^  and  one  in  the 
northern  part  of  the  county,  without  a  Charter,  the  members  being 
joined  together  agreeing  to  pay  their  respective  shares  of  losses  sustained 
by  their  neighbors  (belonging  to  the  association.) 

This  form  of  Mutual  Insurance,  dates  its  origin  from  about  the  year 
1609.  It  is  said  that  about  that  year  a  proposition  was  made  to  Count 
Anthony  Giinther  von  Oldenburg,  in  Germany,  that  as  a  new  species  of 
finance,  he  should  insure  the  houses  of  his  subjects  against  fire,  each 
paying  for  $100  valuation,  $1  yearly.  The  Count  would  not  accede  to 
this  scheme  although  he  thought  it  might  be  well  if  a  company  of  indi- 
viduals could  be  formed  to  insure  each  others'  houses,  but  he  doubted 
whether  it  could  by  him  be  "honorably,  justly  and  irreproachably  insti- 
tuted without  tempting  Providence,  without  incurring  the  censure  of 
neighbors,  and  without  disgracing  his  name  and  dignity." 

The  New  Mennonites  do  not  insure  their  property,  it  being  contrary  to 
the  discipline  of  their  Church,  but  when  any  of  their  members  sustain 
a  loss  by  fire,  it  is  made  up  by  contributions  from  the  members. 

The  first  Stock  Company,  the  ''Lancaster  City  and  County,''  was 
chartered  in  the  year  1838,  with  $200,000  capital,  and  located  in  Lan- 
caster, of  which  the  late  James  Evans  was  President,  and  John  Zimmer- 
man, Secretary.  After  a  few  years  of  prosperity,  financial  troubles 
overtook  the  country,  and  the  Company  having  lost  a  large  amount  by 
the  old  Girard  Bank,  it  was  deemed  advisable  to  wind  up  its  affairs,  which 
was  done  in  1846.  During  the  year  1868,  it  was  resuscitated  and  is  now 
apparently  doing  a  good  business. 

In  1854,  the  '' Inland  Insurance  and  Deposit  Company,''  was  chartered 
with  the  addition  of  an  Insurance  Department,  and  is  still  continued. 

In  1861,  the  ''Lancaster  ITome  Mutual;'  was  chartered,  and  has  been 
brought  to  its  present  prosperous  condition,  mainly  by  its  first  and  only 
Secretary,  C.  H.  Lefevre,  Esq.  h\  our  neighboring  town  of  Columbia, 
we  have  the  "  Columbia  Insurance  Company,"  Stock  and  Mutual,  and 

1  Contributed  by  Hugh  S.  Gara,  Esq. 


170  AUTHENTIC    HISTORY    OF    LANCASTER    COUNTY, 

the  National^  which  is  to  be  purely  Mutual,  although  not  yet  gone  into 
active  operation. 

In  the  City  we  have  Agencies  for  many  Companies,  viz:  The  '■^Insur- 
ance Comjyamj  of  North  America^''  Philadelphia,  (the  oldest  Stock  Com- 
pany in  the  United  States;)  "  Phoenix^''  Philadelphia;  "  Lycoming  County 
Mutual^''  of  Muncy;  "  Yonhers  and  Lorrillard^^^  of  New  York;  "  Girard 
and  Enter -prise  ^"^  Philadelphia;  "  Continental  and  Home^''  of  New  York; 
'■'•Home^''  of  New  Haven;  ^'^  jEtna^^''  "  Hartford^''  and  other  Companies  of 
Connecticut;  ^'■Franklin,''''  Philadelphia,  and  "i)eZat^'arei/i/.^MaZ."  These 
Companies  have  efficient  Agents  in  Hugh  S.  Gara,  A.  B.  Kauftman, 
Herr  &  Kife,  Edw.  Brown,  H.  Baumgardner  and  John  Zimmerman. 

LIFE   INSUBANCE. 

Has  no  local  Home  Company  in  our  City  or  County,  but  is  well  repre- 
sented by  the  ^''American  and  Penn  MutuaV^  of  Philadelphia;  "  Connec- 
ticut Mutual,^^  of  Hartford;  '•'•  Mutual Life^''  "  Continental^''  '■'■  North  Amer- 
ica'''' and  '■''  Brooklyn^''  of  New  York;  and  appears  to  be  doing  a  large  and 
profitable  business  in  our  midst.  We  cannot  therefore,  give  any  special 
history  of  Life  Insurance  as  applicable  to  our  County,  but  its  already 
extensive  and  rapidly  increasing  "literature,"  the  number  of  books  and 
periodicals  being  continually  put  forth  in  its  interest,  explaining  it  and 
advocating  it,  and  advertising  it  hy  explaining  it,  plainly  indicate  the  great 
strides  that  this  branch  of  enterprise  is  now  making  in  the  favor  of  our 
people. 


No.  15. 

BANKS  AND  BANKING.i 

Banking  is  a  system  established  for  the  convenience  of  the  business 
community.  It  is  a  recognized  agent  between  borrower  and  lender;  a 
general  agent  to  make  collections  throughout  the  commercial  world ;  and 
the  medium  through  which  the  Government  authorizes  the  circulation 
of  paper  money,  based  on  the  security  of  the  National  debt,  or  the  credit 
of  the  Government.  The  sixteen  hundred  National  Banks  in  the  United 
States  are  so  well  distributed,  that  it  is  an  easy  matter  to  make  collec- 
tions in  any  part  of  the  country ;  or,  through  their  correspondence  with 
foreign  institutions,  with  any  commercial  country  on  the  globe.  The 
utility  of  the  system  has  been  constantly  growing  in  favor,  and  more 
extended  usefulness.  The  Jew,  who  stood  at  his  Banco^  or  bench,  in  the 
streets  of  Italy  or  Germany,  to  change  coins,  or  make  small  loans,  little 

1  Contributed  by  D.  Q.  Swartz,  Esq. 


RANKS    AND    HANKING. 


171 


dreamed  that  lie  was  starting  and  giving  a  name  to  a  system  that  should 
become  as  extensive  as  tlie  mercantile  community.  '  The  sv.stem  has 
become  so  complete,  that  it  may  safely  be  said  that  not  one-tenth  of  the 
money  paid  in  trade,  need  ever  be  counted.  The  clearing  house  of  the 
New  York  Associated  Banks,  shows  that  of  thirty  or  lortv  millions  of 
clearings,  representing  business  to  that  amount,  Uie  balances  are  fre- 
quently not  more  than  one  or  two  millions.  For  convenience  and  safety, 
the  system  is  indispensable. 

We  annex  a  statement  of  the  Ten  National  Banks  of  Lancaster  C«juntv, 
showing  their  Capital,  Loans,  Deposits,  Circulation,  and  Governmeut 
Securities  held  by  them.  Of  these  four  are  designated  as  United  States 
Depositaries,  which  held,  on  the  17th  of  April,  18(30,  Sl(.)3,234,  to  the 
credit  of  the  L^nited  States: 


NAMES    OF   BANKS. 


Farmers'  National  Bank  of  Lancaster.. 

Lancaster  County  National  Bunk 

First  National  Bank  of  Lancaster 

Columbia  National  Bank 

First  National  Bank  of  Columbia 

First  National  Bank  of  Marietta 

Union  National  Bank  of  Mount  .Toy 

First  National  Bank  of  Mount  .loy 

Manheim  National  Bank 

First  National  Bank  of  Strasburg 


450,000 
300  000 
UO.OiX) 

500,000 
150  000 

100,000 

100.000 
100,000 
ICO.OOO 
100.000 


300,477 
34s*,lG4 
;)87,193 
404,41(j 
17»>,51.i 
•279,5')S 
loS,16l 
14o,07>J 
lii8.291 
85,015 


—  s 

9    = 


403,500  t 

•J70,iJOO 

I3t),:!0>  ( 

447,«'>0  1 

131,0.)  J  t 

97,  J.,,')  I 
87,615 

88,950  ! 

89.1-27  I 

98,985  ; 


,509,632 
518.241 
298  191 
70  I.7-23 
183.971 
•2i)'j,»i2.'! 
•205,737 
190,003 
Id7,l03 
101,838 


>  — 


'$     Gl  4,000 

309,7.'.0 

'       212.151) 

I       &49,0<jO 

'       178,800 

190,401) 

,       115.000 

I00,00<) 

I       1M,900 

I       160,iM0 


I$2,040,UOO      $-2,4(>l,879     1*1,8.50,618     .*3,20S,172     .42,581,700 

In  addition  to  the  ten  National  Banks  of  Lancaster  county,  there  are 
seven  other  Banks,  or  Banking  firms  in  the  city  and  county,  none  of 
which  are  incorporated  except  the  Inland  Insurance  and  Dejiosit  Com- 
pany. Their  returns  to  the  Ke venue  officers  for  the  month  of  March, 
1869,  give  the  following  statement  of  their  Capital  and  Deposits.  Their 
Discounts  or  Loans  are  not  ascertained,  but  may  be  estimated  at  a  mil- 
lion and  a  quarter. 

Reed,  McGrann  k  Co.,     -         -         -         -         - 

Reed,  Henderson  &  Co.,       .         .         -         - 
Bair  &  Shenk,         ------ 

Steliman,  Clarkson  &  Co.,  (Mechanics,) 

Evans,  McEvoy  &  Co., 

Inland  Insurance  and  Deposit  Co., 

Litiz  Deposit  Bank,        .         .         -         -         - 

.S215,27(.»      1.485,100 

By  combining  the  two  statements  it  will  be  seen  that  the  Banking 
Capital  of  the  county  is,  in  round  numbers,  two  and  a  quarter  millions, 


Capital. 

Deposits. 

S  24,000 

$  271,920 

50,000 

351,2(31 

22,050 

•267,528 

7,8  5(.) 

137,803 

41»,950 

270,238 

51,420 

148,623 

10,000 

37,778 

172  AUTHENTIC   HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER   COUNTY. 

the  Deposits  nearly  four  millions,  loans  four  and  a  half  millions.  The 
National  Banks  hold  over  two  and  a  half  millions  of  Government  secu- 
rities; but  these  are  only  a  small  part  of  the  amount  owned  in  the 
county,  many  of  which  are  lodged  in  the  vaults  of  the  Banks  for  safe 
keeping. 

Annexed  is  an  account  of  all  the  National  Banks  in  the  county,  with 
a  brief  history  of  some  of  them. 

The  Farmers  Bank  of  Lancaster,  was  chartered  in  January  17th,  1810, 
with  a  capital  of  $800,000.  The  following  persons  were  named  Direc- 
tors in  articles  of  association,  published  in  the  early  history  of  the  Bank, 
viz:  John  F.  Steinman,  Benjamin  Schaum,  Conrad  Schwartz,  Albert 
Dufresne,  Samuel  White,  Christian  Hoover,  Kobert  Patten,  John  Bren- 
neman,  Jacob  Charles,  Charles  Montilius,  John  Neff",  Peter  Diller.  In 
1814  the  capital  authorized  was  increased  to  $600,000,  which  was  sub- 
sequently again  reduced.  It  was  organized  under  the  National  Currency 
Act,  in  December,  186-1,  under  the  name  of  the  Farmers'  National  Bank, 
with  a  capital  paid  in  of  $450,000.  It  is  a  government  depository.  The 
first  President  of  the  Farmers'  Bank  in  1810  was  Conrad  Schwartz,  who 
was  followed  by  George  Greeff,  William  Jenkins,  F.jA.  Muhlenberg,  George 
Louis  Mayer,  George  H.  Krug,  C.  Hager,  and  Jacob  Bausman.  The 
Cashiers  were,  successively,  Samuel  Clendenin,  John  Eberman,  Girardus 
Clarkson,  Henry  E.  Eeed,  and  Ed.  H.  Brown. 

The  present  Board  of  Directors  are  Jacob  Bausman,  President;  Thos. 
E.  Franklin,  John  Beck,  Daniel  Heitshu,  Henry  Musselman,  Geo.  M. 
Kline,  Lewis  Haines,  Chas.  A.  Heinitsh,  Jacob  S.  Shirk,  N.  Ellmaker, 
A.  K.  Witmer,  C.  E.  Baer  and  Chas.  F.  Hager. 

The  Lancaster  Courdy  Bank,  previous  to  1811,  was  in  operation  under 
the  name  of  Lancaster  County  Loan  Company,  with  Henry  Bushong, 
President,  and  Eobert  D.  Carson,  Cashier. 

On  August  llrth,  1841,  it  was  chartered  by  the  State  with  the  follow- 
ing incoporators:  Henry  Bushong,  Dr.  John  Witmer,  Philip  Eeitzel, 
John  Landis,  (farmer,)  Jacob  Kreider,  Francis  Kendig,  Jr.,  Geo.  Withers, 
Jacob  Shenk,  Benjamin  B.  Herr,  Isaac  Bressler,  J.  Landis,  J.  Witmer, 
George  Blattenberger,  James  Smith. 

Under  this  charter  each  stockholder  had  to  give  a  first  mortgage  on 
ample  real  estate  in  this  county,  to  the  amount  of  his  stock,  as  security 
for  the  liabilities  of  the  Bank.  It  only  required  four  years  experience 
to  show  that  this  plan  was  not  satisfactory.  It  was  found  inconvenient 
when  stockholders  sold  their  real  estate,  and  almost  impracticable  in  case 
of  decedents'  estates.  '  So  also  it  embarrassed  the  sale  of  stock,  which 
could  only  be  made  to  parties  who  could  give  first  mortgages  approved 
by  the  Bank.  The  stock  was  only  partly  paid  in,  and  subject  to  calling 
instalments ;  and  for  the  reasons  indicated  it  largely  depreciated  in  the 


BANKS   AND   BANKING.  J73 

market  value,  some  sales  having  been  made  as  low  as  five  dollars  per 
share.  In  1845,  an  Act  of  Assembly  repealed  the  real  estate  security 
clause,  still  however,  holding  stockholders  liable,  bui  exactintr  „o 
security.  ° 

It  was  organized  as  a  National  Bank  January  otli,  1^65,  with  a  capital 
of  $300,000,  all  paid  in.  John  Landis  (farmer)  was  the  jfirst  President,  who 
served  until  his  death,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  Christian  B.  Ilurr,  the 
present  President.  The  first  Cashier  was  Robert  D.  Carson,  who  served 
until  his  death,  when  he  was  succeeded  by  William  L.  Peiper,  the  present 
Cashier.  The  present  Board  of  Directors  is  as  follows:  Christian  B. 
Herr,  President,  Emanuel  Swope,  Benj.  B.  Ilerr,  John  McCartnev,  Abra- 
ham Howry,  Henry  B.  Resh,  Adam  Lefever,  Jacob  Bachman,  Levi  G. 
Getz,  George  G.  Brush,  David  Landis,  (miller,)  Abraham  Buchwalter, 
Benjamin  Long,  jr. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Lancaster,  was  organized  and  commenced 
business  in  May,  1864.  It  is  a  Government  Depository.  Pmu/e/j/— John 
Gyger.  Cashier — Horace  Rathvon.  Directors — Henry  Baumgardner,  C. 
B.  Grubb,  T.  Scott  Woods,  A.  Herr  Smith,  Peter  S.  Reist,  John  11.  Moore, 
A.  S.  Bard,  David  G.  Swartz. 

The  First  National  Bank  of  Marietta,  was  organized  May  11th,  1863, 
and  commenced  business  July  2d,  of  same  year.  It  was  the  First  Na- 
tional Bank  in  the  County.  It  is  a  Government  Depository,  and  has 
the  largest  surplus  relative  to  its  capital  of  any  Bank  in  the  County.  Its 
officers  are:  President — Abraham  Collins.  Vice  President — Benj.  F. 
Hiestand.  Cashier — Amos  Bowman.  Directors — A.  Collins,  Benj.  F. 
Hiestand,  B.  Spaugler,  A.  H.  Musselman,  John  Hollinger,  Paris  Ilalde- 
man,  John  Musser,  S.  F.  Eagle,  Henry  Hiestand. 

Columbia  National  Bank:  An  Act  of  Assembly  was  approved  March 
28th,  1809,  entitled  "An  Act  authorizing  the  Governor  of  this  Common- 
wealth to  incorporate  a  company  for  the  purpose  of  making  and  erecting 
a  bridge  over  the  Susquehanna  river  in  the  County  of  Lancaster,  at  or 
near  the  town  of  Columbia."  The  Act  gives  the  following  incorpora- 
tors: Stephen  Girard,  William  Samson,  James  Vanuuem,  John  Perot, 
Henry  Pratt,  Thomas  McEwen,  Martin  Dubbs,  and  Joseph  L.  Lewis,  of 
Philadelphia;  John  Hubley,  Abraham  Witmer,  Casper  Shafner,  Jr., 
Jacob  Strickler,  James  Wright  and  Samuel  Miller,  of  the  county  of  Lan- 
caster, and  William  Barber,  John  Stewart  and  Godfrey  Leuhart,  of  the 
county  of  York. 

The  capital  was  to  be  $400,000,  in  shares  of  $100  each.  The  State  of 
Pennsylvania  subscribed  and  paid  for  900  shares,  or  $90,000.  The  bal- 
ance of  $310,000  was  to  be  raised  by  individual  subscription.  The 
Company  organized  by  electing  William  Wright,  President;  W.  P. 
Beatty,  Treasurer,  and  twelve  other  directors. 


174  AUTHENTIC  HISTORY   OF   LANCASTER  COUNTY. 

Henry  Slaymaker,  Jonathan  Walcott  and  Samuel  Slaymaker,  con- 
tracted to  build  the  bridge  for  $150,000,  by  the  first  day  of  December, 
1814;  but  by  reason  of  alterations  and  additions,  the  cost  exceeded 
$175,000. 

On  the  fifteenth  day  of  July,  1813,  the  Stockholders  resolved  to  com- 
mence banking  with  the  surplus  capital  of  $225,000,  which  was  accord- 
ingly done,  although  without  a  charter,  as  was  not  unusual  at  that  time, 
and  as  has  been  done  in  several  other  instances. 

By  Act  of  Assembly  approved  June  29th,  1824,  the  name  of  "Presi- 
dent, Managers  and  Company,  for  erecting  a  Bridge,  &c.,"  was  changed 
to  that  of  the  "  Columbia  Bridge  Company,"  with  a  capital  of  $150,000 ; 
and  it  was  then  chartered  as  a  Bank,  with  the  following  directors : 
Christian  Bruner,  President;  Henry  Keff'er,  Abraham  Hiestand,  John 
Forrey,  Jr.,  Jacob  Strickler,  John  Haldeman,  Benj.  Chew,  Benj.  Grimier, 
Christian  Haldeman  ;    Cashier — Jno.  M.  Kepeck. 

In  1832,  the  Bridge  was  swept  away  by  an  ice  freshet,  and  afterwards 
re-built  by  the  Bank.  The  title  of  the  Bank  wa?  afterwards  changed  to 
"The  Columbia  Bank  and  Bridge  Company,"  and  subsequently  to  "The 
Columbia  Bank,"  and  a  few  years  since  to  the  "Columbia  National 
Bank,"  when  it  organized  under  the  "National  Currency  Act"  of  Con- 
gress. The  Directors  are:  John  Cooper,  PresiVZeni;  George  W.  Mehaflfey, 
Samuel  Musselman,  Henry  Copenheflfer,  George  Bogle,  D.  W.  Witmer, 
Jac.  C.  Stoner,  Jas.  L.  Kerr,  Henry  Suydam.     Cashier — Samuel  Shoch. 

Union  National  Mount  Joy  Bank.  This  Bank  is  the  first  banking  insti- 
tution established  in  Mount  Joy.  It  was  incorporated  as  the  "  Mount 
Joy  Savings  Institution,"  by  Act  of  Assembly  approved  May  13th,  1853. 
It  commenced  business  November,  1853.  Capital,  $50,000.  Henry 
Eberle,  Sr.,  President;  Dr.  Andrew  Garber,  Treasurer.  Dr.  Garber, 
having  resigned  in  June,  1856,  Jacob  E.  Long,  was  elected  Treasurer. 
The  institution  became  converted  into  the  "Mount  Joy  Bank,"  by  a  law 
enacted  in  1860,  and  commenced  business  as  such  May  21st,  1860.  The 
capital  was  increased  to  $62,500,  and  so  remained  till  1865,  when  it  was 
increased  under  authority  of  its  charter  to  $100,000.  September  18th, 
1865,  it  became  fully  organized  and  commenced  business  as  the  "Union 
National  Mount  Joy  Bank."  The  present  ofl&cers  are :  John  G.  Hoerner, 
President;  Jacob  K.  Long,  Cashier;  J.V.Long,  Clerk;  Directors:  John 
G.  Hoerner,  Henry  Shaffner,  Jos.  Detweiler,  Sam'l  Uhrich,  C.  S.  Erb,  C. 
S.  Nissly,  Benj.  Grosh,  Jno.  B,  Myers,  Joseph  H.  Rider,  Christian  Stibgen 
Jno..  B.  Stehman,  B.  M.  Greider  and  Jacob  Reiff. 

First  National  Bank  of  Mowit  Joy.,  was  organized  under  the  laws  of 
Pennsylvania,  as  the  "Farmers'  Bank  of  Mount  Joy,"  in  September, 
1862.  It  was  converted  into  a  "National  Bank,"  in  January,  1865,  with 
a  capital  of  $100,000.     Present  Directors:  M.  B.  Peifer,  President;  Reu- 


BANKS   AND   BANKING.  1 


<D 


"ben  Garber,  Vice  President;  John  M.  Ilershey,  Henry  Shelly,  John  M. 
Bear,  Christian  Seitz,  Joseph  Nissly,  Christian  11.  Staufler,  .Taeol)  C. 
Gerber.     Cashier — Dr.  A.  Gerber. 

First  National  Bank  of  Strashurrj:  This  Bank  is  No.  42  on  the  li.st  of 
National  Banks.  It  is  a  Designated  Depository  of  the  United  States.  The 
first  meeting  of  the  stockholders  was  held  May  16th,  1863.  The  Certi- 
ficate of  Organization  is  dated  June  1st,  1863,  and  the  CcrtiGcatc  of 
Authority  to  commence  banking  was  received  from  the  Comptroller  of 
the  Currency,  and  is  dated  July  29th,  1863.  The  Bank  commenced  business 
August  1st,  1863.  The  first  dividend  declared  was  three  per  cent..  May 
10th,  186-4,  and  five  per  cent,  regularly  since,  semi-annually  in  May  and 
November.  The  present  directors  of  the  bank  are:  John  F.  Ilerr,  Presi- 
dent; Joseph  McClure,  Henry  Musser,  Geo.  W.  Ilensel,  Frank  J.  Ilerr, 
A.  E.  Black  and  John  Smith.     Cashier — E.  M.  Eberman. 

Manheim  National  Bank,  was  organized  on  the  fifteenth  day  of  Feb- 
ruary, 1865,  with  a  capital  of  $100,000.  The  present  officers  are:  Abra- 
ham Kauffman,  President;  E.  M.  Bomberger,  Jno.  B.  Dunlap,  J.  L. 
Stehman,  John  Rohrer,  Samuel  Wolf,  Jno.  Stauffer,  A.Bates  Grubb  and 
Philip  Arndt.     Cashier — H.  C.  Ginrich. 

First  National  Bank  of  Cohnnbia,  has  a  capital  of  .$150.0UO.  Pren- 
dent—Ei.  K.  Smith.  Directors— Rohen  Crane,  John  Fendrich,  Benjamin 
Herr,  John  J.  McTague,  H.  N.  Kehler,  Jacob  Seitz,  John  Forry  and 
Ethelbert  Watts.     Cashier — S.  S.  Detweiler. 


THE   END. 


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